‘Racial Diagnosis: Gypsy’ The Nazi genocide of the Sinti and Roma and the long struggle for recognition

An exhibition by the Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma

Funded by the German Federal Cultural Foundation: Content

Patron of the exhibition: Michael Roth, Minister of State for Europe > 2 What is the exhibition about? > 4 What is important for rental and transport? > 5 How does the setup and dismantling process work? > 6 What kind of exhibition room is needed? > 7 How does the exhibition look like? > 8 Which thematic structure does the exhibition have? > 12 Are the contents available in my language? > 20 Accompanying the exhibition: Web portal about the Holocaust of the Sinti and Roma > 22 Acknowledgment > 24

> 2 Patron of the exhibition: Michael Roth, Minister of State for Europe Patron of the exhibition: Michael Roth, Minister of State for Europe

The genocide of around 500,000 Sinti and Roma under Those who are aware of the past are much better deliberately fuel resentment channelled above National Socialism is still regarded as the “forgotten equipped to ensure that its tragedies are never all against Sinti and Roma, but also against other Holocaust”. It pains me that this genocide continues to repeated. Our chequered history obligates us to ethnic, religious, cultural and sexual minorities. For receive far too little attention from the general public. fight hatred and marginalisation, intolerance and example, when politicians call for Sinti and Roma Yet like the Shoah, the crimes committed against racism, discrimination and stigmatisation – not to be documented as a separate category, they Sinti and Roma are among the darkest chapters of just in Germany, but around the world. For this create a dangerous climate of marginalisation and Germany’s history. The racist barbarity of the National reason, I was happy to assume the patronage of hatred. We need to take a decisive stand against Socialists hit them with full force – as in the horrific this exhibition, organised by the Documentation this – by raising awareness, providing information murder of 4300 Sinti and Roma in Auschwitz-Birkenau and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma. It and creating a culture of remembrance. concentration camp, the 75th anniversary of which we deserves many visitors, particularly young people. will commemorate on 2 August 2019. For the future always also needs remembrance. Yet racism and populism not only undermine the rights of minorities, they target the heart of our The exhibition “Racial diagnosis: Gypsy. The genocide In many European countries we are currently democracy. I am convinced that this exhibition will of the Sinti and Roma people and the long struggle for seeing a return to a nationalism and populism that help strengthen the democratic forces in European recognition” is a painful but necessary wake-up call we believed had long been overcome. Democracy, society that are working for a united and peaceful to ensure that we do not forget. It movingly portrays our open societies and liberal values are being Europe based on the principle of solidarity, in which how Sinti and Roma were systematically marginalised, disparaged. Movements like this need negative we can celebrate our differences without fear. deprived of their rights, driven out of their homes and stereotypes in order to exploit people’s concerns murdered during the National Socialist period. and fears for their own political ends. They therefore

> 2 > 3 What is the exhibition about? What is important for rental and transport?

Top view of tables

Contents Breakdown Table upright How much space does the exhibition need? > 1 crate for all jambs The focus of the exhibition is the National Socialist The exhibition comprises three chapters: The exhibition needs approx. 200 m2. The display Weight: 230 kg genocide of the Sinti and Roma: from the ­exclusion > Part 1: Introduction to the subject stands allow variable types of presentations. Dimensions: 125 cm (l) x 70 cm (w) x and disenfranchisement of the minority in the (3 panels) 50 cm (h) German Reich to their systematic extermination in > Part 2: The genocide of the Sinti What does the exhibition include? Nazi-occupied Europe. The inhuman perspectives of and Roma in Nazi-occupied Europe > 24 display stands: 211 cm (l) x 90 cm (w) with > Total weight: 2.2 tonnes (17 crates) the perpetrators are contrasted with the testimonies (24 panels) Front view Side view 2 graphic panels each: 150 cm (l) x 90 cm (w) of the victims. > Part 3: Post-war history and the > 9 tables: 75 cm (l) x 150 cm (w) x 127 cm (h) with What costs are incurred? present situation (9 panels) Table diagonal inclined surface: 75 cm (l) x 150 cm (w) Transport and insurance (separate Old family photos of the Sinti and Roma provide > 3 tables: 75 cm (l) x 150 cm (w) x 80 cm (h) with contract), no loan charge a glimpse into the realities of the people’s lives Accompanying media horizontal surface: 75 cm (l) x 150 cm (w) and ­allow them to stand out as individuals. The Visitors can open videos on individual Whom can you ask? ­exhibition reveals the destroyed lives behind the topics including reports by the How is it packed and how much does it weight? In case of queries, please contact: abstract documents recording their bureaucratically survivors of the genocide on their The exhibition is packed in transport crates: organised annihilation. smartphones. Accompanying the Front view Side view > 4 crates for 24 display stand frames Documentation and Cultural Centre­ exhibition a web portal with further Weight: 4 x 130 kg of German Sinti and Roma The history of the survivors in post-war Germany, material is available: Display stand Dimensions: 220 cm (l) x 72 cm (w) x 98 cm (h) Bremeneckgasse 2 who were recognised as Nazi victims only later, is www.sintiundroma.org/en > 8 crates for 24 display stand panels 69117 Heidelberg also dealt with here. It was the civil rights movement Weight: 8 x 110 kg Germany of the German Sinti and Roma that turned the Dimensions: 160 cm (l) x 72 cm (w) x 109 cm (h) ideological and personal perpetuations from the > 2 crates for 12 table frames Phone > +49 6221 981102 period of the ‘Third Reich’ into a topic of social Weight: 2 x 105 kg E-mail > [email protected] debate. At the end of the exhibition, visitors get Dimensions: 110 cm (l) x 72 cm (w) x 119 cm (h) insights into the human rights situation of the Sinti > 2 crates for 12 table panels and Roma minorities in Europe after 1989. Weight: 2 x 140 kg Dimensions: 160 cm (l) x 33 cm (w) x 94 cm (h)

Front view Side view > 4 > 5 How does the setup and dismantling process work? What kind of exhibition room is needed?

The minimum exhibition area is 200m2. The ­exhibition can be adapted to different floor plans. The panels can be arranged in rows as well as in ­zigzag form. The visitor must be able to view the What kind of vehicle is required for transport? How does the setup and dismantling ­display stands from both sides. Unevenness of the Either 7.5-tonne truck with lift (additional protection process work? floor can be levelled using adjustable feet. during transport for stacked boxes needed) or two An illustrated guide is included for the 3.5-tonne trucks with lift (transport without stacking setup. The setup procedure is very of the boxes). easy. The frames must be put together and fixed with an Allen key. The foot What kind of help is required for loading height is adjusted using an open- and unloading? end spanner on the adjusting nuts The boards are in boxes with wheels. The boxes provided for this. The picture panels should be fixed with belts during the tour. are mounted and tightened. After the individual parts are dismantled, How will the exhibition be delivered? they must be packed into the crates The exhibition will be delivered in crates (see above provided. If the exhibition has to be for dimensions). stored, the crates can also be piled up.

How much time does setting up the exhibition take? At least two people are needed for the setup. Depending on manual skill, 5 hours are needed for this.

Which tools are needed? A screwdriver, preferably an electric one, is needed for opening the crates. The following tools are needed for setting up and adjusting the bases: >  Cross-head or slotted screwdriver >  Rubber mallet >  An appropriate Allen key with handle is available Example layout Nuremberg

> 6 > 7 How does the exhibition look like? How does the exhibition look like?

> Clearly structured The Holocaust Perpetrated on the Sinti and Roma in Racial ideology as a A comprehensive Municipal Forms Excluded from Excluded from Excluded from the Der DerVölk Vermoölkermord rd Nazi-occupied Europe state doctrine assessment: the ‘Racial detention camps for of exclusion working life schools armed forces > The presentation is easily Hygiene Research Centre’ Sinti and Roma

The Nazi Holocaust perpetrated on the Sinti and Roma represents a turning point After 1933 the Nazi state’s actions were based on the doctrine of racial To define the Sinti and Roma in accordance with the ‘Nuremberg Laws’, In the second half of the 1930s, many towns and cities in Germany set The Nazi state gradually excluded the Sinti and Roma from all areas of As ‘non-Aryans’, the Sinti and Roma were excluded from As ‘persons of foreign blood’, Sinti and Roma children were Many of the Sinti and Roma drafted into the Wehrmacht [armed Kommunale ‘superiority’ and ‘inferiority’ and the classification into ‘Herrenmen- the Nazis made use of racial research, a field already established before up municipal detention camps for ‘gypsies’. It is thought that around public life and deprived them of their rights. Their everyday lives were professional organisations such as the Chamber of Crafts excluded from school lessons in many towns and cities; forces] initially went unrecognised as such. In February 1941 an denan den Sinti Sinti und und Roma Roma in the centuries-old shared history between the ethnic minority and the majority schen’ [‘members of the master race’] and ‘Untermenschen’ [‘sub- the start of the Nazi dictatorship that was hugely influential in terms of half the German Sinti and Roma were imprisoned in one of these camps increasingly shaped by discriminatory special provisions, with the rel- and the Reich Chamber of Culture. They were made to give elsewhere, segregated ‘gypsy classes’ were put in place. the Wehrmacht High Command ordered that all ‘gypsies’ and Einweisungen in Die Verfolgung Die Orghumans’].anis Like the Jews, the Sinti and Romaa were declaredtion to be the public discourse. The ‘Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle’ [‘Racial at least temporarily. evant initiatives often triggered by the municipalitiesDie themselves. Lo- ersten up their businesses or forced out of their jobs as workers or Most of the Sinti and Roma children who were allowed ‘gypsies of mixed blood’ be excluded on ‘grounds of racial Rassenideologie Totale Erfassung: Formen Ausschluss AusschlussExcluded from Ausschluss Transfers to in society. It was a state crime carried out by a modern administrative apparatus, Left: The young Sinti boy ‘Muscha’ was ‘artfremde Rassen’ – literally: races of a different species or ‘racially Hygiene Research Centre’] was established in Berlin in late 1936; its cal authorities and decision-makers readily placed themselves at the employees. Moreover, the Sinti and Roma were subject to to continue attending school were later deported to policy’. Following their assessment in accordance with ‘racial Links: Rosa Höllenreiner vor ihrer Deporta- forcibly sterilised in November 1944. orchestrated from central offices in Berlin right down to the authorities at muni- foreign’ – and were therefore excluded from the ‘Volksgemeinschaft’ director was Dr Robert Ritter. Pursuant to Himmler’s order of 8 Decem- ‘Racial Diagnosis: Gypsy’ These municipal camps were fenced in and guarded by the SS or the service of the Nazis’ ideological objectives. the same discriminatory provisions of social and labour law Auschwitz-Birkenau, along with their families. biology’ criteria, soldiers from the ranks of the Sinti and Roma tion nach Auschwitz Opponents of the regime managed to cipal level. Entire families were processed by bureaucrats, deported, and murde red [‘people’s community’]. This policy of exclusion and disenfranchise- ber 1938, the ‘research centre’ was to assess all Sinti and Roma living in police. The inmates were subject to random acts of violence. In addition as the Jews. were dismissed from the army despite the intercession of their smuggle the boy out of the clinic and hid on the basis of a racist ideology – all because they happened to be born as Sinti ment was bolstered by state-controlled propaganda, which deliberately the Reich and classify them in terms of ‘racial biology’; it was to do so to the ghettoisation and ‘racial’ segregation of the ethnic minority, the superiors and, for the most part, deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Zwangslager für Rehimcht sin: A an summergehörige houseder Sin forti-F almostamilie Bfiveam - disseminated demonising images. ‘In Europe, other than the through close co-operation with the SS and police apparatus. camps were also used as a pool for forced labour. When the war broke im nimationals nationalsozialiozialistischstisch bemonthsrger, Dre untilißige therjah liberation.re. Margarete Bamberg- or Roma. Jews, only gypsies regularly Heinrich Himmler out, they were used as transit camps for deportations to occupied Poland. concentrationdie Konzentrationsla campsger accessibleder Roma und and Sinti focuses on the der Vernichtung:The Sinti and Roma, like the Jews, were subject to the discriminatory das „Reichs-With the support of official state and church bodies, Dr Ritter and his besetzte Polen als Staatsdoktrin die „Rassenhygienische der Ausgrenzung aus dem Arbeitsleben ausschools den Schulen aus der Wehrmacht ‘The special regulations decreed for Jews ‘(...) the mayor of the city of Cologne (...) ‘Dismissals of gypsies and gypsies of mixed Middle: Rosa Höllenreiner before her provisions of the ‘Nuremberg Laws’. They were declared second-class belong to the races of a staff conducted genealogical and anthropological examinations on Reichsführer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei with regard to social law apply mutatis has ordered that gypsy children current- blood from active military duty’ wdeportationurde auf der toFlu Auschwitzcht in Jugoslawien kurz vor When the Second World War broke out, the Sinti and Roma minorities in German- citizens by the Nazis. Any ties between ‘Zigeuner’ [‘gypsies’] and different species.’ Sinti and Roma. They compelled their test subjects to provide infor- mutandis to gypsies, too.’ ly at various schools be accommodated Kriegsende Opfer eines Massakers. occupied states allied with Hitler-Germany also became victims of the Nazi policy ‘Deutschblütige’, i.e. persons of German blood, were branded as mation about their family relationships and carried out elaborate in one class with effect from 1 December Right: Members of the Bamberger Sinti ‘Rassenschande’ [‘miscegenation or racial defilement’] and subject Decree on ‘Blood Protection’ by measurements. Besides compiling detailed genealogical tables, they 1939.’ Unfamilyten: De inr theSint 1930s.i-Junge Margarete „Muscha“ Bambergerwurde im of genocide. The network of concentration camps, execution sites and mass graves to severe punishment. ‘Reichsinnenminister’ Frick of 3 January 1936 took thousands of anthropological photographs. Countless blood and Sinti und Roma ‘(…) I request that specific shopping hours hair samples were also taken. No(frontvemb left)er 19 44was zw laterangs sdeportedterilisier tto. R eAuschwitz. gime- and shops be set aside for gypsies.’ besebestzteentz tEuenr oEuparopa spread all across Europe. It is estimated that around 500,000 Sinti and Roma became Members of the Schneeberger family in the mid-1930s. The mu- The Berlin-Marzahn camp gegMaxne rBamberger holten den (farJun gright)en he diedimlic hin a au massas der - Einsatzgruppen Luise Herzberg with her children in Berlin sicians were later banned from performing. Four of those in the Forschungsstelle“ in Österreich sicherheitshauptamt“ in the early 1930s. The family was incarce- photograph were deported to Auschwitz, where two of them (2nd victims of a policy of systematic extermination. By the time the war came to an end, Dr Ritter’s institute had drawn up On 16 July 1936, in the run-up to the Olympic Games, around 600 Berlin rated in the Marzahn camp in 1936. Two of and 4th from left) were murdered. Klcreinik while und v oners theteck runten inih nYugoslavia bis zur Bef shortlyreiung the children, Otto (front left) and Therese Documentation Centre Archives some 24,000 assessments that used ‘racial diagnosis’ to classify the Sinti and Roma were arrested and taken to the Marzahn detention (right), were subsequently deported to fabeforest fünf Mtheon endate i ofn e theine rwar. Gartenlaube. Massenerschießungen von Juden, Roma, Auschwitz-Birkenau, where Therese soon Johannes Adler’s military identity card camp, where they were forced to live in squalid, inhumane conditions. Dortmund Municipal Archives/private ownership Sinti and Roma either as ‘gypsies’ or ‘gypsies of mixed blood’. These Reichssicherheitshauptamt succumbed to the inhumane living con- In September 1938, Berlin-Marzahn was the Reich’s largest municipal ditions. The two other boys later died at The traumatic experience of a total lack of rights and dehumanisation is now assessments were instrumental in the deportations to concentration kommunistischen Funktionären und anderen Neuengamme concentration camp. Luise Herzberg was deported to Ravensbrück camp for ‘gypsies’, with around 850 inmates. In the course of 1943, the Federal Archives – Military Archives (Freiburg), concentration camp. She died in 1954 from and extermination camps. inventory RHD2/1941, p. 79, 82 f. buried deep in the minority’s collective memory. Remembering the victims is an Heydrich, Kaltenbrunner hinter der Ostfront vast majority of families imprisoned at Berlin-Marzahn were deported the consequences of her imprisonment. essential information Documentation Centre Archives to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. abiding commitment. The house at Lederstrasse 34 in Reutlingen where the Reinhardt Sinti family would later live. In February 1939 the municipal authorities tried in vain to expel Documentation Centre Archives the family from Reutlingen using an eviction order. The family was later deported to Auschwitz, where almost Angehörige der Wiener Roma-Familie Stojka mit Freunden, Ende all of its members died. Reutlingen Municipal Archives, S 105/1 No. 07.14 ‘Expert opinion’, signed by Dr Robert Ritter. The abbreviation Evak. Schon früh erlangte die SS die Kontrolle über die Konzentrationslager Nach dem „Anschluss“ Österreichs im März 1938 wurden zahlreiche - Staff at the ‘Racial Hygiene Research Centre’ conducting their Am 21. September 1939 beschloss eine Konferenz der SS unter der Nach 1933 wurde die Doktrin von der „Höherwertigkeit“ und „Mind- Der nationalsozialistische Staat grenzte Sinti und Roma schrittweise Sinti und Roma wurden als „Nichtarier“ aus Berufsorgani- InAs vielen‘persons Ort ofen foreign waren Sintiblood’,- und Sinti Roma and- RomaKinder children als „Fremdblü were - Viele zum Wehrdienst eingezogene Sinti und Roma blieben zunächst The SS took charge of the concentration camps early on and proceeded der Dreißigerjahre. Die Familienmitglieder wurden in verschiedene (for ‘evacuated’), bottom left, indicates the deportation to occupied Poland. examinations. They even made face masks and head sculptures. Der nationalsozialistische Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma stellt eine Zäsur in Konzentrationslager verschleppt. Das jüngste Kind Ossi (sitzend Archiv DokuZ Above left: Federal Archives, photo 146-1989-110-33 Above right: Federal Archives, photo R 165 Bild-244-64 „Reichsführer SS und Chef der Deutschen Chef des RSHA, aber auch in seiner Funk- Left: Federal Archives, photo R 165 photo 244-66 Bassist and saxophonist Gerhard Braun was a well-known mu- Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 361-7 Staatsverwaltung - Schul- und Karl Stojka at his primary school in Vienna shortly bedienten sich die Nationalsozialisten der Rassenforschung, die schon Städte kommunale Zwangslager für „Zigeuner“ ein. Man geht davon - sationen wie der Handwerkskammer oder der Reichskultur- tiexcludedge“ vom from Schulun schoolterricht lessons aus gineschl manyossen towns oder and man cities; rich t ete unerkannt. Im Februar 1941 ordnete das Oberkommando der Wehr- systematicallyund baute das toKZ expand-System the sys concentrationtematisch aus. camp Im Zu system.ge der Massen In the coursever- gegen „Zigeuner“ gerichtete Bestimmungen erlassen. Im Fokus stan- schmolz. Kriminalpolizei und Geheime Staats polizei wurden zur „Sich- sician in Berlin, and he and his orchestra also performed on the Hoch-schulabteilung, Nr. 4020-20 before his deportation to Auschwitz Polizei“ ein Hauptverantwortlicher für den tion als stellvertretender Reichsprotektor radio. A few years after this photo was taken, Gerhard Braun was Documentation Centre Archives - Reichssicherheitshauptamt deported to Auschwitz and murdered. One of the violinists and Above: Two preserved head sculptures are on Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma. in Böhmen und Mähren maßgeblich an der the guitarist (Oskar Adler and Josef Schopper, both seated) sur- der jahrhundertelangen gemeinsamen Geschichte von Minderheit und Mehrheit lebte Auschwitz und andere Lager. Später verarbeitete Karl Stojka display today as exhibits at the Sachsenhausen vived Auschwitz and other concentration camps. und „Untermenschen“, zur Grundlage staatlichen Handelns. Sinti und er Rechte. Der Alltag der Menschen war zunehmend von diskriminier- - gelsewhere,etrennte „Zi segregatedgeuner klassen“ ‘gypsy ein. classes’ Die mei weresten put Sinti in -place. und R o- macht aus „rassepolitischenFrom Gründen“Aus den Ausschlussden the aller „ZiFg eu-familyamilienalben albums of the mass arrests of 1938 and 1939, hundreds of Sinti and Roma were erheitspolizei“ vereinigt. Memorial as part of the exhibition entitled gegen Sinti und Roma gerichteten Vernich - dem Reichsgebiet in das besetzte Polen. Als vorbereitende Maßnahme Documentation Centre Archives seine traumatischen Erlebnisse in Bildern und Texten. Außerdem ‘Re: marriage bans for gypsies of ‘Medicine and Crime 1936-1945’. Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum, tungspolitik beteiligt. mixed blood’ Headlines from the Nazi press Photographer: Friedhelm Hofmann Roma wurden ebenso wie Juden zu „artfremden Rassen“ erklärt und - enden Sonderbestimmungen geprägt. Die Initiativen dazu gingen geben oder wurden als Arbeiter und Angestellte von ihren ma-KindeMost of ther, dieSinti die and Schule Roma children who were allowed ner“ und „Zigeunermischlinge“ an. Nach ihrer rassen biologischen deportedDachau und to Dachau in die neu and errich to thet enewlyten K onbuiltzent Buchenwald,rationslager Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Franz Reinhardt was arrested in June 1938 > engagierte er sich für die Roma-Bürgerrechtsbewegung in Österre- Bundesarchiv dar. Es war ein Staatsverbrechen, das von einem modernen Verwaltungsapparat andund sent kam to in Sachsenhausen das KZ Sachse concentrationnhausen, wo e r Right: Head sculptures of Sinti and Roma inside Many photos from private a display cabinet at the ‘Racial Hygiene Research camp,im De wherezembe her 1 was940 emurderedrmordet winu Decemberrde. Seine Centre’, 1942 gienische Forschungsstelle“ unter Leitung von Dr. Robert Ritter ein- - Arbeitsplätzen verdrängt. Außerdem unterlagen Sinti und stop ätcontinueer mit ih attendingren Familien school nach were Auschwitz later deported-Birkenau to deportier t. Erfassung wurden Soldaten aus den Reihen der Sinti und Roma trotz MauthausenSachsenhausen, and MauthausenRavensbrück und concentration Ravensbrück camps. verschlep Maltreatedpt. Als asAr- der erste burgenländische Landeshauptmann Tobias Portschy. Im September 1939 erfolgte die Gründung des „Reichssicher heits- Federal Archives, photo 146-1998-049-30 - ‘So far the only thing to have been 1940. In May 1940 his daughter Lucia (left) stated to his disadvantage is that he looks like a gypsy.’ „Der erste Transport von Zigeunern nach ins Werk gesetzt wurde, von den zentralen Stellen in Berlin bis hinunter zu den wasbes deportedetzte Pol eton occupieddeportie rPoland,t. Dort kwhereamen her ihr e „Willst Du, Deutscher, Totengräber des Propaganda unterstützte die Politik der Ausgrenzung und Entrech- gerichtet. Auf Grundlage des Himmler-Erlasses vom 8. Dezember 1938 Die kommunalen Lager waren eingezäunt und wurden von der SS oder sträger stellten sich bereitwillig in den Dienst der ideologischen Ziele Roma den gleichen diskriminierenden arbeits- und sozialre- Auschwitz-Birkenau, along with their families. der Fürsprache von Vorgesetzten aus der Wehrmacht entlassen und slave labour for companies owned by the SS, a high proportion of Mutter und zwei ihrer Geschwister um. heits orte zu verlassen. ofdeu Germantscher SintiSinti mother and her two siblings were murdered. The Berlin Sinti children depicted in the dem Generalgouvernement wird Mitte Mai „Zu den artfremden Rassen photograph were deported from Marzahn Archiv DokuZ nordi schen Blutes im Burgenlande werden, Die Abteilung „Technische Angelegenheiten“ to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were all Documentation Centre Archives LAV NRW OWL M 1 I P Nr. 1578 murdered. tung durch gezielte Verbreitung von Feindbildern. sollte die „Forschungsstelle“ in enger Koope–ration mit dem SS- und Polizei bewacht. Die Insassen waren Gewalt des Nationalsozialismus. chtlichen Bestimmungen wie Juden. größtenteils nach Auschwitz-Birkenau deportiert. these prisoners succumbed to the inhumane Lebensbedingun living conditionsgen und and dem Auf Befehl Himmlers wurden im Juni 1939 Hunderte burgen ländischer mit dem „Sicherheitsdienst“ der NSDAP. Diese Machtzentrale des Documentation Centre Archives in Stärke von 2500 Personen (...) in Marsch entwicPhotos ofk theel eyes,t handse andg nosesemeinsam of Sinti and Roma taken as mit Amt V Gaswagen, kommunalen Behörden. Ganze Familien wurden auf der Grundlage einer rassi sti- so über sehe nur die Gefahr, die ihm die part of the ‘racial-biological’ examinations All from the Federal Archives, R 165, eyes photos: R 165/66 and 67, The guard detail at the Berlin-Marzahn camp Karl Heilig as a member of the Reich Theatre Chamber. He later fell nose photos: R 165/69, hands photo: R 165/70 Road sign in the Herford district, 1930s In June 1933 Johann Trollmann claimed the German light-heavy- Siegfried Pohl from Hamm (far left) as an altar boy during his First Above: Paul Schneck at the Catholic Westschule in Hamm in After his exclusion from the armed forces, Alfons Anton Reinhardt was murdered in Auschwitz along Walter Winter in the uniform of the war navy shortly Johannes Adler was murdered at Auschwitz along with Federal Archives, photo 146-1987-035-25A gesetzt werden“ victim to the genocide. gehören (...) in Europa außer Communion in 1941 early 1939. He was deported to Auschwitz in March 1943 and SS-Staates unter Leitung von Reinhard Heydrich war verantwortlich für mit denen auch Sinti und Roma Herford Municipal Archives, photograph collection of Georg Heese - weight boxing title. A few days later, he was stripped of the title Lampert was deported to Auschwitz together with his with his wife and three children. before his dismissal. He survived Auschwitz-Birkenau his wife and four children. the reign of terror imposed by the guards. Documentation Centre Archives Polizeiapparat alle im Reich lebenden Sinti und Roma erfassen und und Willkür ausgeliefert. Neben der Gettoisierung und der „ras- Documentation Centre Archives most probably died there. Zigeuner sind!“ ‘Gypsies are persons of foreign because he was a Sinto. He was murdered at a subcamp of Neu- wife Else, where they both died. Documentation Centre Archives and other concentration camps. Dortmund Municipal Archives/private ownership engamme concentration camp in 1944. Documentation Centre Archives Documentation Centre Archives Documentation Centre Archives ermordet wurden. Documentation Centre Archives schen Ideologie bürokratisch erfasst, deportiert und ermordet – nur weil sie als Racial examination certificate dated March 1938 blood as defined by German Left: Sinti children from Dortmund at their primary school. Sinti und Roma waren ebenso wie Juden den diskriminierenden Bes- sischen“ Separierung der Minderheit dienten die Lager als Zwangsar- eingewiesen, darunter zahlreiche Jugendliche. Außerdem richtete die Verfolgung und Vernichtung von Millionen von Menschen. Zustän- Documentation Centre Archives They were later deported to Auschwitz and murdered. den Juden regelmäßig nur Dortmund Municipal Archives collections racial legislation (...) Their po- ‘This playground man spezielle Internie rungslager für „Zigeuner“ ein, das größte in dig für den bürokratisch organisierten Völkermord an den Sinti und an. In Hamburg, Köln und Asperg bei Ludwigsburg wurden Sammellager Sinti und Roma geboren worden waren. timmungen der „Nürnberger Gesetze“ unterworfen. Die Nationalso- beiterreservoir. Nach Kriegsbeginn fungierten litical, biological, cultural and is strictly off-limits ‘9.3.43 Police preventive detention. die Zigeuner.“ professional segregation from Gypsy of mixed blood with predominantly zialisten erklärten sie zu Bürgerinnen und Bürgern zweiter Klasse. Ritter und seine Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter führten mit Unter- sie als Sammelorte für die Deportationen ins besetzte Polen. eingerichtet. Vonto gypsies dort andfuh ren die Deportationszüge mit den Sinti- und German blood.’ Maria Winterstein gehörte zu den Opfern der Deportation aus the German people has now gypsies of According to the school register of pupils at the Catholic Feld- Südwestdeutschland im Mai 1940. „Die für Juden erlassenen Sondervor- „‘(...)(...) the hat mayor der Obe ofr btheür gcityerm ofe iColognester der S(...)tad t „Entlassungen von Zigeunern und Zigeu ner- schule in Hamm, the two brothers Siegfried and Gottfried Pohl stützung staatlicher und kirchlicher Stellen reichsweit genealogische were deported to Auschwitz on 9 March 1943 as ‘gypsies of mixed Archiv DokuZ Verbindungen zwischen „Zigeunern“ und „Deutschblütigen“ wurden dort aufgrund der katastrophalen Bedingungen, vor allem an Fleck- unterstanden ebenso die Befehlshaber der „Einsatzgruppen“, die hint- been effected by eliminating Roma-Familien direkt in die Zwangsarbeitslager im besetzten Polen. blood’. Siegfried Pohl succumbed to the camp’s inhumane living mixed blood.’ conditions on 20 October 1943. Erlass von Reichsinnenminister Frick zum Khasöln ordered (...) ang thateord ngypsyet, da childrenss die in currentden ver-- mischlingen aus dem aktiven Wehrdienst“ Archives of the Catholic Church Community of St. Bonifatius, Hamm persons of foreign blood in the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger of 16 July 1936 und anthropologische Untersuchungen an Sinti und Roma durch. Sie Sign in Minden, 1943 Anton Rose ran a cinema in Darmstadt. In 1934 the Hessen-Nassau Maria Theresia Lehmann bei ihrer Firmung im April 1940. Greven Municipal Archives, StaG_B_3870 Nach Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurden auch Sinti und Roma der deutsch er der Ostfront systematische Massenerschießungen von Juden, Roma, Gau [district] office sought to have him excluded from the Reich „Blutschutzgesetz“ vom 3. Januar 1936 ly at various schools be accommodated same way as it was for the Jews.’ Film Chamber. Anton Rose was initially successful in his appeal ‘Many soldiers on leave from the Wenige Wochen später wurde sie mit ihrer Familie ins besetzte against the exclusion, but three years later the family business was placed under a definitive ban. Anton Rose was later murdered Polen deportiert. - in Auschwitz; twelve other members of his family also fell victim front had been arrested. They had Zigeuner entsprechende Anwendung“ nine onerkin dclasser ab with 1. D effectezemb efromr 19 319 iDecembern einer auf dem Weg in die Vernichtungslager. Schätzungen gehen davon aus, kommunistischen Funktionären und anderen zu „Reichsfeinden“ Werner Feldscher: Rassen- und Erbpflege im das Eichmann-Referat B 4 im Herbst 1941 „Politische Abteilungen“ to the genocide. Photo and document, both from the Documentation Centre Archives Hartmut Bohrer besetzten und der mit Hitler-Deutschland verbündeten Staaten Opfer der Mord- K1939.’lasse zusammengefasst werden sollen“ deutschen Recht, 1943 in den Konzentrationslagern been highly decorated, wound- nisse zu geben, und nahmen aufwendige Vermessungen an ihnen vor. erklärten Gruppen durchführten. Karl Heilig, seen here as a soldier in Rommel’s Afrika- Emil Christ, pictured here with a relative, was deported Left: Rosa Lehmann (née Höllenreiner), Amt III im RSHA und kommandierte von ed several times, but their father Korps, was dismissed from the armed forces and deport- to Auschwitz after being dismissed from the Wehrmacht. in das Getto Litzmannstadt; Theoretiker und Organisator des SS- und ed to Auschwitz. At Sachsenhausen concentration camp Documentation Centre Archives Lipicturednks: Ro sherea Le hwithma nhern ( gfatherebore andne H heröl- Portrait photos taken as part of the ‘racial-biological’ he was forced into the infamous Dirlewanger penal unit examinations Polizeiapparats. Im RSHA leitete er Amt I Juni 1941 bis Juni 1942 die „Einsatzgruppe or mother or grandfather, etc., shortly before the end of the war, after which all trace of Neben detaillierten Stammbaumtafeln wurden Tausende anthropolo- him was lost. all from the Federal Archives, R 165 politik. Das Netz der Konzentrationslager, Erschießungsstätten und der Massen- nephew at the family home near Munich niemand von ihnen überlebte. Documentation Centre Archives (Verwaltung und Recht, später umbenannt D“, die in der Ukraine und auf der Krim were gypsies or gypsies of mixed „(...) bitte ich, bestimmte Einkaufszeiten in the late 1920s. She was deported to Tausende von Sinti und Roma ermordete. MAuschwitzünchen E nalongde d ewithr Zw heranz ihusbandgerjahre .and Im Bundesarchiv Bundesarchiv blood.’ Angehörige der Familie Schneeberger, Mitte der Dreißigerjahre. Mchildrenärz 194 3in w Marchurde s1943.ie mit ihrem Mann und Bruno Ernst was deported to Sachsenhausen genommen. ihren Kindern nach Auschwitz deportiert. concentration camp in 1938. He later died The former Kommandant of Auschwitz, Bruno Ernst wurde 1938 ins KZ Sachsen- Rudolf Höss, 1947 Luise Rosenberg mit ihren Kindern in Berlin Personen wurden nach Auschwitz deportiert, zwei von ihnen (2. Middle: Kasper Höllenreiner (left), seen atha Mauthausenusen eingeli econcentrationfert. Später ka camp.m er im KZ Roma der systematischen Vernichtung zum Opfer. und 4. von links) dort ermordet. here with his brother Gottfried, was mur- DocumentationMauthausen um Centre. Archives (Archiv DokuZ) sderedeinem at B rSachsenhausenuder Gottfried, wconcentrationurde im KZ Die Führungsspitze des „Reichssicherheitshauptamts“ bei einer Scamp.achsenhausen ermordet „Dienststellen für Zigeunerfragen“ Menschen per „Rassendiagnose“ zu „Zigeunern“ oder „Zi-geunermis- Wehrpass von Johannes Adler deportiert, wo Therese bald den unmen - (Stadtarchiv Dortmund) RRight:echts :The Der guitarist Gitarrist Josef Jose fSchopper, Schopper ,in - Umsetzung der Ausgrenzungs- und aau photographfgenommen taken wenig ae fewJah ryearse vor beforeseiner schlichen Lebensbedingungen erlag. Die die „Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung des Deportationsbefehle aus Berlin auf Die traumatische Erfahrung totaler Rechtlosigkeit und Entmensch lichung hat chlingen“ erklärten, bildeten eine wichtige Grundlage für die Deporta- beiden anderen Jungen kamen später im Dehisp deportation.ortation. Er ü Heber survivedlebte Aus Auschwitz-chwitz-Birk - Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin tionen in die Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager. KZ Neuengamme um. Luise Rosenberg eBirkenaunau und wandeit eotherre Ko concentrationnzentrationsla gcamps.er. Zigeunerunwesens“ verantwortlich für die regionaler Ebene. Die Befehlskette reichte sich tief in das kollektive Gedächtnis der Minderheit eingegraben. Die Erinnerung starb kurz nach der Befreiung aus Ra- systematische Ausgrenzung und Erfassung der bis zu den Ortspolizeibehörden. Archiv DokuZ Sinti und Roma sowie ihre Deportation in die Das Lager Berlin-Marzahn Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager. Das spätere Wohnhaus der Sinti-Familie Reinhardt in der Lederstraße 34 in Reutlingen. Im Februar 1939 „Entlassungen von Zigeunern und Zigeunermischlingen versuchte die Stadtverwaltung erfolglos, die Familie aus dem aktiven Wehrdienst“ Angehörige der Wiener Roma-Familie Horvath, durch eine Räumungsklage aus Reutlingen zu vertrei - (Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen vom 21. Februar 1941) ben. Später wurde die Familie von dort nach Auschwitz vom 13. März 1942“ (zwei Fotos, beide Archiv DokuZ) deportiert, wo fast alle Angehörigen umkamen. - Stadtarchiv Reutlingen So genanntes „Rassegutachten“, unterzeichnet von Dr. Robert unter katastrophalen Bedingungen leben mussten. Im September 1938 frage“ vom Landeshauptmann des Bur- Mitarbeiter der „Rassenhygienischen Forschungsstelle“ bei genlands, Tobias Portschy, August 1938 „Rassenhygienische ihren Untersuchungen. Sogar Gesichtsmasken und Kopfplastiken die Deportation ins besetzte Polen vermerkt. Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen V des RSHA, das eine zentrale Rolle bei der als Leiter des Referats IV B 4 die Deporta- wurden hergestellt. Bundesarchiv Widerstands, Wien Erfassung der Sinti und Roma und ihrer tionen der Juden. Er war ebenso für die Vier Fotos, alle Bundesarchiv Lager für „Zigeuner“ im Deutschen Reich. Im Laufe des Jahres 1943 1942 Informationen über Sinti und Roma Deportation in die Konzentrations- und Deportationen von Sinti und Roma in das Der Bassist und Saxofonist Gerhard Braun war ein bekannter Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 361-7 Staatsverwaltung - Schul- und KarlKarl StojkaStojka atin dhiser primaryVolkssch schoolule in W ini eViennan kurz shortlyvor sein er Deportation Systematische Erfassung von Sinti und Roma Schreiben der Staatsverwaltung/Schul- und Hochschulabteilung Vernichtungslager spielte. Als Befehlshaber Getto Litzmannstadt verantwortlich. Heinrich und Amalie Birkenfelder wurden im Mai 1940 mit ihren Hermann Kreutz, der im Ersten Weltkrieg Soldat gewesen war, Musiker in Berlin, der mit seinem Orchester auch im Rundfunk Hoch-schulabteilung, Nr. 4020-20 beforenach A uhissc hdeportationwitz to Auschwitz in Großbritannien. der Hansestadt Hamburg vom 5. Mai 1939 der „Einsatzgruppe B“ war Nebe außer- Bundesarchiv vier Kindern, darunter der abgebildete Max, nach Polen deporti - wurde mit seiner Familie in das Zwangslager für „Zigeuner“ in spielte. Wenige Jahre nach Entstehen dieser Aufnahme wurde Documentation(Archiv DokuZ) Centre Archives nach rassenbiologischen Kriterien im dem verantwortlich für die Ermordung von - Düsseldorf-Höherweg eingewiesen und im Mai 1940 ins besetzte Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau deportiert. Gerhard Braun nach Auschwitz deportiert und ermordet. Einer der „Anordnung des Landrates in Oberwart vom gesamten Reichsgebiet; Erstellung von etwa Roma in der besetzen Sowjetunion. menschlichen Lebensbedingungen erlag. Das Foto mit den beiden Polen deportiert. Vier seiner zwölf Kinder kamen in Polen um, Geiger und der Gitarrist, Oskar Adler und Josef Schopper (beide Oben: Zwei erhalten gebliebene Kopfplastiken Bundesarchiv Töchtern Sonja und Senta entstand im Getto Radom. darunter der ebenfalls abgebildete Renaldi Kreutz. sind heute in den ehemaligen Krankenrevier- drei Fotos, beide Archiv DokuZ Archiv DokuZ baracken der Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen zu Archiv DokuZ von Verkehrsmitteln durch Zigeuner“ Schlagzeilen der Nazipresse sehen, als Exponate der Ausstellung „Medizin

RomaBurge fromnländ theisch Austriane Roma bprovinceeim App eofll Burgenlandim KZ Buche duringnwald ,roll Her callbst 1 939 OAboveben li nleft:ks: SVeronikailvester LSattleramper latert bei ddieder at at Buchenwald concentration camp, autumn 1939 EAuschwitz.rstkommun Herion husband und in d eandr Ab childrenschluss -also Rechts: Kopfplastiken von Sinti und Roma Buchenwald Memorial Site in einer Vitrine der „Rassenhygienischen kfelllas svictime der Vtoo lthekss cgenocide.hule. Im Frühjahr Forschungsstelle“, 1942 1943 wurde er mit seiner Familie nach beheimatet waren. Nur elf von ihnen haben den Völkermord über- „Das Einzige, was bisher zu seinem Nach- AAboveuschw right:itz de Almaporti eHöllenreinerrt. and her lebt. Auch Stefan Sarközi, seine Frau und fünf ihrer Kinder wurden children in the late 1930s before she was in den nationalsozialistischen Vernichtungslagern ermordet, teil vorgetragen worden ist, ist, dass er wie Odeportedben mitt eto: V Auschwitzeronika Sattler kam später darunter die daneben abgebildete Irma Sarközi. in Auschwitz um. Auch ihr Mann und ihre zwei Fotos, beide Kulturverein österreichischer Roma, Wien ein Zigeuner aussehe“ OLeft:ben reSylvesterchts: An neLampertliese F rata nhisz, dFirstie ü bCommunioner Adolf Eichmann während seines Prozesses und weitere Konzentrationslager. zandwan inzi ghis Ja finalhre iyearn ein ater primary Heidelb eschool.rger Fül Hele rwas- an fdeportedabrik arb etoit eAuschwitzte, wurde along 1944 within de hisr d ofamilyrti- in der Organisation des Völkermords an den Auch diese Kinder, ebenfalls Angehörige gspringen Un i1943.versitätsklinik zwangssterilisiert. Sinti und Roma bildete einen eigenen der Familie Rosenberg, wurden von Anklagepunkt. Marzahn nach Auschwitz deportiert und Above: Anneliese Franz, who worked for more bpk Bildagentur Schreiben des RSHA vom 1. August 1941: dort allesamt ermordet. than twenty years at a fountain pen factory in Heidelberg, was forcibly sterilised at the city’s Archiv DokuZ „Zigeuner sind Fremdblütige Stadtarchiv Greven university clinic in 1944. Schnellbrief des „Reichsführers SS“ Karl Heilig als Mitglied der Reichstheaterkammer. Siegfried Pohl from Hamm (far left) as an altar boy during his First Above: Paul Schneck at the Catholic Westschule in Hamm in Schild Kreis Herford, 1930er Jahre Im Juni 1933 errang Johann Trollmann den Titel des Deutschen Siegfried Pohl aus Hamm (ganz links) als Messdiener Oben: Paul Schneck in der Katholischen Westschule Hamm, Alfons Lampert wurde nach seinem Ausschluss aus Johannes Adler wurde mit seiner Frau und seinen vier Walter Winter in der Uniform der Kriegsmarine kurz vor Anton Reinhardt wurde mit seiner Frau und seinen Kommunalarchiv Herford, Fotosammlung Georg Heese Er wurde später Opfer des Völkermords. Meisters im Halbschwergewicht, den man ihm bereits wenige Tage bCommunionei der Erstk oinm 1941munion 1941. earlyAnfan 1939.g 193 9He. Im was Mä deportedrz 1943 w utord Auschwitze er nach Ainu sMarchchwit z1943 dep oandrtie rt, „Rassische Untersuchungs-Bescheinigung“ vom März 1938 der Wehrmacht gemeinsam mit seiner Frau Else nach Kindern in Auschwitz ermordet. seinem Aus schluss. Er überlebte Auschwitz-Birkenau und drei Kindern in Auschwitz ermordet. zwei Seiten, Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden im Sinne der deutschen (Archiv DokuZ) später wieder aberkannte, weil er Sinto war. 1944 wurde er in ei- (DocumentationArchiv DokuZ) Centre Archives mostwo er probably wahrsche diedinlic hthere. umkam. Archiv DokuZ Auschwitz deportiert, wo beide umkamen. (Stadtarchiv Dortmund) weitere Konzentrationslager. (Archiv DokuZ) nem Außenlager des KZ Neuengamme ermordet. Documentation(Archiv DokuZ) Centre Archives (Archiv DokuZ) (digital unter 06.29c) Richard Reinhard, aufgenommen kurz vor seiner Deportation ins (Archiv DokuZ) Links: Paula Lagerin bei ihrer Erstkomm- besetzte Polen Rassengesetzgebung (...) uLeft: nion , APaulanfan gLagerin der Dre atißi herge rFirstjahr eCommunion. Später A Romani inmate, with her head shaved, Left: Sinti children from Dortmund at their primary school. Archiv DokuZ Links: Dortmunder Sinti-Kinder in der Volksschule. winu rthede searlyie in s1930s. KZ Rav Sheens wasbrüc laterk ver sdeportedchleppt. to at Ravensbrück women’s concentration camp They were later deported to Auschwitz and murdered. Sie wurden später nach Auschwitz deportiert und ermordet. Ravensbrück concentration camp. Federal Archives, R 165/65 Auch die Kölner Messehallen dienten als provisorisches Sammel- Die Deportation der Sinti und Roma aus dem Sammellager Dortmund(vier Fotos ,Municipal alle Stadt Archivesarchiv Dortmund) Rechts: Maria Strauß mit ihren Söhnen Ihre politische, biologische, lager, von denen aus Sinti- und Roma-Familien in das besetzte „Zigeunern und ARight:dolf u nMariad Eri cStraussh. Sie a lwithle wu herrde sonsn in Adolf Polen deportiert wurden. zwei Farbdias, beide Bundesarchiv Aandusc hErich.witz e Theyrmor weredet. all murdered in zwei Fotos, beide Archiv DokuZ AAuschwitz.rchiv DokuZ Zigeunermischlingen ‘9.3.43 Police preventive detention. kahlgeschorenem Kopf im Frauenkonzen- - trationslager Ravensbrück. „Verbot der Benützung von Verkehrsmitteln durch Zigeuner“ Abtransport nach Lackenbach, September 1941 Trennung von dem deutschen Gypsy of mixed blood with predominantly Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstands, Wien Bundesarchiv ist das Betreten wGermaniegend blood.’deutschem Blut“ Volk ist jetzt durch die Photographs from the identification records of Sinti interned des Spielplatzes According to the school register of pupils at the Catholic Feld- at the Dachau and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in schule in Hamm, the two brothers Siegfried and Gottfried Pohl JuneErke nn1938ungsdienstliche Aufnahmen von Sinti und Roma, die im Angeklagten Verbrechen gegen die were deported to Auschwitz on 9 March 1943 as ‘gypsies of mixed DachauJuni 19 3photos:8 in die Federal Konzen Archives,trationsl aRg 165/52;er Dach au und Sachsenhausen Die Mitarbeiter der „Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung des „Bescheinigung“ für Heinrich Birkenfelder, ausgestellt im Sam - Ausschaltung Fremdblütiger Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger vom 16. Juni 1936 blood’. Siegfried Pohl succumbed to the camp’s inhumane living Sachsenhauseneingewiesen w uphotos:rden Federal Archives, R 165/58 Zigeunerunwesens“, Mai 1942 verboten“ conditions on 20 October 1943. Transfers to The persecution of Organising the The first deportations Left: The young Sinti boy ‘Muscha’ was Eichbergers vom Berliner Reichskriminalpolizeiamt. Stadtarchiv Greven forcibly sterilised in November 1944. Menschheit zur Last durch Teilnahme an Archives of the Catholic Church Community of St. Bonifatius, Hamm Opponents of the regime managed to smuggle the boy out of the clinic and hid Vorder- und Rückseite, Archiv DokuZ ebenso erfolgt wie für Juden.“ him in a summer house for almost five months until the liberation. concentration camps the Roma and Sinti in extermination: the ‘Reich Main Reichsführer-SS and Chief to occupied Poland of the German Police Anton Rose führte ein Kino in Darmstadt. Bereits 1934 versuchte Middle: Rosa Höllenreiner before her deportation to Auschwitz der Deportation von vielen Tausenden Himmler Right: Members of the Bamberger Sinti family in the 1930s. Margarete Bamberger Members of the Stojka Roma family from Vienna with friends, late Ausschluss zu erwirken. Obgleich Anton Rose zunächst erfolgreich Laut Schülerverzeichnis der Katholischen Feldschule Hamm „Man hatte vielfach Fronturlau- (front left) was later deported to Auschwitz. 1930s. They were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in March 1943. Max Bamberger (far right) died in a massa- Austria Security Office’ The youngest child, Ossi (seated, front left), died there. Karl Stojka cre while on the run in Yugoslavia shortly dagegen intervenierte, erfolgte drei Jahre später das endgültige wurden die Brüder Siegfried und Gottfried Pohl am 9. März (seated, front right) survived and later turned to writing and Death Squads before the end of the war. painting toZ work throughig his traumatice experiences.un He also ecam- rn, deren Konzentrierung und Verbot für das Familienunternehmen. Später wurde Anton Rose in Mass executions of Jews, Roma, Communist 1943 als „Zigeunermischlinge“ nach Auschwitz deportiert. Am paigned on behalf of the Roma civil rights movement in Austria. Reich Main Security Office Karl Stojka died in Vienna in 2003. functionaries and other groups - 20. Oktober 1943 erlag Siegfried Pohl dort den unmenschlichen - Documentation Centre Archives Heydrich, Kaltenbrunner behind the eastern front mord zum Opfer. Lebensbedingungen. The SS took charge of the concentration camps early on and proceeded Following Austria’s annexation to the Reich in March 1938, numerous In 1936 Himmler became chief of the German police, which then merged On 21 September 1939, an SS conference convened and headed by Archiv DokuZ (Archiv der Katholischen Kirchengemeinde St. Bonifatius, Hamm) Lydia Franz with her son Karl. She was deport- Abtransport in Vernichtungslager zwecks As Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the Ger- As Chief of the ‘Reich Main Security Office’ systematically to expand the concentration camp system. In the course decrees were issued against ‘gypsies’. The focus was on the 8,000 or with the SS. The Criminal Police and the Gestapo were amalgamated man Police, Heinrich Himmler (1900–1945) and in his capacity as Deputy Reich Protec- Reinhard Heydrich decided on the deportation of all 30,000 Sinti and ed from her hometown of Bonn to Auschwitz, was one of the main people responsible for tor of Bohemia and Moravia, Reinhard Hey- Members of the Horvath Roma family from Vienna, the genocide of the Sinti and Roma. drich (1904–1942) was centrally involved ichnungen hatten, die mehr- of the mass arrests of 1938 and 1939, hundreds of Sinti and Roma were so Roma in Burgenland, a province which until 1921 had been part of into the ‘Security Police’ Federal Archives, photo 102-15282 (detail), in the policy of extermination directed Roma from the Reich territory to occupied Poland. As a preparatory From the family albums all of whom became victims of the genocide where they both fell victim to the genocide. Documentation Centre Archives photographer: Georg Pahl against the Sinti and Roma. Franz Reinhardt was arrested in June 1938 Reich Main Security Office deported to Dachau and to the newly built Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Hungary. One of the driving forces behind the policy of exclusion was Federal Archives, photo 146-1969-054-16, measure, Himmler issued a ‘confinement order’ on 17 October 1939, and sent to Sachsenhausen concentration photographer: Heinrich Hoffmann Karl Heilig, hier als Soldat in Rommels Afrika-Korps, Emil Christ, hier mit einer Verwandten, wurde nach seiner Entlas - Mauthausen and Ravensbrück concentration camps. Maltreated as camp, where he was murdered in December Tobias Portschy, Burgenland’s first governor. Ermordung (...) [Aus den vorgeleIn Septembergte 1939n the ‘Reichssicherheitshauptamt’ (RSHA) [‘Reich Main prohibiting all Sinti and Roma from leaving their place of residence 1940. In May 1940 his daughter Lucia (left) ‘The first transport of gypsies to the wurde aus der Wehrmacht entlassen und nach Auschwitz sung aus der Wehrmacht nach Auschwitz deportiert. slave labour for companies owned by the SS, a high proportion of was deported to occupied Poland, where her ‘Do not ignore the threat that gypsies pose Security Office’] was established by merging the ‘Security Police’ with under threat of imprisonment in concentration camps. fach verwundet waren, deren of German Sinti mother and her two siblings were murdered. Department II (Best, Nockemann) General Government is to get underway in Documentation Centre Archives to you, proud people of Germany – unless deportiert. Im KZ Sachsenhausen zwang man ihn kurz (digital unter 06.29b) these prisoners succumbed to the inhumane living conditions and On the order of Himmler, hundreds of Burgenland Roma, both men the ‘Security Service’ of the Nazi Party. This centre of power at the mid-May and will comprise 2,500 people (...)’ Porträtfotos sowie Augen-, Hand- und Nasenfotos von Sinti LLeft:inks: Rosa Lehmann (left) was later Lydia Franz mit ihrem Sohn Karl. Sie wurden you, too, want to become the gravediggers Together with Department V, the Department for vor Kriegsende in daiues b ihereürc hHteigimate Etsintahdetit B Doinrlen wnacnhg eAru, schwitz the reign of terror imposed by the guards. and women, were arrested in June 1939 and sent to concentration of Nordic blood!’ Dokumenten] geht hervor, dassheart di of thee SS state under Reinhard Heydrich was responsible for the ‘Technical Matters’ developed gassing vans that Six months later, on 27 April 1940, Himmler ordered the deportation of und Roma, die im Zuge der rassenbiologischen Untersuchungen ndeportedach Ausch tow iAuschwitz,tz deportie wherert, ihr S herohn son Ad o lf were also used to murder the Sinti and Roma. entstanden Adolf (in the pram) was murdered. dort verliert sich sedienpeo Sprtiuerr.t, wo beide dem Völkermord zum camps, among them many young people. Special internment camps persecution and extermination of millions of people. The main office Zigeunern und Zigeunermisch2,500ling Sintien and is Romat to the ‘General Government of Poland’. Assembly Vater oder Mutter oder Groß- for ‘gypsies’ were also set up, the largest of which was in Lackenbach, responsible for bureau cratically organising the genocide of the Sinti camps were set up in Hamburg, Cologne and Asperg near Ludwigsburg. alle Bundesarchiv (Archiv DokuZ) with a total of around 4,000 inmates. 237 people died there due to the and Roma was Amt V (Reichskriminalpolizeiamt) [Department V (Reich From there the deportation trains transported the Sinti and Roma fam- Right: Maria Winterstein was among the victims of the deportation Abtransporte der Zigeuner vom Referat from south-west Germany in May 1940. RRight:echts: WaldemarWaldemar WinterWinter beforevor sei nhiser Depor- Documentation Centre Archives catastrophic conditions, mainly from typhus epidemics. For most of Criminal Police Department)]. Answerable to the RSHA were the com- ilies directly to the forced labour camps in occupied Poland. tdeportationation nach A utosc Auschwitzhwitz All photos from the Documentation Centre Archives Department IV (Müller) vater usw. aber Zigeuner oder the inmates, Lackenbach was a transit station on the way to the manders of the ‘Einsatzgruppen’ [‘death squads’] that operated behind oder ihren jetzigen Aufenthalt bis auf Completely right: Maria Theresia Lehmann at her confirmation ‘political departments’ Within Department IV (Geheime Staatspolizei in April 1940. A few weeks later she was deported to occupied extermination camps. It is estimated that 85 per cent of Austrian the eastern front and carried out systematic mass executions of Jews, at the concentration camps Poland along with her family. [Secret State Police, i.e. the Gestapo]), weiteres nicht zu verlassen“ Hartmut Bohrer Roma and Sinti fell victim to the Holocaust. des Angeklagten durchgeführt wRoma,u Communistrde functionariesn, and other groups identified as ‘enemies Eichmann’s Referat B 4 sub-department Left: Rosa Lehmann (née Höllenreiner), organised the deportation of 5,000 Austrian Werner Best (1903–1989) was a leading the- Otto Ohlendorf (1907–1951) was head of pictured here with her father and her oretician and organiser of the SS and police Department III at the ‘Reich Main Security nephew at the family home near Munich of the Reich’. Roma to the Łódź ghetto in autumn 1941; Zigeuner-Mischlinge waren.“ apparatus. He was head of Department I Office’; from June 1941 to June 1942 he in the late 1920s. She was deported to not one of them survived. at the ‘Reich Main Security Office’ (Admin- was commander of ‘Death Squad D’, which Auschwitz along with her husband and ‘Departments for Gypsy Issues’ istration and Law, later renamed Depart- murdered thousands of Sinti and Roma in children in March 1943. Bruno Ernst was deported to Sachsenhausen ment II). Ukraine and the Crimea. concentration camp in 1938. He later died und er trägt die Verantwortung hierfür.“ Federal Archives, RuSHA, W. Best Federal Archives, RuSHA, O. Ohlendorf Middle: Kasper Höllenreiner (left), seen at Mauthausen concentration camp. Responsible for implementing at the regional Sammlung Banny, Lackenbach here with his brother Gottfried, was mur- Documentation Centre Archives level the exclusion and deportation orders dered at Sachsenhausen concentration (Der frühere Kommandant von Auschwitz, camp. issued from Berlin. The chain of command The top echelon of the ‘Reich Main Security Office’ at a meeting on Department V (Nebe) extended right down to local police authorities. Burgenländische Roma beim Appell im KZ Dachau, Juli 1938 Right: The guitarist Josef Schopper, in 9 November 1939 (from left: Franz Josef Huber/Chief of the Vienna a photograph taken a few years before Schreiben der Kriminalpolizeileitstelle Hannover an den Landrat Gestapo; Arthur Nebe/Chief of Department V; Heinrich Himmler/ Within Department V (Reichskriminalpolizeiamt Rudolf Höß, 1947) Archiv der Gedenkstätte Dachau his deportation. He survived Auschwitz- (Aus dem Urteil gegen Adolf Eichmann) Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police; Reinhard Heydrich/ Birkenau and other concentration camps. Chief of the RSHA; Heinrich Müller/Chief of Department IV) [Reich Criminal Police Department]), ullstein bild – ullstein bild, photo no. 00020450 the ‘Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung des Stadtarchiv Spenge Zigeunerunwesens’ [‘Reich Central Office for Combating the Gypsy Nuisance’] was responsible ‘Racial Hygiene Research Centre’ for the systematic marginalisation and registra- (Ritter et al.) tion of the Sinti and Roma as well as their depor- Responsible for the systematic assessment of tation to concentration and extermination camps. Title page of the memorandum entitled Sinti and Roma in accordance with ‘racial bio- ‘Die Zigeunerfrage’ [‘The Gypsy Question’] logical’ criteria throughout the Reich territory; by the governor of the province of Burgen- land, Tobias Portschy, August 1938 compilation of around 24,000 race biological Documentation Centre Archives of the assessments. Austrian Resistance, Vienna Arthur Nebe (1894–1945) was Chief of As head of the sub-department Referat IV Department V of the ‘Reich Main Security B 4, Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962) organised Office’, which played a pivotal role in the the deportation of the Jews. He was also Heinrich and Amalie Birkenfelder were deported to Poland in May Hermann Kreutz, who had served as a soldier in the First World Roma musicians as members of the registration of the Sinti and Roma and their responsible for the deportation of Sinti and 1940 along with their four children, including Max, pictured here. War, was sent to the detention camp for ‘gypsies’ in Düsseldorf- ‘Order issued by the chief administrative Unterwart Volunteer Fire Service, 1935 deportation to concentration and exter- Roma to the Łódź ghetto. A fifth child was born there, but died a short time later as a result Höherweg along with his family and then deported to occupied officer of Oberwart dated 7.11.1941 pertain- Josef Berta Collection, Unterwart mination camps. As commander of ‘Death Federal Archives, B183/73920/1 of the inhumane living conditions. The photograph with their Poland in May 1940. Four of his twelve children died in Poland, Squad B’, Nebe was also responsible for the two daughters Sonja and Senta was taken at the Radom ghetto. including Renaldi Kreutz, also pictured. ing to the ban on the use of public transport murder of Roma in the occupied territories (Large photo). Documentation Centre Archives of the Soviet Union. Documentation Centre Archives by gypsies’ Federal Archives, photo 101III-Alber-096-34 (detail), photographer: Kurt Alber

Roma from the Austrian province of Burgenland during roll call Above left: Veronika Sattler later died at Stefan Sarközi (right, on the double bass) performing with his at Buchenwald concentration camp, autumn 1939 Auschwitz. Her husband and children also brothers at a party in Unterschützen (Burgenland), home to Adolf Eichmann during his trial in Jerusalem Buchenwald Memorial Site fell victim to the genocide. around 150 Roma. Only eleven of them survived the genocide. in 1961. His complicity in organising the Stefan Sarközi, his wife and five of their children – including genocide of the Sinti and Roma constituted Above right: Alma Höllenreiner and her Irma Sarközi, also pictured – were murdered in the Nazi exter- a separate charge. children in the late 1930s before she was mination camps. (Photo left). Photo No.: 10009864 bpk deported to Auschwitz Cultural Association of Austrian Roma, Vienna

Left: Sylvester Lampert at his First Communion and in his final year at primary school. He was deported to Auschwitz along with his family in spring 1943.

Above: Anneliese Franz, who worked for more than twenty years at a fountain pen factory in Heidelberg, was forcibly sterilised at the city’s Hessen Main State Archives Wiesbaden university clinic in 1944.

Richard Reinhard, taken shortly before his deportation to Young Roma boys after their confirmation in Unterwart, Left: Paula Lagerin at her First Communion occupied Poland A Romani inmate, with her head shaved, interwar period in the early 1930s. She was later deported to Documentation Centre Archives at Ravensbrück women’s concentration camp Josef Berta Collection, Unterwart Ravensbrück concentration camp. Federal Archives, R 165/65 Deportation of the Sinti and Roma from the Hohenasperg The Cologne exhibition halls were also used as a provisional assembly camp to occupied Poland on 22 May 1940 assembly camp for deporting Sinti and Roma families to Right: Maria Strauss with her sons Adolf ‘The eleventh count charges the accused two colour slides, both from the Federal Archives occupied Poland. and Erich. They were all murdered in Above: Federal Archives, R 165 photo -244-42 Two photos, both from the Documentation Centre Archives Auschwitz. Below: Federal Archives, R 165 photo -244-55 Documentation Centre Archives of the Austrian Resistance, Vienna Roma from Jois (Lake Neusiedl) are arrested and transported to Lackenbach, September 1941 with crimes against humanity by par- Private collection of Franz Hillinger, Jois Staff at the ‘Reich Central Office for Combating the Gypsy Nuisance’, 28 May 1942 Berlin State Archives, F Rep 290/0410224 ticipating in the deportation of tens of

Photographs from the identification records of Sinti interned at the Dachau and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in thousands of gypsies, their assembly in June 1938 Dachau photos: Federal Archives, R 165/52; Sachsenhausen photos: Federal Archives, R 165/58 places of concentration, and their dispatch to extermination camps for

the purpose of murdering them (...) ‘Certificate’ for Heinrich Birkenfelder, issued at the Hohenasperg assembly camp. The document bears the signature of Josef Eichberger of the Berlin Reich Criminal Police Department. [From the documents submitted] it is Front and back, Documentation Centre Archives Lydia Franz with her son Karl. She was deport- ‘(...) to order all gypsies and gypsies of ed from her hometown of Bonn to Auschwitz, where they both fell victim to the genocide. apparent that the transport operations mixed blood in your area not to leave their place of residence or current

Left: Rosa Lehmann (left) was later involving the gypsies were carried out location, this with immediate effect deported to Auschwitz, where her son and until further notice.’ Adolf (in the pram) was murdered. by the department of the accused and Right: Waldemar Winter before his deportation to Auschwitz All photos from the Documentation Centre Archives that he bears responsibility therefor.’ Munich State Archives Arrival of the first inmates at the Lackenbach camp, 23 November 1940 Collection of Prof. Leopold Banny, Lackenbach From the sentence passed against Adolf Eichmann

Burgenland Roma during roll call at Dachau concentration camp, July 1938 Federal Archives, film 152-27-11A

Sonja and Senta Birkenfelder, photograph taken at the Radom ghetto Documentation Centre Archives

> 8 > 9 How does the exhibition look like? How does the exhibition look like?

> Part 3

> Part 1 > Part 2

Presentation in Nuremberg 2017

> 10 > 11 Which thematic structure does the exhibition have? Part 1 > Introduction (3 tables with horizontal surface)

Chapters

A general section at the start introduces visitors > About the terms ‘Sinti’ and ‘Roma’ to the topic covered by the exhibition and provides > Popular ‘gypsy’ images a historical overview. In addition to clarifying the > Participating in society ­terminology (‘Gypsies’, Sinti, Roma), this section > Special legislation directed against ‘gypsies’ vividly describes the role of popular images > Self-assertion of ‘Gypsies’ and the mechanisms of stereotyping in order to reveal deeply rooted patterns of prejudice. First-hand accounts from Sinti and Roma themselves from different eras and geographical regions are presented as counterpoints to this.

> 12 > 13 Which thematic structure does the exhibition have? Part 2 > The Holocaust Perpetrated on the Sinti and Roma in Nazi-occupied Europe (24 display stands)

The main section of the exhibition documents the history of the persecution of the Sinti and Roma in the Nazi era, from the exclusion and disenfranchisement of minorities in the German Reich to their systematic extermination throughout the Nazis’ sphere of influence. The key developments and European dimensions of the genocide are revealed here. The exhibition aims to show that the Holocaust of the Sinti and Roma represented a new dimension of (state) crime and not merely an intensification or radicalisation of a centuries-long history of persecution. The exhibition aims to break down the inhumane perspective of the perpetrators and reveal it to be a propagandistic construct: It does so primarily by means of a counter-narrative from the perspective of the victims. Historical private and family photos that were preserved during the Holocaust make up a core element of the exhibition.

> 14 > 15 Which thematic structure does the exhibition have? Part 2 > The Holocaust Perpetrated on the Sinti and Roma in Nazi-occupied Europe (24 display stands)

Chapters

> Racial ideology as a state doctrine > Sinti and Roma at the Auschwitz-Birkenau > A comprehensive assessment: extermination camp the Racial Hygiene Research Centre > Himmler’s deportation order of > Municipal detention camps for Sinti and Roma 16 December 1942 > Forms of exclusion > Sinti and Roma children deported from > Excluded from working life children’s homes > Excluded from schools > Assistance denied: the role of Catholic bishops > Excluded from the armed forces > Camp section B II e at Auschwitz-Birkenau: the > Transfers to concentration camps ‘gypsy camp’ > The persecution of the Roma and Sinti in Austria > Mengele’s human experiments at > Organising the extermination: Auschwitz-Birkenau Reich Main Security Office > The uprising of 16 May 1944 and the ‘liquidation’ > The first deportations to occupied Poland of the ‘gypsy camp’ on 2-3 August 1944 > Sinti and Roma in the ghettos and forced > The road to liberation labour camps > The European dimension of the Holocaust perpetrated on the Sinti and Roma: Czechoslovakia, Poland, France and Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Serbia, Croatia, Soviet Union, Romania, Hungary

> 16 > 17 Which thematic structure does the exhibition have? Which thematic structure does the exhibition have? Part 3 > After the Genocide: Exclusion and the Struggle for Recognition (9 tables with inclined surface)

Chapters

The last section of the exhibition looks at the > Difficult new beginnings history of the surviving Sinti and Roma in > The perpetrators’ defining powers post-war Germany, whose status as victims of > Compensation denied Nazi persecution was recognized very late by > Belated judicial reappraisal government and society, and it traces this history > Stepping out from the shadows: the civil rights into the present day. Ideological and personal movement of the German Sinti and Roma continuities from the Nazi era were gradually > The Central Council of German Sinti and Roma overcome only through the painstaking political > No dawning of a new era after 1989: Roma as activities of the civil rights movement of the victims of social exclusion and racist violence German Sinti and Roma, although the lingering > Antigypsyism gains ground effects are felt to this day. The end of the exhibition > A twenty-year struggle for a dignified remem- provides an overview of the human rights situation brance: the national memorial for the murdered of the Sinti and Roma minorities in Europe after Sinti and Roma 1989.

> 18 > 19 Are the contents available in my language?

Available languages

The exhibition contents are presented in English. > Czech In addition we provide 10 tablet computers that > French visitors can use to access the content in different > Hungarian ­languages during the tour. We plan to continuously > Polish add more languages. Do not hesitate to contact us > Serbo-Croatian for ­availability in your desired language.

> 20 > 21 Accompanying the exhibition: Web portal about the Holocaust of the Sinti and Roma Accompanying the exhibition: Web portal about the Holocaust of the Sinti and Roma

Accompanying the exhibition a web portal with further material is available. The portal provides a contemporary tool for educators and teachers to raise young people’s awareness for the history of the Holocaust of the Sinti and Roma by way, for example, of a teaching unit. Due to its intuitive menu operation the online tool is also suitable for independent studies or to gain a deeper insight into the subject. The content of the website is based on the portable exhibition ‘Racial Diagnosis: Gypsy’. The Nazi genocide of the Sinti and Roma and the long struggle for recognition. However, the online version is expanded by numerous videos, photographs and documents.

www.sintiundroma.org/en

> 22 > 23 Acknowledgment

Our special thanks goes to the survivors of the genocide and their relatives, who entrusted us with their private photographs and documents.

Old family photos that were preserved during the Holocaust make up a core element of the exhibi- tion. Not only do they preserve the memory of the people who fell victim to the genocide, they are also symbols of self-determination and representa- tions of an individual cultural identity beyond the context of persecution.

> 24 > 25 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma Bremeneckgasse 2 69117 Heidelberg Germany

Phone > +49 6221 981102 E- Mail > [email protected]

> 26