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Utilisation of Natural Forests for Ecotourism: Matching Goals and Reality

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Utilisation of Natural Forests for Ecotourism: Matching Goals and Reality For. Snow Landsc. Res. 79, 1/2: 185–194 (2005) 185 Utilisation of natural forests for ecotourism: matching goals and reality Viliam Pichler and Magdalena Sorokova Centre for Scientific Tourism in Slovakia at the Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sturova 2, SK-960 53 Zvolen, Slovak Republic. [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract As a result of a study conducted on the public awareness of the primeval forests prior to and after the visit of The Prince of Wales to the Badínsky Primeval Forests in Slovakia, and the experience gathered from the guided excursions with groups with different background and interests, we recommend drawing a clear line between tourism in a broader sense, ecotourism and scientific tourism. The results of this research imply that different expectations are found in at least two groups – the tourists on the one hand, and ecotourists and scientists on the other hand. Furthermore, the goals of these two groups are different. Both factors, i.e. the expectations of the various groups and the goals, to be achieved have been investigated in the light of the optimal utilization of natural and semi-natural forests for scientific, educational and recreational purposes in order to assess future developments and possible ways of influencing them in a positive way. Keywords: natural forests, ecotourism, scientific tourism, ecological awareness 1 Introduction In the past, for instance during the Middle Ages, images of nature were masterfully used to achieve a desired impact on human beliefs. LE GOFF (1990) argued that St. Bruno, the founder of the Carthusian monastic order, regarded beautiful natural landscapes as an important component of a balanced monastic life. According to MATTEOLI (1994), Suger, the Abbott of St. Denise and another respected spiritual, cultural and behind-the-scenes medieval leader, used the appearance of a primeval forest as a source of rich symbolical language that influenced the architecture of medieval Gothic cathedrals. Most recently, SCHAMA (1995) investigated primeval forests of Bia«owieza and the sequoia groves of northern California as an important element and source in forming peoples’ cultural percep- tion in the past. He suggested that the images of European primeval forests contributed to the origins of Arboreal Gothic during the Middle Ages. In view of this past, but well-documented influence of forests on people, it is worthwhile investigating the current potential of natural forests with regard to increasing ecological and environmental awareness in modern society. Today, a major part of the population lives in urban areas and is not in everyday contact with the forest, let alone a natural forest, which represents only 1.7% of the total forest area, left in strict forest reserves and other protection categories in Europe (PARVIAINEN et al. 2000). Therefore it is not entirely clear how natural 186 Viliam Pichler and Magdalena Sorokova forests can help people become more open to concepts such as environmental awareness, nature protection and sustainability. Does this potential exist and can we build on it in eco- logical and environmental education? Will natural forests be consumed as just another attractive environment for recreational activities, or is there a chance for them to transform humans from a potentially damaging factor into nature’s defenders? These are important questions to be answered before natural forests are advertised as attractive features for eco- tourism. Our practical experience gathered over six years, i.e. from 1998 till 2003, provided us with important insights into the public perception of natural forests and their possible uti- lization for ecotourism. Forests are considered as the standard environment, often consisting of large tracts, as opposed to a mosaic of agricultural and forest land. In total, 43% of the Slovak territory is covered by forests, of which a considerable part are almost intact protec- tive or special purpose forests. Even managed forests are often semi-natural, still with their original tree species composition. The existence of Slovak primeval forests therefore goes largely unnoticed by the population. They are not perceived by the majority as the last remaining nature resorts or paradises as opposed to landscapes entirely influenced by humans, unlike in many other countries. However, there is a lasting interest in primeval forests among forest scientists, ecologists, nature conservationists and enthusiasts, both local and international. They have learnt about Slovak primeval forests mostly from the scientific literature, through international co-oper- ation and from Internet sites.They began to visit the forests much more following the regime change after 1989, first on the basis of personal contacts and later in the form of guided scientific excursions organized by the Centre for Scientific Tourism in Slovakia. They also often led to further scientific co-operation and further visits by people generally interested in nature (ZACH 2003). Measured by the number of study tour participants, primeval forests excursions rank as the most popular and attractive tours among other products in this group that include geology and botany field excursions. Recommendations or the personal initiatives of excursion members have meant that numerous groups of visitors, who usually constitute the customer base for study tours oper- ators, both international and domestic, have also asked for guidance through the primeval forests. The excursion programs have usually featured a sandwich pattern, i.e. visits to primeval forests have been combined with cultural heritage sites in a convenient manner. Interest is steadily growing but is still dependent on personal contacts, business contact with study tours operators, targeted advertising, publishing and visual media. A sharp rise in the number of interested visitors may well occur after Slovakia joins the EU this year and the country gets a wider media coverage across Europe. Currently, the overall numbers of visitors are rather low compared to countries such as Poland, Hungary or the Czech Republic, partly due to country’s short life and the lack of initiative on the part of the state government. For example, the Austrian, Hungarian, Czech, and Polish governments spent 49.4, 41, 5.5 and 8 million US$ respectively on advertising their countries as tourist destinations, compared to only 1.6 million US$ spent by the Slovak government for that purpose. Neither Slovak natural forests, nor Slovakia as a country are known abroad as popular ecotourism destinations. A perceived, but largely imaginary “safety problem” often attributed to Slovakia is part of the problem too. It is important that scientific tourists and ecotourists understand the restrictions associated with particular tourism modes in order to develop and encourage foreign scientific tourism and ecotourism in Slovak natural forests. Our study’s aims were to establish whether there is a general public awareness of the primeval forests’ existence in Slovakia, how this awareness relates to the number and ac- cessibility of primeval forests in Slovakia and finally whether either awareness of primeval forests, or their accessibility or both present a basis for developing of ecotourism in Slovakia with primeval forests as the main attractor and the general public as the target group. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 79, 1/2 (2005) 187 2 Material and methods In order to allow for a proper interpretation of the study findings within a broader frame- work, we first evaluated and summarized the existing information on the development of tourism in Slovakia since it began in the 18th century until the present time, as well as the role that forests have played in this process.To assess awareness of primeval forests across the population, we conducted a poll among one thousand subscribers of NovyCas, the best- selling Slovak daily with a 23% share on the newspaper market. This daily was selected because it has the most even distribution of readers across all social segments, with respect to gender, age, education and income, according to an authoritative survey (http://www. avizo.sk/barometer/februar.html).The poll was initiated by the Centre for Scientific Tourism in Slovakia and assisted by the journal’s office prior to the visit of The Prince of Wales to the Badínsky Primeval Forest on November 1st 2000. It was repeated eight months thereafter. A comparatively limited ecological awareness and prevailing consumer or infotainment mentality could have been assumed within the analyzed local population segment, because of the tabloid format of the newspaper. The question used in the newspaper phone poll was intentionally simple. Respondents were asked whether they could name at least one primeval forest either in Slovakia or in the Czech Republic. A second newspaper phone poll was performed on a different sample of 1000 readers eight months later. Respondents were asked whether they could name one or more primeval forests, this time however only in Slovakia. In addition, they answered the question whether they had visited the Badínsky Primeval Forests since Prince Charles’s visit. Finally, we evaluated opportunities for accessing the existing primeval forests on marked hiking or educational trails. Walking outside the marked hiking trails is prohibited by Act No. 543/2002 Coll. for Nature and Landscape Protection. We selected a sample of twenty- two natural forests preserves, totaling 5688 ha in size, e.g. one quarter of the
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