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Natural Fibres Natural Fibres RESIDUALL Coordinator: Prof. Alcides Lopes Leao E-mail: [email protected] 55(14)3811-7257 - BRAZIL 1 Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Campus de Botucatu Brasil Coordinator: Prof. Alcides Lopes Leao E-mail: [email protected] 55(14)3811-7257 - BRAZIL 2 unesp - Sao Paulo State University Students: - Undergraduate: 34,425 (5,800/yr.) - Graduate: 12,031 (2,000/yr) Professors: 3,350 (more than 85% work full time in teaching, research and extension services) Staff: 6,984 Campuses: 23 in 21 cities Laboratories: 1,900 Libraries: 30 Area Total: 62 million m2 Area of Construction: 733,000 m2 Budget 2008: USD 650 millions Graduate Programs: 174 graduate courses at Master and Doctorate levels divided into 101 Master and 73 Doctorate courses Undergraduate Programs: 168 undergraduate programs at bachelor's level in nearly every knowledge areas and prepares students for 63 careers 3 3 RESIDUALL Area: 800 m2 Equipments Available: - Twin and Single Screw Extruder – Coperion ZSK 25 - Blowing Machine 5 L – Pavan Zanetti - Injection Molding – Sandretto 65 t - Presses: Burkle 400 t and Omeco 100 t - Mechanical And Rheology Testing: EMIC (DL 3000) FTIR, Envirotron 4 4 4 Processes Utilized in Composites at UNESP - Botucatu Extrusion (profiles and pellets) – macro, micro and nano Injection molding Thermoforming BMC (partnership with private companies) SMC (partnership with private companies) RTM (partnership with private companies) LFRT – Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics (profiles and railroad crossties) 5 5 Proverbs “Technology is dominated by two types of people: those who understand what they manage, and those who manage what they do not understand” Putt’s Law 6 International Year of Natural Fibers - 2009 FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization 7 Searching Key words: Natural Fiber; Polymer composite; Plastics Composite 2000-2005 Language: english Rigail, 2005 8 Where are the Technologies in FPC Fiber Plastics Composites 16 USA Germany 5 India 41 Japan 5 Canadá 5 Netherlands Italy 6 Others 7 10 SciFnder 9 Scientific and Technological Research? 50 50 45 40 35 35 30 25 20 15 15 10 5 0 Patents Papers Meetings SciFnder 10 Which Natural Fibers are Used in Composites? Natural Fibers No. Of Papers Bamboo 8 Banana 6 Hemp 38 Coir 18 Flax 46 Jute 37 Kenaf 28 Sisal 30 Pinneapple 4 SciFnder Curauá 4 11 Natural Fibers in South America Brazil is the biggest producer and consumer Abaca–Ecuador Fique – Colombia, Ecuador Sisal – Brazil, Cuba, Haiti México Totora – Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia Buriti, Carnauba, Buriti, and Tucum – NE of Brazil (native Flax – Argentina, Brazil palm trees PALF - Brazil Malva & Jute – Brazil Embira – Brazil Coir – Brazil Caroá – Brazil Banana – Brazil Bamboo - Brazil Hemp – Chile Phormium (imbira, New Taboa (Typha) - Brazil Zealand Flax) - Brazil Piteira – Brazil and Ecuador Curaua – Brazil, Venezuela Tagua – Ecuador Kurowa (curaua) - Guiana Jarina – Brazil (Vegetable ivory) Sugar cane bagasse – Brazil, Cuba and Colombia, Piaçava – Bahia, Brazil 12 12 Environmental Reflexion Luiz Carlos 13Dalben ECOMENESECOMENES Use natural resources ((oikosoikos--menesmenes)) based on an ecological intuition of non linear biological processes - SUSTAINABILITY eECOMENY Extrativism – low pressure of natural resources Resulting Processes Economics – high pressure; Of Low Environmental making money at any cost Impacts 14 For the Skepticals: The Proof of the Global Warming in our Planet 15 Materials Cycle PRODUCTS Textiles, composites, agrochemicals, energy – 340 l ethanol/1ton straw Biowaste Collection Conversion INTERMEDIATES COMPOST Biological Degradation Processing CO2 H2O 10 ton Biomass collecting 2,5 ton CO2 Strach Celluloses, Agrochemicals, hemicelluloses, biopolimer Photosynthesis endothermic (capturing) 2,86 kJ/mol of glucose formed Harvesting Extraction 10 to 20 tons dry mass /ha annualy RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS 16 CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL FIBRES NATURAL FIBRES PLANT ANIMAL MINERAL BAST LEAF SEEDS FRUIT GRASS WOOD WOOLS AND HAIR Asbestos Flax Ananas Cotton Coir Bamboo hardwood Sheep Glass (Linum Usitatissimum) (Ananas Bracteatus) (Gossypium) (Cocos Nucifera) (Bambusa Shreb.) (Ovis Aries) Hemp Sisal Coir Luffa Totora softwood Alpaca Mineral Wool (Scirpus (Agave Sisalana) (Cocos Nucifera) (Luffa Aegyptiaca) (Lama Pacos) (Cannabis Sativa) Californicus) Camel Basalt Kenaf Abaca Kapok (Camelus (Hibiscus Cannabinus) (Musa Textilis Nee) (Ceiba Pentandra) Bactrianus) Soya Jute Curaua Goat Ceramic (Glycine) (Corchorus Capsularis) (Ananas Erectifolius) (Genus Capra) Ramie Cabuya Poplar Horse Aluminium (Equus Caballus) (Boechmeria Nivea) (Furcraea Andina) (Populus Tremula) Isora Rabbit Borate Palm Calotropis (Oryctolagus (Helicteres Isora) (Calotropis Procera) Cuniculus) African Palm Vicuna Silicate (Lama Vicugna) Chambira SILK Carbon (Astrocaryum Chambira) Opuntia Natural (Opuntia Galapagos) (Bombyx Mori L) Paja Spider Silk (Araneus Diadematus) (Carludovica Palmata) Jukka (Yucca L) 17 The increasing demand for natural and wood fibres 18 Source: UN 2006, AEO 2006, nova-Institut 2006 On a world basis, fiber demand of cotton, wool, silk and manmade fiber has decreased by 6.7% to 67.3 million tonnes, the steepest decline in history. The chart above shows the long-term inter-fiber competition. Since the beginning of the 1990’s, manmade fibers have been the most important fiber type in terms of volume. The average annual growth rate since 1980 for manmade fibers accounts for 3.9% for natural fibers it (*) Saurer Report „The Fiber Year 2008/ 2009” amounts to 1.9%. 19 All fiber types suffered from slowing demand. Small-scale fiber types like aramid and carbon fibers weathered the downturn not bad until the fourth quarter 2008. Although firm demand fell in aerospace, automotive, military and wind power they managed to stay on positive territory in terms of the growth rate. On the other hand, established fibers like polyester, polyamide, polypropylene and acrylic were down in volumes. The usage of cotton, wool and silk also decreased by 10.1 % to 25.2 million tonnes, manmade fibers fell by 4.5% to 42.2 million tonnes. The third section with kapok, ramie, flax, hemp, jute, sisal and coir is anticipated to (*)have Saurer Report stagnated „The Fiber Year 2008/at 2009”5.9 million tonnes. 20 Comparative Study of Carbon Sequestering for Biomass and Petroleum (Nafta) Fuel Natural Fibers Petroleum Quantity 1000 kg 229 kg Calorific Value 11,9 MJ/kg 42,7 MJ/kg Efficiency of Conversion 70% 85% Process Harvesting, Extraction, processing, transportation decortication, refining drying, ... Demand of Energy 0,34 MJ/kg 10,9 MJ/kg Carbon Net Emission 0 kg in the NF 213,6 kg petroleum Total Emission of C 18,1 kg 279,2 kg Total Emission of CO2 66,4 kg 1023 kg 21 Economical Aspects Development for prices of crude oil, standard thermoplast & natural fibres from Europe since 2003 220 % 200 % 180 % 160 % 140 % 120 % 100 % Future trend: 80 % Fibres and Polymers based on renewable Jul. 2005 Jul. Jul. 2004 Jul. Jan. 2005 Jan. 2006 Jan. Jan. 2004 Jan. May 2003 resources Crude oil Standard Natural fibres thermoplast (Bast) from Europe (Karus, Ortmann, Otremba, Scheurer & Müssig 2006 .- adapted presentation) 22 „Material Change“ Which materials will use the industry in the future? - If mineral oil and gas will be more and more expensive, and in longer terms are running out ... What will happen to our energy and material supply? Energy supply has different alternatives: solar energy, wind energy, geothermie, biomass for electricity and heat, biofuels (biodiesel, ethanol, rape seed oil, BtL) ... nuclear energy. But the material supply has only a very few alternatives!! 23 Weight of curauá composite relative to glass fiber composite (horizontal axis) vs. relative difference in ten different impact categories (vertical axis). A negative vertical value means that CU/PP is better than GF/PP – a positive value means the opposite (CU=Curauá / GF=Glass Fiber). 24 100 10 Dark – curaua composite White – glass fibers composites 1 kg CO2 eq. 0.1 0.01 Fibers Polymers Composites Transports Car Use End-of-Life 25 LITERATURE Curauá Fibers in the Automobile Industry – a Sustainability Assessment Zah1, R Hischier1, A. L. Leão2, I. Braun3 Journal for Cleaner Production 1 Technology & Society Lab, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Switzerland 2 UNESP, FCA, Campus Botucatu, SP, Brazil 3 Volkswagen AutoUni, Wolfsburg, Germany 26 3D3D FibresFibres CreatedCreated byby NatureNature Palm from Cuba Galapagos Opuntia Cactus Luffa (Luffa Aegyptiaca) 27 Heavy or Light? Light weight materials? 28 Concept inspired by nature (ceramics, 2004) 29 FROMFROM PLANTPLANT TOTO FIBERSFIBERS Plant Natural Fibers Process 30 FIBREFIBRE STRUCTURESTRUCTURE GENERALLYGENERALLY COMPOSITECOMPOSITE OFOF CELLULOSE,CELLULOSE, LIGNIN,LIGNIN, ANDAND CHEMICELLULOSECHEMICELLULOSE Source: D.Kretschman Nature materials vol2, 2003 Fibers are themselves miniature composites I-intercellular adhesive (e.g. lignin), formed from a „reinforcement” of cellulose, S1-external side wall, embedded in a „matrix” of lignin and other S2-middle side wall, polysacharides S3-internal side wall MFA microfibryl 31 32 Technologies Involved - Other Aplications - Better utilization of the whole plant (ex.: nowadays, 95% are discarded for sisal and curauá plants); Non-traditional utilization of fibers and byproducts; Development of pharmaceuticals and contraceptives; Development of agrochemicals based on crop fibers by- products; Animal feeding (goats, ovine and cattle)
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