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Black Lamb and Grey Falcon

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Black Lamb and Grey Falcon Ai posti che hanno lasciato il segno, A coloro che mi hanno accompagnata nelle discese e nelle risalite, Ai miei cari perduti, Ai miei angeli custodi, A mia madre. Index Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. A Twentieth-century Icon ................................................................................................... 9 1.1. An Introduction to Rebecca West ................................................................................ 9 1.2. A Woman Traveller in Yugoslavia ............................................................................ 18 1.3. The Birth of Black Lamb and Grey Falcon ............................................................... 21 1.4. Between Autobiography and Travel Writing ............................................................ 23 2. A Long and Crowded Journey ............................................................................................. 29 2.1. The Structure of Black Lamb and Grey Falcon ............................................................ 31 2.2. The protagonists of Black Lamb and Grey Falcon ........................................................ 66 3. The Myth of the Balkans ...................................................................................................... 75 3.1. Balkans? Which Balkans? ............................................................................................. 77 3.2. Discovering and Inventing the Balkans: the Fantasy of the Enlightenment and Romanticism ......................................................................................................................... 84 3.3. A Journey through Violence .......................................................................................... 88 Appendix: a Journey through Yugoslavia in Yugoslavia ....................................................... 111 Table 1 ................................................................................................................................ 112 Table 2 ................................................................................................................................ 114 Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: ripensare i Balcani ................................................................ 119 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 129 Sitography .............................................................................................................................. 141 Introduction I koliko takvih pokrajina ima na ovom bozjem svetu? Koliko divljih reka bez mosta i gaza?1 (Ivo Andrić) Speaking of Rebecca West, someone wondered why a wealthy Englishwoman about forty years old should be interested in going around the Balkans, lands which had a very poor reputation in Great Britain – her motherland – as well as in the Western world in general. Reading the result of her “Balkan tour,” the travelogue Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: a Journey through Yugoslavia, one would probably understand why she was so fascinated by those remote lands. The reportage is so accurate and intimate at the same time, that it is impossible not to sympathise with Rebecca the traveller, as it is impossible not to feel curiosity for the places she described. Though Black Lamb and Grey Falcon be very long and hard to analyse, it offers to a wide range of commentaries, because it is very rich in contents, with its many subjects, going from art to politics, history and geography. The scholars who have shown interest in it have given very opposite opinions on it and its author. In most of the cases they were positive opinions, sometimes they were negative ones. Anyway, it is consolidated the idea that Rebecca had been a sort of Sybil in forecasting in her travel reportage World War II, as it is consolidated that this work is Rebecca’s masterpiece too. One can see that it thas started changing the shared idea on the Balkans and to have conquered a place in the list of the best English travel writings. Given all these premises, which put curiosity in the author of this work, the latter wants to be a study on Rebecca West’s travelogue Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: a Journey through Yugoslavia. The study is divided into four chapters and it aims to show how innovative Rebecca West’s reportage is, without refusing in toto the tradition both of travel writing and of Balkan writing. In order to get to that, the study describes Dame Rebecca West’s life and work and the travelogue’s structure, contents, and protagonists. The first chapter, A Twentieth-Century Icon, aims to introduce Rebecca West and her travel reportage, which is the object of this study. It is divided into four subchapters. Rebecca West is first presented from a biographical point of view, so that the first pages of the chapter are devoted to the most meaningful events of her life and career (including her troubled sentimental life, her relationship with her son and her engagement in political and social issues). 1 How many of suchlike regions are there in this God’s world? How many wild rivers without bridges nor fords? [E. P.] 5 Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: Figuring the Balkans Anew This first part goes under the title of An Introduction to Rebecca West. Afterwards, the chapter analyses the reasons of her journey through Yugoslavia, focussing on the stages of her discovery of the Balkans. She went there first for professional reasons and eventually she fell in love with Yugoslavia, to the point of feeling the necessity to go back there. This second part is called A Woman Traveller in Yugoslavia. What follows is an explanation of the inception of the idea of recollecting and publishing her travel experience, in the section called The Birth of Back Lamb and Grey Falcon. The very last part of the first chapter is called Between Autobiography and Travel Writing and is an analysis of the travel reportage per se, with the purpose of highlighting how autobiographical and travel writing aspects are mixed in Black Lamb and Grey Falcon. The second chapter, A Long and Crowded Journey, aims to show the structure of Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, paying attention to its subdivision into chapters and to its protagonists, as well. It comprises two subchapters. The first of them, The Structure of Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, focusses on all the sections of the travel reportage, corresponding to the many places visited by Rebecca West. The second subchapter is entitled The Protagonists of Black Lamb and Grey Falcon and it highlights the figures and roles of the most important characters of the travelogue, basically: Constantine the poet – the guide; Constantine’s wife – Gerda; and Rebecca’s husband – Mr. Andrews. The third chapter, The Myth of the Balkans aims to develop the topic of the discovery and, consequently, the invention of the Balkans by Western societies. It also aims to find a position for Rebecca West and her work in the history of this myth, the Balkanism. The chapter is divided into three subsections. The first of them, Balkans? Which Balkans?, underlines the difficulty to politically identify the Balkans. The second of them, Discovering and Inventing the Balkans, explains the origins of the myth of the Balkans, focussing on the two main stages of this process of “invention:” Enlightenment and Romanticism. The third and last section, A Journey through Violence lists the most shared stereotypes on the Balkan people – they are violent, undefined, Balkans they are like bridges between civility and barbarism, Balkan people are lazy, ugly, backward people, whose only passions are dancing and drinking coffee, they are the living legacy of the Ottoman empire – finding traces of these stereotypes in works of previous Western travellers. In this section there is space to show how those stereotypes work in Black Lamb and Grey Falcon. The third chapter concludes with a reflection on how Rebecca started to change Western perspective on the Balkans, being, at the same time, the first English and woman to look at them with new eyes. The title of this work, that is Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: Figuring the Balkans Anew attempts to show how Rebecca’s contribute mattered in the common Balkan imaginary. All the study leads to this core argument: 6 Introduction pinpointing how Rebecca West was able to be so innovative in her personal considerations on the Balkans, and so influencing in passing down her new ideas to others, after her. The appendix aims to put in evidence the reception of Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: a Journey through Yugoslavia, in what Rebecca referred to as Yugoslavia: nowadays Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia. With the help of the COBISS (Co-operative Online Bibliographic System and Services/Kooperativni online bibliografski sistem i servisi) catalogues and the digitalised archive of Croatian National Library (Nacionalna i sveucilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu, shorten in NSK) it was possible to report the records of Rebecca West’s masterpiece in the countries there described, in two tables, one referring to the English versions, the other referring to the translations. The reception results to be quite poor, for, according to the detected records, there are only two translations, which are still printed in Serbian, entitled Crno jagnje i sivi soko: putovanje kroz Jugoslaviju (by Nikola Kolević and Ana Selić), plus
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