World Bank Document

E1539 LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

For

RURAL COMMUNITY WATER PROJECT

Public Disclosure Authorized Conducted by: The Environment Protection Training and Research Institute Submitted to: Naandi Foundation Date of Submission: 27th September 2006

Chapter CONTENTS Page No

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Need for Safe Drinking Water 2 1.3 Safe Drinking Water Project 2

Public Disclosure Authorized 1.4 Limited Environmental Assessment 4 2 Study Area 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Project Location 5 2.3 Methodology of the study 9 3 Baseline Environmental Status 10 3.1 Kovalli 10 3.2 Pedapadu 11 Public Disclosure Authorized 3.3 Pulla 12 3.4 Nagayalanka 14 3.5 Bantumilli 15 3.6 Pedavadlapudi 16 3.7 Vllagewse baselne parameters 17 4 Socio-economic Assessment 18 4.1 Introduction 18 4.2 Identification and Assessment of Socio-economic Impacts 18 4.3 Socio-economic Status for Six Villages 19 Public Disclosure Authorized 5 Stakeholders’ Consultations 32 5.1 Introduction 32

EPTRI 1

5.2 Objectives 32 5.3 Target Participants 32 5.4 Consultation Workshops 32 5.5 Process of Consultations 33 6 Water and Soil Quality Analysis 37 6.1 Introduction 37 6.2 Physico-chemical Analysis 38 6.3 Bacteriological Analysis 44 6.4 Conclusion 47 6.5 Soil Analysis 48 7 Impact Assessment 54 7.1 Scope 54 7.2 Major Environmental and Social Impacts 54 7.3 Impacts due to Surface Water Contamination 55 7.4 Impacts due to Solid Waste 57 7.5 Impacts due to Sewage 57 8 Environmental Management Plan 58 8.1 Multiple Barrier Approaches 58 8.2 Principles of Water Supply Systems 59 8.3 Mitigative Measures 61 8.5 Maintenance of Ultra Violet Treatment Plant 65 8.6 Institutional Arrangements 65

Annexures

Annexure 1 Statistical Data A-1 Annexure 2 List of Participants–Stakeholders’ Consultative Meetings A-3

Annexure 3 Questioners A-10 Annexure 4 Technical overview of the purification process A-20 Annexure 5 UV Waterworks– An Innovative, Reliable & Cost effective tech A-21

EPTRI 2

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Today, water is an increasingly scarce resource and is in the forefront of policy formulations of all the developing countries. Until now, the paradigm of managing water has followed two interconnected routes. One, the state took upon itself the role of sole provider of water (it was the colonial state that centralized control over water resources. The post-independent state inherited this role, and continued with it). Among other things, this led to communities and households being no longer the primary agents of water provision and management. Two, the earlier use of rainwater and floodwater declined. In its place, there came a growing reliance on surface water (primarily rivers) and groundwater. But a closure look at the current and future scenarios reveals that water availability, both in terms of quality and quantity has declined sharply and needs to use judiciously besides adapting scientific techniques for conservation of water.

India has 4% of the world’s water availability, out of this, 70% is not potable. The agriculture sector accounts for 90 to 95% of surface and groundwater and the remaining is for industry and the domestic sector. Water quality problems like excessive concentrations of fluoride and arsenic in groundwater, varying iron levels, presence of nitrates and heavy metals, bacteriological contamination and salinity result in water related and water borne diseases all over the places.

About 50% of villages in India do not have any source of protected drinking water. Inadequate access to safe drinking water causes waterborne diseases that affect 37.7 million Indians annually, out of this 75% are children under the age of five years.

In Andhra Pradesh, where the proposed project would take place, it is estimated that between 9 and 17 million people are exposed to water with pathogen levels >100 MPN/ml. 500,000 people live within areas with severe fecal contamination of >2,000 MPN/ml in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh (Krishna, East and West Godavari,

EPTRI 3

Prakasam and Guntur). Rural communities need access to better water resources and need to be educated to make villagers aware of the risks posed by the consumption of unsafe water.

In spite of the efforts put in for identifying good management practices and scientific solutions for supply of potable water to the rural households, the results are not encouraging. There is still a large gap that exists between what has to be done and what to be done. The importance of local Panchayats are mainly felt in the context of implementing rural water supply schemes and providing potable water to all the rural households, as the supply of potable water is the sole responsibility of the local Panchayat.

1.2 Need for safe drinking water

Most of the villages are dependent on irrigation canals for drinking water. Each village has a pond, fed by the irrigation canal at regular intervals, storing required quantity of water. In most villages, under Rural Water Supply (RWS) scheme, the water in the pond is put through Slow Sand Filters. The filtered water is chlorinated and pumped into an overhead tank for distribution through a system of pipes. But due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of the slow sand filters, the quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor. This has necessitated for rural water supply schemes for providing safe drinking water to the rural poor.

Rural Water Supply Schemes are designed to supply 40 litres of water per capita per day. Out of this, only 3-4 litres of water is used for drinking and cooking purpose, which is about 7.5-10% of total quantity to be supplied in villages.

1.3 Safe drinking water project

Naandi Foundation is a public charitable trust set up in 1998 with a vision to eradicate poverty through public-private partnerships is engaged in piloting projects to

EPTRI 4

promote alternatives for safe water provision, and expects to scale up the results to larger areas in Andhra Pradesh. Naandi’s strengths are supporting participatory community involvement through Village Panchayats, and building capacity in the villages for managing and delivering self-sustainable services. Naandi’s experience in the water sector comes from a series of pilot community water projects where they have implemented water education campaigns and improved access to safe water

Naandi’s Community Safe Water Systems Project depend on low-maintenance, environmentally friendly, highly effective U.V. Waterworks technology that effectively eliminates bacteria and viruses typically found in drinking water sources (wells and ponds) across the country.

The Project is to be implemented in 25 villages of coastal Andhra Pradesh with the support of an international multi-donor trust fund called the Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA). The criteria for selection of these 25 villages is:

• Villages with population of 8000-20000 • Existence of a surface water body in the village that can be used as a raw water source to fulfill the drinking requirements of the village • Prevalence of bacteriological contaminants in the raw water source • Existence of a suitable plot of land of a minimum size of 4 cents located close to the raw water source for construction of the purification plant • Willingness of the community represented by the local self-government i.e Panchayat to pledge the raw water source and land for the project • Willingness of the community/inhabitants to buy the treated water from the plant • Ability and willingness of the community or a philanthropist on behalf of the community to furnish 20% of the capital cost of the plant

The project is expected to bring about positive health and environmental benefits through supply of ‘safe’ drinking water to atleast 10,000 under privileged families (500 households per village) In addition to the construction, installation and maintenance of

EPTRI 5

Community Water Systems, the project will have programs related to health and hygiene education. Several environmental mitigation measures will be included in the project design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the environment.

1.4 Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) Study

EPTRI has been entrusted the task of conducting limited environmental and social assessment in 6 villages i.e Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh where the proposed project would take place. These 6 villages were selected out of the 25 GPOBA Project villages by Stratified random sampling method. Care was taken to ensure that all the three districts across which the project villages are located were represented in the sample.

The main objectives of this LEA study is

• To understand the environment-related aspects of the rural community water project • To collect and analyze information regarding the environmental (physical – chemical and biological) parameters related to surface water • To collect and analyze the socio-economic issues related to the project • To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

The LEA study is to be carried out in two stages i.e. pre and post construction of UV treatment plants in the above 6 villages.

EPTRI 6

2 STUDY AREA

2.1 Introduction

Naandi Foundation in association with Water Health International (WHI) a US based organization is planning to set up water treatment plants in 25 villages in Andhra Pradesh. The project is expected to bring about positive health and environmental benefits through supply of ‘safe’ drinking water to atleast 10,000 under privileged families (500 households per village). The proposed UV treatment plant can treat 60,000 litres of raw water per day. In addition to the construction, installation and maintenance of Community Water Systems, the project will have programs related to health and hygiene education. Several environmental mitigation measures will be included in the project design and the project is expected to have a net positive effect on the environment. The project will ensure that about 400 of the 500 households who has white ration card holders to be serviced in every village

2.2 Project location

The proposed project is expected to bring safe drinking water for 25 villages of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra Pradesh. The present Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) study is covered only six villages of the above said districts. (Fig 1-3 represents the location of villages). The villages that have been identified for the project are here under:

2.2.1 West Godavari District

i. Kovvali village, Denduluru mandal ii. Pedapadu village & mandal iii. Pulla village, Bhimadolu mandal

EPTRI 7

Fig 1: Location map of villages in West Godavari District.

Pulla

Kovvali Pedapadu

EPTRI 8

Fig 2: Location map of villages in Krishna District.

2.2.2. Krishna District i. Nagayalanka village & mandal ii. Bantumilli village & mandal

Bantumulli

Nagaylanka

EPTRI 9

Fig 3: Location map of villages in Guntur District.

2.2.3 Guntur District

i. Pedavadlapudi village & mandal

Pedavadlapudi

EPTRI 10

2.3 Methodology of the study

The study is carried out through primary and secondary data sources. A detailed questionnaire is prepared for collecting baseline environmental and social data. The related information for the project is collected from secondary sources i.e. from village records, Census 2001 besides collection of primary data from village schedule and a household schedule. The village schedule is intended to generate a profile of the village. It is designed to collect information relating to location, accessibility, demographic composition, land use pattern, infrastructure facilities, wage structure and community activities. Infrastructure available in the village includes facilities of transport, power supply, domestic and drinking water sources, solid waste, sanitation and public health systems etc.

The socio economic impact of the project is studied through stakeholder consultative workshops with all the concerned stakeholders of the village such as Panchayat members, local officials, farmers and agriculture labour, volunteers, fishermen and women.

In order to formulate an area specific socio economic status, their relationship with habitat and life-sustaining structures, a random sample survey of 5% (i.e. 20 households per village) of 400 households that are to be covered under the project. This 5% sampling from each village is intended to assess the socio economic profile of the targeted households and to understand the people's perception towards the project. This has been carried out through the structured questionnaires.

EPTRI 11

3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

3.1 Kovvali Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is West Manchilla pond. The area of the pond is 36422 sq.m and the depth is 3m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 10 m. The population of the village is 12000.

The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are North: Agricultural land East: Panchayat office West: Earthern road South: Black top road

Kovvali Pond

EPTRI 12

Water Quality Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is saline as the area is near to the coastal zone. Surface water is polluted as the flood waters in the canals directly enter into the tanks. The sewage is also entering into the canals, thereby polluting the water in the tanks. The filter beds are getting polluted due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of the slow sand filters. The quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor.

Water Supply Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply system. There are 225 public taps and 990 individual taps in the village.

3.2 Pedapadu Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is Bapanu pond. The area of the pond is 20234 sq.m and the depth is 1.8 m The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body to the proposed treatment plant site is 15 m and the nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 10 m. The population of the village is 11000.

The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are

North: Anjaneya Swamy Temple East: Police Station West: Agricultural lands South: High School ground

EPTRI 13

Pedapadu pond Water Quality Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is saline as the area is near to the coastal zone. Surface water is polluted as the flood waters in the canals directly enter into the tanks. The sewage is also entering into the canals, thereby polluting the water in the tanks. The filter beds are getting polluted due to the frequent clogging and poor maintenance of the slow sand filters. The quality of raw water in the pond is extremely poor.

Water Supply Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply system. There are 8 own wells, 150 public taps and 650 individual taps in the village.

3.3. Pulla Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is the Pulla village pond. The area of the pond is 32375 sq.m and the depth is 3 m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body to the site is 10m. The

EPTRI 14

nearest habitation to the site is at a distance of 50 m. The population of the village is 13368.

The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are North: Godavari canal East: Milk project West: Main road South: Black top road

Pulla pond

EPTRI 15

Water Supply Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply system.

3.4 Nagayalanka Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is village pond. The area of the pond is 16187 sq.m and the depth is 3.9m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the water body is 200 m. The population of the village is around 16000.

The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are

North: Vetenary Hospital East: Uppula Road West: Madivada South: Talasila

Nagayalanka pond

EPTRI 16

Water Supply Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply system. There are 8 own wells, 150 public taps and 650 individual taps in the village

3.5 Bantumilli Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is the village pond. The area of the pond is 28328 sq.m and the depth is 2 m. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the nearest habitation to the site is 500m. The distance from the water body to the site is 1 km. The population of the village is 8000.

The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are

North: Paddy fields East: Paddy fields West: Paddy fields South: Paddy fields and water tank

EPTRI 17

Bantumilli pond

Water Quality

Ground water quality in the mandal is poor due to high salinity. The ground water is saline as the area is near to the coastal zone.

Water Supply

Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply system.

3.6 Pedavadlapudi Village

Location

The proposed water source for the project is the Krishna irrigation canal. The water from the canal is transported to the village through a pipeline and a sump is to be constructed from where the water is sent to the treatment plant. The area envisaged for setting up of UV treatment plant is 4 cents. The distance from the canal to the site is 3.5 km. The population of the village is 12600.

EPTRI 18

The immediate neighbors on the four sides of the pond are North: Canal East: Paddy fields West: Paddy fields South: Canal

Water Supply

Drinking and domestic water supply is made through village protected water supply system from Mangalagiri village

3.7 Village wise Baseline parameters

The baseline parameters such as average annual rainfall, mean annual temperature, Ground and surface water quality of the 6 villages are given in the following table:

S.No Village Average Mean Depth of GW GW SW Soil annual temp GW potential quality quality type rainfall (°C) table (m) (mm) 1 Kovvali 650 31 2 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 2 Pedapadu 650 30 6 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 3 Pulla 650 28 16-18 Safe Saline Polluted Clayey 4 Nagayalanka 630 35 18-20 Semi critical Saline Polluted Clayey 5 Bantumilli 632 30 4 Semi critical Saline - Sandy 6 Pedavadlapudi 640 34 7 Critical High TDS - Sandy & calcium

Safe GW exploitation less than 70% Semi Critical GW exploitation between 70-90% Critical GW exploitation between 90-100%

EPTRI 19

4 SOCIO ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

4.1 Introduction

Development projects/programmes can cause significant changes in many features of the socioeconomic environment. In some cases the changes may be beneficial, in others they may be detrimental. Accordingly, environmental impact studies must systematically identify, quantify, where possible and appropriately interpret the significance of these anticipated changes. “Human environment” shall be interpreted comprehensively to include the natural and physical environment and the relationship of people with that environment. When an environmental impact statement is prepared and economic or social and natural or physical environmental effects are interrelated, then the environmental impact statement will discuss all of these effects on the human environment.

4.2 Identification and Assessment of Socio economic impacts

Potential socioeconomic impacts can be identified through interactions, networks and checklists. The basic impact area associated with predicting and assessing impacts on the socioeconomic environment is called “region of influence”. This represents the geographical area, or region, wherein the project induced changes to the socioeconomic environment. Assessment of the significance of changes in the socioeconomic environment requires considerable exercise of professional judgment. The first consideration relates to the application of screening criteria followed by consideration of relevant standards and criteria.

The villages identified for the study are Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts in Andhra Pradesh. The population of these villages as per census 2001 is as below:

EPTRI 20

S.No Village Population 1 Kovvali 12,000 2 Pedapadu 11,000 3 Pulla 13,368 4 Nagayalanka 16,000 5 Bantumilli 8,026 6 Pedavadlapudi 12,600

Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) is conducted in the above mentioned six villages to know and understand the impact of environmental and social aspects of the proposed water treatment plants. In these six villages it is proposed to provide safe drinking water for a minimum of 400 households. In order to formulate an area specific socio economic status, their relationship with habitat, life-sustaining structures a random survey of 5% sample (20 representative households) from each village is carried out through the structured questionnaires. This 5% sampling from each village is intended to assess the socio economic profile of the targeted households and to understand the people's perception towards the project.

The objective of the study is to collect and analyze information regarding the environmental (physical-chemical and biological) and socio-economic issues in the above six districts and prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP), duly integrating the overall design of the project.

4.3 Socio-economic status of the six villages

4.4.1 Population and Age Group

As per Census 2001, the population of Kovvali village is 12,000 Out of the total respondents covered under the study 45% is in the age group of between 20 – 40 years, 50% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years and 5% is in the age group of above 60 years.

EPTRI 21

The population in Pedapadu village is 11,000. Out of the total respondents covered under the study 15% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 50% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years and 35% is in the age group of above 60 years.

The population in Pulla village is 13,368. Out of the total respondents covered under the study 25% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 45% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years and 30% is in the age group of above 60 years.

The population of Nagayalanka village is 16,000. Out of the total respondents covered under the study 30% is in the age group of 20 – 40 years, 55% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years and 15% is in the age group of above 60 years.

The population of Bantumilli village is 8,026. Out of the total respondents covered under the study 20% is in the age group of 20 – 40 years, 40% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years, and 40% is in the age group of above 60 years.

The population in Pedavadlapudi village is 12,600. Out of the total respondents covered under the study 20% is in the age group of 20 - 40 years, 60% is in the age group of 40 – 60 years and 20% is in the age group of above 60 years.

4.4.2 Literacy and Occupation

In Kovvali village, 15% are illiterates, 50% are in between 1st – 10th standard, 20% are belongs to technical, 10% are graduates and 5% are post graduates. As regards the occupational status 35% farmers, 20% agricultural labour and the remaining 45% is in the profession of electricians, masonries and in other businesses.

EPTRI 22

Literacy Occupation

20% 15% Illiterates 35% 1-10 Standard Farmers 5% 45% Graduation agri labour 10% Post graduation Others Technical 50% 20%

In Pedapadu village, 15% are illiterates, 65% are between 1 – 10th standard, 5% are technical, 10% are graduates and the remaining 5% are the postgraduates. As regards the occupational status 55% farmers, 20% agricultural labour, 5% business and the remaining 20% belongs to other professions.

Literacy Occupation

5% 5% 15% 20% 10% Iliiterates 1-10 standard Farmers Graduates 5% agri labour Post graduation 55% Business Technical Others 20%

65%

In Pulla village, 10% are illiterates, 60% are between 1st – 10th standard and the remaining 30% are graduates. As regards the occupational status 50% farmers, 10% agricultural labour, 20% retired teachers, retired government employees, other employees and NGOs, 15% in business and the remaining 5% in other professions.

EPTRI 23

Literacy Occupation

5% 10% 20% 30% Farmers Illiter ates agri labours 1-10 Standard 50% Business Graduates Service 15% Others 60% 10%

In Nagayalanka village, 5% are between 1st -10th standard, 10% are graduates, 80% are technical and the remaining 5% are under other category. As regards the occupational status 60% farmers, 5% agricultural labour, 20% business and the remaining 15 % belongs to other professions.

Literacy Occupation

5% 15% Graduates Farmer 10% 1-10 Standard agri labour Business Technical 20% Others Others 60%

80% 5%

In Bantumilli village, 5% are illiterates, 65% are between 1st -10th standard and the remaining 30% are graduates. As regards the occupational status 30% farmers, 15% agriculture labour, 5% service, 15% business and the remaining 35% are belongs to other categories of professions. Occupation

30% Farmer 35% agri labour Business Service

EPTRI 5% 15% Others24 15%

Literacy In Pedavadlapudi village, 70% are belongs to 1st – 10th standard, 5% are 5% technical and the remaining 25% are 30% graduates. As regards the occupational Illiterate 1-10 Standard status 70% farmers, 20% business and Graduates the remaining 10% belongs to other 65% categories of professions.

Literacy Occupation

5% 10%

25% 1-10 Standard 20% Farmer Graduates Business Technical Others 70% 70%

4.4.3 Land Details and Economic Status

The break up of the total respondents covered under the study in each village is as under:

In Kovvali village, 45% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000 per annum. 5% have less than two acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 25% have two to five acres of land and they get an average production of

Land details Economic Status

15% None 25% 10-50,000 10% <2 acres 45% 70,000-1lakh 2-5 acres 55% 1-3 lakhs 5-10 acres 15% >3 lakhs 25% 10-15 acres EPTRI 5% 5% 25

about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 10% have 5 – 10 acres of land and the remaining 15% have 10 - 15 acres of land. The average annual income of these respondents (5-10 and 10 15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

In Pedapadu village, 35% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have 2-5 acres of land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income is varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 40% have 5 – 10 acres of land and the remaining 15% have above 15 acres of land. The average annual income of these respondents (5-10 and above 15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

Land details Economic Status

15%

35% None 35% 40% 10-50,000 2-5 acres 1-3 lakhs 5-10 acres >3 lakhs >15 acres 40% 10% 25%

In Pulla, 30% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have less than two acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 5% have 2-5 acres of land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 20% have 5 – 10 acres of land, 10% have 10 – 15 acres of land and the remaining 25% have above 15 acres of land and the average annual income of these respondents (5-10, 10-15 and above 15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

EPTRI 26

Land details Economic Status

None 15% 25% 10-50,000 30% <2 acres 50-70,000 2-5 acres 15% 50% 70,000-1 lakh 5-10 acres 10% 1-3 lakhs 10% 10-15 acres >3 lakhs 5% >15 acres 15% 20% 5%

In Nagayalanka, 25% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 15% have less than two acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 15% have 2-5 acres of land and they get an average production of about 80 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs. 15% have 5 – 10 acres of land, 20% have 10 – 15 acres and the remaining 10% have above 15 acres of land and the average annual income of these respondents (5-10, 10-15 and above 15 acres) is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

Land details Economic Status

10% None 0.1 25% <2 acres 2-5 acres 10-50,000 20% 0.2 5-10 acres 70,000-1lakh 0.5 10-15 acres 1-3 lakhs >3 lakhs 15% >15 acres 15% 0.2 15%

In Bantumilli, 50% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 10% have less than two acres of land and an average production of paddy is about 60 – 70 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.50,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 30% have 2-5 acres of agriculture land and they get an average production of about 70

EPTRI 27

bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakhs and the remaining 10% have 5 – 10 acres of land and the average annual income is above Rs.3.00 lakhs.

Land details Economic Status

10% 20% None 30% 10-50,000 50-70,000 <2 acres 50% 10% 70,000-1lakh 35% 2-5 acres 1-3 lakhs 5-10 acres 10% >3 lakhs 5% 30%

In Pedavadlapudi 10% are landless and are engaged as agricultural labour on daily wages. The annual income varies from Rs.10,000 to Rs.50,000. 20% have less than two acres of land and an average production of paddy and other commercial crops is about 25 – 30 bags/year/acre for two seasons (two crops). The annual income varies from Rs.70,000 to Rs.1.00 lakh. 50% have 2-5 acres of agriculture land and they get an average production of commercial crops depends on seasonal variation. The remaining 20% have 5 – 10 acres of agriculture land and the average annual income is about Rs.3.00 lakhs depends on the average annual production of paddy and commercial crops. The average annual production is also influenced by seasonal variations.

Land details Economic Status

10% None 10% 25% 30% 10-50,000 15% <2 acres 20% 70,000-1lakh 2-5 acres 1-3 lakhs 5-10 acres >3lakhs

50% 40%

EPTRI 28

4.4.4. Drinking Water

In Kovvali village, groundwater is not potable due to high salinity and therefore the major source is surface water. The local Panchayat is supplying the treated water by using sand filters. All the respondents are getting and using the protected water, as this is the only source of drinking water. The existing water source is getting contaminated during rains and floods due to which water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, amoebiasis are spreading.

In Pedapadu and Pulla villages, the groundwater is not potable due to high salinity and therefore the major drinking water source is surface water. The local Panchayat is supplying the treated water by using sand filters. All the respondents of the study are using the protected water, as this is the only source of drinking water. The existing water source in these villages is getting contaminated during rains and floods due to which water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, amoebiasis and skin diseases are spreading.

In Nagayalanka village, the major drinking Drinking water sources water source is groundwater. 85% of the respondents of the study depended on the 15% groundwater and the remaining 15% are using Bore w ell protected water under rural water scheme, which Rural w ater is one kilometer away from the village. No 85% diseases were recorded due to water contamination.

In Bantumilli village, the groundwater is Drinking water sources not potable due to high salinity and hence the major drinking water source is surface water. The 5% local Panchayat is supplying the treated water by Borewell using sand filters from Malleshwaram which is 2 Rural water km away from the village. 95% of the respondents 95% of the study are getting and using the protected water and the remaining 5% respondents are depending on the ground water.

EPTRI 29

The existing water source is getting contaminated during rains and floods due to which water borne diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, amoebiasis and skin diseases are spreading.

In Pedavadlapudi village, no major Drinking water sources surface water sources are available. The village is getting water from Mangalagiri Water Supply Scheme which is 15 Km away from the village 30% Bore well and it is the major water source for all purposes. Rural water

70% of the respondents of the study are 70% depending on the rural supply water scheme and the remaining 30% of respondents depend on the ground water. The villagers are suffering with body and knee pains, jaundice, gastric trouble, indigestion etc due to water contamination.

4.4.5 Public Health

In Kovvali village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all major diseases the PHC is referring to the district headquarters’ hospital.

In Pedapadu village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all the major diseases the PHC is referring to the district headquarters’ hospital.

In Pulla village, no Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and all the villagers are going to the near by villages or to the district headquarters’ hospital for treatment depending on the incidence diseases.

EPTRI 30

In Nagayalanka, the government hospital is available at one kilometer away from the village. However, no diseases were recorded due to water contamination in this village.

In Bantumalli village, the Primary Health Center (PHC) is available and providing treatment for normal/minor diseases and for all the major diseases the PHC is referring to the district headquarters’ hospital.

In Pedavadlapudi, the government hospital is available in the village and providing treatment for all diseases.

4.4.6 Cropping Pattern

Agriculture continues to be the main stay for rural households. However, cropping pattern mainly depends on type of soil, availability of irrigation, manpower, food habits, marketing facilities, fodder for livestock and the price of the produce. In view of the recent government interventions in agriculture sector, technological improvements, low consumption of water and better remunerative prices for commercial crops the rural households are slowly shifting from traditional cropping pattern i.e. paddy (both kharif and rabi) to commercial crops like curry leaf, turmeric, cauliflower, cabbage, jasmine, vegetables, etc.; and such agricultural practices are contributing the improvement in income levels, which leads to the change in the life styles of the farmers.

4.4.7 Livestock

In rural areas people rear various types of animals for multiple reasons. Some of the livestock bring direct income in exchange for its milk, meat and services. The indirect income is derived in the form of using its services to the family’s production and/or by consuming its milk or meat and in turn improves family’s nutritional levels. Therefore, keeping all these benefits in view, the livestock is often categorized as assets.

EPTRI 31

In the study villages, only 40% of total families own cows and buffaloes. However, the villagers commonly domesticate various types of livestock such as cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats and poultry.

4.4.8 Drainage System and Sanitary Outlets

All six villages have the open drainage system. However, 60 – 70% of the respondents of the study have individual toilets with septic tanks and the remaining 30% respondents do not have the individual toilets.

4.4.9 Solid waste

Generally in villages no separate landfills for dumping the solid wastes. However, in all the six villages 60% of the respondents of the study are dumping their wastes in open places near their houses and the respective local Panchayat is collecting these wastes and dumping in the open places available in the surrounding area of the village. The remaining 40% of the respondents are dumping the wastes in their backyard converting it into the manure and using the same in their fields.

4.4.10 Willingness about the Project

In all the six villages, about 98% of the respondents of the study are aware of the proposed Community Safe Drinking Water Supply project through media and all of them are in favour of the project. However, about 2 - 4% of respondents in Bantumilli and Pedapadu villages are not aware of the project. Therefore, it is established that the villagers of these villages are in favour of the proposed project.

Willingness

Yes No

95%

EPTRI 32

4.4.11 Benefits of the Project

The following table presents the opinion of the respondents on the benefits of the proposed safe drinking water project in six villages

Village Reduction in Village Accessibility for No new changes Waterborne Development Safe Drinking Water (% of respondents) Diseases (% of respondents) (% of respondents) (% of respondents) Kovvali 60 40 - - Pedapadu 70 30 - - Pulla 55 45 - - Nagayalanka 40 - 60 - Bantumilli 30 10 55 5 Pedavadlapudi 35 - 65 -

In the light of the above, the respondents are in favour of the project, which will provide easy access to the safe drinking water and thereby enhances the health standards. The project will further contribute to reduce the expenditure on health and improve the productivity and capacity of the rural poor to work.

4.4.12 Employment in the Project Area

There is large number of educated youth in all the villages. Naandi proposing to give priority in jobs/works within the villages for maintenance of the plants besides creating awareness on health and hygiene.

EPTRI 33

5 STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTATIONS

5.1 Introduction

The objective of consultation is to increase the concerned stakeholders’ participation in the village for the project. Participation would generate awareness and enhance knowledge about the social and environmental concerns pertaining to the local areas besides discussing the positive and negative impacts of the project to the rural households.

The objective of stakeholders’ consultation is to minimize the negative impacts in the area and make them feel that they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the project. In this process the views ascertained from the stakeholders is analyzed and incorporated.

5.2 Objectives

The objectives of conducting stakeholders’ consultations are as follows:

• Information dissemination, education, and liaison • Identification of problems, needs, and important values • Idea generation and problem solving • Reaction and feedback on project • Evaluation of alternatives • Conflict resolution by consensus

5.3 Target participants

Panchayat members, local officials, volunteers, farmers, agriculture labour, fishermen and women.

5.4 Consultation workshops

EPTRI in association with Naandi Foundation has conducted five stakeholders’ consultation workshops in six villages which are as under:

EPTRI 34

S. No Date Village District 1 29.8.2006 Kovvali West Godavari

2 29.8.2006 Pedapadu West Godavari

3 30.8.2006 Pulla West Godavari

4 30.8.2006 Nagayalanka Krishna

5 31.8.2006 Pedavadlapadu Guntur

5.5 Process of Consultations

The processes of consultations are being kept simple and largely interactive. The consultations carried out in two-way communication process which involves promoting full public understanding of the project through which environmental and social problems and needs are highlighted. Workshops are held at village Panchayats and all the consultations are in the local language. The issues emerged during the consultations are analyzed and recorded. The village wise consultative workshops are as follows:

5.5.1 Kovvali Village

During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 29.8.2006, the following issues have been emerged: • Removal of water weeds over the pond • Clogging of slow sand filters due to polluted surface water • Lack of maintenance of sand filters due to increased sand cost • Flood water directly entering into the pond due to damage of bunds • Change in the colour of water due to entry of flood water

EPTRI 35

• Wide spread of water borne diseases like jaundice, diarrhea, amoebiasis • Need of transportation for supply of treated drinking water to the households

5.5.2 Pedapadu Village

During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 29.8.2006, the following issues have been emerged:

• High salinity in ground water • Spreading of water weeds • Clogging of slow sand filters due to polluted surface water • Cattle wash in existing water bodies • Lack of proper drainage system • Wide spread of water borne diseases like jaundice, diarrhea, amoebiasis • Need of transportation of treated drinking water to the households

5.5.3 Pulla Village

During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 30.8.2006, the following issues have been emerged:

• Lack of proper drainage system • Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste • Near by sugar mill effluents are releasing into the canals which enters into the tank through inlet

EPTRI 36

• Salinity in the ground water • Widespread of water borne diseases like jaundice, diarrhea and amoebiasis. • Pulla village has declared as amoebiasis prone village. • No Primary Health Center in the village • Cattle wash in existing water body • Need protection and fencing for the water body to prevent human activities surround the tank

5.5.4 Nagayalanka Village

During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 30.8.2006, the following issues have been emerged:

• Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste • Lack of proper drainage system • Salinity in the ground water • Seepage of septic tank overflows into ground water due to lower ground water table • Cattle wash in existing water bodies • Need of transportation of treated drinking water to the households • Supply of treated drinking water to the schools at low cost

5.5.5. Pedavadlapudi Village

During the stakeholders’ consultative workshop held on 31.8.2006, the following issues have been emerged:

• Domestic sewage directly letting into the canals

EPTRI 37

• Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste • Lack of proper drainage system • High salinity in the ground water • Waste water from septic tank directly letting into the canal • Open defecation near by the canal • Wide spread of water borne diseases like jaundice, diarrhea, body and knee pains, skin allergies etc. • Need of transportation of treated drinking water to the households • Supply of treated drinking water to the schools at low cost.

EPTRI 38

6 WATER AND SOIL QUALITY ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction

In several parts of India, water is being used at a much faster rate than can be replenished by rainfall. By 2025, the per capita water availability in India will be reduced to 1500 cubic meters from 5000 in 1950. Therefore, water is an increasingly scarce resource for human consumption.

Freshwater resources all over are threatened not only by over exploitation and poor management but also by ecological degradation. The main source of freshwater pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of industrial effluents, indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, and run-off from agriculture fields. Industrial growth urbanization and the increasing use of synthetic organic substances have serious and adverse impacts on freshwater bodies.

Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and nutrients that have an adverse affect on health. Water-borne diseases and water-caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and incompetent management of water resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when access, sustainability, and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number of people who are guaranteed safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has to be an effort to sustain it, and there has to be a fair and equal distribution of water to all segments of the society. Urban areas generally have a higher coverage of safe water than the rural areas.

Keeping the above background in view Naandi Foundation proposed to setup UV based water purification plants in some villages of Andhra Pradesh where bacteriological contamination of surface water poses a serious risk to the communities health. In this proposed project, six villages i.e. Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi of West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur districts are selected.

EPTRI 39

Water samples are collected from the raw water source intended for safe drinking water project in all the 6 villages. The collected water samples are tested for physico chemical and microbial parameters as per IS: 10500 standards. The water quality analysis reports for six villages are as follows:

6.2 Physico-chemical Analysis

6.2.1 Kovvali Village

S. Parameter Unit Value Desirable Permissible No limits limits 1 PH 7.3 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 10 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 0.28 5 10 6 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 100.0 300 600 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 117.4 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids mg/L 188 500 2000 (TDS) 9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 29.1 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 20.9 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 11.7 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.39 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 8.0 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.31 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.098 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

EPTRI 40

Remarks

All the parameters are with in the permissible limits and hence the water source identified for the proposed water treatment plant meets the drinking water standards.

6.2.2 Pedapadu Village

Sl. Parameter Unit Value Desirable Permissible No limits limits 1 PH 8.6 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co 30 5 25 Scale 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 7.4 5 10 6 Total hardness as mg/L 124.5 300 600 CaCO3 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 152.1 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids mg/L 260 500 2000 (TDS) 9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 46.1 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 24.1 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 15.6 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.65 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 24.7 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 1.07 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.079 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

EPTRI 41

Remarks

i. pH and colour values are above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance will decreases. ii. Turbidity value is above the desirable limits and within the permissible limits. Beyond this range the consumer acceptance will decreases. iii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking. iv. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.

6.2.3 Pulla Village

Sl. Parameter Unit Value Desirable Permissible No limits limits 1 PH 8.9 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 5 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 1.4 5 10 6 Total hardness as mg/L 72.3 300 600 CaCO3 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 74.0 200 600 8 Total dissolved mg/L 142 500 2000 solids (TDS) 9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 24.3 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 14.5 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 8.8 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.32 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 7.9 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.34 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.064 5.0 15

EPTRI 42

25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

i. pH value is above the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance will decreases. ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking. iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.

6.2.4 Nagayalanka Village

Sl. Parameter Unit Value Desirable Permissible No limits limits 1 PH 8.0 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 10 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 5 5 10 6 Total hardness as mg/L 129.0 300 600 CaCO3 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 139.1 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids mg/L 235 500 2000 (TDS) 9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 34.0 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 27.3 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 14.6 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.39 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 29.1 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L BDL 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.55 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation

EPTRI 43

22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.107 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

i. Colour value is above the desirable limits and beyond this range consumer acceptance will decreases. ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking. iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.

6.2.5 Bantumilli Village

Sl. Parameter Unit Value Desirable Permissible No limits limits 1 PH 9.4 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 5 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 0.27 5 10 6 Total hardness as mg/L 129.0 300 600 CaCO3 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 113.0 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids mg/L 374 500 2000 (TDS) 9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 153.0 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 14.5 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 22.4 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.67 1.0 1.5 13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 42.8 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 0.554 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.33 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5 17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation

EPTRI 44

21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.092 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5 28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

6.2.6 Pedavadlapudi Village

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Desirabl Permissible e limits limits 1 PH 8.0 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Colour Pt- Co Scale 20 5 25 3 Odour No Odour 4 Taste No Flavour 5 Turbidity NTU 16 5 10 6 Total hardness as mg/L 112.4 300 600 CaCO3 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 108.7 200 600 8 Total dissolved solids mg/L 200 500 2000 (TDS) 9 Chloride as Cl- mg/L 24.3 250 1000 10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 24.1 75 200 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 12.7 30 100 12 Fluoride as F mg/L 0.25 1.0 1.5

13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 24.7 200 400 14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 0.318 45 100 15 Iron as Fe mg/L 1.22 0.30 1.0 16 Copper as Cu mg/L BDL 0.05 1.5

EPTRI 45

17 Manganese as Mn mg/L BDL 0.1 0.3 18 Mercury as Hg µg/L BDL 0.001 No relaxation 19 Cadmium as Cd mg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 20 Selenium as Se µg/L BDL 0.01 No relaxation 21 Arsenic as As µg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 22 Cyanide as CN mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 23 Lead as Pb mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 24 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.081 5.0 15 25 Chromium as Cr mg/L BDL 0.05 No relaxation 26 Aluminum as Al mg/L BDL 0.03 600 27 Boron as B mg/L BDL 1 5

28 Phenols as C6H5OH mg/L BDL 0.001 0.002 29 Pesticides µg/L ND Absent 0.001

Remarks:

i. Colour and turbidity value is above the desirable limit and beyond this range consumer acceptance will decreases. ii. Hence the water from this source is not potable and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking. iii. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.

6.3 Bacteriological Analysis

Rural drinking water supply is to a large extent dependent on surface and ground water. Though ground water is less susceptible to pollution, the quality problem in ground water is inherent in the form of contamination caused by the very nature of geological formation, viz. excess fluoride, arsenic, brackishness, iron, etc. The reasons for bacteriological contamination are:

• Poor hygienic conditions around the water sources • Improper disposal of sewage and industrial waste water • Disposal of solid waste and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers having high quantity of Nitrates used in the agricultural sector • Over-exploitation leading to quality degradation • Pollution of the source due to ignorance of the people

EPTRI 46

• Over-population and lack of public awareness.

The bacteriological analysis report for six villages is as under:

6.3.1 Kovvali Village

S.No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 34 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative Present Absent Test

Remarks:

i. The Total Coliform value is above the permissible limits.

ii. The Fecal Coliform value is below the permissible limits

iii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human beings iv. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.

6.3.2 Pedapadu Village

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative Present Absent Test

Remarks:

i. The Total Coliform value is above the permissible limits.

ii. The Fecal Coliform value is below the permissible limits

EPTRI 47

6.3.3 Pulla Village

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative Present Absent Test

Remarks:

i. The Total and Fecal Coliform value is above the permissible limits. ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease which is harmful to the human beings iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking. iv.

6.3.4 Nagayalanka Village

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative Present Absent Test

Remarks:

i. The Total and Fecal Coliform value is above the permissible limits. ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease, which is harmful to the human beings.

EPTRI 48

iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking. 6.3.5 Bantumilli Village:

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml 900 50

2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 23 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative Absent Absent Test

Remarks:

i. The Total Coliform value is above the permissible limits.

ii. The Fecal Coliform value is below the permissible limits iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.

6.3.6 Pedavadlapudi Village:

Sl. No Parameter Unit Value Permissible limits (IS 10500) 1 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 2 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml > 1600 50 3 E.Coli Confirmative Present Absent Test

Remarks:

i. The Total and Fecal Coliform value is above the permissible limits. ii. E.Coli is present and it may cause bacterial disease, which is harmful to the human beings. iii. Hence there is bacterial contamination in the water and should only be used for domestic purposes other than drinking and cooking.

EPTRI 49

6.4 Conclusion

As per the physico-chemical analysis pertaining to six villages the water is not potable in five villages except Kovvali due to presence of high pH and Colour, which is above the permissible limits. Turbidity is also above the desirable limits but below the permissible limits. Beyond this range the water will affect the human mucous membrane and /or water supply system and consumer acceptance will decrease. The water will be fit for drinking and cooking after treatment.

As per the bacteriological analysis the water in all the six villages viz. Kovvali, Pedapadu, Pulla, Nagayalanka, Bantumilli and Pedavadlapudi is not potable due to high Coliform value. The presence of high Coliform value inferences human contamination, cattle wash and indiscriminate dumping of the wastes. Presence of E.Coli may cause bacterial diseases, which is harmful for human beings.

As per the reports of physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis, setting up the UV treatment plants in these villages are useful to treat the available raw water which directly minimizes the bacterial and other contaminants and purifying water to make it fir for drinking and cooking. The treatment plants will also provide better accessibility to the villagers for safe drinking water and thereby reduces the water borne diseases.

The proposed UV treatment plant can reduce the bacteriological contamination in the surface water and make it potable.

6.5 Soil Analysis

Soil analysis is one of the method for determining the physical and chemical characteristics, fertility status of the soils. Soil testing is an essential part of any development scheme proposed for implementation.

The soil analysis reports for six villages of the study are as follows:

EPTRI 50

6.51 Kovvali Village

Sl. Test Parameter (s) Unit Value No 1 Organic Matter % 1.51 2 pH - 8.28 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 408 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 19.18 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 8.65 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 2.14 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.54 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 3997.4 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 201.2 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 71.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 38.4 12 Sodium % % 6.8 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 44.50 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 18.98 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 42.96 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 343.0 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 391.08

Remarks:

Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content. Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium and copper values are very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes and these are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding capacity.

6.5.2 Pedapadu Village

Sl. Test Parameter (s) Unit Value No 1 Organic Matter % 1.10 2 pH - 7.90 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 146

EPTRI 51

4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 16.66 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 5.70 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 0.61 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.45 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 1804.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 160.8 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 34.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 28.4 12 Sodium % % 2.5 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 55.24 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 2.00 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 22.05 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 34.35 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 363.48

Remarks:

Soil is acidic in nature with sufficient moisture content and low organic content. Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The values of chloride and chromium are found to be very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes. These are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding capacity.

6.5.3 Pulla Village

Sl. Test Parameter (s) Unit Value No 1 Organic Matter % 2.49 2 pH - 8.60 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 135 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 22.67 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 8.84 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 0.46 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 1.08 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 8381.3 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 103.1 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 51.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 36.0

EPTRI 52

12 Sodium % % 1.4 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 54.82 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 6.10 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 33.02 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 33.84 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 369.68

Remarks:

6.5.4 Nagayalanka Village

Sl. Test Parameter (s) Unit Value No 1 Organic Matter % 3.20 2 pH - 8.79 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 218 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 32.36 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 11.99 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 1.02 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 0.59 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 1585.8 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 31.4 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 40.0 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 48.8 12 Sodium % % 2.2 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 53.37 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 16.98 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 58.30 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 38.8 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 373.11

EPTRI 53

Remarks:

6.5.5 Bantumilli Village

Sl. Test Parameter (s) Unit Value No 1 Organic Matter % 0.39 2 pH - 8.42 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 1780 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 16.28 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 3.54 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 7.60 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 0.47 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 12175.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 44.0 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 46.2 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 31.4 12 Sodium % % 27.2 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 37.20 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg BDL 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 15.33 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 35.81 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 192.44

Remarks:

Soil is alkaline in nature with low moisture and organic content. Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium values are found to be very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes and these are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining all

EPTRI 54

elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding capacity.

6.5.6 Pedavadlapudi Village

Sl. Test Parameter (s) Unit Value No 1 Organic Matter % 2.89 2 pH - 8.49 3 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 756 4 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm 15.11 5 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm 5.31 6 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm 2.87 7 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm 0.80 8 Chloride as Cl- mg/kg 2829.6 9 Phosphrous as P mg/kg 88.9 10 Sulfates as SO4 mg/kg 112.5 11 Cation exchange capacity Meg/100 gm 27.8 12 Sodium % % 11.9 13 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDL 14 Chromium as Cr mg/kg 56.00 15 Lead as Pb mg/kg BDL 16 Nickel as Ni mg/kg 15.59 17 Copper as Cu mg/kg 23.80 18 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 55.78 19 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 333.26

Remarks:

Soil is alkaline in nature with sufficient moisture and organic content. Nitrates are found to be below detectable limits. The chloride, chromium values are found to be very high. The source of these elements from industrial and domestic wastes and these are essential elements not very toxic to animals and toxic to plants and algae. The remaining all elements is found to be normal. The soil requires addition of nitrates and urea for improvement in soil fertility. The soil is fit for all activities and it has good water holding capacity.

EPTRI 55

7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7.1 Scope

Rural water supply embraces the supply of drinking and household water to the rural population. The supply of water for general agricultural purposes does not come within the scope of rural water supply. Rural water supply does not cover systems for the irrigation of fields or rural hydraulic engineering works. In contrast to urban water supply systems, there is no piped distribution in the majority of rural water supply systems.

Water demand must, inevitably, adjust itself to the supply that is present and usable. Depending on the nature of the abstraction, rural water supply is based on surface water.

7.2 Major environmental and social impacts

The Rural Water Supply Programme is classified in the environmental category given that the services entail relatively simple technologies with no major environmental impacts. While they may cause some adverse environmental impacts, no major negative social or environmental impacts have been identified or expected to warrant a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.

Better quality water and improved hygiene will reduce the prevalence and severity of waterborne and water-related diseases, particularly among infants, young children, and the elderly, leading to a reduction in sick days and health expenditures thus contributing to the overall village development.

Development of rural water supply and sanitation improves health conditions of the rural people by reducing the incidence of water-related diseases and associated costs of seeking health care and treatment. It contributes to the economic productivity of men and women, especially in terms of time-savings and burden of labor, enabling households to devote more resources to productive activities

EPTRI 56

7.2.1 Environmental impacts

• Increased access to adequate quantities of potable water properly collected, transported and stored • Reduce water borne diseases like diarrhoea and dysentery • Reduce water related skin and eye diseases • Improve health conditions and well-being of the beneficiary communities thereby reduce healthcare costs. • Reduction in over exploitation of groundwater aquifers

7.2.2 Social impacts

• Reduce morbidity and mortality from water related diseases • Bringing the water sources closer to the beneficiary communities will free time for other economic activities and reduce school drop-out rates for girls particularly in remote areas • Improved accessibility to safe drinking water • Employment generation to local youth

The proposed project does not have any significant impact on ground water. However, contaminated surface water might have an impact on the project as the surface water is to be used as raw water source. The possible impacts due to surface water contamination, solid waste dumping around the water bodies and sewage are discussed below:

7.3 Impacts due to Surface water contamination

• Deterioration of water quality is caused chiefly by suffusion with light and algal and plant growth and by pronounced warming of the generally static water. If there is also a rich supply of nutrients combined with a low rate of exchange of the water, then eutrophication processes may occur in the impounded bodies of water, which are generally shallow. • Exposure to polluted water can cause diarrhoea, skin irritation, respiratory problems, and other diseases, depending on the pollutant that is in the water body.

EPTRI 57

Stagnant water and other untreated water provide a habitat for the mosquito and a host of other parasites and insects that cause a large number of diseases. Malaria is the most widely distributed and causes most damage to human health. • The health risks (malaria, diarrhetic diseases) posed by stored water of this kind are compounded by the proliferation of insects, by the possibility of human and animal excrement on the banks and shores, and by the discharge of waste water leaks from the motor or bucket drive (diesel fuel, lubricant), with open wells being more at risk here than closed wells with pumps • Contamination by faecal and organic matter leads to most intestinal diseases are infectious • Pesticide contamination of surface water can seriously damage the ecology and threaten the health of the people. Contamination of surface water may degrade fisheries and wildlife threatening the economic and aesthetic well being of the village

7.3.1 Important Surface-Water Contaminants and their impacts

Contaminants Impacts Suspended solids Suspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic environment. Biodegradable Composed principally of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, biodegradable organics organics are measured most commonly in terms of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD (chemical oxygen demand). If discharged untreated to the environment, their biological stabilization can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen resources and to the development of septic conditions. Microbial Gastrointestinal illnesses, fevers, diarrhea and dehydration, cancers, Pathogens neurological effects, reproductive and developmental outcomes, rashes, heart disease, diabetes, and immune problems. Nutrients Both nitrogen and phosphorous, along with carbon, are essential nutrients for growth. When discharged to the aquatic environment, these nutrients can lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater.

Priority pollutants Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or high acute toxicity. Many of these compounds are found in wastewater. Heavy metals Heavy metals are usually added to wastewater from commercial and industrial activities and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be removed if the

EPTRI 58

wastewater is to be reused. Dissolved Inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and sulfate are added to the inorganics original domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.

7.4 Impacts due to solid waste

• Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases. • Unattended waste lying around the water bodies attract flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems • Organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they ferment, creating conditions favourable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens. • Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.

7.5 Impacts due to sewage

• Untreated or inadequately treated sewage is a major source of groundwater and surface water pollution. The organic material that is discharged into the watercourses uses substantial oxygen for biological degradation thereby upsetting the ecological balance of rivers and lakes. • Sewage also carries microbial pathogens that are the cause of the spread of disease.

EPTRI 59

8 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

An environment management plan is necessary for the smooth operation and maintenance of the water treatment plant. Based on the issues and its potential impacts that have been emerged from the baseline data, the EMP has been prepared for long-term sustainability of the project.

8.1 Multiple barrier approach

It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely essential for healthy living. Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of this. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 1.1 billion people globally lack basic access to drinking water resources, while 2.4 billion people have inadequate sanitation facilities, which accounts for many water related acute and chronic diseases. Some 3.4 million people, many of them young children, die each year from water-borne diseases, such as intestinal diarrhea (cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery), caused by microbially-contaminated water supplies that are linked to deficient or non- existent sanitation and sewage disposal facilities. Globally, water-borne diseases are the second leading cause of death in children below the age of five years, while childhood mortality rates from acute respiratory infections ranks first.

The best assurance for clean, safe drinking water is the multiple-barrier concept. The multiple-barrier approach is universally recognized as the most comprehensive method for protecting drinking water quality. Redundancies, or multiple barriers, are put in place so that if one barrier fails, there are back-up systems and processes to prevent or reduce contaminants from making it through the drinking water system. The strategy outlines the barriers in three broad areas:

8.1.1 Keeping clean water clean: Source Protection

This means preventing contaminants from entering the drinking water source in the first place, which is better and far less costly than trying to remove them later.

EPTRI 60

8.1.2 Making it safe: Water Treatment and System Operation

This means applying management practices and engineered technical solutions to remove impurities and maintain quality. Management practices include such things as education, training, and certification. Engineered solutions include construction and treatment standards. Securing the distribution system against the intrusion of contaminants are required to deliver safe water.

8.1.3 Proving it’s safe: Monitoring and Testing

This means having programs in place that allow public water system owners to monitor and protect water quality from source to tap, as well as to take immediate corrective measures should problems arise. For public water systems, this includes having:

• A comprehensive water quality monitoring program

• Continuous monitoring equipment, fitted with warning or automated control devices, where necessary

• Well-thought-out standard operating practices for normal operations

• Thorough and practiced procedures to respond to adverse water quality conditions and emergencies

8.2 Principles of water supply system

In order to facilitate for a smooth water supply system, the following factors have to be considered in the design stage. They are

8.2.1 Water quantity

Rural Water Supply Schemes are designed to supply 40 litres of water per capita per day. Out of 40 litres per capita per day, only 3-4 litres per capita per day of water is used for drinking and cooking purpose, which is about 10% of total quantity to be supplied in villages.

EPTRI 61

Drinking water consumption per capita per day: 4 litres

Assuming an average of 5 persons per household,

Drinking water consumption per household per day: 20 litres

No.of households taken for water supply project: 500 per village

Total drinking water consumption per village per day: 10000 litres

The proposed UV treatment plant can treat 60000 litres of water per day which is more than the drinking water consumption of the targeted households under the project.. So the treatment plant can provide drinking water to a minimum of 3000 households per day. Water supply systems should be designed to deliver at least 40 liters per person per day (including wastage) without excessive queuing.

8.2.2 Water quality:

• Protection of ground water and surface water is critical

• Determine applicable water quality standards (WHO guidelines or national drinking water quality policy);

• Ensure testing and treatment of parasites, hazardous chemicals, bacteria, viruses

• Establish frequency and responsibility for testing and treatment as well as monitoring

8.2.3 Source protection

• Understand natural and human activities around the water body • Understand connection between surface water use activities and their impact on water quality at the point of withdrawal; • To prevent source contamination, consider pollution prevention, conservation, land use management; • Ensure safe distance between water supply system intake and latrines, refuse pits, cess pools and sanitary land fill areas

EPTRI 62

8.2.4 Hygiene education programs

• Health and hygiene measures to protect water supplies

• Understanding of link between standing water pools and malaria due to associated mosquito breeding; • Proper siting of facilities with respect to water supply;

• O & M of water supplies

• Design of sanitation facilities with respect to O & M

8.2.5 Protection of water resources against pesticide contamination

• Soil and water conservation practices

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems

• Efficient pesticide application techniques

• Substitution of less toxic, less persistent, or less "leachable" pesticides

8.3 Mitigative measures

The proposed UV treatment plant for supply of safe drinking water to the rural households may not have any major impacts either on environment or on socio-economic status of the area. There are no major project interventions in this project, as the UV technology is a field tested, commercially viable and environment friendly. The EMP is give in detail below:

EPTRI 63

Environmental Management Plan

Sl. Issue Potential Impacts Mitigative Measures Responsible No Agency 1 Surface water a) Suspended solids can lead to the 1. Proper siting of water sources and Panchayat contamination development of sludge deposits and water point away from and upstream of anaerobic conditions sources of pollution like latrines, waste Public Health dumps and densely populated areas Dept. b) Eutrophication processes may occur in the impounded bodies of water, which are 2. Avoid open defecation and dumping of generally shallow domestic waste around the water bodies Naandi Foundation c) Diseases such as diarrhoea, skin 3. Avoid bathing and cattle wash in the irritation, respiratory problems. Stagnant water bodies. water and other untreated water provide a 4. Regular water quality monitoring and habitat for the mosquito and a host of other disinfection of contaminated sources parasites and insects that cause a large number of diseases such as Gastrointestinal 5. Treatment methods such as UV illnesses, fevers, diarrhea and dehydration, treatment, Reverse osmosis and through cancers, neurological effects, reproductive sand filters. and developmental outcomes, rashes, heart disease, diabetes, and immune problems 6. Provide fencing around the water body to avoid any sort of human activities d) Contamination by faecal and organic matter leads to most intestinal diseases 7. Awareness campaigns should be conducted to the villagers on health and e) Pesticide contamination of surface water hygiene aspects can seriously damage the ecology and threaten the health of the people. 8. Proper management of primary health Contamination of surface water may centers degrade fisheries and wildlife threatening

EPTRI 64

the economic and aesthetic well being of the village 2 Solid waste a) Unattended waste lying around the water 1. Proper methods of waste disposal have Panchayat dumping around the bodies attract flies, rats, and other creatures to be undertaken to ensure that it does not water bodies leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby affect the environment around the area or to a rise in the health problems cause health hazards to the people living there b) Organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they ferment, creating 2. At the household-level proper conditions favourable to the survival and segregation of waste has to be done and it growth of microbial pathogens should be ensured that all organic matter is kept aside for composting,which is c) Direct handling of solid waste can result undoubtedly the best method for the in various types of infectious and chronic correct disposal of this segment of the diseases with the waste workers and the rag waste. pickers being the most vulnerable 3. Organic waste can be composted and then used as a fertilizer 3 Water weeds Lake eutrophication and damage to aquatic 1. Desilting of tanks Panchayat life 2. Removal of water weeds at frequent intervals

3. Avoid dumping of solid waste 4 Industrial/ a) The organic material that is discharged 1. Provide proper household drainage Panchayat Domestic sewage into the watercourses uses substantial system oxygen for biological degradation thereby upsetting the ecological balance of rivers 2. Setting up of common sewage and lakes. treatment plant for a group of villages b) Sewage also carries microbial pathogens that cause of the spread of diseases.

EPTRI 65

5 Water quality a) High turbidity in water reduces the 1. High turbidity water can be treated by Naandi (physico-chemical) disinfection performance of UV treatment Full-Scale Floc Blanket Clarifiers Foundation plant. Turbidity makes it difficult for radiation to penetrate water and pathogens can be shadowed, protecting them from the light. b) pH value above the permissible limits 2. Avoid human activities like bathing, Panchayat will affect the mucous membrane and /or cleaning utensils and cattle wash in the water supply system water bodies c) Colour, odour above desirable limits in 3.Avoid entry of sewage into water body water decreases the consumer acceptance. from various sources d) High TDS results in encrustation in water supply system and causes adverse effects on domestic use 6 Water quality a) High total and faecal coliform, E.coli in 1. UV treatment of water Naandi (microbial) water leads to bacterial diseases like 2. Point-of-use (POU) treatment at the foundation amoebiasis and diarrhea faucet or point-of-entry (POE) treatment b) Water containing high organic content for Volatile organic carbon (VOC) might not be completely treated with UV removal process.

EPTRI 66

8.4 Maintenance of UV treatment plant

The following measures have been suggested for successful maintenance of the proposed water treatment plant. • UV disinfection equipment requires a significant amount of power to illuminate the UV lamps. Anticipated future loads should also be considered when evaluating the electrical requirements. Additionally, since most plant must operate continuously, the UV disinfection system needs to be connected to emergency power. Therefore, the generator or uninterruptible power supply (UPS) must be of adequate size. Once the available electrical capacity is determined, it can be compared to the power requirements of the UV equipment during the selection process, and necessary modifications can be identified. • Water treatment plant and distribution system operators must have appropriate and up-to-date training to ensure a significant degree of control over the quality of drinking water, and thus over public health. Therefore, they must be trained about the need for disinfection to ensure public health is secured • Care should be taken to minimize wastage of water • The area envisaged for the treatment plant and surroundings should be kept clean and avoid any dumping of solid wastes • The water containers should be cleaned on a regular basis • Campaigns should be conducted in the village to create awareness about safe drinking water • Green belt development around the treatment plant should be initiated

8.5 Institutional Arrangements

The sustainability of the project depends subject to better operation and maintenance. Therefore, Naandi Foundation have to make out all efforts to sustain both financial resources and physical aspects through effective operation and maintenance of the project for which Village Safe Water Committee (VSWC) may be constituted and impart training and orientation programmes to the VSWC

EPTRI A-1

on various aspects pertaining to management and engineering. The recovery of operations, maintenance and replacement costs is expected to ensure the financial viability and sustainability of the project.

Drawing lessons from the failure of supply driven approaches in drinking water projects, the recent initiatives have involved the users in the management of water supply projects. In line with the participatory approach, VSWC may be constituted in each village with five members consisting of two elected members of Panchayat and three from the beneficiaries. The sexwise representation of VSWC may be 60% women and 40% men, this will help to enjoy the support of both local Panchayat and the other stakeholders of the project.

VSWC may rests with all responsibilities and powers in respect of collection of user charges from the beneficiaries, extension of water supply services to the additional households for optimum utilization of plant capacity, supervision and maintenance of the project, appointment of required personnel and carrying out of all activities required for water supply for improving the environmental hygiene. The VSWC may also be responsible for maintenance of project accounts as per the established financial norms.

Naandi Foundation may provide necessary capacity building in the above mentioned areas to all the members of VSWC and other stakeholders for achieving the financial viability and environmental sustainability of the project.

EPTRI A-2

Annexure 1 Statistical Data

Kovalli Pedapadu Pulla Nagayalanka Bantumilli Pedavadlapudi Population 12,000 Population 11,000 Population 13,368 Population 16,000 Population 8,026 Population 12,6000

Literacy % Literacy % Literacy % Literacy % Literacy % Literacy % Illiterates 15 Illiterate 15 Illiterates 10 Graduation 10 Graduates 30 Graduates 25 1-10 Std 50 1-10 Std 65 1-10 Std 60 Technical 80 1-10 Std 65 Technical 5 Graduation 10 Graduation 10 Graduation 30 1-10 Std 5 Illiterates 5 1-10 Std 70 Post Post Graduation 5 Graduation 5 Others 5 Technical 20 Technical 5

Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation % Farmers 35 Farmers 55 Farmers 50 Farmers 60 Farmers 30 Farmer 70 Agri labour 20 Agri labour 20 Agri labour 10 Agri labour 5 Agri labour 15 Others 45 Business 5 Others 5 Business 20 Business 15 Business 20 Others 20 Service 20 Service 5 Business 15 Others 15 Others 35 Others 10

Land Land Land Land Land Land % None 45 None 35 None 30 None 25 None 50 None 10 <2 acres 5 2-5 acres 10 <2 acres 10 <2 acres 15 <2 acres 5 <2 acres 15 2-5 acres 25 5-10 acres 40 2-5 acres 5 2-5 acres 15 2-5 acres 35 2-5 acres 50 5-10 acres 10 >15 acres 15 5-10 acres 20 5-10 acres 15 5-10 acres 10 5-10 acres 25 10-15 acres 15 10-15 acres 10 10-15 acres 20 >15 acres 25 >15 acres 10

EPTRI A-3

Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Income Income Income Income Income Income 10,000- 10,000- 10,000- 10,000- 10,000- 10,000- 50,000 55 50,000 35 50,000 15 50,000 10 50,000 30 50,000 10 70,000- 50,000- 1 lakh 5 1-3 lakhs 25 50,000-70,000 15 70,000 30 70,000- 70,000- 70,000- 70,000- 1-3 lakhs 15 >3 lakhs 40 1 lakh 15 1 lakh 20 1 lakh 10 1 lakh 20 >3 lakhs 25 1-3 lakhs 5 1-3 lakhs 20 1-3 lakhs 10 1-3 lakhs 40 >3 lakhs 50 >3 lakhs 50 >3 lakhs 20 >3 lakhs 30

Drinking Drinking Drinking Drinking Drinking Drinking Water Water Water Water Water Water Sources Sources Sources Sources Sources Sources Rural Water 100 Rural Water 100 Rural Water 100 Bore Well 85 Bore Well 5 Bore Well 30 Rural Water 15 Rural Water 95 Rural Water 70

Willingness Willingness Willingness Willingness Willingness Willingness Yes 100 Yes 95 Yes 100 Yes 100 Yes 95 Yes 100 No 5

Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits

Reduction in Reduction in Reduction in Reduction in Reduction in Reduction in waterborne waterborne waterborne waterborne waterborne waterborne Diseases 60 Diseases 70 Diseases 55 Diseases 40 Diseases 30 Diseases 35 Overall Overall Overall Village Village Village Easy Easy Easy Development 40 Development 30 Development 45 Accessibility 60 Accessibility 55 Accessibility 65 Overall Village Development 10 None 5

EPTRI A-4

Annexure 2 List of Participants - Stakeholders’ Consultative Meetings

1) Kovalli Village, West Godavari District Date: 29-8-2006

Participants:

S.No Name Occupation 1 Sarpanch 2 Ward Members 3 ZPTC Members 4 MPCC Members 5 Team – Naandi Foundation 6 Team – EPTRI 7 Kakarala Venkata Ratnam Agriculture 8 M.V.Padmakar Agriculture 9 V.Sripandu Ranga Rao Agriculture 10 I Ravindra Kumar MPTC Member 11 Velamati Hari Krishna Prasad Agriculture 12 Velamali Ashok Chakram Hara Rao Agriculture 13 Mallampalli Bhaskar Rao Reporter 14 Motaparti Veera Venkata Ramaiah Agriculture 15 D.Srinivasa Rao Agriculture 16 P.Sudhakar Rao Agriculture 17 R. Mekanu Agriculture 18 Kadepalli Murali Krishna Agriculture 19 M.Rakesh Chowdary Agriculture 20 M.Satyanarayana Retd.Teacher 21 M.Ranaga Rao Retd.Teacher 22 G.Naga Raju Retd.Teacher 23 A.Prameela Agriculture Labour 24 G.Rama Devi Agriculture Labour 25 S.Srinivas Agriculture Labour

2) Pedapadu Village, West Godavari District Date: 29-8-2006

Participants:

S.No Name Occupation 1 Sarpanch 2 Ward Members 3 ZPTC Members 4 MPCC Members 5 Team – Naandi Foundation 6 Team – EPTRI 7 A. Ranga Rao Agriculture 8 G.S.Madhu Bhaskar Agriculture 9 M.Pavan Krishna Retd.Teacher 10 Gopati Sri Hari Narayana Doctor 11 G.Satyanarayana Retd.Teacher 12 Muvvali Apparao Retd.Teacher 13 K.Satya Narayana Reporter 14 P.Mariadas Agriculture 15 K.Prabhakar Rao Agriculture 16 D. Raju MPTC member 17 K.Abhishekam Agriculture 18 Neela Venkateswar Rao Agriculture 19 Kommu Srinu Agriculture 20 J.Sai Babu Retd.Teacher 21 L.Rama Rao Agriculture 22 Shiek Karimulla Retd.Teacher 23 G.K.V. Rao Agriculture Labour 24 K.Wilson Bhapakete Doctor 25 Sadham Bala Kottaiah Agriculture Labour 26 B.Apparao Agriculture Labour 27 Chavata Sambaiah Agriculture Labour 28 P.Prem Rao Agriculture Labour 29 Koppula Dhamodham Agriculture Labour 30 N.Srinivasa Rao Agriculture Labour 31 K.Krishna Rao Agriculture 32 Sangala Nageswar Rao Agriculture 33 K.Krishna Agriculture 34 Goonapalli Bheemaiah Agriculture 35 Karlati Venkateswar Rao Agriculture 36 Nambhuri Ludhar Agriculture 37 S.N.Satyanarayana Agriculture 38 B.Venkata Appa Rao Agriculture 39 P.Srinivasa Rao Agriculture

40 Mulluri Varaprasad Agriculture 41 Pendhurthi Esabhu Agriculture Labour 42 Vemuri Velson Rao Agriculture 43 Mubham Narendra Agriculture Labour 44 CH.Venkat Rao Agriculture Labour 45 K.Babu Rao Agriculture Labour 46 Reddy Rambabu Agriculture

3) Pulla Village, West Godavari District Date: 30-8-2006

Participants:

S.No Name Occupation 1 Sarpanch 2 Ward Members 3 ZPTC Members 4 MPCC Members 5 Team – Naandi Foundation 6 Team – EPTRI 7 G.Rama Rao Agriculture 8 P.Siva Rao Agriculture 9 Meruva Jayamma Retd.Teacher 10 M.Manmadha Rao MPTC Member 11 P.Suresh Kumar Agriculture 12 Addagarla Sri Rama Murthy Agriculture 13 Maddhula Jagannadham Reporter 14 G. Gandhi Agriculture 15 Done Satya Narayana Retd.Teacher 16 M.Ramana Murthy Agriculture 17 Kondeti Subbha Rao Agriculture 18 A.V. Bhaskara Rao Retd.Teacher 19 D.Ramu Retd.Teacher 20 Aralanghi Peddi Raju Retd.Teacher 21 B.Sai Babu Retd.Teacher 22 Chinthala Prasad Retd.Teacher 23 V.D.V.S.L. Narayana Agriculture Labour 24 P. Rama Raju Agriculture Labour 25 B.Bhaskara Rao Agriculture Labour 26 K.Bhagya Vani Agriculture Labour 27 M.Naresh Kumar Agriculture Labour 28 P.Sri Hari Subbha Rao Agriculture Labour 29 J.Venkateswar Rao Agriculture Labour

4) Nagayalanka Village, Krishna District Date: 30-8-2006

Participants:

S.No Name Occupation 1 Sarpanch 2 Ward Members 3 ZPTC Members 4 MPCC Members 5 Team – Naandi Foundation 6 Team – EPTRI 7 M.Balavathi Rao Agriculture 8 T.Satya narayana Agriculture 9 T.V. Krishna Rao Agriculture 10 S.Srinivasa Rao Business 11 T.Sivaji Agriculture 12 E.Moihuddin Agriculture 13 S.Venkateswar Rao Business 14 P.Venkateswar Rao Agriculture 15 Talasila Venkat Narsimha Rao MPTC Member 16 Vemula Babu Rao Agriculture 17 Talasila Subbha Rao Agriculture 18 Ch.Suresh Agriculture 19 Tadikonda Satyanarayana Agriculture 20 Ponnapalli Chinna Retd.Teacher 21 K.Srinivasa Rao Retd.Teacher 22 T.Siva Sankara Rao Retd.Teacher 23 U. Venu Babu Agriculture Labour 24 A.Ramu Agriculture Labour 25 R.Srihari Babu Agriculture Labour 26 P.Koteswar Rao Business 27 D.Babu Rao Agriculture Labour 28 Sr.A.B.koteswar Rao Agriculture Labour 29 U.Venugopala Rao Agriculture Labour

5) Pedavadlapudi Village, Guntur District Date: 31-8-2006

Participants:

S.No Name Occupation 1 Sarpanch 2 Ward Members 3 ZPTC Members 4 MPCC Members 5 Team – Naandi Foundation 6 Team – EPTRI 7 Pakuri Sudha Rani Agriculture 8 Maddhukuri Sivacharani Agriculture 9 Bhavana Srinivasa Rao Agriculture 10 Y.Jagapathi Rao Business 11 Mella Sankar Rao Agriculture 12 K.Sambasiva Rao Agriculture 13 M.K.Murthy Agriculture 14 Ch.Purnachandra Rao Agriculture 15 M.Srinivasa Rao Agriculture 16 Sheik Jana Babu Agriculture 17 B.V.Prasad Agriculture 18 Y.Basveswar Rao Agriculture 19 G.Srinivasa Rao Agriculture 20 M.Ramana Balu Retd.Teacher 21 J.Rama Rao Retd.Teacher 22 S.Siva Prasad Retd.Teacher 23 A.Chandra Shekhar Agriculture Labour 24 Sheik Baji Rao Agriculture Labour 25 N.Srinivasa Rao Agriculture Labour 26 Alaru Venkateswar Rao Business 27 Bhudesa Rabhandhi Business 28 M.Yabhu Business 29 A.Siva Prasada Rao Business 30 A.Sarath Babu MPTC Member 31 S.K.Dhadhabhuje Agriculture Labour 32 M.Bala Krishna Agriculture Labour 33 M.Ramesh Balu Agriculture Labour 34 Ch.Prasad Rao Agriculture Labour 35 N.Venkateswar Rao Agriculture Labour 36 A.Vamsi Krishna Agriculture Labour 37 K.Prabhakar Agriculture Labour 38 M.Bhasha Agriculture Labour 39 Anni Sambasiva Rao Agriculture Labour 40 M.Mudiraj Agriculture

41 A.Nanda Kishore Agriculture 42 K.Vijaya Kumar Agriculture 43 Penumatha Bhadraiah Agriculture 44 V.suri Babu Agriculture 45 Mella Siva Ramaiah Agriculture 46 Koorapati Brahmmaji Agriculture 47 Lingideni Venkateswar Rao Agriculture 48 T.Brahmaji Rao Agriculture 49 P.Srinivasa Rao Agriculture 50 Mella Venkata Ramana Business 51 Anne Sambasiva Rao Agriculture Labour 52 Sulam Srinivasa Rao Agriculture Labour 53 J.Bhanu Prakash Agriculture Labour 54 K.Saranga Pani Agriculture Labour 55 N.Krishna Murthy Agriculture Labour 56 K.Swetha Agriculture Labour 57 A.Nirmala Agriculture 58 T.V.Balu Agriculture 59 T.Lakshmi Agriculture 60 Shiek Imam Agriculture 61 Sanni Raghavaiah Agriculture 62 Salam Sudhakar Rao Agriculture 63 V.Radha Agriculture

Photos - Stakeholders’ Consultative Meetings

Kovalli Pedapadu

Pulla Nagayalanka

Pedavadlapudi

Annexure 3 QUESTIONNAIRES

I QUESTIONNAIRES FOR LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (LEA) – FOR RURAL COMMUNITY WATER PROJECT IN VILLAGES

General Information

1) Name of the Project: LEA for Rural Community Water Project (UV Plant)

2) Location: (Village, Mandal, District):

3) Area of the Village:

4) Population of the village ( as per 2001 census):

5) Total area envisaged for setting up of the UV Plant (Layout to be provided):

i) Distance from the water body: ____ m

ii) Distance from the nearest habitation: ___m

6) Climate:

i) Average rainfall of the village/mandal:

ii) Temperature( Max/.Min) of village/mandal:

7) Immediate neighbours on all the four sides of the surface water body:

i) East: ii) West: iii) North: iv) South:

8) Biological environment

i) main plant species ii) rare species iii) endangered species iv) economically important species

9) Whether any of the following exist within 5 Km radius from the water body:

Name Aerial Distance (Km) National Park Marine Park Sanctuary Tiger Reserve Reserved Forest Wildlife Habitat Mangroves Main plant species Lakes/Reservoirs/Dams Buildings of national/state/local archeological importance Fisheries reserves/beaches

10) Public health:

i) Provision of potable water supply: Yes/No ii) Domestic water sources: iii) Sanitation iv) Waste disposal

a) Whether the solid waste is disposed nearby the water body : Yes/No

If Yes,

i) Quantity of waste disposed ii) Any other area identified for disposal:

v) Incidence of diseases/accidents: vi) Latrines: vii) Accidents:

11) Existing Infrastructure:

i) Roads: a) Black top road b) Earthen road c) Katcha road ii) Existing no. of culverts /road bridges: iii) Electric supply: a) Rural feeder b)Town feeder iv) Type of Fuel: a) Firewood b) kerosene c) LPG v) Existing water supply sources:

a) Open well b) Bore well c) Tankers d) Rural water supply

vi) Whether any major/small scale industries: Yes/No If Yes,

a) Type of industries: b) No. of industries:

12) Cyclones/Floods/Droughts:

i) Whether the area is affected by cyclones? Yes/No If Yes,

a) Frequency of cyclones: b) more than one in a year c) once in a year d) very rare

ii) Maximum wind speeds reached: _____Kmph iii) Does the area get submerged during heavy floods: Yes/No If Yes,

iv) Has the area been affected by the floods: Yes/ No

i) Is the surroundings located in low-lying area: Yes/No ii) Total area affected: iii) No. of households affected: iv) Extent of damage:

13) Does the area is drought prone? Yes/No If Yes,

a) Period of drought: 14) Drainage pattern of the village:

a) Whether the sewage is directly let into the water body: Yes/No If Yes,

i) Type of sewage: a) Domestic b) Industrial ii) Inlet points of sewage:

15) Human activities surrounding the water body:

i) Bathing ii) Washing iii) Cleaning utensils iv) Cattle wash v) Any other recreational activities

16) Water:

1) Surface water:

i) No. of surface water bodies in the village: ii) Area of the surface water body identified for the project: _ sq.m iii) Depth of the surface water body identified for the project; __ m iv) Is the surface water the only source of drinking water: and other domestic use: Yes/No v) Whether surface water is being used for irrigation: Yes/No If Yes,

i) Quality of the water as per the local enquiry: ii) Whether water is tested for potability: Yes/No If Yes,

Quality of the surface water (potability report to be collected).

2) Ground water: i) Depth of the ground water table (mandal profile): ___m ii) Ground water potential of the mandal:

i) Safe ii) Semi critical iii) Critical iv) Over exploited iii) Whether the ground water is contaminated: Yes/No If Yes,

Sources of contamination:

iv) Whether ground water is the only source of drinking: Yes/No If Yes,

a) No. of ground water wells: b) No. of bore wells: c) Yield of existing bore wells: d) Quality of water as per local enquiry:

If No,

i) Alternate sources of drinking water supply: ii) Quality as per the local enquiry:

v) Whether the ground water is tested for potability: Yes/No If Yes,

Quality of the ground water (potability report to be collected).

vi) Whether ground water recharge methods adopted in the surrounding areas: Yes/No

If Yes,

No. of rain water harvesting pits:

3. Soil:

i) Type of soil: i) Clay ii) Loamy iii) Sandy ii) Fertility of the soil as per local enquiry: i) High ii) Medium iii) Low iii) No. of crops/year:

17) Existing community /government water supply schemes:

i) No. of community schemes: ii) No. of government schemes: iii) Whether there is any operation and maintenance division : Yes/No If Yes

a) No. of persons involved: b) Cost incurred towards O&M:

18) Details of stakeholders’ consultative meeting/public hearing:

i) Date of meeting: ii) Panel present:

c) No. of people attended d) Summary of the meeting:

• Environmental aspects: • Social aspects:

II SOCIO-ECONOMIC - QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLD DATA

Name of the Village:

1. Personal Details

(a) Name of the respondent:

(b) Age:

(d) Marital Status: 1.Married 2.Unmarried 3.Widowed/ divorced (Please tick)

(e) Religion: (1) Hindu (2) Muslim (3) Christian (4) Others (Please tick)

(f) Caste: 1.Forward Caste 2.OBC 3.Scheduled Caste 4.Scheduled Tribe 5. Others

(g) Literacy: (1) Illiterate (2) (1-5 Standard) (3) (5-10 Standard) (4) (1-10 Standard) (5) Graduate (6) Post-graduate (7) Technical (8) Professional (9) Others

(h) Occupation: (1) Farmer (small/medium) (2) Agri Labour (3) Business (4) Service (5) Others (Specify)

2. Family Details

S.No Relation with the respondent Age Sex Literacy

3. Is your family a 1.Joint Family 2. Nuclear Family (Please tick)

4. Land Details

(a) Total land ------acres (b) Total irrigated land ------acres (c) Barren / Wasteland ------acres (d) Leased-in land------acres

(e) Leased-out land ------acres

5. Cropping pattern

Kharif Rabi Any other Crop Acres Crop Acres Crop Acres

6. Annual productivity / yield of crops (per acre)

Crop Yield per acre

7. Annual income from Agriculture

Crop Rate/ bag Total yield

8. Annual income from other occupations in the family

Crop Income / year

9. House status

(a) House type: 1.Kutcha 2.Pucca 3.Semi-pucca

(b) Wall types: 1.Mud 2.Stone with mud 3.Bricks with stone+mud 4.Bricks with cement plastering

(d) Ownership of the house: 1.Own house 2.Rented house

10. Livestock position

Livestock Number of animals Buffaloes Cows Goats Poultry Bulls Donkeys Any other

11. Drinking/Domestic water sources: 1. Borewell/ hand pump 2.Water tanker 3.Openwells 4. Rural water supply

12. Sanitary outlets: 1.Open channels 2.Septic tanks 3.Open defecation

13. Domestic sewage outlets: 1.Open drainage channels 2.Open fields 3.Closed drainage

14. Place of dumping of solid waste:

15. Diseases occurred so far in the family:

Sl. No Disease & Year of Targeted population occurrence Male adults Female adults Children

16. Nearest PHC/Hospital:

17. Do you think this project is going to have any environmental and socio-economic impact on your village/ town? Yes/No 18. If Yes, the reasons for the same

1. 2.

III FIELD DATA SHEET FOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

I General Information

1. Name of the Investigator :

2. Date(s) of Data Collection :

3. Name of the Village & District :

II Technical Information

1. Date and Time of Sample Collection :

2. Source of Water Sample and location :

3. General Remarks on Quality of Water in the region: (as enquired from the local people)

4. General Remarks on availability of water in the region: (as enquired from the local people)

During summer:

During Other Seasons:

5. Alternate drinking/domestic water sources (Other than the existing or if any):

III. Sample Details

1. Nature of Sample Container :

a) For Physico chemical: b) For Microbial: c) For Pesticidal:

2. Volume of Sample Collected :

d) For Physico chemical: e) For Microbial: f) For Pesticidal:

3. Sample Collection Methodology : As per the standard methodology

4. Color of sample at the time of sample collection and submission at the Lab:

5. Any turbidity at the time of sample collection and submission at the Lab:

Date of sample submission at the Laboratory:

6. Field observations:

pH =

Colour =

Turbidity =

ANNEXURE 4 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE PURIFICATION PROCESS STAR T

Feed Raw Pump Water Storage/ Settling Tank

Cartridge Filter Treated Raw Banks Water Water Feed Pump Storage Inlet Tank

Dual Media + A/C Filters Backwash Tank Clean, safe drinking water Drain Backwash Pump END Drain

Features: • Filters: Dual media and Activated Carbon (A/C) filters • Banks of cartridge filters, including activated carbon filters – down to 1 micron • 2-3 centrifugal water pumps – sizes and number vary depending on site needs • 3 Patented UVWaterworks™ disinfection modules • Raw water tank(s) • Stainless steel clean water storage tank(s) • Automatic electronic control system • UV dosage sensor • Automatic shutoff valves (triggered in the event of power outage or low UV dosage sensed) • Secure structure to house the equipment

Annexure 5 UV WaterworksTM – An Innovative, Reliable & Cost –effective Technology

Naandi’s project relies on ‘U.V. Waterworks’, a water disinfection system patented by WaterHealth International. UV Waterworks has been developed by an eminent Indian scientist, Dr Ashok Gadgil at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S.A.

How WaterHealth International’s UV device is different

There are more than a thousand products to disinfect water using UV light of 254 nanometer wavelength. All these products are designed with a UV lamp encased in a quartz tube, which is then placed in a cylindrical container. Water flows in the space between the walls of the quartz tube and the cylindrical container. All these designs suffer from two major problems. Firstly they require a source of pressurized water -- or a pump to pressurize the water. Secondly and much more seriously, the walls of the quartz tube get fouled with deposits of Calcium and Magnesium salts from hardness in the water, and also permit a surface for growth of algae on the quartz tube. This fouling substantially reduces the transmittance of UV through the quartz tube in a matter of weeks. Thus, these designs require frequent and careful maintenance to open the seals, remove the quartz tube, clean the deposits with acids or mechanical scrubbing, replace it, and seal it back with seals. This is expensive and delicate operation to perform in the field where trained technical help (and even tools!) are not easy to find.

In contrast, in the WHI design the U.V. lamp is suspended in air above a free surface of water flowing under the lamp in a shallow (max depth 4 cm) channel. There is no solid surface between the water and the lamp that can be fouled even under the worst conditions. Also, the pressure drop across the device is reduced so much that simple gravity drop of 10 cm of water-column is adequate for the flow.

This ‘non-submerged’ feature of WHI’s technology makes it unique and distinct from all other UV-disinfector products on the market.

The UV Waterworks technology has won various awards including Discover Magazine’s ‘Best of the Decade’ invention (1999) and has been cited in US News & World Report’s ’20 Ways to Save the World’ (1997). UV Waterworks is the only point- of-entry (whole –house) and UV “Class A” disinfection system certified by the State of California , USA, for treating raw water for drinking .

Dr. Gadgil continues to be associated with the Naandi-WHIN partnership in making the CSWS project a success.

Advantages of UV WaterworksTM

• High efficacy in pathogen removal; upto 99.99 % bacterial and viral load elimination • Uses locally available surface water • High quality treated water output of upto 3000 liters/hour per disinfection unit • Purified water can be stored for longer without need for re-purification • Low energy usage renders it appropriate for villages with irregular electricity supply; pilots being initiated to test the feasibility of using solar power • Neither any effluent generation nor wastage of water input • Periodic mandatory quality checks to maintain quality consistency • Low operating costs to keep treated water affordable for the majority • Low maintenance requirements making it suitable for application in remote areas where qualified engineers are hard to come by; can be maintained by community members themselves • Robust and versatile design to withstand the vagaries of nature and changing levels of demand • Low cost scaling up in other areas is easy