Annals of Library and Information Studies Vol. 58, September 2011, pp. 237-248

Research output on ( Artemisia annua ): a bibliometric study

Shri Ram

Deputy Librarian, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan – 173234 (Himachal Pradesh), Email: [email protected]

Artemisia is a herb that yields a natural component known as ‘Artemisinin’ which is being used for the treatment of Malaria worldwide. This paper uses data indexed in the PubMed database for the period of fifteen years (1996–2010) to study the research on Artemisia. It has been found that publications on this subject grew to 712 percent in 2010 as compared to 1996. China is one of the countries that has contributed a number of publications in this area. In India, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic (CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh is a leading contributor of literature on Artemisia.

Introduction countries are the most vulnerable. WHO in its policies have made provision and recommended Rapid Artemisia belongs to the tribe Arthemideae of the Diagnostic Test (RDT) to all patients suspected of subfamily Asteroideae of . Artemisia is a 1 suffering from malaria. As per the guidelines framed large diverse genus of plants with 200-400 species . by WHO, confirmed cases of Plasmodium falciparum The species Artemisia annua is an annual herb that malaria must be treated with an Artemisinin-based grows naturally in the northern part of Chahar and combination therapy (ACT) 5,6 . Suiauan provinces of China at around 1000-1500 m above sea level. It is now naturalized in many Malaria is a serious problem especially in Africa, countries such as USA, Yugoslavia, , where one in every five (20%) childhood deaths is , Romania, Turkey, Argentina, , due to the effects of the disease. An African child has and Spain and India. on average between 1.6 and 5.4 episodes of malaria fever each year, and every 30 seconds a child dies Artemisia annua is the source of Artemisinin and from malaria. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), chemically, Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone USA has decided to use the drug Coartem (a containing an unusual peroxide bridge. It is believed combination drug of two ingredients, a chemical that this peroxide is responsible for the drug's derivative of Artemisinin and lumefantrine, a broad- mechanism of action. It is efficient against multidrug spectrum antibiotic that stays in the body for about 2,3 resistant strain of Plasmodium , the malaria parasite . seven days) as part of an expedited review reserved Governmental and non-governmental organizations, for life-saving treatments of Malaria. Coartem is the medical research centers and Food and Health most effective treatment for Plasmodium falciparum Organizations are working in close coordination with malaria, the most lethal form 7,8 . According to drug- research and development institutes to harness the maker Novartis, Coartem wipes out malaria in more medicinal values of this especially in producing than 96 percent of patients in regions where malaria herbal products. World Health Organization (WHO) has become resistant to older drugs. Traditional on advice of international experts has recommended medicines such as chloroquine work in only 50 combinations of drugs to replace single drug use in percent of patients where the parasite is drug- treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium resistant. falciparum 4. According to the WHO statistics there were an It is estimated that about 3.3 billion people - half of estimated 247 million malaria cases in 2006 out of the world's population - are at a risk of malaria. Every which nearly 881,000 patients died. Wormseed year, it leads to about 250 million malaria cases and ( ) is another species of nearly one million deaths. People living in the poorest Artemisia being used as powerful biological agent

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against fungi, bacteria and even some harmful insects. • To examine the productivity of journals Artemisia tea is also used for strengthening immune publishing papers related to Artemisia; system of AIDS patients. Scientists are working on • Artemisia for the treatment of haemorrhoids, eye To unfold the authorship patterns and productivity infections, bronchitis, skin complaints - as ointment, amongst the publication of Artemisia; and digestion related problems, and as a supportive • To report the Indian publication activity on treatment for cancer. The medicinal values have Artemisia. attracted medical scientists as well as biological scientific community to explore more of the potential Methodology use of this plant for the purpose of medicinal use and eradication of some of the life threatening diseases Data was collected from PubMed database of such as AIDS and malaria. National Center for Biological Information, USA. The administration of Artemisinin initiated drugs for Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) indexing terms eradication of malaria in India 9, its antipyretic and were used to extract bibliographic information. Search anti inflammatory effect; strengthening immune was carried out based on the keywords (Table 1) system against AIDS 10 ; cancer, as well as use of available in ‘Title’, ‘MeSH terms’, and ‘Abstract’ Artemisia as herbal tea in Chinese community and its limiting the time period i.e., year 1996-2010 (Fifteen other medicinal uses prompted this bibliometric study Years) through advanced search feature of PubMed. on the research output on this plant. The search criteria yielded 1526 records for this period. After removing irrelevant records which were Objectives of the study not related to Artemisia, 1484 records were used for data analysis. The main objective of this study is to highlight the publishing patterns and research output of Artemisia Data preparation during 1996–2010 indexed in PubMed (available at http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/). The specific objec- XML/XSL transformation scripts have been used for tives of the study are: data extraction and data preparation. XSLT • To find out the growth of publication during this (EXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is period; a method used to convert XML document in any desired style such as HTML, Excel or Text. XSL • To identify the country-wise distribution of processors transform whole XML documents into papers; another XML/HTML format according to XSLT style 11 • To analyze the type of publications; sheets . Here in this study XSLT is used to convert XML document into HTML table, one of the • To identify language-wise publication patterns; prerequisites of bibliometric analysis is to have the

Table 1—MeSH indexing terms of Artemisia MeSH Terms Artemisias Mugwort Tarragon Plants Sagewort Mugworts Artemisia maritima Artemisia abrotanums Sageworts Wormwood Artemisia maritimas abrotanum, Artemisia Sagebrush Wormwoods maritima, Artemisia abrotanums, Artemisia Sagebrushs Artemisia dracunculus maritimas, Artemisia Southernwood Wormseed, Levant dracunculus, Artemisia Artemisia vulgaris Southernwoods Levant Wormseed Tarragon Plant Artemisia vulgari Artemisia judaica Levant Wormseeds Plant, Tarragon vulgari, Artemisia Artemisia judaicas Wormseeds, Levant Plants, Tarragon vulgaris, Artemisia judaica, Artemisia

SHRI RAM: RESEARCH OUTPUT ON ARTEMISIA ( ARTEMISIA ANNUA ): A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY 239

data in a table format. In order to convert PubMed support, English abstract, case studies, clinical trials, bibliographic data in to HTML table the following etc. A total of 1228 publications amounting to 82.75 steps were followed: percent of articles are indexed as journal articles and 123 publications amounting to 8.29 percent papers are Step 1: Used web edition of PubMed available at comparative studies and the remaining literature NCBI (http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed); published differently as given in Table 2. Step 2: Searching Artemisia publications using advance search feature; Language of publications Step 3: Choosing Medline Format; Majority of the papers have been published in English Step 4: Exporting bibliographic data as XML format language (89.22%). Table 3 shows that 7.95 percent (Fig. 1). articles were published in Chinese, 0.81 percent article came in Japanese language along with 0.74 Step 5: Design of XSL Transformation sheet using percent in French and 0.34 percent in Russian. XSL; Step 6: Use of XSLT for the Transformation of XML Research output on Artemisia document into HTML Table (Fig. 2). A total of 1484 articles were published on Artemisia during the period of fifteen years (1996 – 2010). Analysis Table 4 and Fig. 3 shows there has been a consistent growth during the period 1996-2010. Publication types It is seen that from 25 articles in 1996, the research Artemisia related papers have been published in output has grown to 203 articles in 2010 with an variety of publication types. Table 2 depicts the increase in growth of 712 percent. This is an indicator overall picture of various types of the Artemisia of global research interest in the field on Artemisia. publications as indexed in PubMed. Country-wise distribution of publication in Artemisia Majority of the papers have been published in the form of journal articles. PubMed indexes publication Table 4 shows the distribution of Artemisia types under different headings such as research publications globally. Amongst the top 20 countries,

Fig. 1—Typical Medline record in XML format

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Fig. 2—HTML table conversion using XML/XSL transformation with basic bibliographic information

Fig. 3—Growth of literature on Artemisia indexed in PubMed

China contributes majority of the publications (24%) publications came from rest of the countries of the followed by USA (16%), Korea (12%) and Italy (5%). world. Other countries like , Japan, Spain and India have a share of 4 percent each. UK, France, Austria Authorship pattern and Iran have 3 percent; Argentina, Netherlands and Table 6 gives the authorship patterns of Artemisia Canada shares 2 percent each, while south Africa, publications published in PubMed during the period Turkey, , Brazil, Egypt and Poland shares 1 of 1996-2010. It can be seen the table that majority of percent of total publications. the papers have joint authorship with a large number of papers authored by two to twelve authors (Fig 4). Total of 52 countries are having its participation of the Artemisia publications. Out of the total 1484 The distribution of the authorship pattern and publications, 1312 publication (88.41%) of the contributed papers is given in Table 7. There are 4040 contribution came from these 21 countries listed in (79.23%) authors who have contributed at least one Table 5 and remaining of about 11 percent of the paper on Artemisia during the period of study, either

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Table 2—Types of Artemisia publication indexed in PubMed Sl. no. Publication types Total count Percentage (%)

1 Journal article 1228 82.75 2 Comparative study 123 8.29 3 Case reports 26 1.75 4 Historical article 21 1.42 5 Clinical trial 18 1.21 6 Letter 16 1.08 7 In Vitro 15 1.01 8 Comment 13 0.88 9 Evaluation studies 11 0.74 10 Biography 5 0.34 11 Congresses 1 0.07 12 Editorial 1 0.07 13 Not available 6 0.4 Total 1484 100

Fig. 4—Authorship patterns

singly or in collaboration with the others. There are India’s contribution to Artemisia research eight authors who have ten or more than ten papers to their credit. India is one of the countries in the world where the cases of malaria are prominent. The WHO in 2008 reported that there had been 10.6 million cases of Journal productivity malaria and 15,000 deaths from this disease during The 1484 Artemisia publications are distributed 2006. There are various approaches applied by amongst 482 journals published globally. Table 8 scientists to estimate the global burden of P. gives a ranking of top thirty journals in which ten or falciparum , one of which is “Malaria Atlas Project” 12 . more than ten documents on Artemisia are published. According to a report by scientists concerned with it, Journal of Ethnopharmacology has published highest the extent of disease caused by P. falciparum has number of 66 articles (4.45%) up to 2010. been about 102 million in 2007 13 in India. P.

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Table 3—Language of publication Sl. no. Language of Publications Total Papers Percentage (%)

1 English (Eng) 1324 89.22 2 Chineese (Chi) 118 7.95 3 Japanese (Jpn) 12 0.81 4 French (Fre) 11 0.74 5 Russian (Rus) 5 0.34 6 German (Ger) 4 0.27 7 Polish (Pol) 3 0.20 8 Spanish (Spa) 2 0.13 9 Bosnian (Bos) 1 0.07 10 Mande language (dan) Spoken in Liberia 1 0.07 11 Dutch (Dut) 1 0.07 12 Korean (Kor) 1 0.07 13 Norvenian (Nor) 1 0.07 Total 1484 100.00

Table 4—Year-wise publication of Artemisia literature

Sl. no. Year No. of publications Percentage Cumulative percentage 1 1996 25 1.68 1.68 2 1997 30 2.02 3.71 3 1998 42 2.83 6.54 4 1999 39 2.63 9.16 5 2000 58 3.91 13.07 6 2001 61 4.11 17.18 7 2002 87 5.86 23.05 8 2003 84 5.66 28.71 9 2004 114 7.68 36.39 10 2005 117 7.88 44.27 11 2006 139 9.37 53.64 12 2007 136 9.16 62.8 13 2008 167 11.25 74.06 14 2009 182 12.26 86.32 15 2010 203 13.68 100 Total 1484 100 falciparum infections are particularly high in forested resource allocation of budget for its control and areas, inhabited by ethnic tribes. These areas include gradual eradication. The National Anti-malaria the states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and program was initiated in 1953. Over the last 54 years, Chhattisgarh. The other type of malaria which is the problem of malaria has been effectively controlled caused by Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is usually less over the most parts of the country. The remaining lethal than P. falciparum . Almost half of the cases of high endemic areas contribute 80 percent of burden of malaria in the country account for P. vivax . disease in the country. These areas where P. vivax are Scientists are of the opinion that it is essential to affecting Indian population is the remote and obtain a true picture of the burden of malaria in India inaccessible areas spread across the North Eastern States, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhatisgarh, as it would enable to set up priorities in planning and

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Table 5—Country wise distribution of publication on Artemisia Sl. no. Country Number of publications Percentage (%) 1 China 315 21.18 2 USA 212 14.26 3 Korea 159 10.69 4 Italy 69 4.64 5 Germany 60 4.03 6 Japan 54 3.64 7 Spain 54 3.64 8 India 56 3.77 9 UK 44 2.96 10 France 37 2.49 11 Austria 36 2.43 12 Iran 36 2.43 13 Argentina 31 2.09 14 Netherlands 24 1.62 15 Canada 23 1.55 16 South Africa 19 1.28 17 Sweden 19 1.28 18 Turkey 18 1.21 19 Brazil 16 1.08 20 Egypt 15 1.01 21 Poland 15 1.01 Total 1312 88.41

Table 6—Authorship distribution of articles on Artemisia Number of authors Number of articles Number of authors

0 3 0 1 88 88 2 181 362 3 221 663 4 258 1032 5 231 1155 6 152 912 7 133 931 8 77 616 9 35 315 10 40 400 11 26 286 12 16 192 13 10 130 14 4 56 15 3 45 16 1 16 20 1 20 23 1 23 24 1 24 26 1 26 32 1 32 Total 1484 7324

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Table 7—Authors and their contribution of papers on Artemisia Number of papers contributed No. of authors Percent (%) 1 4040 79.23 2 760 14.9 3 164 3.22 4 57 1.12 5 36 0.71 6 18 0.35 7 5 0.1 8 7 0.14 9 4 0.08 10 3 0.06 11 3 0.06 12 1 0.02 13 1 0.02 Total 5099 100

Table 8—Top 30 Journals published more than ten articles on Artemisia

Sl. no. Journals Papers published Percent (%)

1 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66 4.45 2 Planta Medica 54 3.64 3 Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 37 2.49 4 Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao = The Journal of Applied Ecology (Chinese) 33 2.22 5 Phytochemistry 26 1.75 6 Phytotherapy Research : PTR 26 1.75 7 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 24 1.62 8 Journal of Natural Products 21 1.42 9 Archives of Pharmacology Research 19 1.28 10 Allergy 17 1.15 11 Oecologia 17 1.15 12 Journal of Chromatography. A 16 1.08 13 Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 1.01 14 Natural Product Communications 15 1.01 15 Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 14 0.94 16 Zhong Yao Cai = Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 14 0.94 17 Fitoterapia 13 0.88 18 International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 13 0.88 19 Allergologia et Immunopathologia 12 0.81 20 Clinical and Experimental Allergy 12 0.81 21 Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology 12 0.81 22 Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 11 0.74 23 Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 11 0.74 24 International Journal of Biometeorology 11 0.74 25 Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 10 0.67 26 Environmental Management 10 0.67 27 Food and Chemical Toxicology 10 0.67 28 Natural Product Research 10 0.67 29 Plant Cell Reports 10 0.67 30 Veterinary Parasitology 10 0.67

SHRI RAM: RESEARCH OUTPUT ON ARTEMISIA ( ARTEMISIA ANNUA ): A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY 245

Fig. 5—Contribution of Indian states on Artemisia research

Table 9—Indian authorship patterns

Authorship patterns No. of authors Percent (%) Cumulative percentage

1 1 0.47 0.47 2 18 8.41 8.88 3 42 19.63 28.5 4 64 29.91 58.41 5 45 21.03 79.44 6 30 14.02 93.46 7 14 6.54 100 Total 214 100

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, community participation and institutional and Andhra Pradesh 14 . Some of the strategies and management capacity building. control of malaria adopted by Ministry of Health, Government of India being implemented as early case Research groups from the India have published many detection and prompt treatment (EDPT); integrated works on the extraction of Artemisinin from its plant vector control; information, education, source, Artemisia annua . Some key organization like communication towards personal prevention, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

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Table 10—Indian publications on Artemisia with more than 10 citations Sl. Article Total number no. of citations since published

1 Dhingra V, Rao K Vishweshwar and Narasu, M Lakshmi Current status of artemisinin and its derivatives as 150 antimalarial drugs, Life Sciences, 66(4) (1999) 279-300. 2 Abdin, M Z, Israr, M Rehman, R U and Jain S K Artemisinin, a novel antimalarial drug: biochemical and 98 molecular approaches for enhanced production, Planta Medica 69(4) (2003) 289-299. 3 Thatte U, Bagadey, S and Dahanukar S, Modulation of programmed cell death by medicinal plants, Cellular 85 and Molecular Biology, 46(1) (2000) 199-214. 4 Tripathi A K, Prajapati V, Aggarwal K K, Khanuja S P and Kumar S, Repellency and toxicity of oil from 65 Artemisia annua to certain stored-product beetles, Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(1) (2000) 43-47. 5 Sriram D, Rao V S, Chandrasekhara, K V G and Yogeeswari, P, Progress in the research of artemisinin and 60 its analogues as antimalarials: an update, Natural Product Research , 18(6) (2004) 503-527. 6 Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P, Rajasekharan S, Evans D A, Latha P G and Valsaraj R, Effects of 51 Artemisia pallens Wall. on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 50(1) (1996) 13-17. 7 Tripathi A K, Prajapati V, Aggarwal K K and Kumar S, Toxicity, feeding deterrence, and effect of activity of 28 1,8-cineole from Artemisia annua on progeny production of Tribolium castanaeum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 94(4) (2001) 979-83. 8 Sangwan R S, Sangwan, N S, Jain D C, Kumar S and Ranade S A, RAPD profile based genetic 27 characterization of chemotypic variants of Artemisia annua L, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 47(6) (1999) 935-344. 9 Sharma P, Mohan L and Srivastava C N, Phytoextract-induced developmental deformities in malaria vector., 23 Bioresource Technology, 97(14) (2006) 1599-1604. 10 Dhingra V and Narasu, M L, Purification and characterization of an enzyme involved in biochemical 24 transformation of arteannuin B to artemisinin from Artemisia annua, Biochemical and Biophyscial Research Communications, 281(2) (2001) 558-561. 11 Sen R, Bandyopadhyay S, Dutta A, Mandal G, Ganguly S, Saha P and Chatterjee, M, Artemisinin triggers 31 induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Leishmania donovani promastigotes, Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56(9) (2007) 1213-1218. 12 Senthilkumar N, Varma P and Gurusubramanian G, Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal 22 plants against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston), Parasitology Research, 104(2) (2009) 237- 244. 13 Baldi A and Dixit V K, Yield enhancement strategies for artemisinin production by suspension cultures of 20 Artemisia annua, Bioresource Technology, 99(11) (2008) 4609-4614. 14 Bhandari P, Gupta A P, Singh B, and Kaul V K, Simultaneous densitometric determination of artemisinin, 16 artemisinic acid and arteannuin-B in Artemisia annua using reversed-phase thin layer chromatography, Journal of Separation Science, 28(17) (2005) 2288-2292. 15 Sharma P and Sharma, J D, Plants showing antiplasmodial activity--from crude extracts to isolated 16 compounds, Indian Journal of Malariology, 35(2) (1998) 57-110. 16 Ram M, Gupta M M, Dwivedi S and Kumar S, Effect of plant density on the yields of artemisinin and 15 essential oil in Artemisia annua cropped under low input cost management in North-Central India, Planta Medica , 63(4) (1997) 372-374. 17 Singh B, Srivastava J S, Khosa R L and Singh, U P, Individual and combined effects of berberine and 14 santonin on spore germination of some fungi, Folia Microbiologica, 46(2) (2001) 137-142. 18 Kapoor R, Chaudhary V and Bhatnagar A K, Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application 14 on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L., Micorrhiza, 17(7) (2007) 581-587. 19 Banerjee S, Zehra M, Gupta M M and Kumar S, Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of 13 Artemisia annua: production of transgenic plants, Planta Medica, 63(5) (1997) 467-469. 20 Sukul N C, Ghosh S and Sinhababu S P, Reduction in the number of infective Trichinella spiralis larvae in 11 mice by use of homeopathic drugs, Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd , 12(4) (2005) 202-205. 21 Kiran U and Patra D D, Medicinal and aromatic plant materials as nitrification inhibitors for augmenting 10 yield and nitrogen uptake of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. Var. Piperascens), Bioresource Technology, 86(3) (2003) 267-76.

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(CIMAP), Lucknow, University of Delhi, Institute of supplement for the treatment of various diseases such Himalayan Resource, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh as P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria and are working on Artemisia research. Figure 5 shows immune system related diseases such as AIDS. This the Indian states contribution to Artemisia research. study is limited to some of the very basic bibliometric analysis. Scientometric studies on Artemisia based on Table 9 presents the authorship patterns of Indian other need to be carried out to compare with the authors contributing papers on Artemisia research. findings of the present study. Two hundred and fourteen authors have contributed the 56 papers during the period of 1996-2010. References Table 10 present the status of Indian author’s contribution with more than 10 citations based on 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Informat ion_System (Accessed on 28 September 2011). citation count available through Google Scholar 15 . All the 56 Indian publications were individually searched 2. Ro D K, Production of antimalarial drug precursor at http://scholar.google.com and the number of Artemisinic Acid in engineered yeast, Nature , 440 (13) citation were noted down with more than 10 citations. (2006) 940-946. The article entitled “ Current status of artemisinin and its derivatives as antimalarial drugs ” contributed by 3. Watson L E, Bates P L, Evans T M, Unwin M M, and Estes J R, Molecular phylogeny of subtribe Artemisiinae Dhingra, V; Vishweshwar Rao, K; Lakshmi Narasu, (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate M, published in 1999, received the highest number of genera, BMC Evolutionary Biology , 2 (1) (2002) 1. citation i.e., 150 received as on the date of communication of this paper. 4. WHO World Malaria Report. Available at http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2009/en/ (Accessed on 3 March 2011). Conclusion 5. WHO Recommendations on Malaria Treatment, Available at Artemisia is one of the important medicinal herbs http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/cmc_upload/0/000/015/364/ yields ‘Artemisinin’ compound. It has been used in RBMInfosheet_9.htm (Accessed on 2 March 2011). China in the treatment of fevers for more than 1000 years. Artemisinin has a high therapeutic index in 6. Jordon L, What is Artemisinin? Available at: treatment of the malaria. This compound is gaining http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=artemisini importance as it is now being administered globally n-coartem-malaria-novartis, (Accessed on 2 March 2011). and research in Artemisia in growing as reflected in 7. Facts of ACTS: Artemisinin based combination therapy, this study. The publications of Artemisia mostly Available at: www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Drug_Policy_ appeared in the form of journals articles (87%) and in RBMInfosheet_9.pdf (Accessed on 2 March 2011). English language (89.22%). There were 52 countries participated in the research publication and China has 8. Watson L E, Bates P L, Evans T M, Unwin M M and Estes J R, Molecular phylogeny of subtribe Artemisinae contributed highest number of articles with 315 (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate (21.18%) and ranked number during the period of genera, BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology , 2 (17) (2002). study, where as India’s position is eighth with 56 publication spread over the period of 15 years. Most 9. Sharma V P, Artemisinin drug in the treatment of of the papers have been written as joint authorship Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India, Current Science , 90 and the author’s collaboration is highest between 2 to (10) (2006) 1323-1324. 12 authors. Journal of Eethnopharmacology 10. Wang Z, Qiu J, Guo T B, Liu A, Wang Y, Li Y and Zhang J published by Elsevier B.V. got highest number of Z, Anti-inflammatory properties and regulatory mechanism article published with 66 publications. The Indian of a novel derivative of Artemisinin in experimental scientists too actively working in this area and their autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of Immunology contribution is being recognized globally. The article 179(9) (2007) 5958-65. published by V. Dhingra et al got highest number of 11. W3C, Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL). Google Scholar® Citation (150 citations) since 1999 http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/, 2001. of its publication in the journal Life Science. The medicinal value of Artemisinin is being used as a 12. Hay S I, Guerra C A, Gething P W, et al, A world malaria

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map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med 14. http://whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Malaria_Country_Profile- 6(2009) e1000048. Malaria.pdf (Accessed on 3 April 2011).

13. Hay S I, Gething P W and Snow R W, India’s invisible 15. Google Scholar. http://scholar.google.co.in/ (Accessed on 22 malaria burden, The Lancet, 376 (9754) (2010) 1716-1717. September 2011).