Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services Fifth Edition United States Conference of Catholic Bishops CONTENTS
Issued by USCCB, November 17, 2009 Copyright © 2009, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. All rights reserved. To order a copy of this statement, please visit www.usccbpublishing.org and click on “New Titles.” Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services Fifth Edition United States Conference of Catholic Bishops CONTENTS Preamble General Introduction Part One: The Social Responsibility of Catholic Health Care Services Part Two: The Pastoral and Spiritual Responsibility of Catholic Health Care Part Three: The Professional-Patient Relationship Part Four: Issues in Care for the Beginning of Life Part Five: Issues in Care for the Seriously Ill and D y i n g Part Six: Forming New Partnerships with Health Care Organizations and Providers Conclusion 2 PREAMBLE Health care in the United States is marked by extraordinary change. Not only is there continuing change in clinical practice due to technological advances, but the health care system in the United States is being challenged by both institutional and social factors as well. At the same time, there are a number of developments within the Catholic Church affecting the ecclesial mission of health care. Among these are significant changes in religious orders and congregations, the increased involvement of lay men and women, a heightened awareness of the Church’s social role in the world, and developments in moral theology since the Second Vatican Council. A contemporary understanding of the Catholic health care ministry must take into account the new challenges presented by transitions both in the Church and in American society. Throughout the centuries, with the aid of other sciences, a body of moral principles has emerged that expresses the Church’s teaching on medical and moral matters and has proven to be pertinent and applicable to the ever-changing circumstances of health care and its delivery. -
Declaration on Violence Against Women, Girls and Adolescents and Their Sexual and Reproductive Rights
FOLLOW-UP MECHANISM TO THE OEA/Ser.L/II.7.10 CONVENTION OF BELÉM DO PARÁ (MESECVI) MESECVI/CEVI/DEC.4/14 COMITTEE OF EXPERTS (CEVI) September 19 th 2014 September 18 th and 19 th 2014 Original: Spanish Montevideo, Uruguay Declaration on Violence against Women, Girls and Adolescents and their Sexual and Reproductive Rights The Committee of Experts (CEVI) of the Follow-up Mechanism to the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women, “Convention of Belém do Pará” (MESECVI) , Recognizing that the American Convention on Human Rights (1969) and the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador” (1988), establish the obligation to respect and ensure human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the close relationship between economic, social and cultural rights, and civil and political rights; Recognizing that gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women’s ability to enjoy rights and freedom on a basis of equality with men,1 and that States, according to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) and the Inter- American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (1994), condemn all forms of violence against women, including those related to sexual and reproductive health and rights; Reiterating that sexual violence against women and girls prevents the exercise of their rights as established in regional and international human rights instruments; Ratifying that the American Convention on Human Rights , the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women ; the Protocol of San Salvador and the Convention of Belém do Pará , constitute the corpus juris that protect the human rights of women, girls, and adolescents. -
Ideological Contributions of Celtic Freedom and Individualism to Human Rights
chapter 4 Ideological Contributions of Celtic Freedom and Individualism to Human Rights This chapter emphasizes the importance of the often-overlooked contribu- tions of indigenous European cultures to the development of human rights. Attention is given to the ancient Celtic culture, the ideas of Celtic freedom and individualism, the distinctive role of the Scottish theologian, John Dunn Scotus and the Scottish Arbroath Declaration of Freedom (1320).1 It is from the Scottish Enlightenment and its subsequent influence on the late 18th century revolutions that we see an affirmative declaration of the Rights of Man, which is a precursor to the development of modern human rights. The importance of the Celtic-Irish-Scottish contribution to human rights is that it was the foun- dation for individual liberty and dignity in Western civilization. Indigenous Celtic culture staked an original and critical claim to the ideal of universal hu- man dignity. This is an important insight because it broadens the ideals that promote human rights, including within them those ideals of the indigenous cultures of the world, whose voices are oftentimes forgotten. It strengthens the universality of human rights. i The Intellectual and Philosophical Origins of International Law and Human Rights The intellectual and philosophical origins of human rights rhetoric and law, democracy, freedom and ideas supporting “consent of the governed” are in- tertwined in this composite explanation that attempts to explain all of these themes with the historical themes of Roman natural law, Athenian democracy and later the modern political philosophy of John Locke and his followers. The absence of a medieval connection between the alleged ancient Roman and Greek sources and the modern developments of human rights indicates that this perspective is faulty. -
COVID-19 and Human Rights: We Are All in This Together
COVID-19 and Human Rights We are all in this together APRIL 2020 Human rights are critical – for the response and the recovery They put people at the centre and produce better outcomes Human rights are key in shaping the pandemic response, both for the public health emergency and the broader impact on people’s lives and livelihoods. Human rights put people centre-stage. Responses that are shaped by and respect human rights result in better outcomes in beating the pandemic, ensuring healthcare for everyone and preserving human dignity. But they also focus our attention on who is suffering most, why, and what can be done about it. They prepare the ground now for emerging from this crisis with more equitable and sustainable societies, development and peace. Why are human rights equip States and whole societies to respond to so important to the threats and crises in a way that puts people at the centre. Observing the crisis and its impact COVID-19 response? through a human rights lens puts a focus on how it is affecting people on the ground, partic- The world is facing an unprecedented crisis. ularly the most vulnerable among us, and what At its core is a global public health emer- can be done about it now, and in the long term. gency on a scale not seen for a century, Although this paper presents recommenda- requiring a global response with far-reaching tions, it is worth underlining that human rights consequences for our economic, social and are obligations which States must abide by. political lives. -
The Basic Collective Human Right to Self Determination of Peoples and Nations As a Prerequisite for Peace
NYLS Journal of Human Rights Volume 8 Issue 1 VOLUME VIII Fall 1990 Part One Article 3 1990 The Basic Collective Human Right to Self Determination of Peoples and Nations as a Prerequisite for Peace Frank Przetacznik Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_human_rights Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Przetacznik, Frank (1990) "The Basic Collective Human Right to Self Determination of Peoples and Nations as a Prerequisite for Peace," NYLS Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 8 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_human_rights/vol8/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of Human Rights by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. THE BASIC COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES AND NATIONS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR PEACE By Dr. Frank Przetacznik* I. INTRODUCTION The right to peace is closely linked to the right to self determination of peoples and nations. The right to self-determination of peoples and nations is a basic collective human right which is recognized and guaranteed by the norms and principles of international law.' All persons are entitled to this right collectively as members of a greater community, a nation or state.2 Political history clearly demonstrates that the establishment, maintenance and preservation of peace is impossible without the recognition, guarantee and strict implementation of the right to self-determination. The Pax Romana,3 the Peace of Westphalia,4 the Congress of Vienna,' the oppressive Holy Alliance,6 the Treaty of * Administrative Law Judge, New York City. -
Modern-Day Slavery & Human Rights
& HUMAN RIGHTS MODERN-DAY SLAVERY MODERN SLAVERY What do you think of when you think of slavery? For most of us, slavery is something we think of as a part of history rather than the present. The reality is that slavery still thrives in our world today. There are an estimated 21-30 million slaves in the world today. Today’s slaves are not bought and sold at public auctions; nor do their owners hold legal title to them. Yet they are just as surely trapped, controlled and brutalized as the slaves in our history books. What does slavery look like today? Slaves used to be a long-term economic investment, thus slaveholders had to balance the violence needed to control the slave against the risk of an injury that would reduce profits. Today, slaves are cheap and disposable. The sick, injured, elderly and unprofitable are dumped and easily replaced. The poor, uneducated, women, children and marginalized people who are trapped by poverty and powerlessness are easily forced and tricked into slavery. Definition of a slave: A person held against his or her will and controlled physically or psychologically by violence or its threat for the purpose of appropriating their labor. What types of slavery exist today? Bonded Labor Trafficking A person becomes bonded when their labor is demanded This involves the transport and/or trade of humans, usually as a means of repayment of a loan or money given in women and children, for economic gain and involving force advance. or deception. Often migrant women and girls are tricked and forced into domestic work or prostitution. -
Personality Rights in Australia1
SWIMMERS, SURFERS, AND SUE SMITH PERSONALITY RIGHTS IN AUSTRALIA1 Therese Catanzariti2 It is somewhat of a misnomer to talk about personality rights in Australia. First, personality rights are not “rights” in the sense of positive rights, a right to do something, or in the sense of proprietary rights, property that can be assigned or mortgaged. Second, personality rights are largely a US law concept, derived from US state law relating to the “right of publicity”. However, it is common commercial practice that Australian performers, actors and sportstars enter endorsement or sponsorship agreements.3 In addition, the Australian Media and Entertainment Arts Alliance, the Australian actors union, insists that the film and television industrial agreements and awards don’t cover merchandising and insist film and television producers enter individual agreements if they want to use an actor’s image in merchandising.4 This paper considers Australian law5 relating to defamation, passing off, and section 52 of the Trade Practices Act,6 draws parallels with US law relating to the right of publicity, and considers whether there is a developing Australian jurisprudence of “personality rights”. Protecting Personality Acknowledging and protecting personality rights protects privacy. But protecting privacy is not the focus and is an unintended incidental. Protecting personality rights protects investment, and has more in common with unfair competition than privacy. Acknowledging and protecting personality rights protects investment in creating and maintaining a carefully manicured public image, an investment of time labour, skill and cash. This includes spin doctors and personal trainers and make-up artists and plastic surgeons and making sure some stories never get into the press. -
E Dawn of Robot Surveillance AI, Video Analytics, and Privacy
e Dawn of Robot Surveillance AI, Video Analytics, and Privacy June 2019 e Dawn of Robot Surveillance AI, Video Analytics, and Privacy By Jay Stanley © 2019 AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION Cover: Sources images, shutterstock.com “The robots are here. The robots control your warnings. They analyze and notify, following instructions you have set.” — Promotional web site for “Video Surveillance as a Service”1 “The overwhelming majority of images are now made by machines for other machines” 2 — Trevor Paglen 1 http://www.vsaas.com/. 2 https://thenewinquiry.com/invisible-images-your-pictures-are-looking-at-you/. 1 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3 II. WHAT IS AI VIDEO ANALYTICS .......................................................................... 5 The rise of deep learning ........................................................................................... 6 Overcoming challenges with new sources of data .................................................. 8 III. CURRENT DEPLOYMENTS ................................................................................ 9 Government deployments ......................................................................................... 9 Commercial deployments ........................................................................................ 10 Analytics in the cloud .............................................................................................. 11 IV. HOW COMPUTERS WILL -
Article 19: Freedom of Opinion and Expression
Article 19: Freedom of Opinion and Expression Why would a human rights organization go to court to support someone whose extreme political views or ethical position it fundamentally opposes? A pornographer perhaps, or an anarchist? Because of the rights asserted in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), we all have the right to form our own opinions and to express and share them freely. “If we do not believe in freedom of expression “The first human who hurled an for people we despise, we do not believe in it at insult instead of a stone was the all,” says linguist and political activist Noam founder of civilization.” Chomsky. Adds Human Rights Watch: –Sigmund Freud “freedom of speech is a bellwether: how any society tolerates those with minority, disfavored or even obnoxious views will often speak to its performance on human rights more generally.” This right underpins many others, such as religion, assembly and the ability to participate in public affairs, but freedom of expression is not unlimited. A common metaphor to describe its limits is that you cannot falsely yell “fire” in a crowded theatre and cause a panic and possible injury. Other forms of speech generally not protected include child pornography, perjury, blackmail, and incitement to violence. The UDHR’s drafters wrestled with the issue of how tolerant a tolerant society should be of people like Nazis and fascists who themselves are intolerant. They were acutely conscious of the role played by the Nazi media and film industry in the creation of an environment that enabled the slaughter of 6 million Jews, and other groups such as the Roma and people with disabilities. -
The Right to Reparations for Acts of Torture: What Right, What Remedies?*
96 STATE OF THE ART The right to reparations for acts of torture: what right, what remedies?* Dinah Shelton** 1. Introduction international obligation must cease and the In all legal systems, one who wrongfully wrong-doing state must repair the harm injures another is held responsible for re- caused by the illegal act. In the 1927 Chor- dressing the injury caused. Holding the zow Factory case, the PCIJ declared dur- wrongdoer accountable to the victim serves a ing the jurisdictional phase of the case that moral need because, on a practical level, col- “reparation … is the indispensable comple- lective insurance might just as easily provide ment of a failure to apply a convention and adequate compensation for losses and for fu- there is no necessity for this to be stated in ture economic needs. Remedies are thus not the convention itself.”1 Thus, when rights only about making the victim whole; they are created by international law and a cor- express opprobrium to the wrongdoer from relative duty imposed on states to respect the perspective of society as a whole. This those rights, it is not necessary to specify is incorporated in prosecution and punish- the obligation to afford remedies for breach ment when the injury stems from a criminal of the obligation, because the duty to repair offense, but moral outrage also may be ex- emerges automatically by operation of law; pressed in the form of fines or exemplary or indeed, the PCIJ has called the obligation of punitive damages awarded the injured party. reparation part of the general conception of Such sanctions express the social convic- law itself.2 tion that disrespect for the rights of others In a later phase of the same case, the impairs the wrongdoer’s status as a moral Court specified the nature of reparations, claimant. -
Microremains from El Miron Cave Human Dental Calculus Suggest A
Journal of Archaeological Science 60 (2015) 39e46 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Microremains from El Miron Cave human dental calculus suggest a mixed planteanimal subsistence economy during the Magdalenian in Northern Iberia * Robert C. Power a, , Domingo C. Salazar-García b, c, d, e, Lawrence G. Straus f, g, Manuel R. Gonzalez Morales g, Amanda G. Henry a a Research Group on Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany b Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa c Departament de Prehistoria i Arqueologia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain d Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, Ministere de la culture et de la communication, LAMPEA UMR 7269, 13090 Aix-en-Provence, France e Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany f Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA g Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistoricas de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain article info abstract Article history: Despite more than a century of detailed investigation of the Magdalenian period in Northern Iberia, our Available online 13 April 2015 understanding of the diets during this period is limited. Methodologies for the reconstruction of Late Glacial subsistence strategies have overwhelmingly targeted animal exploitation, thus revealing only a Keywords: portion of the dietary spectrum. Retrieving food debris from calculus offers a means to provide missing Upper Palaeolithic information on other components of diet. We undertook analysis of human dental calculus samples from Archaeobotany Magdalenian individuals (including the “Red Lady”) at El Miron Cave (Cantabria, Spain), as well as several Palaeolithic diet control samples, to better understand the less visible dietary components. -
Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons
Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons Action Sheet 8 Liberty and Freedom of Movement Key message The ability to move freely and in safety within one’s country is a basic right as well as a pre-condition for the enjoyment of many other rights. Limitations on freedom of movement can have serious consequences for the lives, health and well-being of individuals and communities. Ensuring freedom of movement thus forms an important part of any protection strategy. 1. What do we mean by the term freedom of movement? Freedom of movement consists of the right and ability to move and choose one’s residence freely and in safety within the territory of the State, regardless of the purpose of the move. It also includes the right to leave any country and to return to one’s own country. It is closely related to the right to liberty and security of person, which guarantees freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, and the right to seek asylum in another country. Taken together these rights mean that all persons, including the internally displaced, have the right to: l Take flight and seek safety in another part of the country (of choice), or to leave the country in order to seek asylum in another country. l Move freely and in safety within the country, including in and out of camps and settlements, regardless of the purpose of the move. l Voluntarily return to the place of origin or relocate to another part of the country. l Not be arbitrarily displaced or forced to return or relocate to another part of the country.