DOCSLIB.ORG

Molokai, Hawaii Charles H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molokai, Hawaii Charles H I Journal of Coastal Research [ SI 1 42 1 97-112 1 West Palm Beach. Florida 1 Snrinp 2005 1 Age and Origin of Late Quaternary Eolianite, Kaiehu Point (Moornomi), Molokai, Hawaii Charles H. Fletcher IIIS, Colin V. Murray-Wallace" Craig R. GIennS, Clark E. Shermanc, Brian Popp", and Angela Hessler' 'Department of Geology and *School of Earth and Geophysics Environmental Sciences University of Hawaii University of Wollongong Honolulu, HI, 96822 USA NSW, 2522, Australia FLETCHER, 111, C.H.; MURRAY-WALLACE, C.V.; GLENN, C.R.; SHERMAN, C.E.; POPP, B. and HESSLER, A,, 2005. Age and origin ol Late Quaternary eolianite, Kaiehu Point IMoomomi), Molokai, Hawaii. Jorrrnn/ of Constal Researult, S1(42), 97-112. West Palm Beach IFlorida). ISSN 0749-0208. A well-preserved, vertically stacked succession of two genetically distinct eolianites and associated caliche paleosol units, capped by modern and Holocene coastal dunes, occurs at Kaiehu Point, west Molokai, Hawaii. The Pleistocene eolianite Cacies comprise well-cemented, medium pained skeletal carbonate sand and their morphostratig-raphie con- text implies formation at times of lower than present sea level. Amino acid racernization IAAR) evidence suggests eolianite formation late in marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS)5, but lacks the preaslon to uniquely define in which isotopic substage the deposits formed. Coupled with the PlAR results, the morphostratipaphic evidence, would suggest that the Lower Eolianite formed in OIS 5c and the Middle Eolianite during 5a with their superposed caliche paleosols having formed in subsequent stadia1 stages. The unconsolidated coastal sand dunes of Holocene age contain reworked Late Pleistocene skeletal carbonate sand based on AAR evidence. The most likely source of the reworked carbonate is from the erosion of the eolianites at Kaiehu Point. The Pleistocene eolianite-caliche paleosol sediments reveal variable Mg-content, stable isotope ratios and petrological characteristics consistent with changing degrees of weath- ering intensity and meteoric diagenesis. These changes are attributed h omgraphic erects resulting from relative sea-level changes. Accordingly, a two-phase model is favored for the formation of the eolianite-paleosolsuccessions at Kaiehu Point, west Molokai. Eolianite sedimentation is initiated at times of margindly lower sea Ievels promoting the landward migration of bioclastic sand to form extensive eolian sandsheets. This is followed by a more pronounced phase of pedogenesis associated with a further fall in sea level and concomitant increased rainfall clue to enhanced omgraphic erects. ADDITIONAL INDM WORDS: Hawaii, Late Quaternary, Molokai, eolianite, carbonate lithofncies, antino acid mce- mizution, stable isotopes, limestone petrology, cliche pleosds, sea level. cently, HEARTYet al,, 12000) surveyed Iast interglacial and Climate is a major influence on the formation of eolianites Holocene carbonate deposits in Hawaii using amino acid ra- cemization techniques and correlated eolian deposition with and carbonate paleosols, and the two lithofacies have long been interpreted as sedimentary records of Pleistocene and 'Marine Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e. Holocene climate history (BRETZ,1960; STEARNS,1970; ES- However, the Hawaiian model of eolianite deposition pro- TEBAN and KLAPPA, 1983; HEARTYand VACHER,1994). Calcar- posed by Steams largely relies upon lower sea levels to ini- eous eolianites and caliche paleosols develop in low-latitude tiate dune formation, whereas the Bermudan and Bahamian coastal regions where the sediment source is represented by models (e.g. HEARTYand VACHER,1994) is interpreted in the carbonate-secreting coralgal reefs. In vertical stratigraphic context of high sea-level stands. Because this difference calls profiles, changes from calcareous eolianite to interbedded pa- into question important fundamental aspects of eolian depo- leosols, reflect changes in sediment source tied to global sea- sition, the Hawaiian model is re-examined, based on a study level changes (glacio-eustatic, ice-equivalent sea-level of the exposures at Kaiehu Point, Molokai, to improve our change) and climatic and environmental changes (BRETZ, understanding of Hawaiian carbonate dune sequences and 1960; HEARTYand VACHER,1994; HEARTYand KINDLER,1995). their relation to Quaternary sea-level history. In Hawaii, studies of carbonate eolianites and related pa- In this work, the influence of relative sea-level changes on Ieosols were made by Harold Steams on the island of Oahu eolianite and caliche paleosol formation is assessed utilizing (1970) and later at Kaiehu Point on Molokai (1973: Figure 1). multiple, but integrated proxies for sediment source, age and In subsequent papers (STEARNS1974, 1978; LUM and post-depositional history. The degree of amino acid racemi- STEAIIMS,1970), he refined his views of eolian deposition in zation (MI%}in carbonate fossils and bioclastic sediments is light of changes in Hawaiian sea-level chronology. More re- also examined to assign ages to the eolianite succession. De- scriptive petrography to determine grain composition and ce- 04-0232 received and accepted Of June 2004. ment characteristics, and magnesian carbonate and oxygen 98 Fletcher el al. 1- .0 Kauai The Hawaiian Islands I " A Oahu I I Wen Molokai dunes and beaches (ner%earns. IW~ 1 } 1"' Unconsolidated dunes 5Ml Streams Figure 1. West Molokai dunes and beaches. isotope indicators to assess post-depositional weathering and persistent NE trade winds than otherwise available at times caliche paleosol formation were also undertaken. of higher sea levels FSTEARWS,19703. He also acknowledged a complex origin for Hawaiian eolianites, and assigned two of MODELS OF EOLIANITE FORMATION the five major eolian units on Oahu to sea levels equal to or higher than present (Figures 2, 3 and Table I). However, In view of the significant differences in the published ori- Stearns (1974) maintained that throughout the late Quater- gins of Hawaiian (STEAMS,1970; 1974) and Bermudanma- nary, periods of low sea level represented the time when most haminn (BRE~,,1960; LANDet al., 1967; VACBEBand HARMON, of the now lithified dunes were deposited. 1987; HFARTYand KINDLER, 1995) eolianik/paleosol sequenc- According to the depositional model for Hawaiian eoliani- es, the contrasting depositional models are briefly reviewed tes, when sea level is high, sand from a source beach is blown here. inland by NE trade winds to form active sand dunes land- ward of the beach (Figure 3). As sea level falls at the end of Hawaiian Eolianite Model a highstand, the once active dunes no longer receive sand Five eolianite units have been identified on Oahu (Table from the beach, lithify, and develop soil profiles on their up- 1).Stearns suggested that dune formation is enhanced during per dune surfaces. A younger ridge of active dunes subse- glacioeustatic low sea level stands, as greater quantities of quently forma seaward of the relict dunes as the shoreline sand are exposed on the inner shelf for dune building by the regresses. These post-highstand dunes are deposited on Table I. Hawaitan eollan unzts defined by Slmrs {Steams, 1970, 1974, 1978). Name (01s) Steams' Sea-Level History Oxygen Isotope Stage Transgression VI and present interglacial (0 to Unconsolidated "Holocene" +1.5 m) Stage 1 Last glacial maximum, Regression Va or mid-Wis- Stage 2 E?) Laniloa Formation consinan stadials (Reg. Vj Stages 314 (?) Mid-Wisconsinan stadials (Reg.V) or late-Sanga- Stage 314 (?) Kawella Soil mon Regression IV sub-Stage Sbi'dC?) Leahi Formetion Post-Waimanalo, Rega-ession V -115 ka I+0.6 m) Stage 5 alc (?I Sangamon interglacial, Waimanalo highstand, Waialua/Hahaione dunes -125 ka (+612 ml Stage 5e nlinoian glaciation, Regression 111, Waipio low Bellows Field Formation stand, - 1- 107-110 rn) Stage 6 Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 42,2005 Late Quaternary Eolianite 99 Hawaiian Sea Levels and Related Eolian Deposits (after Stearns, 1970, 1974, 1978) INTERGLACIAL STAGES: HOLOCENE .-9 Waialual 2 Hahaions g- 55 eol~an~te3': Holocene V Indicates deposition during low or falllng sea levels GLACIALSTAGES: ILLlMOlAM WlSCONSlNlAN HOLOCENE -PLEISTOCENE 1-1 Fiyre 2. Hawaiian sea levels and related eallian deposits. beachrock of the former highstand shoreline (Figure 3). The throughout much of a glacial cycle, soil formation on "dor- largest dunes form when sea level is low and the subaerially mant" dunes would occur especially during glacial maxima. exposed reefs provide a ready supply of sand for dune for- VACHERand ~L~RMoN(1987) reassessed earlier models of mation (STEARNS,1974). Dunes continue to form immediately eolianite-paleosol formation on Bermuda and concluded that landward of the beach by eolian deposition. A regressive se- although some eolianite deposition occurred during rising sea quence of lithified dunes on marine calcarenites (beachrock) level, and during sea-level highstands, the majority of eolian- occurs landward of the active dunes, and soils may form on ite deposition occurred while sea level was falling. They at- surfaces of non-deposition or erosion. tributed the widespread, lateral interdigitation of eolianites with marine calcarenites to marine regressions. The VACHER Bermudan-Bahamian Eolianite Model and HARMON(1987) model of eolianite-paleosol deposition ac- tually brings the Bermuda model closer to that of Stearns in Knowledge of the eolianite-paleosol sequences of Bermuda Hawaii, and serves to highlight the complex nature of eolian- and The Bahamas provide a conceptual
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER Ardenna Tenuirostris Non-Breeding Visitor, Occasional Migrant Monotypic
    SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER Ardenna tenuirostris non-breeding visitor, occasional migrant monotypic The Short-tailed Shearwater breeds on islands off S and SE Australia in Nov- May, disperses northward through the W Pacific to the Bering Sea in May-Aug, and migrates rapidly southwestward in large flights across the central Pacific, back the breeding grounds, in Sep-Nov (King 1967, Harrison 1983, AOU 1998, Howell 2012). In the Hawaiian Islands, large numbers have been recorded during well-defined pulses in fall migration, and several sight observations of one to a few birds suggest a smaller passage in spring. The Short-tailed Shearwater is extremely difficult to separate from the similar Sooty Shearwater in the field (see Sooty Shearwater), especially when viewing isolated individuals (King 1970); thus, confirmation of the spring passage with specimen or photographic evidence is desirable. Short-tailed Shearwater was placed in genus Puffinus until moved to Ardenna by the AOU (2016). At sea, Short-tailed Shearwaters were recorded in large numbers during 2002 HICEAS, with 37,874 individuals observed on 52 of 163 observing days from W of Kure to S of Oahu (Rowlett 2002; HICEAS data); they were observed from 1 Sep to 14 Nov. Over 1,000 birds were recorded on each of seven dates, with a large peak of >28,000 recorded 13-22 Sep 2002 between Midway and Lisianski and a smaller peak of >4,000 recorded 30 Oct-14 Nov between Laysan and Kaua'i. All birds were flying SSW in concentrated groups. In contrast to Sooty Shearwater, Short-taileds were clearly more abundant in Northwestern than Southeastern Hawaiian Island waters during fall passage; only 66 birds were recorded on 3 of 35 dates during this period off the Southeastern Hawaiian Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys Around Kahoolawe Island 1
    doi:10.7289/V5/DR-PIFSC-17-011 Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys around Kahoolawe Island 1 Results and information presented here summarize data gathered by the Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) of NOAA’s Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center and partners during 2 days of reef fish and habitat surveys around Kahoolawe Island in July/August 2016. Surveys were conducted as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. Surveys were conducted using a standard sampling design and method implemented by NOAA’s Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP) since 2009. In brief, pairs of divers record numbers, sizes, and species of fishes inside adjacent 15m-diameter ‘point- count’ cylinders and estimate benthic cover by functional groups (e.g. ‘coral’, ‘sand’). Because it is unpopulated and protected, Kahoolawe is an important reference location in in the main Hawaiian Islands and may also be a significant source of larvae and fish recruits for other parts of Maui-nui and perhaps beyond. Therefore, CREP hopes to routinely survey Kahoolawe reefs during future monitoring efforts. However, as 2016 was the first year for Kahoolawe surveys, we have a relatively small sample size there - 24 sites - in comparison to other Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI: between 107 and 257 survey sites per island). Main conclusions and observations: • Reef fish biomass was high at most sites we visited in Kahoolawe, with mean island-wide biomass higher than at any other of the MHI, although only marginally higher than at Niihau. Biomass tended to be slightly higher at sites along the southern section of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Hawaii Reefs
    11 Geology of Hawaii Reefs Charles H. Fletcher, Chris Bochicchio, Chris L. Conger, Mary S. Engels, Eden J. Feirstein, Neil Frazer, Craig R. Glenn, Richard W. Grigg, Eric E. Grossman, Jodi N. Harney, Ebitari Isoun, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, John J. Rooney, Ken H. Rubin, Clark E. Sherman, and Sean Vitousek 11.1 Geologic Framework The eight main islands in the state: Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe , Lanai , Molokai , Oahu , Kauai , of the Hawaii Islands and Niihau , make up 99% of the land area of the Hawaii Archipelago. The remainder comprises 11.1.1 Introduction 124 small volcanic and carbonate islets offshore The Hawaii hot spot lies in the mantle under, or of the main islands, and to the northwest. Each just to the south of, the Big Island of Hawaii. Two main island is the top of one or more massive active subaerial volcanoes and one active submarine shield volcanoes (named after their long low pro- volcano reveal its productivity. Centrally located on file like a warriors shield) extending thousands of the Pacific Plate, the hot spot is the source of the meters to the seafloor below. Mauna Kea , on the Hawaii Island Archipelago and its northern arm, the island of Hawaii, stands 4,200 m above sea level Emperor Seamount Chain (Fig. 11.1). and 9,450 m from seafloor to summit, taller than This system of high volcanic islands and asso- any other mountain on Earth from base to peak. ciated reefs, banks, atolls, sandy shoals, and Mauna Loa , the “long” mountain, is the most seamounts spans over 30° of latitude across the massive single topographic feature on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the Geological Society of America Vol. 71. Pp. 1729-1754, 7 Figs. December 1960 Bermuda: a Partially Drowned, Late M
    BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 71. PP. 1729-1754, 7 FIGS. DECEMBER 1960 BERMUDA: A PARTIALLY DROWNED, LATE MATURE, PLEISTOCENE KARST BY J HARLEN BRETZ ABSTRACT During Pleistocene time, the Bermuda Islands repeatedly underwent partial inundation and re-emergence. The land areas were continuously attacked and reduced by rain and ground water but repeatedly renewed, during times of submergence, by deposition of marine limestone and by contemporaneous additions of shore-born and wind-transported carbonate sand, now eolianite. Soils formed under subaerial conditions are now buried be- neath later deposits and constitute important stratigraphic markers. The igneous founda- tion rock appears to have been exposed during some low marine stands, and the former shore lines seem to be recorded by submerged terraces. The major karst features are largely below sea level, and they must date from times of continental glaciations. Previous writers have assigned eolian accumulation to times of Pleistocene low sea level and soil-making to times of interglacial high sea. Both conclusions are held to be er- roneous. CONTENTS TEXT Figure Page Page Navy and Air Force modifications of the Introduction 1729 shore line 1730 Acknowledgments 1732 2. Bermuda Islands with the adjacent Dunes and eolianites 1732 banks 1733 Paleosols 1736 3. Diagram of section at Whalebone Bay, Ber- Caves 1741 muda Islands 1735 Origin of the interior basins 1744 4. Diagram to show contrast in soil record on Correlation of soil-making and dune-building uplands and lowlands, Bermuda with Pleistocene eustatism 1746 Islands 1736 Conclusion 1752 5. Diagram of Shore Hills type section, References cited 1754 Bermuda Islands 1737 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Photographing the Islands of Hawaii
    Molokai Sea Cliffs - Molokai, Hawaii Photographing the Islands of Hawaii by E.J. Peiker Introduction to the Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of eight primary islands and many atolls that extend for 1600 miles in the central Pacific Ocean. The larger and inhabited islands are what we commonly refer to as Hawaii, the 50 th State of the United States of America. The main islands, from east to west, are comprised of the Island of Hawaii (also known as the Big Island), Maui, Kahoolawe, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau. Beyond Niihau to the west lie the atolls beginning with Kaula and extending to Kure Atoll in the west. Kure Atoll is the last place on Earth to change days and the last place on Earth to ring in the new year. The islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauai and Hawaii (Big Island) are the most visited and developed with infrastructure equivalent to much of the civilized world. Molokai and Lanai have very limited accommodation options and infrastructure and have far fewer people. All six of these islands offer an abundance of photographic possibilities. Kahoolawe and Niihau are essentially off-limits. Kahoolawe was a Navy bombing range until recent years and has lots of unexploded ordinance. It is possible to go there as part of a restoration mission but one cannot go there as a photo destination. Niihau is reserved for the very few people of 100% Hawaiian origin and cannot be visited for photography if at all. Neither have any infrastructure. Kahoolawe is photographable from a distance from the southern shores of Maui and Niihau can be seen from the southwestern part of Kauai.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaiser Permanente Lanai and Molokai Providers and Locations Directory
    Lanai and Molokai Providers and Locations Directory kp.org Kaiser Permanente Your medical care We have a lot to offer you — and we don’t want you to miss any of it. One of the best ways to get the most from your Kaiser Permanente coverage is to become familiar with your benefits and how your health plan works for you. The following information can help you on your road to better health. Primary Care Providers This directory shows you where our primary care physicians and providers are located. We strongly encourage you to choose a primary care physician who will oversee and coordinate all aspects of your medical care, including specialist visits and hospitalizations. Call the office of your choice to schedule an appointment. Because we want you to be happy with your choice, you are free to change your doctor at any time. Self-Referrals to Affiliated Providers You don’t need a referral to make appointments for the following services and departments within our network of providers: Behavioral Health Services (Mental Health outpatient care) Eye examinations for glasses and contact lenses Family Medicine Health Education Internal Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology Occupational Health Services Mental Health outpatient care is provided on a self-referral basis. For help at any time please call the Behavioral Health Call Center at 1-888-945-7600, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2 Your Introduction to Kaiser Permanente Your medical care Specialty Care Your doctor will refer you to a specialist when it’s medically necessary. In some cases, that may mean recommending you get treated on Oahu where you’ll be cared for by a team of physicians who have access to facilities and equipment that may not be available on your island.
    [Show full text]
  • Spiders of the Hawaiian Islands: Catalog and Bibliography1
    Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 665-687 December 30, 1964 SPIDERS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: CATALOG AND BIBLIOGRAPHY1 By Theodore W. Suman BISHOP MUSEUM, HONOLULU, HAWAII Abstract: This paper contains a systematic list of species, and the literature references, of the spiders occurring in the Hawaiian Islands. The species total 149 of which 17 are record­ ed here for the first time. This paper lists the records and literature of the spiders in the Hawaiian Islands. The islands included are Kure, Midway, Laysan, French Frigate Shoal, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. The only major work dealing with the spiders in the Hawaiian Is. was published 60 years ago in " Fauna Hawaiiensis " by Simon (1900 & 1904). All of the endemic spiders known today, except Pseudanapis aloha Forster, are described in that work which also in­ cludes a listing of several introduced species. The spider collection available to Simon re­ presented only a small part of the entire Hawaiian fauna. In all probability, the endemic species are only partly known. Since the appearance of Simon's work, there have been many new records and lists of introduced spiders. The known Hawaiian spider fauna now totals 149 species and 4 subspecies belonging to 21 families and 66 genera. Of this total, 82 species (5596) are believed to be endemic and belong to 10 families and 27 genera including 7 endemic genera. The introduced spe­ cies total 65 (44^). Two unidentified species placed in indigenous genera comprise the remaining \%. Seventeen species are recorded here for the first time. In the catalog section of this paper, families, genera and species are listed alphabetical­ ly for convenience.
    [Show full text]
  • Molokai Hawaii Forgotten
    Molokai -Forgotten By ETHEL A. STARBIRD NATIONAL GEOGRAPHic sENIOR STAFF Photographs by RICHARD Casting away care, Sister Richard Marie takes a day off near Molokai's leprosy hospital, where she has worked Hawaii since 1960. Independent, resourceful, generous, she shares the best qualities A. COOKE III of Hawaii's most unspoiled major island. 189 Like thirsty giants, the volcanic peaks of Molokai's eastern end steal rainfall from its flat, dry western end. Polynesians from the Marquesas Islands came to Hawaii about 1,200 years ago. They eventually settled on this island in numbers National Geographic, August 1981 far greater than today'll 6,000 population. The semicircular walls of coral and basalt seen in the shallow waters in the foreground enclose fishponds once used to capture and fatten mullet and other saltwater species for island royalty. Molokai-Forgotten Hawaii 191 Beyond the farthest road a primeval world unfolds in the lush valleys of the northeastern coast. The chill waters of Kahiwa Falls (left) drop 1,750 feet to the sea in Hawaii's longest cascade. Deep in the island's forest reserve, spray from another waterfall (above) mingles with the scent of eucalyptus and wild ginger. Amaumau ferns (right, center) stand as tall as six feet. For centuries, Molokai was revered as a place where religious rituals were performed by powerful kahuna, or priests. One of the most famous, Lanikaula, is said to be buried in a grove of kukui trees near the island's eastern tip (below right). To make lamp oil, Hawaiians traditionally took nuts from the kukui, now a symbol of Molokai.
    [Show full text]
  • Locational Factors Determining the Distribution of Nesting Sites for A
    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 1998 Locational factors determining the distribution of nesting sites for a colony of wedge-tailed shearwaters, puffinus pacificus, onest W Wallabi Island, Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia Julie Davis Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Ornithology Commons Recommended Citation Davis, J. (1998). Locational factors determining the distribution of nesting sites for a colony of wedge- tailed shearwaters, puffinus pacificus, onest W Wallabi Island, Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/473 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/473 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnohistory of Puna
    Research in Action: Ethnohistory of Puna: Davianna Pōmaikaʻi McGregor Praxis: exercise or practice of an art, science or skill. Praxis distinguishes Ethnic Studies from the long-established disciplines of the social sciences. Ethnic Studies faculty are committed to placing research at the service of the community and challenging students to examine and analyze contemporary issues of concern to Hawaiʻi’s ethnic communities from diverse perspectives. The clash between the beliefs, customs, and practices of Hawaiian descendants of Pele (Hawaiian goddess of the volcano) and the developers of geothermal energy is one of the issues which drew upon the resources of Ethnic Studies faculty and students.1 The issue evolved as the federal and state governments partnered with private corporations to clear the largest remaining lowland rainforest in Hawaiʻi for geothermal wells and power plants. In response, Hawaiians filed several civil suits, organized religious ceremonies in the volcanic rainforest, produced documentary films and joined with environmentalists in public protests. A key turning point in the struggle was a ruling by the US federal court that an Environmental Impact Study (EIS) was required for the project to proceed. Where proposed development projects funded by the federal government affect native peoples, new historic preservation laws mandated the inclusion of a cultural impact study in the EIS. Thus, for the first time since the passage of the new laws, a cultural impact study was conducted for native Hawaiians in Hawaiʻi. The First Cultural Impact Study on Native Hawaiians University of Hawaiʻi faculty from the Ethnic Studies Department, the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and the School of Social Work were contracted to conduct the study.2 The team drew upon the individual skills and experiences of their faculty and developed a multi-method approach for the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii
    U.S. Department of the Interior / U.S. Geological Survey Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii Lava flows entered Kalapana Gardens in December 1986. Front Cover: View of Kapoho village during the 1960 eruption before it was entirely destroyed. (Photographer unknown) Inside Front Cover (Photograph by J.D. Griggs) For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16-038200-9 Preface he eruptions of volcanoes often have direct, dramatic effects on the lives of people and Ton their property. People who live on or near active volcanoes can benefit greatly from clear, scientific information about the volcanic and seismic hazards of the area. This booklet provides such information for the residents of Hawaii so they may effectively deal with the special geologic hazards of the island. Identifying and evaluating possible geologic hazards is one of the principal roles of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and its Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. When USGS scientists recognize a potential hazard, such as an impend­ ing eruption, they notify the appropriate govern­ ment officials, who in turn are responsible for advising the public to evacuate certain areas or to take other actions to insure their safety. This booklet was prepared in cooperation with the Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency. Volcanic and Seismic Hazards: Interagency Responsibilities Hawaii County National Park } Civil Defense C Service ./ Short-term hazard evaluation for the agencies responsible for public safety. Information on volcanic U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaii's , Kaho`Olawe Island Section 319 Success Story
    Section 319 NONPOINT SOURCE PROGRAM SUCCESS STORY Restoring Native Vegetation Reduces SedimentHawaii Entering Coastal Waters Dry environmental conditions combined with a long history of human Waterbody Improved land use have resulted in severe erosion on Kaho`olawe. Much of the island has been reduced to barren hardpan, and sediment-laden runoff affects nearshore water quality and threatens the coral reef ecosystem. Efforts to minimize erosion and restore native vegetation in two watersheds on Kaho`olawe (Hakioawa and Kaulana) have reduced the amount of sediment entering the stream/gulch systems and coastal waters and have improved the quality of coastal waters, coral reef ecosystems and native wildlife habitat. Problem The island of Kaho`olawe, the smallest of the eight main Hawaiian Islands, is approximately 7 miles southwest of Maui. Kaho`olawe lies within the rain shadow of the volcanic summit of Maui. The island has a unique history. Evidence sug- gests that Hawaiians arrived as early as 1000 A.D. Kaho`olawe served as a navigational center for voyaging, an agricultural center, the site of an adze quarry, and a site for religious and cultural ceremo- nies. More recently, Kaho`olawe was used as a penal colony, a ranch (1858–1941), and a bombing range Figure 1. A lack of vegetation leads to excessive erosion by the U.S. Navy (1938–1990). The island was also on Kaho’olawe, which in turn home to as many as 50,000 goats during a 200-year causes sediment loading into period (1793–1993). Throughout the ranching period, adjacent marine waters. uncontrolled cattle and sheep grazing caused a substantial loss of soil through accelerated erosion.
    [Show full text]