ECHELON'' İstihbarat Sistemi Elvin ABDURAHMANLI1* ORCİD-0000

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ECHELON'' İstihbarat Sistemi Elvin ABDURAHMANLI1* ORCİD-0000 Siber İstihbarat Kapsamında: ‘‘ECHELON’’ İstihbarat Sistemi Elvin ABDURAHMANLI1* ORCİD-0000-0002-0629-8317 Öz ‘‘Siber İstihbarat Kapsamında ‘’ECHELON’’ İstihbarat Sistemi’’ isimli bu makalede ilk olarak istihbarat kavramının ne olduğu ve istihbaratın geçmişten günümüze kadarki tarihine kısaca değinilmiştir. İlaveten de istihbarat kurumlarının milli hedeflerine göre 9 türünden biri olan siber istihbarat türü bu makalede ilk başlıkta incelenmiştir. Bugün herkesin sosyal hayatına gelişen teknolojinin ne derecede etkilediği ve ister bilgisayarımızda isterse de özel görüşmelerimizde şahsi verilerimizin güvenliği ne derecede güvenli olduğu sorusuna ‘‘siber güvenlik’’ başlığı altında cevap aranmıştır. “ECHELON” istihbarat sistemi başlığı altında “ECHELON” istihbarat sisteminin içeriğinden ve bu sistemin soğuk savaş döneminde yapıldığı belge ve referanslarla ortaya konulmuştur. İlk kuruluş aşamasında “ECHELON” istihbarat sistemine üye olan devletler ve günümüzde bu sisteme erişimi olan devletlerin listesi verilmiştir. Makalenin son kısmında “ECHELON” istihbarat sisteminin yasa dışı olduğuna dair açılan soruşturma sonrası Avrupa Parlamentosunun 2001 raporuyla yasallaştırması süreci ortaya konulmuştur. Makalede esasen “ECHELON” istihbarat sisteminin izinsiz olarak ülkelerde tüm e- postaların incelendiği ve konuşmaların dinlendiği ortaya çıkması ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesini ihlal edilmesine rağmen Avrupa Parlamentosunun 2001 raporunda bu sistem olumlu referanslar alarak yasal görülmesi sürecine de yer verilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siber İstihbarat, ECHELON, Hack, Açık Kaynak, Kapalı Kaynak. JEL Kodları: F5, K33, N4, K24 1 İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Doktora Öğrencisi: Uluslararası İlişkiler ve İstihbarat Uzmanı, İstanbul, [email protected]. Within the scope of Cyber Intelligence: ''ECHELON'' Intelligence System Abstract In this article titled '' ECHELON '' Intelligence System within the Scope of Cyber Intelligence ', firstly, what is the concept of intelligence and the history of the intelligence from past to present are briefly mentioned. In addition, the type of cyber intelligence, which is one of the 9 types of intelligence agencies according to the national targets, was examined in the first title in this article. An answer was sought under the heading 'cybersecurity' to the question of the extent to which the technology developing on everyone's social life affects today and how to secure our personal data is, whether on our computer or in private meetings. Under the heading of the "ECHELON" intelligence system, it was demonstrated from the content of the "ECHELON" intelligence system and the documents and references that this system was built during the cold war period. The list of states that are members of the “ECHELON” intelligence system and the states that have access to this system are given in the initial establishment phase. In the last part of the article, the process of legalizing the ECHELON intelligence system with the 2001 report of the European Parliament was revealed after the investigation that it was illegal. The article essentially includes the process of “ECHELON” intelligence system in the European Parliament's 2001 report by taking positive references, despite the violation of the European Convention on Human Rights, despite the fact that all emails in countries are examined and conversations are heard without permission. Keywords:Cyber Intelligence, ’ECHELON, hacking, Open source, Closed source. JEL Codes: F5, K33, N4, K24 В рамках кибер-разведки: разведывательная система "эшелон" Резюме ‘В рамках кибер-разведки "эшелон’ разведывательная система" в этой статье впервые кратко упоминается, что такое концепция разведки и история разведки из прошлого в настоящее время. Кроме того, тип кибер-разведки, который является одним из 9 видов в соответствии с национальными целями спецслужб, был рассмотрен в первом названии в этой статье. На вопрос о том, в какой степени технологии влияют на социальную жизнь каждого человека сегодня, и насколько безопасны наши личные данные, будь то на нашем компьютере или в наших частных беседах, ответ был под заголовком ‘кибербезопасность’. Под заголовком” эшелон "разведывательная система была изложена из содержания разведывательной системы” эшелон" и документов и ссылок, из которых эта система была сделана в период холодной войны. На первом этапе создания был дан список государств, которые были членами разведывательной системы “эшелон”, и государств, которые сегодня имеют доступ к этой системе. В последней части статьи излагается процесс легализации Европейским парламентом доклада 2001 года после расследования, поданного о незаконности разведывательной системы” эшелон". В статье, по сути, говорится, что разведывательная система “эшелон” без разрешения просматривает все электронные письма и слушает разговоры в странах, и, несмотря на нарушение Европейской конвенции о правах человека, в докладе Европейского парламента 2001 года эта система считается законной с положительными ссылками. Ключевые слова: кибер-разведка, "эшелон", "взлом", "с открытым исходным кодом", "с закрытым исходным кодом". Коды геля: F5, K33, N4, K24 Giriş Uluslararası sistemde mevcut olan her bir ülke iç güvenliğini muhafaza etmesi gerekmektedir. Bunun için devletler iç ve dış düşmanlardan korumak amacıyla askeri birliklerin yanı sıra istihbarat kurumları mevcuttur. İstihbarat kurumları genel olarak her devlette aynı amaca yönelik olsa da yapı ve şematik olarak farklılık teşkil etmektedir. Ham bilgi istihbarat kurumları tarafından iki yöntem vasıtasıyla elde edilmektedir. Bu yöntemler genelde kapalı kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgiler ve açık kaynaklardan toplanmaktadır. İstihbaratın milli hedeflerine göre 9 türü mevcuttur. Bunlar:2 Askeri İstihbarat Biyografik İstihbarat 2 Ümit Özdağ, İstihbarat Teorisi. Ankara: Kripto yayınları, 2016, 19-150 Ekonomik İstihbarat Bilimsel ve Teknolojik İstihbarat Ulaşım ve İletişim İstihbaratı Coğrafya İstihbaratı Siyasi İstihbarat Sosyolojik İstihbarat Siber istihbarat İstihbarat Kavramı Nedir Kelime itibariyle Türk Dil Kurumu istihbarat kavramı yeni bir bilgi edinmek olarak gösterilmiştir3. İstihbarat kelimesi İngilizcede ‘‘intelligence’’ olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu kelime bilgi, güncel haberler elde edinme olarak bilinmektedir. İstihbarat kavramı genel itibariyle devletin kurumlarının topladığı verilerin ve bilgilerin saf hale getirilerek ülkeye yönelik olan herhangi bir tehdidi belirlemesi ve bu tehdidi önlenmesidir4. İstihbaratçı Michael HERMAN istihbarat kavramına farklı bakış açısı getirerek açıklığa kavuşturmuştur. İstihbarat denilen kavram bir veya birkaç kaynaktan aldığın verileri süzgeçten geçirerek gerçek bilgi hale getirilmesi olarak belirtmiştir5. Köken olarak Arapçadan alınan ‘‘istihbar’’ sözcüğü Türkçemizde haber alma, bilgi edinme olarak anlam ifade etmektedir. Fakat istihbarat kavramı kendi bünyesinde anlamı ve kavramı itibariyle haber almanın ötesinde olan bir kavram niteliğini taşımaktadır. Örneğin, Günlük hayatımızda radyo, televizyon, internet ortamı veya gazetelerden elde ettiğimiz bilgi ve haberlerle istihbarat kurumlarının elde ettiği bilgiler büyük bir farklılık oluşturmaktadır6. İstihbarat kurumlarında kurum çalışanları tarafından elde edinilen 3 Kelime ‘‘İstihbarat’’ https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime= www.tdk.gov.tr, (27.08.2018). 4 Özdağ, Ü., İstihbarat Teorisi, Ankara: Kripto yayınları, 2016. 5 Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 10-28. www.cambridge.org/core/boos/intelligence-power-in-peace-and- war/39B13810C2D49FD2894827D9BA373CCB, 08 27, 2018 tarihinde adresinden alındı 6 Elvin Abdurahmanlı, İstihbarat Teşkilatlarının Terör Örgütlerine Sızması: İra, Yüksek Lisans Tezi İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi, 2019, 30-33. haber ve kaynaklar istihbarat çarkının analiz aşamalarından geçirilerek saf bilgi ve kaynağa ulaşılmaktadır. İstihbarat faaliyetleri insanların yeni bilgiler edinerek kendilerinin güvene alma isteği sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu düşünceden yola çıkarak istihbarat kavram olarak insanların birbirleriyle yazılı ve sözlü olarak iletişimin ortaya çıkma aşamasından günümüze dek halen süren bir kavramdır diyebiliriz. Diğer bir örnek ise, şahıs veya şahıslarla ilgili bilgi edinmesinin kendisi de adeta istihbarat toplama yöntemlerinden biridir sadece. Devletlerin en önemli kurumu Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatlarıdır ve devletin geleceğinin devamı açısında yaşam kurumu veya devletin uzun yıllar ayakta kalmasını sağlayan kurum niteliğini taşımaktadır. İlaveten istihbarat kurumu olmayan yahut zayıf istihbarı bilgi edinen bir devlet yaşam sürekliliğinin kaybetme aşamasına gelmekle yükümlüdür ve böyle bir devletin ayakta kalması zordur7. Yukarıda gösterildiği gibi genel itibariyle elde edinilen istihbarı bilgi ve belgeler 2 yöntemle elde edilmektedir. Bu yöntemler: açık kaynaklardan elde edinilen bilgiler ve kapalı kaynaklardan elde edinilen bilgiler olarak şekillenmektedir. Açık kaynak yöntemi denilen bu bilgi toplama yöntemi, gazete, televizyon, radyo, akademik makaleler, sosyal medya gibi platformlardan edinilen istihbarı bilgilerden oluşmaktadır. Kapalı kaynaklı istihbarı bilgi toplama yöntemi genelde herhangi devlet kurumu çalışanı tarafında elde edinilen gizli belge veya verilerden oluşmaktadır. İstihbarı bilgi edinemeden taktiksel hareket eden herhangi bir istihbarat servisi gözü kapalı şekilde hedefe doğru ilerleyerek ateş açması gibidir. Elde edinilen bilgiler biz insanlarda olan bu beş duygu özelliğine benzemektedir8. 1.1 Siber
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