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Haitian Migration to Brazil: Characteristics, Opportunities and Challenges

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Haitian Migration to Brazil: Characteristics, Opportunities and Challenges ,ĂŝƟĂŶDŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽƌĂnjŝů͗ ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͕KƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ MIGRATION NOTEBOOK No. 6 IOM International Organization for Migration REGIONAL OFFICE FOR SOUTH AMERICA dŚŝƐDŝŐƌĂƟŽŶEŽƚĞŬŚĂƐďĞĞŶƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚďLJĂŶĞĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůďŽĂƌĚĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨ:ŽƌŐĞWĞƌĂnjĂ͕ŶŐĞů ĂŵŝŶŽĂŶĚ>ŽƌĞŶĂĂĐĐŝ͘ dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚƐĂƐĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶĨŽƌDŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ;/KDͿ͘dŚĞŽƉŝŶŝŽŶƐĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ/KDĂƌĞƚŚŽƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĂŶĚŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂ- ƌŝůLJƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞǀŝĞǁƐŽĨ/KD͘dŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƟŽŶƐĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚƌŽƵŐ- ŚŽƵƚƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĚŽŶŽƚŝŵƉůLJƚŚĞĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨĂŶLJŽƉŝŶŝŽŶǁŚĂƚƐŽĞǀĞƌŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŽĨ/KDĐŽŶĐĞƌ- ŶŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞŐĂůƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨĂŶLJĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͕ĐŝƚLJŽƌĂƌĞĂ͕ŽƌŽĨŝƚƐĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐ͕ŽƌĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐŝƚƐ ĨƌŽŶƟĞƌƐŽƌďŽƵŶĚĂƌŝĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͞ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶ,ĂŝƟĂŶDŝŐƌĂƟŽŶƚŽ ƌĂnjŝůĂŶĚŝůĂƚĞƌĂůŝĂůŽŐƵĞ͕͟ĮŶĂŶĐĞĚďLJƚŚĞ/KDĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ&ƵŶĚ͘ /KD ŝƐ ĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚƵŵĂŶĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƌĚĞƌůLJ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ Ɛ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ /KD ĂĐƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƚƐ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽ͗ ĂƐƐŝƐƚ ŝŶ ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ŽĨ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ͖ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͖ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ͖ ĂŶĚ ƵƉŚŽůĚ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĚŝŐŶŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ǁĞůů-ďĞŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŵŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͘ WƵďůŝƐŚĞƌ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů KĸĐĞ ĨŽƌ ^ŽƵƚŚ ŵĞƌŝĐĂ ĂůůĂŽ ϭϬϯϯ͕ ƵĞŶŽƐ ŝƌĞƐ͕ ƌŐĞŶƟŶĂ dĞů͗ нϱϰ ϭϭ ϱϮϭϵ ϮϬϯϯͬ &Ădž͗нϱϰ ϭϭ ϰϴϭϲ ϳϮϵϲ DĂŝů͗ ZKƵĞŶŽƐŝƌĞƐΛŝŽŵ͘ŝŶƚ Ξ ϮϬϭϰ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ;/KDͿ /^^E ϮϮϮϱ-ϲϴϵy ůů ƌŝŐŚƚƐ ƌĞƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘ EŽ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ͕ ƐƚŽƌĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ Žƌ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŶLJ ĨŽƌŵ Žƌ ďLJ ĂŶLJ ŵĞĂŶƐ͕ ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐ͕ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů͕ ƉŚŽƚŽĐŽƉLJŝŶŐ͕ ƌĞĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ͕ Žƌ ŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝŽƌ ǁƌŝƩĞŶ ƉĞƌŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌ͘ Haitian Migration to Brazil: Characteristics, Opportunities and Challenges Migration Notebook No. 6 July 2014 Dedicated to the memory of Guy Alexandre for his crucial work and tireless commitment to protect the rights of migrants and of the Haitian people. Migration Notebooks he production of studies and research and the generation of analysis, re- TÁHFWLRQVDQGSURSRVDOVKDYHWUDGLWLRQDOO\EHHQFRQFHUQVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQ- DO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU0LJUDWLRQ ,20 6XSSRUWLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWFODULÀFDWLRQ DQGLPSURYHPHQWRIPLJUDWLRQSROLFLHVSURJUDPPHVUHJXODWLRQVDQGPDQDJH- PHQWOLHVDWWKHFRUHRIWKHZRUNRI,20WRJHWKHUZLWKFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJRI JRYHUQPHQWVDQGFLYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQL]DWLRQV :LWKWKLVREMHFWLYHWKH,205HJLRQDO2IÀFHIRU6RXWK$PHULFDSURPRWHVWKH SXEOLFDWLRQRIWKH0LJUDWLRQ1RWHERRNVDVDXVHIXOLQVWUXPHQWIRUJRYHUQPHQW RIÀFLDOVSROLF\PDNHUVDQGSURJUDPPHV,QDGGLWLRQWKH0LJUDWLRQ1RWHERRNV SURYLGHLPSRUWDQWLQSXWIRUDFDGHPLFVUHVHDUFKHUVVWXGHQWVRUJDQL]DWLRQV DQGLQGLYLGXDOVLQYROYHGLQWKHEURDGWKHPHRIPLJUDWLRQZLWKGLIIHUHQWÀHOGV RILQWHUHVWDQGDFWLRQVDQGLQJHQHUDOIRUDOOWKRVHWKDWSHUFHLYHWKHSKHQRPH- non of migration as an essential part of efforts oriented toward economic and VRFLDOGHYHORSPHQWUHJLRQDOLQWHJUDWLRQWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQRIDEURDGQRWLRQRI citizenship and the protection of the rights of each person. 7KH0LJUDWLRQ1RWHERRNVFRYHUDZLGHUDQJHRIWRSLFVWKDWUHÁHFWWKHGLYHUVLW\ RIWKHDUHDVRIZRUNRI,20LQWKHUHJLRQDQGDWWKHJOREDOOHYHO,IWKH0LJUD- WLRQ1RWHERRNVFRQWULEXWHWRGHHSHQNQRZOHGJHDQGLPSURYHWKHDQDO\VLVDQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHDGHUWKH\ZLOOKDYHPRUHWKDQIXOÀOOHGWKHLUSXUSRVH 7KLV0LJUDWLRQ1RWHERRNLVWKHUHVXOWRIDSURMHFWHQWLWOHG´5HVHDUFKRQ+DL- WLDQ 0LJUDWLRQ WR %UD]LO DQG %LODWHUDO 'LDORJXHµRI WKH ,20 'HYHORSPHQW )XQG²DXQLTXHVRXUFHRIUHVRXUFHVWRVXSSRUWGHYHORSLQJ0HPEHU6WDWHV and strengthen their migration management capacity. 7KH0LJUDWLRQ1RWHERRNVDUHSDUWRIWKH/DWLQ$PHULFDQ3URJUDPPHRI7HFK- QLFDO&RRSHUDWLRQRQ0LJUDWLRQ 3/$&0, RI,20ZKLFKDLPVWREXLOGWKH PLJUDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWFDSDFLW\RIWKHJRYHUQPHQWVRI/DWLQ$PHULFDQ6WDWHV IURPDSHUVSHFWLYHRIUHVSHFWIRUDQGSURWHFWLRQRIWKHKXPDQULJKWVRIPL- JUDQWVHVWDEOLVKHGLQLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGUHJLRQDOFRQYHQWLRQVDQGDJUHHPHQWV DQGWRVWUHQJWKHQLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGKXPDQUHVRXUFHVLQYROYHGLQSODQQLQJGH- YHORSLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOPLJUDWLRQSROLF\DQGSURJUDPPHV Contents WƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ Diego Beltrand ...........................................................................................9 /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Jorge Peraza-Breedy .................................................................................11 ,ĂŝƟĂŶ DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƌĂnjŝů͗ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŽĨ KƌŝŐŝŶ Tobias Metzner .........................................................................................15 tŚLJ DŝŐƌĂƚĞ͍ EŽƚĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ KůĚ ĂŶĚ EĞǁ tŽƵŶĚƐ ŽĨ ,ĂŝƟ Gabriela Bernal Carrera ............................................................................33 dŚĞ ,ĂŝƟĂŶ ŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƌĂnjŝů͗ &ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ĂďŽƵƚ ĚĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶ Duval Fernandes, Maria da Consolação Gomes de Castro .........................51 ,ĂŝƟĂŶ DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƌĂnjŝů͗ ĐƵĂĚŽƌ͕ Ă dƌĂŶƐŝƚ ŽƵŶƚƌLJ Gabriela Bernal Carrera ............................................................................67 ,ĂŝƟĂŶ DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ WĞƌƵ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ dƌĂŶƐŝƚ ƚŽ ƌĂnjŝů Tania Vásquez, Erika Busse, Lorena Izaguirre .............................................83 ƌĂnjŝů ʹ ,ĂŝƟ ŝůĂƚĞƌĂů ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ DĞĞƟŶŐƐ Jorge Peraza-Breedy, Carmem Lussi ........................................................105 Presentation he International Organization for Migration (IOM), through the project enti- TtleG ´5eVearch on +aitian Migration to %razil anG %ilateral 'ialogueµ ÀnanceG by the IOM Development Fund and the Latin American Programme of Technical Cooperation on Migration (PLACMI), is pleased to present the sixth edition of the Migration Notebooks (Cuadernos Migratorios) Series, which addresses primary aspects and issues that are key to understanding the phenomenon of Haitian migration to Brazil. After the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, the number of Haitians that emigrated to different countries on the continent increased, mainly due to the serious humanitarian crisis experienced by the country. Thus, in addition to the tradi- tional migration Áows to the 8nited States, Canada and France (and its Carib- bean territories), in recent years it has been observed that South America is a new destination, especially Brazil and, to a lesser extent, Chile and Argentina. Primary transit countries include Ecuador, Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia, which sometimes become Ànal destinations. This migration phenomenon calls for responses by different actors in the region, including governments and civil society, especially given the high level of vulnerability of a signiÀcant number of migrants, many of whom fall victim to migrant smuggling and trafÀcking networks. In view of this situation, among other responses the Government of Brazil has established mechanisms to enable migrants to obtain visas in countries of origin and transit, thus contributing to reduce the risk factors. In order to continue advancing in this direction, it is necessary to continue joining efforts to promote bilateral and regional dialogue between involved countries and inter-institutional coordination between the federal, state and municipal level of public administration, generating exchanges that enable the development of policies consistent with the reality of migration and facilitating orderly migration with full respect for human rights; and thus, to contribute to the development of migrants as well as communities of origin and destination. In this regard, IOM believes that the accompaniment of countries in the region is fundamental, implementing actions to assist them in addressing the challenges posed by migration, advancing understanding of the challenges through rigorous research and analysis, encouraging social and economic development, promoting 9 dialogue and upholding the human dignity and well-being of migrants; all this with the aim of continuing to support migration for the beneÀt of all. Finally, it should be noted that this publication has been made possible thanks to coordination with the Brazilian National Immigration Council (CNIg), represent- ed by its President, Mr Paulo Sergio de Almeida; the Institute for Migration and Human Rights (IMDH) led by Sister Rosita Milesi; and the research team, led by Professor Duval Fernandes. Diego Beltrand 5HJLRQDO'LUHFWRUIRU6RXWK$PHULFD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU0LJUDWLRQ 10 Introduction his document presents a summary of key Àndings from studies conducted Tin 2013 and early 2014 about Haitian migration to Brazil, complemented by a comprehensive analysis of the primary challenges that need to be addressed, from the perspective of institutions of both countries in charge of determining arrangements relating to migration matters. The studies and the associated bilat- eral dialogue forums were developed within the framework of the project enti- tled ´Research on Haitian Migration to Brazil and Bilateral Dialogueµ Ànanced by the IOM Development Fund (IDF), in coordination with the Brazilian National Immigration Council (CNIg) and the Institute for Migration and Human Rights (IMDH), and with academic support from Dr Duval Fernandes of the PontiÀcal Catholic 8niversity of Minas Gerais (PontiÀcia 8niversidad Catylica de Minas Gerais). The initiative to materialize this project began as a result of discussions held within CNIg in view of the increasing migration Áows of Haitians to Brazil since 2011 that mainly originated from the terrible effects of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, which devastated several regions of the country and signiÀcantly damaged infrastructure in the capital city, not to mention the hundreds of thousands of deaths recorded after the tragedy. Although many of the Haitians who Àrst ar- rived in Brazil applied for refugee status, the Brazilian Government – and partic- ularly CNIg –
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