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Snowy Egret Egretta Thula
Wyoming Species Account Snowy Egret Egretta thula REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: Migratory Bird USFS R2: No special status USFS R4: No special status Wyoming BLM: No special status State of Wyoming: Protected Bird CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: No special status WGFD: NSS3 (Bb), Tier II WYNDD: G5, S1S2 Wyoming Contribution: LOW IUCN: Least Concern PIF Continental Concern Score: Not ranked STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS The Wyoming Natural Diversity Database has assigned Snowy Egret (Egretta thula) a state conservation rank ranging from S1 (Critically Imperiled) to S2 (Imperiled) because of uncertainty about population trends for this species in Wyoming. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: There are currently two recognized subspecies of Snowy Egret, which are weakly distinguished by minor size differences: E. t. thula breeds in eastern North America, the Greater Antilles, and throughout South America, while E. t. brewsteri breeds in western North America west of the Rocky Mountains 1, 2. Both subspecies are likely found in Wyoming 3, but this has not been confirmed. Description: Identification of Snowy Egret is possible in the field. It is a medium heron; adults weigh approximately 370 g, range in length from 56–66 cm, and have wingspans of approximately 100 cm 1. Males are slightly larger, but the sexes are otherwise similar in appearance 1. Breeding adults have uniform white plumage with long plumes of delicate feathers on the nape, breast, and lower back that are used in courtship displays; a long S-curved neck; yellow eyes; bright lores that range from dark yellow to red; a long black bill; long black legs; and dark yellow or orange feet 1, 4. -
Wilderness on the Edge: a History of Everglades National Park
Wilderness on the Edge: A History of Everglades National Park Robert W Blythe Chicago, Illinois 2017 Prepared under the National Park Service/Organization of American Historians cooperative agreement Table of Contents List of Figures iii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Footnotes xv Chapter 1: The Everglades to the 1920s 1 Chapter 2: Early Conservation Efforts in the Everglades 40 Chapter 3: The Movement for a National Park in the Everglades 62 Chapter 4: The Long and Winding Road to Park Establishment 92 Chapter 5: First a Wildlife Refuge, Then a National Park 131 Chapter 6: Land Acquisition 150 Chapter 7: Developing the Park 176 Chapter 8: The Water Needs of a Wetland Park: From Establishment (1947) to Congress’s Water Guarantee (1970) 213 Chapter 9: Water Issues, 1970 to 1992: The Rise of Environmentalism and the Path to the Restudy of the C&SF Project 237 Chapter 10: Wilderness Values and Wilderness Designations 270 Chapter 11: Park Science 288 Chapter 12: Wildlife, Native Plants, and Endangered Species 309 Chapter 13: Marine Fisheries, Fisheries Management, and Florida Bay 353 Chapter 14: Control of Invasive Species and Native Pests 373 Chapter 15: Wildland Fire 398 Chapter 16: Hurricanes and Storms 416 Chapter 17: Archeological and Historic Resources 430 Chapter 18: Museum Collection and Library 449 Chapter 19: Relationships with Cultural Communities 466 Chapter 20: Interpretive and Educational Programs 492 Chapter 21: Resource and Visitor Protection 526 Chapter 22: Relationships with the Military -
Tricolored Herons and Great Egrets Use Double- Crested Cormorants As Beaters While Foraging
Tricolored Herons and Great Egrets Use Double- crested Cormorants as Beaters While Foraging William E. Davis, Jr. Many animals follow other animals described as beaters, and capture prey disturbed by them. Various species of herons have been observed using beaters, including Eastern Reef Herons using predatory fish (Recher and Recher 1969), Snowy Egrets using grebes (Leek 1971), Snowy and Great egrets using mergansers and cormorants (Christman 1957), White-faced Herons using Australian White Ibises (Davis 1985), and, of course. Cattle Egrets using cattle, tractors, elephants, hippopotamuses, and rhinoceroses (Telfair 1994). The only reference to Tricolored Herons using beaters was Parks and Dressier (1963), who reported Snowy Egrets and a Tricolored Heron using Hooded Mergansers as beaters. Furthermore, the definitive account of Tricolored Herons (Frederick 1997) states “...not reported to benefit greatly from piracy, beating, or other social interactions.” Hence, my observations of Tricolored Herons using Double-crested Cormorants as beaters may be of some interest. On March 11, 1999,1 was watching a Tricolored Heron walking along the edge of a ten-meter-wide water impoundment along Cross Dike Trail at J.N. ‘Ding’ Darling National Wildlife Refuge on Sanibel Island, Florida. The bird suddenly stopped and flew to the other side of the impoundment to the shoreline of dense mangroves. It landed at the water’s edge, near an actively foraging Double-crested Cormorant. The cormorant was swimming along the shoreline, partially submerged, and as it moved along the shore, the heron followed it by walking rapidly. When the heron fell behind, it made short flights to catch up. -
The Grey Heron
Bird Life The Grey Heron t is quite likely that if someone points out a grey heron to you, I you will remember it the next time you see it. The grey heron is a tall bird, usually about 80cm to 1m in height and is common to inland waterways and coasts. Though the grey heron has a loud “fraank” call, it can most often be seen standing silently in shallow water with its long neck outstretched, watching the water for any sign of movement. The grey heron is usually found on its own, although some may feed close together. Their main food is fish, but they will take small mammals, insects, frogs and even young birds. Because of their habit of occasionally taking young birds, herons are not always popular and are often driven away from a feeding area by intensive mobbing. Mobbing is when smaller birds fly aggressively at their predator, in this case the heron, in order to defend their nests or their lives. Like all herons, grey herons breed in a colony called a heronry. They mostly nest in tall trees and bushes, but sometimes they nest on the ground or on ledge of rock by the sea. Nesting starts in February,when the birds perform elaborate displays and make noisy callings. They lay between 3-5 greenish-blue eggs, often stained white by the birds’ droppings. Once hatched, the young © Illustration: Audrey Murphy make continuous squawking noises as they wait to be fed by their parents. And though it doesn’t sound too pleasant, the parent Latin Name: Ardea cinerea swallows the food and brings it up again at the nest, where the Irish Name: Corr réisc young put their bills right inside their parents mouth in order to Colour: Grey back, white head and retrieve it! neck, with a black crest on head. -
A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island
A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island Operated by Chevron Australia This document has been printed by a Sustainable Green Printer on stock that is certified carbon in joint venture with neutral and is Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC) mix certified, ensuring fibres are sourced from certified and well managed forests. The stock 55% recycled (30% pre consumer, 25% post- Cert no. L2/0011.2010 consumer) and has an ISO 14001 Environmental Certification. ISBN 978-0-9871120-1-9 Gorgon Project Osaka Gas | Tokyo Gas | Chubu Electric Power Chevron’s Policy on Working in Sensitive Areas Protecting the safety and health of people and the environment is a Chevron core value. About the Authors Therefore, we: • Strive to design our facilities and conduct our operations to avoid adverse impacts to human health and to operate in an environmentally sound, reliable and Dr Dorian Moro efficient manner. • Conduct our operations responsibly in all areas, including environments with sensitive Dorian Moro works for Chevron Australia as the Terrestrial Ecologist biological characteristics. in the Australasia Strategic Business Unit. His Bachelor of Science Chevron strives to avoid or reduce significant risks and impacts our projects and (Hons) studies at La Trobe University (Victoria), focused on small operations may pose to sensitive species, habitats and ecosystems. This means that we: mammal communities in coastal areas of Victoria. His PhD (University • Integrate biodiversity into our business decision-making and management through our of Western Australia) -
The First Breeding Record of Glossy Ibises Plegadis Falcinellus for Cyprus MICHAEL MILTIADOU
The first breeding record of Glossy Ibises Plegadis falcinellus for Cyprus MICHAEL MILTIADOU The Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus is a common passage migrant in Cyprus particularly during spring, (Feb) Mar–May, with smaller numbers staging at the wetlands in autumn, Aug–Sep (Oct). Large flocks migrate off the coast of Cyprus during autumn (Flint & Stewart 1992). Migrating flocks of the species are usually observed flying around the coast or over-flying the island but during wet springs, when coastal wetlands are waterlogged, these flocks might stage for a week or more. However, ten pairs of Glossy Ibises were observed nesting at the Ayios Lucas lake heronry, Famagusta, April–July 2010, the first breeding record for Cyprus (Miltiadou 2010). Although only a small percentage of the global population of Glossy Ibises breeds in Europe that population has exhibited a moderate decline and is evaluated by BirdLife International as a ‘Species of European Concern, Declining’ (Burfield & van Bommel 2004). It breeds in three eastern Mediterranean countries around Cyprus: Turkey (500–1000 pairs), Greece (150–200 pairs) and Israel (c300 pairs) (Cramp & Simmons 1978, Burfield & van Bommel 2004). Ayios Lucas lake (Plate 1), aka Famagusta Freshwater lake, is a lake that was created by damming part of a seasonal lake basin situated on the northwest side of Famagusta city at Limni, and is bordered on the north by the Nicosia–Famagusta motorway. It is part of a seasonal flood plain that opens into a brackish delta created by the joining of the Pediaeos and Yialias intermittent rivers. The delta spreads between Famagusta and Salamis and is located at the eastern end of the Mesaoria plain that runs across the middle of Cyprus. -
THE LITTLE EGRET in SOUTH AUSTRALIA (By H
September, 1958 THE S.A. ORNITHOLOGIST 77 THE LITTLE EGRET IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (By H. T. CONDON) Since World War II there has been an who have regularly reported the Brown Bit- increase in the amount of information in bird tern [Botaurus] from districts where it un- literature dealing with sight identifications doubtedly occurs, yet I have found that and habits and it is now a fairly simple these people did not know the difference he- matter to recognise species once thought im- tween the bittern and the young of the possible. Unfortun~tely, much of ~e newl~. Nankeen Night Heron (Nycticorax)! acquired knowledge IS swallowed by mexpen- Mistakes in sight identifications are some. enced or uncritical observers with no good times understandable, but those due to ignor- effects. In this connection I am thinking ance and carelessness can be avoided. An more especially of the increasingly bold and observer should constantly guard against aggressive claims for rare ?r u~usu.al water wishful thinking, a common fault, which is birds which have appeared In print In recent responsible for the majority of problematical years. ". ." claims. Many of these claims are inconclusive, to Future sight records of the Little Egret are say the least, and I believe that the stage desi bl lv i f h f 11 . has now been reached where it is impossible esira e on y In one Or more 0 teo OWIng li circumstances. to accept any new record for South Austra .a 1. Observations in connection with nest. without a specimen. ing activities which can be investigated. -
Nesting Period and Breeding Success of the Little Egret Egretta Garzetta in Pattani Province, Thailand
FORKTAIL 29 (2013): 120–123 Nesting period and breeding success of the Little Egret Egretta garzetta in Pattani province, Thailand SOMSAK BUATIP, WANCHAMAI KARNTANUT & CORNELIS SWENNEN Nesting of Little Egret Egretta garzetta was studied between October 2008 and September 2009 in a colony near Pattani, southern Thailand, where the species is a recent colonist. Nesting was bimodal over a 12-month observation period. The first nesting period started in December in the middle of the rainy season (November–December). The second period started in March during the dry season (February–April). In the second period, nesting began in an area not occupied during the first period but gradually expanded into areas used in the first period. Egg and chick losses were high; the mean number of chicks that reached two weeks of age was 1.0 ± 1.2 (n = 467 nests), based on nests that had contained at least one egg. Considerable heterogeneity of clutch size and nest success was apparent between different locations within the colony. The main predator appeared to be the Malayan Water Monitor Varanus salvator. INTRODUCTION breeding success; understand nesting synchrony; and finally document if breeding success parameters varied spatially within the The breeding range of the Little Egret Egretta garzetta extends from focal colony. western Europe (northern limit about 53°N) and North Africa across Asia south of the Himalayas to east Asia including Korea and Japan (northern limits about 40°N), with some isolated areas MATERIALS AND METHODS in southern Africa, the Philippines and north and east Australia (Hancock et al. 1978, Wong et al. -
Imperiled Coastal Birds of Florida and the State Laws That Protect Them
Reddish Egret Roseate Spoonbill Threatened (S) Threatened (S) Imperiled Coastal The rarest heron in North Using spatulala-shaped Birds of Florida America, Reddish Egrets bills to feel prey in shallow are strictly coastal. They ponds, streams, or coastal and the chase small fish on open waters, Roseate Spoonbills State Laws that flats. They nest in small nest in trees along the numbers on estuary coast and inland. Having Protect Them islands, usually in colonies barely recovered from with other nesting wading hunting eradication, these birds. This mid-sized heron birds now face extirpation is mostly gray with rust- from climate change and colored head, though some sea-level rise. birds are solid white. Wood Stork Florida Sandhill Threatened (F) Florida Statutes and Rules Crane This large wading bird Threatened (S) is the only stork in the 68A-27.003 Designation and management of the state- This crane subspecies is Americas. Breeding areas listed species and coordination with federal government for resident year-round in have shifted from south federally-listed species Florida, and defends a Florida and the Everglades nesting territory that is northward. Wood Storks 68A-19.005 General Regulations relating to state- must have abundant prey adjacent to open upland designated Critical Wildlife Areas foraging habitat. Nesting concentrated in shallow in shallow ponds, adults wetlands in order to feed 68A-4.001 Controls harvest of wildlife only under permitted defend their eggs or chicks their young. Prey items from predators including include -
Resource Use by Herons in a Yucatan Wetland During the Breeding Season
Wilson Bull., 105(4), 1993, pp. 573-586 RESOURCE USE BY HERONS IN A YUCATAN WETLAND DURING THE BREEDING SEASON CRISTINA RAMo ’ AND BENJAMIN BUSTO ’ ABs~~~~~.-Dttrittg 1986, we studied the habitat, prey type, and prey size used by six speciesof egrets and herons in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve (Yucatan, Mexico). The availability of different habitat types, which varies from salt to freshwater and from open to forested wetland, allows the herons to segregateinto two groups (1) Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)-Great Egret (Casmerodiusalbus)-Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), that use mainly freshwater habitats, and (2) Reddish Egret (E. rr&cens)-Tricolored Heron (E. tricolor), that use marine habitats. We have no data for Boat-billed Herons (Cochlearius cochlearius),because this speciesis strictly nocturnal, and censuseswere conductedat day- light. Prey type and prey size greatly differ among Great Blue Herons, Great Egrets, and Snowy Egretsbut overlap considerablybetween the Reddish Egretsand Boat-billed Herons. We found a positive correlation between size of heron and size of prey, but in our study area prey size is not important in niche segregation,since four of these specieseat prey of similar sizes. Received7 Jan. 1993, accepted21 April 1993. Many studies of sympatric colonial wading birds in temperate regions have shown that there are differences among species in nest-site placement (Maxwell and Kale 1977; McCrimon 1978; Burger 1978, 1979, 1985; Beaver et al. 1980) and in feeding ecology and behavior (Meyerriecks 1962; Kushlan 1976, 1978; Willard 1977; Custer and Osborn 1978; Whit- field and Blaber 1979; Rodgers 1983; Kent 1986; Fasola 1986). -
The Watery World of Wading Birds
Audubon aThere’s lotsd more Audubonv Adventurese online,n with fun,t interactiveu features!r AudubonAdventures.orges The Watery World of Wading Birds From Hunted for Hats... Hats decorated with bird feathers were the height of fashion in the late 1800s. The large, beautiful feathers of egrets and other wading birds were the most popular. Eventually these birds were hunted almost to extinction. But in 1896 two women began the fight to ban the use of bird feathers in hats. They succeeded! long-legged bird with an S-shaped The federal neck waits at the marsh’s edge. Migratory Bird Suddenly it stabs its long, sharp bill Treaty Act was Ainto the water and snatches a frog! The bird passed in 1918 and is a wading bird. Look at wading birds closely remains one of and you’ll see an animal adapted for living the strongest laws and finding food in and around water. protecting wild Long legs mean these birds can wade North American into shallow water without getting their birds. feathered bodies wet. Big feet with spread-out toes keep them from sinking into the gooey mud. A long neck and a long beak help them reach out and grab the food they spot in the water or on the ground. You’ll find wading birds—herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, storks, and others—in ...To Symbol of all kinds of soggy habitats, from the edges Conservation of lakes, ponds, and rivers to swamps and People were able marshes to saltwater bays. Get ready to find to work together out more about these amazing big birds! to protect the Great Egret. -
Reddish Egret Egretta Rufescens
TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens TPWD PHOTO The reddish egret, a beautiful wading bird, is a permanent resident of the Texas coast. Although recognized as one species, reddish egrets may be either white (white phase) or gray with a reddish or rusty colored head and neck (dark phase). It is currently listed in Texas as a threatened species. Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens APPEARANCE HABITAT Height: 27 to 32 inches (68 to 82 cm) Reddish egrets are most often found in salt and brackish water Wingspan: 46 to 49 inches (116 to 124 cm) wetlands. Distinguishing Characteristics BEHAVIOR •Two distinctly different color phases: Dark phase Both parents build the nest, and sticks are continuously added • Gray with reddish head and neck feathers to the nest during incubation. Reddish egrets sometimes nest • Bluish legs alongside other birds such as herons, egrets, cormorants and • Pink bill with a dark tip spoonbills. The reddish egret is crepuscular (it is most active at White phase dawn and dusk). When feeding, reddish egrets will spread their • White feathers wings to create shade and reduce glare so that they can see • Bluish legs their prey more easily in the water. When chasing fish, they also • Pink bill with dark tip run in circles. Reddish egrets use their long, spear-like bills to • Long shaggy plumes on their heads and necks during stab their prey. After feeding, reddish egrets regurgitate all the breeding season inedible parts of their prey, such as bones, much like owls do. Parents feed their young by regurgitating into the chicks’ LIFE HISTORY mouths.