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I Journal of Coastal Research [ SI 1 42 1 97-112 1 West Palm Beach. Florida 1 Snrinp 2005 1 Age and Origin of Late Quaternary Eolianite, Kaiehu Point (Moornomi), Molokai, Hawaii Charles H. Fletcher IIIS, Colin V. Murray-Wallace" Craig R. GIennS, Clark E. Shermanc, Brian Popp", and Angela Hessler' 'Department of Geology and *School of Earth and Geophysics Environmental Sciences University of Hawaii University of Wollongong Honolulu, HI, 96822 USA NSW, 2522, Australia FLETCHER, 111, C.H.; MURRAY-WALLACE, C.V.; GLENN, C.R.; SHERMAN, C.E.; POPP, B. and HESSLER, A,, 2005. Age and origin ol Late Quaternary eolianite, Kaiehu Point IMoomomi), Molokai, Hawaii. Jorrrnn/ of Constal Researult, S1(42), 97-112. West Palm Beach IFlorida). ISSN 0749-0208. A well-preserved, vertically stacked succession of two genetically distinct eolianites and associated caliche paleosol units, capped by modern and Holocene coastal dunes, occurs at Kaiehu Point, west Molokai, Hawaii. The Pleistocene eolianite Cacies comprise well-cemented, medium pained skeletal carbonate sand and their morphostratig-raphie con- text implies formation at times of lower than present sea level. Amino acid racernization IAAR) evidence suggests eolianite formation late in marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS)5, but lacks the preaslon to uniquely define in which isotopic substage the deposits formed. Coupled with the PlAR results, the morphostratipaphic evidence, would suggest that the Lower Eolianite formed in OIS 5c and the Middle Eolianite during 5a with their superposed caliche paleosols having formed in subsequent stadia1 stages. The unconsolidated coastal sand dunes of Holocene age contain reworked Late Pleistocene skeletal carbonate sand based on AAR evidence. The most likely source of the reworked carbonate is from the erosion of the eolianites at Kaiehu Point. The Pleistocene eolianite-caliche paleosol sediments reveal variable Mg-content, stable isotope ratios and petrological characteristics consistent with changing degrees of weath- ering intensity and meteoric diagenesis. These changes are attributed h omgraphic erects resulting from relative sea-level changes. Accordingly, a two-phase model is favored for the formation of the eolianite-paleosolsuccessions at Kaiehu Point, west Molokai. Eolianite sedimentation is initiated at times of margindly lower sea Ievels promoting the landward migration of bioclastic sand to form extensive eolian sandsheets. This is followed by a more pronounced phase of pedogenesis associated with a further fall in sea level and concomitant increased rainfall clue to enhanced omgraphic erects. ADDITIONAL INDM WORDS: Hawaii, Late Quaternary, Molokai, eolianite, carbonate lithofncies, antino acid mce- mizution, stable isotopes, limestone petrology, cliche pleosds, sea level. cently, HEARTYet al,, 12000) surveyed Iast interglacial and Climate is a major influence on the formation of eolianites Holocene carbonate deposits in Hawaii using amino acid ra- cemization techniques and correlated eolian deposition with and carbonate paleosols, and the two lithofacies have long been interpreted as sedimentary records of Pleistocene and 'Marine Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e. Holocene climate history (BRETZ,1960; STEARNS,1970; ES- However, the Hawaiian model of eolianite deposition pro- TEBAN and KLAPPA, 1983; HEARTYand VACHER,1994). Calcar- posed by Steams largely relies upon lower sea levels to ini- eous eolianites and caliche paleosols develop in low-latitude tiate dune formation, whereas the Bermudan and Bahamian coastal regions where the sediment source is represented by models (e.g. HEARTYand VACHER,1994) is interpreted in the carbonate-secreting coralgal reefs. In vertical stratigraphic context of high sea-level stands. Because this difference calls profiles, changes from calcareous eolianite to interbedded pa- into question important fundamental aspects of eolian depo- leosols, reflect changes in sediment source tied to global sea- sition, the Hawaiian model is re-examined, based on a study level changes (glacio-eustatic, ice-equivalent sea-level of the exposures at Kaiehu Point, Molokai, to improve our change) and climatic and environmental changes (BRETZ, understanding of Hawaiian carbonate dune sequences and 1960; HEARTYand VACHER,1994; HEARTYand KINDLER,1995). their relation to Quaternary sea-level history. In Hawaii, studies of carbonate eolianites and related pa- In this work, the influence of relative sea-level changes on Ieosols were made by Harold Steams on the island of Oahu eolianite and caliche paleosol formation is assessed utilizing (1970) and later at Kaiehu Point on Molokai (1973: Figure 1). multiple, but integrated proxies for sediment source, age and In subsequent papers (STEARNS1974, 1978; LUM and post-depositional history. The degree of amino acid racemi- STEAIIMS,1970), he refined his views of eolian deposition in zation (MI%}in carbonate fossils and bioclastic sediments is light of changes in Hawaiian sea-level chronology. More re- also examined to assign ages to the eolianite succession. De- scriptive petrography to determine grain composition and ce- 04-0232 received and accepted Of June 2004. ment characteristics, and magnesian carbonate and oxygen 98 Fletcher el al. 1- .0 Kauai The Hawaiian Islands I " A Oahu I I Wen Molokai dunes and beaches (ner%earns. IW~ 1 } 1"' Unconsolidated dunes 5Ml Streams Figure 1. West Molokai dunes and beaches. isotope indicators to assess post-depositional weathering and persistent NE trade winds than otherwise available at times caliche paleosol formation were also undertaken. of higher sea levels FSTEARWS,19703. He also acknowledged a complex origin for Hawaiian eolianites, and assigned two of MODELS OF EOLIANITE FORMATION the five major eolian units on Oahu to sea levels equal to or higher than present (Figures 2, 3 and Table I). However, In view of the significant differences in the published ori- Stearns (1974) maintained that throughout the late Quater- gins of Hawaiian (STEAMS,1970; 1974) and Bermudanma- nary, periods of low sea level represented the time when most haminn (BRE~,,1960; LANDet al., 1967; VACBEBand HARMON, of the now lithified dunes were deposited. 1987; HFARTYand KINDLER, 1995) eolianik/paleosol sequenc- According to the depositional model for Hawaiian eoliani- es, the contrasting depositional models are briefly reviewed tes, when sea level is high, sand from a source beach is blown here. inland by NE trade winds to form active sand dunes land- ward of the beach (Figure 3). As sea level falls at the end of Hawaiian Eolianite Model a highstand, the once active dunes no longer receive sand Five eolianite units have been identified on Oahu (Table from the beach, lithify, and develop soil profiles on their up- 1).Stearns suggested that dune formation is enhanced during per dune surfaces. A younger ridge of active dunes subse- glacioeustatic low sea level stands, as greater quantities of quently forma seaward of the relict dunes as the shoreline sand are exposed on the inner shelf for dune building by the regresses. These post-highstand dunes are deposited on Table I. Hawaitan eollan unzts defined by Slmrs {Steams, 1970, 1974, 1978). Name (01s) Steams' Sea-Level History Oxygen Isotope Stage Transgression VI and present interglacial (0 to Unconsolidated "Holocene" +1.5 m) Stage 1 Last glacial maximum, Regression Va or mid-Wis- Stage 2 E?) Laniloa Formation consinan stadials (Reg. Vj Stages 314 (?) Mid-Wisconsinan stadials (Reg.V) or late-Sanga- Stage 314 (?) Kawella Soil mon Regression IV sub-Stage Sbi'dC?) Leahi Formetion Post-Waimanalo, Rega-ession V -115 ka I+0.6 m) Stage 5 alc (?I Sangamon interglacial, Waimanalo highstand, Waialua/Hahaione dunes -125 ka (+612 ml Stage 5e nlinoian glaciation, Regression 111, Waipio low Bellows Field Formation stand, - 1- 107-110 rn) Stage 6 Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 42,2005 Late Quaternary Eolianite 99 Hawaiian Sea Levels and Related Eolian Deposits (after Stearns, 1970, 1974, 1978) INTERGLACIAL STAGES: HOLOCENE .-9 Waialual 2 Hahaions g- 55 eol~an~te3': Holocene V Indicates deposition during low or falllng sea levels GLACIALSTAGES: ILLlMOlAM WlSCONSlNlAN HOLOCENE -PLEISTOCENE 1-1 Fiyre 2. Hawaiian sea levels and related eallian deposits. beachrock of the former highstand shoreline (Figure 3). The throughout much of a glacial cycle, soil formation on "dor- largest dunes form when sea level is low and the subaerially mant" dunes would occur especially during glacial maxima. exposed reefs provide a ready supply of sand for dune for- VACHERand ~L~RMoN(1987) reassessed earlier models of mation (STEARNS,1974). Dunes continue to form immediately eolianite-paleosol formation on Bermuda and concluded that landward of the beach by eolian deposition. A regressive se- although some eolianite deposition occurred during rising sea quence of lithified dunes on marine calcarenites (beachrock) level, and during sea-level highstands, the majority of eolian- occurs landward of the active dunes, and soils may form on ite deposition occurred while sea level was falling. They at- surfaces of non-deposition or erosion. tributed the widespread, lateral interdigitation of eolianites with marine calcarenites to marine regressions. The VACHER Bermudan-Bahamian Eolianite Model and HARMON(1987) model of eolianite-paleosol deposition ac- tually brings the Bermuda model closer to that of Stearns in Knowledge of the eolianite-paleosol sequences of Bermuda Hawaii, and serves to highlight the complex nature of eolian- and The Bahamas provide a conceptual
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