www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com Symbiosis ISSN Online: 2374-8362 Review Article Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology Open Access Preview of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Snp) and Potential Correlation between Human Genomes and Evolutionary History As Well As Religious Behaviors Bing Tang* Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, N Y C, USA Received: November 12, 2018; Accepted: March 4, 2019; Published: April 2, 2019 *Corresponding author: Bing Tang, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, N Y C, USA; Email: [email protected] Keywords: DNA; GENES; Genomes; SNP; Spiritual life to extract genes from organisms, manipulate them in test tubes, createGene gene cloning hybrids includes and produce the complete million range copies of of techniques such hybrids used in Introduction to map and identify genes linked to diseases, such as Huntington’s living cells. In the 1980s, geneticists begin to use these techniques The story of a race to unlock the Holy Grail of biology is a fascinating and an exciting one. It appears to be an impossible causing genes heralds a new era of genetic management. disease and cystic fibrosis. The identification of these disease- The transformation of genetics reached their peak in 1990. so much left to play for, but undoubtedly, the swift advances in The U.S. Government approved a 15- year, 3 billion dollars plan task to predict the final outcome of the quest while there are decoding the human genome and the tools available to decipher to launch the Human Genome Project, whose goal was to map the genetic information will likely forever alter the practice of and sequence the entire human genome. In 2001, and President medicine. It will definitely affect anyone on this planet that have condition of the entire human race. humanClinton unveiledgenome. theWithout human a genomedoubt, this sequence. is the mostHe said, important, “We are access to modern health care and will subsequently improve the here to celebrate the completion of the first survey of the entire In 1953, Francis Crick and his American colleague, James most wondrous map ever produced by human kind.” [1] This Watson, discovered the double helix structure of DNA. For this stunning achievement was brought about by the combined breakthrough discovery, Watson, Crick, and their colleague wisdom of biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, mathematics Maurice Wilkins won a Nobel Prize in Physiology, or Medicine, in and computer science; it was also brought about by the combined 1962. However, it is of paramount importance to remember that effort of the best scientists in the global community. Through this this discovery was dependent on many other scientists that came revolution in medical science, we are witnessing the language in before them. Miescher, Hershey and Chase, Chargaff, Wilkins and which God created life and we are more in awe of the wonder and Franklin, and others deserve to be acknowledged and recognized complexity of God’s most sacred gift. for their work in helping to unravel the fundamental role of DNA in biology. Rosalind Franklin, succeeded in taking an X-ray diffraction was published, it was Craig Venter’s. [2] Venter is best known for pattern from a sample of DNA that allowed researchers, Watson foundingIn 2007, the the company first genome Celera of aand single leading and identifiable the privately individual funded and Crick to work out the 3D structure of DNA which showed a clearly recognizable cross or helical shape. The story of DNA often seems to begin in 1944 with Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty project to sequence the human genome. He launched the era of showing that DNA is the hereditary material. However, the DNA genomicsSeveral by advances sequencing resulted the first from bacterial the Venter genome Genome in 1995. Project. story has already begun in 1869, with the young Swiss biochemist, Friedrich Miescher. He isolated a new compound from the nuclei genome. Twin sets of 23 chromosomes: one from our mother and The significant one is that human cells contain two copies of our of some white blood cells and called them “nuclein” (a term still preserved in today’s name deoxyribonucleic acid). In 1950, Erwin to make matters simpler. The price tag of Venter’s genome was one from our father. Previous projects only sequenced one set Chargaff showed that the proportions of the bases included in the US$100 million which was a bargain compared to US $3 billion structure of DNA followed a certain law. He stated that in DNA Human Genome Project. is the ratio of cytosine to guanine. Two technologies transform million. It was that of James Watson, a Nobel Laureate and co- of any given species, the ratio of adenine to thymine is equal, as discovererThe price of theof the double next helix. genome [3] sequence was a mere US $1.5 genetics in the 1970s: gene sequencing and gene cloning. Symbiosis Group *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Copyright: Preview of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Snp) and Potential Correlation between © 2019 Bing T Human Genomes and Evolutionary History As Well As Religious Behaviors principle of creationism and biological evolution. As a person of projects that are designed to uncover the associations between faith, it would be uplifting to explore the reaction of the religious On the heels of the Human Genome Project, sequencing communities toward evolution. Can a man of science accept both scale collaborative project was the International Hap Map Project. creationism and evolution? Itgenetic was an signatures organization and keythat traits aimed were to develop initiated. a haplotypeThe first large- map Most people can accept diseases or height and even weight (Hap Map) of the human genome and to describe the common being genetically heritable to some extent, but when it comes to our personal beliefs we tend to be more skeptical. For many, the genetic variants affecting health, disease and responses to drugs idea that there is a genetic component to our faith--or lack of it--is andpatterns environmental of human factors.genetic Thevariation. project Hap focused Map onis usedspecial to sitesfind a stretch too far. in the genome called ‘single nucleotide polymorphisms’ or SNPs. The challenges of understanding the function of the billions of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) are common neurons in the brain, and all of their trillions of interconnections, DNA variations where a single base-pair has been mutated or makes an understanding of the human genome seem simple by deleted. SNPs are important because they will alter DNA function. comparison. There are complex neurological disorders whose Depending on where they are, this can potentially cause critical inheritance cannot generally be so easily understood, though illness by altering an important genetic feature. At the other end clearly genetic factors are involved. One of these is Parkinson’s of the spectrum, they may have no discernable impact. Genetic epidemiologists use SNPs as genetic markers to track disease our personality traits though upbringing should play a central with. Large studies called Genome-Wide Association Studies disease, another is Alzheimer’s disease. Genetics influence study the SNPs in tens to hundreds of thousands of people and by heredity. As per Francis Collins, it may seem the height of role. Sexual orientation and intelligence is clearly influenced find associations between particular SNPs and disease. play a role in an individual’s interest in spiritual matters. [4] He understand and treat human disease looks promising. A lot haswrongheaded evolved from genetic being determinism a committed that atheist genetic in influences his twenties could to has Thebeen role written of SNPsabout toDNA significantly revolution advancebut the aimour of ability Part 1 tois get an overview of what SNPs are. Part 1 will highlight on the no evidence that his DNA changed. “Spirituality” is not a concept meaning, distribution, application, functional importance, role being a firm believer in his fifties. During his conversion, there is as genetic makers, of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). of the “The God Gene” and “The Spirit Molecule” have only been recentlythat can bepresented quantified to fromthe general a biological public. standpoint. It is very Theintriguing concepts to it the potential for misuse, Genomics provides us with better see the potential correlations between both concepts. In Part 3, understandingNearly every technology, of human nodisease matter and how potential beneficial, new brings cures, with but spirituality by looking into the cutting-edge research that was of individuals with particular traits. We have unlocked the DNA donethis writer linking attempts genes to to one’s find opennessthe correlation to spiritual between experiences. religion and fromits application inside our is cells also and raising are reapingquestions the about extraordinary genetic selection volume of information it contains, it is hard to predict where all of this Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) knowledge will take us and what its impact on humanity will Introduction to SNPs be. The personalization of medicine through genetics is near, The announcement of human genome in June of 2000 How should genomic information be stored and shared? How and the general world population. It announced the completion farand should with it scientists come many go ethicalin changing questions and controlling that must beDNA? answered. These ofpleasantly a draft sentof human shock wavesgenome, throughout along with the scientificthe arrival community of post- ethical concerns must be addressed even as genetics is on the genomic era. In fact, in the post-genomic era, we are focusing on edge of revolutionary change. Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ancestors and is responsible for both the remarkable similarities we see across DNA sequences, as these sequences in the human body determine all life and the amazing diversity of that life. We have seen the trulythe specific understand trait the of “singlean individual.