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Science, Ethics, and Religion in Nineteenth-Century American Literature

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Science, Ethics, and Religion in Nineteenth-Century American Literature THE ANATOMY OF CONSCIENCE: SCIENCE, ETHICS, AND RELIGION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE B. Josh Doty A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Jane F. Thrailkill Timothy Marr John McGowan Eliza Richards Matthew Taylor © 2016 B. Josh Doty ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT B. Josh Doty: The Anatomy of Conscience: Science, Ethics, and Religion in Nineteenth-Century American Literature (Under the direction of Jane F. Thrailkill) “The Anatomy of Conscience” examines how nineteenth-century American fiction figures a trajectory between Revolutionary physician Benjamin Rush’s speculations about a citizenry physiologically optimized for virtuous self-governance to physician and novelist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.’s postbellum vision of a reformed ethics and theology informed by the biological theory of heredity. It argues that a rarely-linked group of novelists—Hannah Foster, Charles Brockden Brown, Robert Montgomery Bird, Herman Melville, and Holmes—use fiction to imagine into being new ethical and theological worlds inspired by emerging biological ideas. During the roughly hundred years separating Rush and Holmes, writers represented how new biological ideas transformed humans from blank slates capable of stunning moral change to beings burdened by the moral weight of not only their own bodies but those of their ancestors, preserved through the biological mechanism of heredity. Tracing writers’ fictionalization of the biological developments that took place between Rush and Holmes reveals the ways that literature intervened in myriad debates about emerging modes of understanding vice, virtue, and sin. Fiction, by transforming, testing, and disseminating these debates, shaped them even as they dramatized them. In doing so, I argue, it gave form to the materialist turn of the twentieth century by locating vice and virtue in terms that are as much physiological as they are moral, legal, or theological. iii To Katie iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No man is an island, least of all the dissertator. I am grateful to have many people to thank for their contributions to this project. My foremost intellectual debt is to my director, Jane Thrailkill, whose rigor, clarity of thought, and generosity has been a model of scholarly excellence since my first semester at UNC. As a student in her seminars, I learned how to analyze the reciprocities among literature, philosophy, and science; as a teaching assistant in her medical humanities course, I learned the pedagogical value of wit, patience, and vision. My committee members have been dedicated interlocutors. Eliza Richards has from the beginning pushed me to develop the clarity, concision, and scope of my writing; Chapters 2 and 4 began as seminar papers written for her classes. It is under her tutelage that I honed my historicist methodology. Matt Taylor has been a dependable source of encouragement and productive critique since the beginning stages of the project; in his literary theory seminar I encountered thinkers who are foundational to my theoretical orientation. Timothy Marr is dynamo of intellectual energy whose deep knowledge of all things Melville significantly improved Chapter 3. John McGowan has provided generous and wise counsel throughout. Outside of my committee, I owe Philip Gura an immense debt for introducing me to early American religious and intellectual history. James Thompson’s theory of the novel seminar allowed me to test ideas about the intersection of food and philosophy that culminated in Chapter 3; his feedback continued to shape my argument long after the course ended. And Heidi Kim, in her role as my job placement advisor, has been a savvy, forthright, and kind advocate. At Mississippi State University, Richard Raymond provided a model of graciousness, generosity, v thoughtfulness, and kindness in the classroom that continues to inform my pedagogy. The late Noel Polk, inimitable Faulkner scholar and editor, taught me to take my ideas and writing seriously. At Auburn University, Erich Nunn gave needed lessons on the norms and mores of the academy. Don Wehrs has for years been a mentor and advocate; I first began thinking seriously about the links among literature, ethics, religion, and science in conversations with him. Significantly different versions of the arguments made in Chapters 2 and 3 appeared or are appearing in Early American Literature and Leviathan: A Journal of Melville Studies, respectively; I thank Sandra Gustafson, Samuel Otter, Brian Yothers, and my anonymous readers for their generous feedback and suggestions. I also wish to thank the UNC Graduate School for a yearlong dissertation completion fellowship that provided time to complete the project. My friends—fonts of humor and camaraderie all—have enriched my time at UNC. The Nineteenth-Century Americanist writing group workshopped several drafts of Chapters 2 and 3. I am grateful to Emma Calabrese, Vera Foley, Leslie McAbee, and Kym Weed for their many critiques and contributions. Friends not at UNC have been pillars of support and welcome respites from the academy: I especially thank Corey Bishop, Steele Campbell, and Erin Clyburn. I wish to thank my parents, Danny Doty and Diane Doty, for years of encouragement. I also wish to thank my in-laws, John Meersman, Jean Meersman, and Colleen Meersman, for welcoming me into their family. My dog, Darwin, has been a boundless source of fun, laughter, and companionship and enlivened my hours spent writing. My wife, Katie Meersman, deserves my deepest gratitude. Through the years she has provided endless love, encouragement, and support, and she has been a peerless editor. Every idea that follows was nourished and revised in conversations with her, and for that and more she has my eternal love. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: “‘THE EMPIRE OF MECHANICAL AND HABITUAL IMPULSES’: HANNAH FOSTER, CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN, AND HABIT ........... 13 A Settled Habit.......................................................................................................................... 17 Bad Habits................................................................................................................................. 27 A Reformed Rake ..................................................................................................................... 31 The Empire of Mechanical and Habitual Impulses................................................................... 40 Moralizing on the Tale.............................................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER TWO: BETWEEN VICE AND DISEASE: MORAL INSANITY, SHEPPARD LEE, AND THE ETHICS OF EMBODIMENT...................................................... 49 A Perfectly Sound Judgment .................................................................................................... 55 The Limitations of Human Responsibility................................................................................ 67 Causes and Influences Purely Physical..................................................................................... 72 The Popular Actor..................................................................................................................... 81 Coda: Comedy and Interpretation............................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER THREE: DIGESTING MOBY-DICK: STOMACH, BRAIN, AND TEXT .............. 94 The Most Varied of All Diseases.............................................................................................. 99 Manufacturing Mind and Soul................................................................................................ 107 The Sins of Indigestion ........................................................................................................... 116 Stomachs and Sharks .............................................................................................................. 129 vii Vengeance on a Dumb Brute .................................................................................................. 135 A Very Long Night’s Digestion.............................................................................................. 140 CHAPTER FOUR: TRICKS OF THE BLOOD: HEREDITY, CALVINISM, AND THE LIMITS OF RESPONSIBILITY IN OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES................... 142 Like Begets Like..................................................................................................................... 149 Hereditary Corruption............................................................................................................. 159 A Palpable Outside Agency.................................................................................................... 167 Inherited Impulses................................................................................................................... 177 CODA: MORAL INTERVENTIONS........................................................................................ 192 WORKS CITED ......................................................................................................................... 194 viii INTRODUCTION “The Anatomy of Conscience” examines
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