Delivered by Ingenta informed decisionmaking.informed Butsincetheframing ofthesustainable development for development hasthe taskofproviding robust evidence-based knowledge for (UN-DESA, 2012; ISSC/UNESCO, 2013; UN, 2015). In these efforts, research development agenciesandinitiatives, anditcontinues tobe theiroverarching goal Poverty motivated alleviation hasintrinsically theestablishment ofglobalandnational Alleviating theburden of thepoor capacity of involved. allpartners contextualised knowledge andcorresponding institutions, andstrengthened thefuture-forming thedemocratisationadequate tosupport of knowledge generation. This fostered evidence-based as atransdisciplinary future-forming process. Itsprocedural, reflexive programme designproved Partnership Programme (1999–2015)offers experiences inframing andimplementingresearch can guidescientistsincontributing tothistransformation. The Eastern andSouthern Africa sustainability transformation. This papershowshowastrong conceptualisationof sustainability 2015 UNSustainableDevelopment SummitinNew York have reconfirmed theurgency of a In response to the development andclimatecrisis of the Anthropocene, leaders world atthe knowledge generation inresearch for partnerships This article isdistributed under the termsofThis article the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0license Concepts andpractices for thedemocratisation of IP : 192.168.39.211 On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Print ISSN17442648• Online ISSN17442656•http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/174426416X14700793045951 knowledge generation inresearch for partnerships sustainabledevelopment, Evidence &Policy , To citethisarticle: Ott, Kiteme,C, B(2016) Concepts andpractices for thedemocratisation of SPECIAL ISSUE• Advancing evidence-informed sustainabledevelopment policies: innovative Centre for Training andIntegrated Research in ASAL Development, Kenya

key words sustainabilityscience•transdisciplinaritykey •deliberative words democracy •casestudy Copyright The Policy Press Centre for Development andEnvironment, Switzerland vol 12, no3, 405–30, DOI: 10.1332/174426416X14700793045951 Evidence &Policy •vol 12•no3405–30©Policy Press 2016•#EVPOL Boniface Kiteme, [email protected] approaches addressing the science-policy interfaceapproaches addressing thescience-policy [email protected] Ott, sustainable development adaptation, alteration, reproduction anddistribution for non-commercial use, permissionprovided theoriginal withoutfurther isattributed. work The derivative donotneedtobelicensedonthesameterms. works research (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) 405

Delivered by Ingenta 2009; andStevenson, Dryzek 2011; foranoverview etal, seeSpruijt 2014). After ofscience–societyinteraction (Sneddonetal,forms 2006; Kemp etal, 2007; Dryzek ofsciencetowards andorganising atransformation underpinning new deliberative (Harding, 2012). Nevertheless, are sustainabilityscholars steadilymakingheadway in scientific actors, policymakers, and civil society remains a major topic of discussion development, thereconceptualisation andorganisationofeffective interactionbetween society have tocollaborate more equitably inframingandimplementingsustainable et al, 2001; UNESCO, 2005; UNDP, 2011). While they acknowledge thatscienceand (Gallopínetal,the jointorganisationofasustainabilitytransformation 2001; Nowotny the humansocietyare entitledtobothajustshare ofresources andanequalvoice in propose by toassumeleadership building ontheoverarching of ideathatallmembers ofscientists(WBGU,part 2011). This isanethicalposition. Sustainabilityscientists requires responsible sustainability transformation a true leadership, including on the ofsustainable developmentradical construction (Dedeurwaerdere, 2014). Advancing guide us in revitalising, by means of our research, the transformative potential of a more Naustdalslid, 2011; WBGU, 2012; Gergen, 2015; etal, Spruijt 2014). More so, itcan (van denHove,decision makingforasustainabilitytransformation 2007;Jäger,2009; andenhancingevidence-informed scientists inorganisingthescience–policyinterface Stewart, 2015). our normative position will help identify new roles Clarifying for prove their efficiency, impact, and societal relevance and Garthwaite,(Warren 2015; increasing commodificationof growingresearch andthe pressure foracademicsto et al, 2011a). Infact, isbecoming even suchclarification inview more ofthe crucial whom we andGupta, are accountable (Biermann 2011; Waas etal, 2011; Wiesmann producers, asitalsodefineswhatknowledge we produce, how we produce it, andto for. Inotherwords, we have thenormative positionwe toclarify holdasknowledge IP : 192.168.39.211 On: Sun,for us as scientists to reflect on and decide 26emphasise thatintoday’s geopoliticalandacademiccontext, thedemandhasincreased Sep Howardsociologist SBecker ago, halfacentury Warren andGarthwaite (2015, 225f) 2021et al, 2014). While elaboratingonastrandofdiscussionlaunchedby the American (van den Hove, 2007; et al,05:15:32 Cornell 2013; Stöckli et al, 2012; Gergen, 2015; Kläy researchers isessentialinidentifyingeffective tosustainable development contributions debate teachesusthatreflecting backgroundasscientistsand onourepistemological development policyandpractice, andtobuild upmomentum for change. The intense sustainability paradigmandtheurgencyofatransformation. Goals (SDGs)(UN, 2015). Bydoingso, they haveofthe theprimacy reconfirmed the Summit inNew York, world have leaders responded tothesechallengesby endorsing of overstepping boundaries. planetary At the2015UNSustainable Development are growingand economicdisparities worldwide, andhumanityisontheverge omnipresence ofsustainabilityasabuzzword, business asusualhaspersisted, social occupying thespacebetween mainstreamsustainabilityandgreenradicalism. Despitethe and Stevenson that Dryzek and frequently conflicting strategies (2011, 1868) found 2011). andsuccesseshave Concrete efforts faded intoanamalgamofuncoordinated complex, andincreasingly confused(Springett, 2005; Sneddonetal, 2006; Waas etal, development cooperationandresearch have becomehighlycontested, increasingly SummitinRio, atthe1992Earth and itsendorsement thenature andpathways of paradigm in the so-called Report’‘Brundtland

Copyright The Policy Press It isthustimetofind ofcurrent ways outoftheconfusionandarbitrariness Agenda 2030forSustainable Development withits17Sustainable Development Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme 406 whose side we are on Our common future (WCED, 1987) and who we serve and write and write who we serve Delivered by Ingenta

for institutional anchoring and transformative powerfor institutional anchoring andGehmann, (Garud 2012). that goes beyond standard evaluations. Moreover, it deepens insight into leverage al, 2015). Itprovides aprocedural oftheprogramme’s understanding performance (vanthe science–policyinterface denHove, 2007; Wiesmann etal, 2011a; Sarkkiet science–society interaction, andresponded tothe manifoldchallengesinmanaging programme framed knowledge and evidence, developed new roles effective to support et al, 2007). Lookingthrough ademocratic lensenables ustodetecthow the the networks’ guidance–alternative andeffective development pathways (Ostrom 2009; andStevenson, Dryzek 2011)andprovide – ‘from thebottomup’ andunder deliberative capacityoftheprogramme qualifiedasadeliberative system(Dryzek, and products. These features are enabling to the extent to which they expand the andnetworks,actors institutionalarrangements, thematicclusters, aswell astools scientists, policymakers, from andactors civil society–includingplacesofexchange, enabling mutual exchange, co-production ofknowledge, between andlearning observation, andourown involvement inresearch activities. The focusisonfeatures institutionsandgovernmentspartner interviews, –aswell asoninformal participatory board minutes,advisory IP evaluation reports, contracts, from material andinternal : documentation –credit proposals, annual reports,192.168.39.211 reports, annual intermediate on itsimplementation, adaptation, processes. andlearning investigate how research, theprogramme organiseditspartnership-based andreflect publication isamajorreference forthepresent paper, inwhichwe complementarily On:substantial insightintoESAPP’s research and outcomes (Ehrensperger etal, 2015). The Sun,Highlights from15 Years ofJoint Action forSustainable Development, offer ESAPPpartners base inmore than 300small researchempirical projects. Inafinal publication entitled 26the democratisationofknowledge andknowledge generation, andexpandedits Sepcollaboration inpredecessor programmes, ESAPPengagedinresearch thatfostered 2021are rare (Wiesmann etal, 2011a). BuildingonthelegacyofdecadesNorth–South Eritrea, itwas active atamesolevel experiences transdisciplinary where long-term 05:15:32 from Switzerland,partners Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique, and research North–South programme.transdisciplinary Furthermore, together inbringing Having lastedfrom 1999 to 2015, ESAPP is arare case of acompleted long-term When ESAPPwas framedinthelate1990s, sustainabilitysciencewas initsinfancy. we consider to be a unique case of transformative research. This hasseveral reasons: from and Southern the Eastern experiences Partnership ProgrammeAfrica (ESAPP), which conceptualise transformative research. Onthisbasis, we then draw on practicesand paradigm, andpracticeinscience–societyinteraction, reflecttheory oncurrent and resources. To ouranalysis, inform we first recall someessentialsofthesustainability to reduce poverty andenhanceequitywhilepromoting efficientuseofnatural and implementingresearch forsustainable development sothatitcanadvance efforts main questioniswhichconceptualandpracticalfeatures are supportive inframing toadvance development North–South transformation cooperationandresearch. The etal,Biermann 2009; Schroeder, 2014). sustainability science(see, forexample, Spangenberg, 2011; Wiesmann etal, 2011a; on a multitude of experiences, reviews, an emerging and syntheses underpinning more thanthree decadesofpluralisticpracticeandanintensediscourse, we candraw

Methodologically, ouranalysisbuilds onasystematicreview ofESAPP’s internal Copyright The Policy Press This leadstoourapproach inthispaper: we advocate sustainability atrue Democratising knowledge generation 407 Delivered by Ingenta

– the basic challenge lies in integrating andbalancing thedimensionsinview of – thebasicchallenge liesinintegrating representing them, forexample, indiverse andMoir, nestedmodels(Carter 2012) time, governance, – triangle propose and soon)scholars toincludeintheoriginal (Cash etal, 2006; UN-DESA, 2012). breaks thepredominance oftheeconomy asthemainpathway for solvingproblems in anintegrative way anddrawing attentiontotheirinterdependency andinterplay, it innovation: Byconnectingthethree dimensionsofecology, society, andtheeconomy We ‘magictriangle’ considertheoriginal ofsustainable development tobeapowerful (Waas aradicallynew normativity comprises etal, 2011; Wiesmann etal, 2011a). linkbetween development,intrinsic equity, andnature, thesustainabilityparadigm conceptualisation’s transformative potential(Dedeurwaerdere, 2014). Buildingonthe interest here ontheoriginal isaconsiderable consensusamongsustainabilityscholars supportive, orcounterproductive (seeHedlund-de Witt, 2014). But thepointof of sustainable development was vague –withdissentaboutthisbeingnecessary, 1987; Harding, 2012). conceptualisation Itiswidelyacknowledged thattheoriginal of economicgrowth –andwelfare –inalleviating poverty (WCED, anddisparities declineinthe1970sandearly1980shadclearlyexposedlimits and ecological had beenintendedtosolveIP (Cash etal, 2006; Naustdalslid, 2011). Economicshocks : considered to substantiallyaggravate theenvironmental anddevelopment192.168.39.211 problems it meant as a corrective to the previous paradigm of growth and transfer, which was now inequality,perpetuate poverty, anddependency(Spangenberg, 2011, 278). of unequalaccesstoresources, power, anddecisionmaking, they are doomedto On:exploitation oftheworld’s stockofnaturalresources. causes Neglectingstructural Sun,These approaches rely oncapitalisticgrowth, advancements, technological and asadequate andsufficientmeanstoachievesharing abetter world(Harding, 2012). 26validity (MäderandSchassmann, 2012), andofjustifyingphilanthropic andpaternalistic Sep ofimplicitly acceptingadualworld with risk ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ ofeternal ascategories 2021al, 2006; Harding, 2012). Suchpropositions harbourdangers: theiradvocates the run solutionsfromscientific andtechnological researchers todecisionmakers (Cashet 05:15:32of capital, goods, technologies, andknowledge andaone-way modeloftransfer of commonly beenheld to be a self-evident goal. transfer ItimpliesaNorth-to-South beliefs, and religious norms in humanitarian alleviating the burden of the poor has growthrich countries. benefits thateconomic generatesin sharing Deeply rooted tradition, development policyhasbeenguidedby theparadigmofdelivering aidand sustainable development world. framedforapost-Brundtland Inthepre-Brundtland growth world, groundedinthetraditionofapre-Brundtland andtheparadigmof – toanalyticallydistinguishbetween today’s two paradigms: ruling theparadigmof sustainability paradigm emerged and – as proposed by Sneddon and colleagues (2006) revealing steptowards isto recall thecontextinwhich suchclarification background andformore reflexive andinclusive ofpolicymaking. forms Afirst ofourepistemological underlinetheneedforclarification They alsofurther different likeAuthors Hedlund-de Witt (2014)and Tàbara andChabay(2013)elucidatehow The epistemological rootsparadigms ofconflictingdevelopment Framing transformative research

In contrast, world sustainabilityastheguidingparadigmforapost-Brundtland was Copyright The Policy Press s shape our understanding oftheconceptsustainableworldview development.s shapeourunderstanding Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme No matterhow many dimensions(culture, 408 Delivered by Ingenta prevalent (Wiesmann etal, 2011b). self-determination, andlivelihoods, aswell asholisticandgenderapproaches became integrative andpeople-centred conceptsofpartnership, participation, empowerment, with themore eradication radicalpoverty by meansof interventions, reductionby thegoalofpoverty meansofdevelopment aid was replaced has fundamentallyinfluencedthepost-Brundtland world. Inglobaldevelopment on thewayand strategies toadesired future (WBGU, 2011; 2012). This normativity normative issuessuchastrade-offs,legitimising risks, and uncertainties values, goals, Scientists andsocietyatlargemust beengagedindeliberating, decidingon, and domain ofknowledge (Gallopínetal, 2001; Harding, 2012; etal, Cornell 2013). that scientists must reconsider in the and give the nature of expertise up primacy existing disparities, power structures, anddecision-makingprocesses, anditimplies to ajustshare ofresources andanequalvoice tochange opensthefieldforefforts real intra-andintergenerationalequity. progress ifitcomprises Entitlingeverybody the premise ofequity the dilemmas, trilemmas, andpolylemmasexistingbetween them. We also regard interaction. Although alternative framingsthataimat organisingglobalscientific fields forscience–society in Johannesburg intomajorexperimental in2002– turned governance approaches, which–following SummitsinRio1992and theEarth andclimatechange(UNDP,and socialcrises 2011). andisolated, eroded are further byto thefringes concerns financial equity-oriented (Harding, 2012; Cashetal, 2006; Liverman, 2009; Skoglund andJensen, 2013). Pushed transfer solutionsprevail –ingovernance –andfail andinnovation policyandpractice conveniently disregarded. dominanceandeconomic, Northern technocratic, and whilealternative interpretation pathwaysto rational-technological andevidence are policy and practice,the meaning of evidence-informed efficiency, and impact is left ofresearch remainsthe traditionalform largelyunchallenged’. Notsurprisingly, then, as debatesover are abandonedinfavor ofinquiry thegrounds ofapluralistpragmatics, based onanobscure reference tosustainability. As Gergen(2015, 5)putsit: ‘However, ofpluralism, spirit nurtures afruitful italsoaccommodatesastanceof ‘anything goes’ nevertheless emerged; itasreflective pragmatism. hecharacterises While suchconsensus (2015) arguesthat–by suppressing contentionandfractures –aconsensushas discussion onthenatureIP ofknowledge (Gergen, andscientifictruth 2015). Gergen : of sustainabilityhasdeepenedthedivide intheoldandwide-ranging constructions 192.168.39.211 (Kläybe marginalised etal, 2014). Inscience, thetensionbetween weak and strong procedural, reflexive, initiatives long-term forsystem-level changeare continuing to outmore radicalinterpretations.easily rule Equityconcerns, civil-society agency, and sustainability withbusiness asusual. mindsets Established andengineering structures On:2005:130f; Sneddonetal, 2006; Waas etal, 2011). Systemresistance favours weak Sun,hand, ofstrongsustainability, andrare radicalconstructions ontheother(Springett, coupledwithweaksustainability, constructions of botheco-modernist ontheone 26argue thatthesustainabilityparadigmitselfisinherently ambiguous, enabling therise Sep conceptualisation(Hedlund-de see amajorreason initsoriginal Witt, 2014). They 2021But the sustainability paradigm’s of expectations. short implementation falls Scholars 05:15:32Lostparadigms intheambiguity of conflictingdevelopment

The persisting dominance of scientific knowledge is confirmed strikingly in global inglobal strikingly dominanceofscientific knowledgeThe persisting isconfirmed Copyright The Policy Press as astrength, thatdevelopment asitclarifies canonlyleadto Democratising knowledge generation 409 development cooperation, while Delivered by Ingenta 2011; Arocena etal, 2015). developing societies’ capacitiestoproduce anduse advanced knowledge (Naustdalslid, that adequateaccountistaken ofthecontexts inwhichmeasures are totake effect, and ofcivil societyintoknowledgeintegration generationanddecisionmaking, ensuring decision making. Butthey are alsoresponsible for, andcapable of, true supporting that scientistshave toremain inchargeofproducing evidence-based knowledge for South tensionsandbargaining(Skoglund andJensen, 2013). confirm Suchexperiences of equity and createmarket new liberalisation North– that contradict the principle 1865f; Schroeder, 2014). New initiatives are hauntedby theparadigmsofgrowth and andStevenson,effective (Dryzek solutionsforasustainabilitytransformation 2011, – demonstratestheinabilityofglobalcommunity torealise equity-basedand institutions, severe dissentindebates–mostobvious inthepost-Kyoto negotiations structures. Despite hundreds of multi-and bilateral agreements, programmes, and imbalances andconflictsofinterest limitactionandthwart coherent governance about how tomitigateandadaptglobalchange, includingclimatechange, power While we have amountofsynthesisedscientificknowledge accesstoanenormous negotiations. Resultingglobalpoliciesremain top-down, power-driven, andsectoral. representatives of developing are usually outnumbered countries and sidelined in global (Lövbrandoften instrumental etal, 2009). andStevenson Dryzek (2011)illustratehow Trenberth, 2010; Pindyck, 2013). ofthewiderpublic islimitedand The integration andthusinalossofcapacitytoact(Sterman,results inadditionaluncertainty 2002; 2009; Naustdalslid, 2011). even Somescholars arguethatanincrease inknowledge models, probabilities, andscenarios, (Liverman, outuncertainties itcannotrule and value-free fordecisionmakers. fact-producers However, whilescienceoffers Scientists are stillbroadly perceived –andperceive themselves –asbeingobjective toscientists,roles ascribed thepublic, andpolicymakers remain largelyunchanged. assessments ascollective processes have learning gainedground, thetraditional 1657). But, because tobeapproached but‘sustainability emergesasahorizon never sustainability no matter which view isemployed’ and interpretation (Waas etal, 2011, and its‘bottomline’: whichform four fundamentalprinciples possesses aprecise andunambiguous meaning’. conceptualisation builds on Itsoriginal According to Waas andcolleagues(2011, 1645), ‘sustainable development asaconcept for astrong conceptualisationofsustainable development (Dedeurwaerdere, 2014). by considerable consensus:is characterised generallystrive sustainabilityscholars al, 2014; Kläy etal, 2014). Despiteitsdiversity, thesustainabilitysciencecommunity 2014; Halleretal, 2016; anoverview isprovided inSpangenberg, 2011; et Spruijt etal, Hadorn in scienceandsociety(Hirsch 2008; Harding, 2012; Olsson etal, together long-standingparticipatory,bring democratic, traditions and emancipatory sustainable development (Wiesmann etal, 2011a; Skoglund andJensen, 2013) and scientific boundaries. They backgroundof illuminate theepistemological research for are establishing sustainability networks and andinstitutionsthattranscenddisciplinary al, 2001; Nowotny etal, 2001; Gallopínetal, 2001). Working outofniches, scholars has been taken over by an emerging ofthemillennium,Since theturn IP towards leadership asustainabilitytransformation : 192.168.39.211Sustainable development asademocratic principle On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Copyright The Policy Press dynamism ‘represent limitsoftheconceptandare theinterpretational essentialto Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme sustainability science 410 , normativity (Lubchenco, 1998; Kates et equity, integration, Delivered by Ingenta suited fortheanalysisofgovernance networks systemgovernance. andearth and system and Stevenson (2011, expanddeliberative 1867)further democracy intoadeliberative tohostdeliberationthatisauthentic,structures inclusive, andconsequential’. Dryzek frames their deliberation strengthens theenvironmental ofstates, performance (2009, Dryzek 1382) collective decisions(Hendriks, 2009, 175; andStevenson, Dryzek 2011). Arguing that in a deliberate democracy participate in which actors calls forasocietybasedoninclusive democracy –inotherwords, participatory on theeconomiccaptureofsustainabilityconcept.counters Suchaconstruction (2005,Springett 129), sustainable development constructing asademocratic principle et al,Kristjanson 2008; Wiesmann etal, 2011a; Halleretal, 2016). According to knowledge andstrengthening civil societyforbalancedexchange(Ristetal, 2007; processes inwhichthey jointlearning assumethedualrole ofgenerating triggering knowledge outside the scientificintegrating community systems and actors and inthespherewilling togive ofknowledge. upprimacy They, engageinactionresearch agents for sustainable development (Hering, 2016). More and more researchers are of themselves asreflective, value-oriented, and responsible knowledge brokers and their role as that of ‘value-free’, ‘objective’, or ‘neutral’ producers, fact but conceive (Dryzek, 2000, inSpringett, 2005, 130). nolongerperceive Sustainabilityscholars development ofthedeliberative toamore‘as part discursive ofdemocracy’ turn theory goal.strategic This provided astrong ofsustainable impetusforaradicalconstruction societies based on the democratisation of knowledge and knowledge generation as a and CulturalOrganization(UNESCO, 2005)framedthedevelopment ofknowledge etal,Spruijt 2014; Arocena etal, 2015). The UnitedNationsEducational, Scientific 2009; and Stevenson, Dryzek 2011; 2009; Hendriks WBGU, 2012, et al, Cornell 2013; the relationship between scienceandsociety(Welp etal, 2006; Jäger, 2009; Dryzek, This hasledtoanew andmore democratic conceptualisationofknowledge andof conception asresearchers (Tàbara andChabay, 2013; WBGU, 2012; etal, Cornell 2013). and Burton, 2011), and itencouragesustorevise ourtraditionalrole and(self-) et al, 2006; Pohl Hadorn, and Hirsch 2007; van den Hove, 2007; Jäger, 2009; Stock reorganising Hadorn knowledge (Hirsch generationandthescience–societyinterface 2009; Lövbrand etal, 2009). The focusonequityrequires reframing knowledge and systemgovernancethe needtoframeearth inaninnovative way etal, (Biermann and de Vries, 2011; andStevenson, Dryzek 2011). The community on alsoagrees environmentally safeandsociallyjustspaceforhumanity(Jäger, 2009; van Egmond advance inclusive andsustainable economicdevelopment with aview tocreating an of sustainability. They work withdevelopment, torelink humanrights andaimto seed inherent nurture the transformative in the concept scholars and emancipatory must accommodate pluralism (Gergen, 2015). value By attachinggreater to equity, reached’ andGehman, (Garud 2012, 992), research practicethat isafutureforming capacity of ourresearch as a politicalsystem–by – understood meansof adequate practice? Surely,transdisciplinary itmeansthatwe needtostrengthen the deliberative What doesthismeanwith regard to operationalisingsustainable development in Research as ‘future forming’ IP : 192.168.39.211 On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Copyright The Policy Press decisiveness aselements; they intend thisasananalyticalframework whichisalso with public space, empowered , transmission, accountability deliberative capacity as ‘the extent to which a political system possesses Democratising knowledge generation 411 communicative process and influence meta-deliberation, Delivered by Ingenta equity, interaction requires new thataccommodatedemocraticfeatures: structures forexample (Dietz etal, 2003; van denHove, 2007; VISION RD4SD, 2013). Suchscience–society experimentation, learning, and constant change in an adaptive governance approach to shiftfrom theoutcometoprocesses ofsocietalknowledge generation: to Olsson etal, 2014). The focusofresearch thusneeds atthescience–policyinterface research andprocedures structures (Pohl etal, 2008; andStevenson, Dryzek 2011:1872; experiences of long-term transdisciplinary practiceat amesolevel transdisciplinary are oflong-term rare (Wiesmann experiences Kläy et al, 2014). Transdisciplinary practiceoftenremains isolated orunreported, and by anddominantnarratives theunfavourable (Spangenberg, institutional fabric 2011; et al, 2014). young, Butsustainabilityscienceisfairly anditissubstantiallyrestricted field dataonametalevel etal, (Biermann 2009; Jäger, 2009; mainlyqualitative conceptsandpracticeby synthesisingandtheorising transdisciplinary Rist etal, 2007; Halleretal, 2016). are Sustainabilityscholars makingheadway on development pathways (Kemp et al, 2007; Pohl et al, 2008, et al, Hadorn Hirsch 2008; of broadening optionsforaction, balancingdisparities, andgeneratingsustainable wealth of approaches, especially bottom-up and contextualised ones, that are capable 2010). Sustainabilityscience, methodologies, withitstransdisciplinary provides a in thedemocratisationofsciencehasbeenobserved inrecent years (UNESCO, (Wiesmann etal,science–policy interface 2011a; Sarkkietal, 2015). Indeed, progress trade-offsatthe of copingwithconceptualandoperationalchallengesor necessary et al, 2013; Head, 2015; Hering, 2016; Stewart, 2015). developThey alsofurther ways brokering activities and andproducts (Hurni Wiesmann, 2004; Dryzek, 2009; Cornell education andtraining, jointresearchprocesses, andlearning aswell asknowledge- expand humanandinstitutionalcapacityforsustainableIP development by meansof : open uptheprocesses ofscientificknowledge and generationtonon-scientificactors 192.168.39.211as agentsofchange(Wiesmann etal, 2011a). practice, Intransdisciplinary researchers role ofproviding evidence whilesimultaneously empowering andinstitutions actors and power meaningfulparticipation. gaps restrict This underlinesresearchers’ dual On:learning, adaptionandadoption’. ofanongoingprocessSun,contingent andthusneedstobeusedaspart ofevaluation, put it: ‘The reality… isthatallevidence will besomehow partial, provisional and 26et al, 2014; Warren andGarthwaite,Sep 2015). andcolleagues(2014,As Higgins 492) and isconstantlyappliedreassessed invaryingcontexts(Kemp etal, 2007; Spruijt 2021evidence isreconceptualised asitacquires meaninginthecommunicative process utility’ (Gergen, 2015, 4).05:15:32 Bycontrast, incollaborative processes oractionresearch, In suchsystems, ‘… reflection moves fromgrounding issuesofphilosophictosocial systems inwhichimpactandefficiencyismeasured exclusively against preset goals. it takes place–iscommonlylimited, andevaluation monitoring forexampletoformal (Wiesmann etal, 2011a; andGehmann, Garud 2012; KPFE, 2014). Suchreflection –if scientists andresearchers devoted topoverty alleviation andsustainable development background andachievementsconstantly benchmarkagainstourepistemological as a sustainable future societalprocesses inprocedural whichwe andexperimental into what it could be’ (2015, 1). implies thatweThis understanding must develop 6) replaces ‘the captivating gazeontheworld as itiswithvalue basedexplorations colleagues (2015). According toGergen, ‘research practice’ asafuture forming (2015, Gupta (2011), or iterativity

CopyrightBut deliberation alone will not lead to sustainable development as long as knowledge The Policy Press , inclusiveness accountability , credibility Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme , legitimacy, and deliberation , relevance 412 , and legitimacy , asproposed and by Biermann , as proposed by Sarkki and Hendriks, 2009; Spruijt Delivered by Ingenta look ataconcrete research initiative potential. anditsfuture forming germinated. New andmore potentpracticesmay bestimulated’. Letus, then, take a of this potential,practices can be illuminated in terms a new consciousness may be potential. practiceswithfuture forming andemerging to examinecurrent Ifsuch practice and build on what works. In thewords ofGergen (2015, 12), it is ‘… promising (Waas etal, 2011). Oneway research ofdoingthisistofocusontransdisciplinary and avoid an ‘anything goes’ development, commonground we alsoneedtonourish nature andneedstobeembraced. Buttoeffectively itstransformative power harness issplendid.and methodologies Itmatchessustainable development’s experimental et al, 2011a). Ontheotherhand, concepts thediversity transdisciplinary incurrent and itincluded representatives from theSwiss Academy ofSciences(SCNAT) and already inthe1990s (Wiesmann, 1994; Wiesmann, 1998, Wiesmann etal, 2011b); tools focusingonhumanagency, science–societyinteraction, andsociallearning institution –whichhadcome upwithintegrative anddeliberative conceptsand into poverty alleviation policiesandpractice. ItincludedCDE–ESAPP’s mother SummitinRioandto translatethenormative goalsofsustainableEarth development founded Agency for Development andCooperation, which in 1988 had commissioned the newly inSwitzerland.practitioners This network included representatives from theSwiss previous work ofaloosebut lively and scholars network ofsustainability-oriented scientific landscapes. Second, on thesupplyside, ESAPP’s developers could build on foster integrative research inthehostcountries’ andbebetterintegrated politicaland andgovernmentdonors officesintheSouth requestedthata new should programme the (1981–1998),Eritrea the programmes – mostly the interactions. First, itwas aresponse todemandsexposedinthepredecessor partially andSouth.in theNorth IP Indeed, theprogramme’s designisanoutcomeofthese : research institutions, donoragencies,192.168.39.211 governmental offices, NGOs, and civil society collaborationsbetweenestablished andtrustful andresearch research in users partners a prerequisite toESAPP’s design. The programme’s developers could build on was in Eastern conduciveAfrica and partnerships Swiss research and experience On:What was it, then, thatprovided thefoundationsforsuchaprogramme? Sun,tackling the complexityofatransnationalandtransculturalscience–policy interface. Switzerland andseveral inEastern Africa, countries itconfronted thechallengeof 26 researchNorth–South endeavour inthefieldofsustainable development. Spanning Sep inter-andtransdisciplinary long-term ambitiously launchedasanequity-oriented 2021ground-breaking. Relatively smallinsize(around CHF1.2millionperyear), itwas sustainability sciencewere intheirinfancy. At thattime,05:15:32 theprogramme’s designwas was framedinthelate1990s, bothpublic involvement inglobalassessmentsand andSouthern When theEastern Partnership ProgrammeAfrica (ESAPP, 1999–2015) prerequisite:A first anenabling interfacescience–policy sustainable development: acasestudy Organising thedemocratisation of knowledge inresearch for

CopyrightOur analysis reveals in decades of formed that the science–policy interface The Policy Press Terre-Tany Programme inMadagascar(1989–1998). Basedontheirexperiences, Centre forDevelopment and Environment(CDE)tohelpprepare the1992 Democratising knowledge generation Laikipia Research ProgrammeLaikipia Research in Kenya (1984–1998), and Soil Conservation Programme Research in Ethiopia and 413 Delivered by Ingenta had long been part ofthenetworkhad longbeenpart too. from theoutset. forgovernmentThe sameistrue officesinthehostcountries, who programme fromtransdisciplinary thevery beginning; itwas itselfactively involved to give thedevelopers considerable leeway forlaunchingESAPPasapioneering for Development andCooperationasthefundinginstitutionwas notonlywilling of ESAPP’s mandateinresearch forsustainable development. The Swiss Agency Stöckli etal, 2012). This contextprepared thegroundforashared understanding of scienceinsustainable development (ProClim, 1997; and Hurni Wiesmann, 2004; collaborated withCDEindraftinganew ofknowledge understanding andtherole the research activities. et al, 2014)tocounteractinequityaswell asknowledge and power inits disparities development, andconstituteditselfasacommunicative space(Hendriks, 2009; Higgins ).democratic principle ESAPPaccommodated astrong conceptualisationofsustainable (see above,to the fundamental democratic principles of sustainability, partnership, and transdisciplinarity, and to the programme’s adherence practice.future forming They gave reason toESAPPbeingfoundedonthethree pillars insustainabilityscience,the art andthey frameresearch aswhatGergen(2015)callsa on theirdeliberative anddemocraticnature, they alignsmoothlywithtoday’s stateof by and7Questionsproposed the11Principles by KFPE(Stöcklietal, 2012). Based The designandtheimplementationofnew programme were strongly guided A secondprerequisite: epistemological foundations emancipatory and to support localtoglobalsustainability coherence (Tàbaraand tosupport andChabay, 2013). with localactors; thisenables itto berobustly coupledtohuman–environment systems development. Contextualised knowledge canonlybegainedandprocessed together contextualised knowledge aboutsustainable landmanagementandsustainable regional accordingly. Finally, inlinewithCDE’s core competence, ESAPPfocusedoncreating increasing theirinfluenceand ownership, andforcontinuously organising research was kept flexible enoughtoallow for responding topartners’ preferences, for itself (Figure 1). goal within the partnership structural Programme management 1997; Pohl et al, 2008; Wiesmann et al, 2011a). Third, equity as a ESAPP pursued negotiatedmeasures andpathwaysdescribes tofollow (‘how togetthere’) (ProClim, vision ofasustainable future (‘whatoughttobe’), knowledge , andtransformation which problem tobeaddressed (‘whatis’), targetknowledge, whichencompassesashared development by compilingsystemsknowledge, thesubsystem or whichdescribes This conceptrequires science–societyinteractiontogive meaningtosustainable scientistsandpractitioners.within theSwissnetwork ofsustainability-oriented 2011a).IP Second, ESAPPappliedaconceptofknowledge thathadalsobeendeveloped : different placesandscales(Pohl etal, 2008;192.168.39.211 StockandBurton, 2011; Wiesmann etal, cultural) knowledge systems, andinstitutions, socialandpoliticalactors aswell as an integrative together approach scientificand thatbrings ‘non-scientific’ (endogenous, well reflected, first, inthe as partners’programme oftransdisciplinarity understanding democratised knowledge production, sociallearning, andinstitutionaldevelopment is On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32

Copyright thatESAPP’sThe fact research was organisedinlinewithkey ofmore principles The Policy Press Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships Swiss Commission for Research with Developing Countries

Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme 414 Sustainable development as a (KFPE) that Delivered by Ingenta Figure 1: Diversity ofinESAPP’s partners Southernnetwork and options arising during programme implementation. during and optionsarising modify institutionalstructures, research procedures, andgoalsinresponse toneeds and while allowing toincreasingly co-determine core partners institutional fabric In thecaseofESAPP, adaptive managementwas expectedtoprovide astable must thusbeaccountable andbeneficiaries. tofundingagencies aswell astopartners procedures, partners’ asitsimplementation must integrate agency andtheprogramme approaches take preset intoaccountthataprogramme goalsand canonlypartially applying suchanapproach was innovative and experimental. Adaptive management Wiesmann etal, 2011a; VISION RD4SD, 2013). ofthemillennium, Butattheturn of processes ofsystemchange, development, (Dietzetal, orfuture forming 2003; development, astheytotheopen-ended, correspond complex, character andrisky Adaptive managementapproaches have cometobewidelyacceptedinresearch for management approach thatintegratesAn adaptive actors’ agency science’.IP ESAPP’s approaches three structural were thefollowing: : that makes projects interdisciplinary the difference in sustainability for integrated 192.168.39.211such a andapplied, structures ‘combination offormal oftenpragmatic, management research activities. According toSpangenberg(2003, inSpangenberg2011, 282), itis coherence,for securing consistency, agencyacross alloftheprogramme’s and Southern 2011a). Together, they were intended to provide an enabling institutional arrangement On:interaction andprocedures withconsequentialprogramme adaptation(Wiesmann etal, Sun, approacheslatter consistedofthree structural designedtofosterrecursive, reflexive frameworkan openpartnership withanadaptive research implementationscheme. The 262007, 89). Our analysis reveals that this was in combining indeed what ESAPP pursued Sep concerns’ imperativesthe conflictbetween long-term (Kemp andshort-term etal, 2021 ofsocietalprocesses andseek,normative orientation todifferent degrees, to overcome and colleagues propose for guiding the processes must be with the ‘… concerned 05:15:32 in processes ofjoint knowlegdeprinciples generation. Matchingapproaches that Kemp is of utmost relevanceAn adequate institutional fabric in operationalising democratic A third prerequisite: consistent implementation butadaptive Source: Eastern andSouthern Africa Partnership Programme Final 2015 Report Copyright The Policy Press Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diversity ofpartnersintheESAPPSouthnetwork Eritrea Ethiopia Democratising knowledge generation Kenya 415 Tanzania University /HigherLearning Association Government National NGO Mozambique Madagascar Parastatal Organization Company International NGO/UN Research Centre Other countries Delivered by Ingenta each other, andeventually reshape theprogramme. learning, andadaptation. The two componentswere intendedtointeract, reinforce capacity development withconceptsandbasicresearch, reflection, andtosupport knowledgebehind thesecondcomponentwas mainlytounderpin generationand in research.whom we as agents of change and partners understand The rationale This is where knowledge was co-produced between researchers – andlocal actors action projects alone orincollaborationwithresearchers. initiatedby localpartners the programme’s finalpublication (Ehrensperger etal, 2015). development. componentwithasupportive andcapacity action research componentofbasicresearch process, withinitstransdisciplinary and concept-driven concerns ESAPP linked an business-as-usual basicresearch (Kristjanson, 2008). To need-driven betterintegrate accommodating bothperspectives istomerely addanactionresearch componentto without reference tothewidercontexts. A frequent, but insufficientapproach to (Gergen,the caseofactionresearch 2015, 16)–beingdriven largelyby localneeds biased, either following to adequately capture local realities concepts that fail or – in sustainability imperatives. Research for sustainable development isin danger of being In development contexts, long-term oftenoverride people’s priorities short-term A dualstructure conceptsandaction approach thatharmonises and North. knowledge, and forenhancingthecapacitiesofpeopleandinstitutions intheSouth for thedemocratisationof knowledge generation, fordeveloping contextualised created the communicative space needed for meaningful and sequential interaction, research. andfurther support predecessor programmes in Africa, and to make them available for decision-making the contextualisedknowledge, databases, networks andpartner created by CDE’s outset, ESAPPwas develop mandatedtofurther characterof thetransdisciplinary with global development institutions (Haller et al, 2016; Hering, 2016). Thus, at its and justnationaldevelopment andininteracting self-determined strategies formulating global tolocalgovernance. Databasesare a key assetfordeveloping in countries be generalised, consolidatedindatabases, exchangedifitistobenefit andfurther –up high on the global developmentactors agenda. But this knowledge must also time, place, and scaleandgeneratedinjointprocesses between scientists andlocal contextualised knowledge –knowledgeThis brings IP thatisembeddedinaspecific : generallyremain top-down,strategies sector-specific,192.168.39.211 isolated, andcontradictory. others). But without robust knowledge aboutlocalhuman–environment systems, sustainably andpreserve theglobalcommons(theclimate, biodiversity, forests, and Attempts have populations’ beenmadetocompensaterural touse resources efforts resource indeveloping (UNCBD/UNCCD/UNFCCC, users countries 2012). On: areas, reappraisingare rural currently agriculture, andlivelihoods ofsmall-scale Sun,populations largelydependonnaturalresource use. Globalgovernance approaches Global trends continue tothreaten ecosystemsincontexts where vulnerable rural 26 Sep approach thatlinksplacesandscalesA contextuality 2021 05:15:32

In thefollowing sectionwe provide examplesofhow approaches thethree structural Copyright The Policy Press

In doingso, we refer tomany ofthe24ESAPPHighlights presented in The action research component comprised over 300 small-grant priority overThe actionresearch componentcomprised priority 300 small-grant Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme 416 Delivered by Ingenta provided thegroundforaccountabilitytowiderpublic. partners’strengthened Southern deliberative capacityandownership, but italso led todecisionsonprogramme navigation, helpedtoconsolidatethe network, and programme’s deliberative and Stevenson, system (Dryzek 2011). Meta-deliberation ESAPP’s capitalisationworkshops asempowered canbeunderstood spacewithinthe changesintheprogramme’snecessary andresearch organisationalstructure design. recommendations from programme regular evaluations. external Here, they made develop tools,and further ESAPP managerial settle conflictual issues, and integrate excursion. The workshops provided acommunicative toapply spaceforparticipants method sharing, deliberationandself-evaluation, reorientation, strategic andafield South–South ofjointprogramme management,became acornerstone capacitydevelopment, and so-called on aregular basis(Highlight20). These communication andacommonunderstanding distanceandfostering geographic each country year. partner a different Southern This was a major step in overcoming trust. In 2006, initiated annual one-week the partners workshops that took place in backgrounds andvaryinginstitutionalstrength requires time, resources, andmutual challenge:logistical withdifferent organisingjointprocesses cultural amongpartners communicative space. Inatransnationalresearch programme, thisismore thanjust a South. Consequently, soughttoexpandtheprogramme’s the programme partners role andensure research coherence, relevance, andqualityforthebenefitof amore robust toperform andequal core partners need especiallyforSouthern were notrepresented until 2011. inthefirst emphasised years Butexperiences funding institution, ofCDE, andofrelated Swissinstitutions. partners Southern of representatives oftheSwiss Agency forDevelopment andCooperationasthe inception. board –theprogramme’sThe advisory body–was composed steering ESAPP was programme, aNorth-funded andwas atits thusNorth-driven Institutionalising joint programme navigation Processes towards contextualised knowledge andcapacity projects separatelywould nothave been feasible oreconomically justifiable. But the background information. theimpactsof overthe necessary Monitoring 300small on thestatusofresearch, andfieldactivities providing withstandard formats onwards, regularly reflected especiallyintheannual capitalisation workshops–partners (self-evaluation, feedback-loops). Inphysical meetingplaces–from orvirtual 2006 group meetings, project-cycle steps, evaluations) andexternal withreflexive elements criteria, frameworks, logical andstatistics)standard procedures (suchasadvisory (such astemplates,combined simpleandreadily standard understandable formats partners’ ofprocess Southern perspectives. benchmarkingthatintegrated forms They North. itsdeliberative Fostering capacity, established theprogramme new gradually andevaluationmonitoring mechanismsreflected goalsandindicators valued inthe for Development andCooperationasthefundinginstitution. Correspondingly, – ESAPP’s key research unit–were by theSwiss mainlyformulated Agency of ESAPP,At the beginning action projects forselecting small priority criteria Developing anintegrative, procedural monitoring and evaluation system IP : 192.168.39.211 On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Copyright The Policy Press exchange. Here, metforintenseexchange, ESAPPpartners data and Democratising knowledge generation 417 capitalisation workshopsimmediately Delivered by Ingenta the experimental nature ofresearchthe experimental forsustainable development. (Stöckli etal, 2012), ESAPP’s andevaluation monitoring systemwas well-suited to and adaptation(Kemp etal, 2007; Wiesmann etal, 2011a). asanavigationtool Serving partners’Southern reflexive capacityinaprocess ofcontinuous project assessment evaluation, learning, adaptionandadoption’ etal, (Higgins 2014, 492), andstrengthen researchmade itpossible tointegrate results asevidence in ‘an ongoingprocess of evaluation systemproved to beaviable, inclusive andconsequentialalternative. It combination ofstandard andnew reflexive elements inESAPP’s and monitoring collaboration. The strong commitment of anumber and ofindividuals intheNorth research tiesthankstothelegacies offormer hadtimetobuild close personal Partners spaces, interaction, andStevenson, andcapacities(Dryzek 2011; Hendriks, 2009). ESAPP’s involvement long-term made itpossible toinstitutionalise deliberative Consolidating andleveraging ofpartners networks is conflictualandnew governance institutions are needed(Highlights3, 5, 7, 12). ESAPP asadeliberative system. This ismostrelevant incontextswhere resource use collaborativeenabled long-term processes with local communities, thus expanding local peopleajustshare andavoice inresearch activities. Putting projects insequence Furthermore, actionresearch projects are highly effectivegiving whenitcomesto needed forglobalapproaches (UNCBD/UNCCD/UNFCCC, 2012)(Highlight21) . for linkingmicro- withmesolevel contextsandproviding thecontextualiseddata actionprojects suitable andrelevant isparticularly priority and sequencingsmall-grant actionprojects.of more than300priority ESAPP’s procedure ofselecting, clustering, exchange (Figure 2). This madeitpossible toscaleupandoutresearch results and localstakeholders,IP research projects steering andpromoting South–South : increasingly acted asknowledge partners brokersSouthern between theprogramme 192.168.39.2112008; Harding, 2012)(Highlights1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 22). Within thisinstitutionalsetting, too often employed separately in development et al, Hadorn cooperation (Hirsch sciences, humanities, andnaturalsciencestechnocraticapproaches, whichare all interdisciplinary, research, andtransdisciplinary but alsoofapproaches from thesocial On:of theresearch notonlyofdisciplinary, andenabled ameaningfulintegration within the region.Sun,on context-specific priorities This process heightened the impact consolidated itsresearch in ten reference sites, institutions concentrated where partner 26the scalingupandoutofresults across thewholeregion. Finally, ESAPP Sep whichpromotedthis ledtothecreationbetween ofthematicpartnerships countries 2021promise, groupingtheminlocalresearch andthematicnetworks . clusters Eventually, selected, further partners built upon, andputinsequence projects thatshowed great 05:15:32as responsibility andrelevance by meansofa preselection doneby acting thecoordinators in linewithESAPP’s mission, scope, andbudget. The procedure secured local selection andthematicconcentrationwhichensured ameaningfulchoiceofprojects project proposals. Inresponse, established aprocedure theprogramme partners of contexts; accordingly, action ESAPPwas confronted ofpriority withhighnumbers The pressure forquickandeffectiverural development interventions ishighin Scaling research results upandout

Copyright The Policy Press focal pointsintherespective countries. partner Intheannual capitalisationworkshops, Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme 418 Delivered by Ingenta development researchand place-based onsustainablelandmanagement andsustainableregional Figure 2: ESAPP’s contextuality approach: shared responsibility insteering thematic sustainability and reduce the danger of a continuing dependency on Northern sustainability and reduce the dangerofacontinuing dependency onNorthern and oftransdisciplinarity in theresearch internalisation context canensure firm specific sustainable solutions. Onlystrong ‘contextualised’ institutionsthatemerge knowledgecountry-based hubs capable of designing and implementing context- networks thatwere initiallybroad andloose. networkThey nodesinto transformed to thevillagelevel alsogrew outofESAPPresearch activities (Highlights3, 6, 23). (Highlight18).a similarbackgroundandstructure Butmany otherinstitutions down and LandResourceCentre(WLRC)in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, established in2011, has key driver in establishing sucha research institution withinthe government. The Water cooperation andcameintoexistencewithinESAPP, theGovernment ofKenya was a of Kenya mandate. witharegional While CETRAD isbasedonearlierSwiss–Kenyan ( agency LandsDevelopment (CETRAD)isagoodillustrationofSouthern Semi-Arid at itsoutset. The foundingoftheCentrefor Training andIntegratedin Research and Arid stronger voice andimplementingtheprogramme, andagencyinformulating even previous having research amuch partners collaborationsresulted intheSouthern and strengthenedIP theprogramme asadeliberative system. A lookbackreveals that : (Mansilla et al, 2012).192.168.39.211 In ESAPP, equity and inclusion these qualities also facilitated knowledgetransdisciplinary generationandtheuptake ofknowledge andresults South, alongwithmutual respect, trust, andfriendship, are key quality insupporting On:Source: ESAPPProgramme Outline for PhaseIV, 2011–2013 Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Highlight 16). CETRADwas established in2002asaninstitution oftheGovernment conflict mitgation Local gover management ofpr Biodiversity conservation,participatory sanitationandirrigation W use management Climate change,accesstoenergy development Food security Thematic andr ESAPP In ESAPP’s processes, implementationandlearning jointlyconsolidated partners Leadingsite Copyright The Policy Press ater re sour

nance, devolutionof ces management, , agricultur

egional foci otected ar Key partner e andrural eas Democratising knowledge generation , land power

, Participating site ER Anseba catchment ET 419 Simen Mountains ET Amhara Region KE Mount Kenya Region KE Eastern Kenya ASALs TZ Bangani Basin TZ Lake Rukwa MZ Cabo Delgado MA Mananara / Manompana MA Toliara Region Delivered by Ingenta has a high future forming potentialbeyondhas ahighfuture forming theprogramme’s lifetime. training activities. Today, across anetwork that they Eastern ofpartners form Africa for sustainable development by in ESAPP’s participating research, education, and government officials, experts, and researchersincreased theircontextualisedcapacity and initiated collaborations new and networks. strategic countries Hundreds of transfer of power and budget. They improved their position within their respective withintheprogramme,became more equalpartners gradual withacorresponding (Wiesmann etal,meaningful participation 2011a). institutionsgradually Southern strengthen civil societythrough humanandinstitutionalcapacitydevelopment for transformative sciencetobothgeneratenew knowledge and inresearch partnerships (financial) input(UNDP, 2011; WBGU, 2011). ESAPPthusfulfilledthedemandfor regional developmentregional measurements includes geo-referenced and long-term ESAPP’s comprehensive databaseonsustainable landmanagement andsustainable Consolidating andleveraging knowledge anddatabases ( researchstudents andtrainfuture ininter-andtransdisciplinary approaches trainers University inEthiopiadeveloping curricula, tools, toeducate andfieldcourses institutions inKenya (Highlight16). andothercountries Mekelle ESAPPsupported professionals from research aswell asfrom governmental andnon-governmental Laikipia District, Kenya, developed comprehensive that attracted training courses for trainees from and the South. the North Most prominently, CETRAD in Nanyuki, activities, investments ESAPPalsomadestrategic ineducationandacademictraining While human and institutional capacity development was in all programme integrated development Integrative educationandcapacity technology and geographic information systems(Highlight13). technology information andgeographic and stakeholders (Highlights19, 14), andlocalplanning toolsbasedoninformation approach alsoledtothedevelopment between institutions ofexchangeplatforms betweenguiding communication andlearning researchers andsocietalactors. The based tools, they and expand systemsknowledge whilesimultaneously structuring –provedassessments andsociallearning especiallysuccessful(Highlight24).science- As elements – in other words, research with participatory tools that merge empirical knowledge (Table portals 1). Tools thatcombineanalyticalandcommunicative (Haller etal, 2016). Methodologically, theapproach gave tonew tools, rise including national governments tofunctionasthemissinglinkbetween macro- andmicrolevels strengthen thesustainabilitynetwork in theSouth. Suchanapproach thus empowers obtained positionsinresearch institutionsorpublic administrationsandcontinue to for governmentalIP andnon-governmental bodiesintheSouth. Several hundred trainees : social learning. 192.168.39.211This isinnovative andvery attractive notonlyforacademia, but also with actionresearch increases thequalityofdeliberative knowledge generationand development, and action research. Combiningconceptual and capacity development and adaptbasicresearch,ESAPP tocontinually interrelate humanandinstitutional The useofitsown baseofknowledge anddataineducationtrainingenabled On:combining thiswork withcapacitydevelopment fornationalstaff(Highlight18). developSun,to further ESAPP’s water databaseon integrated resource management, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Copyright The PolicyHighlight 15). The Press Water andLand ResourceCentre(WLRC)in Addis Ababa isworking Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme 420 Delivered by Ingenta

example, which: to macrolevel governance approaches. This canbenefittheRioconventions, for andhelpsensure andSouthern coherence amongmicro-systems inEastern Africa contextualised knowledge is indispensable forestablishing adequategovernance withcontext-specificbottom-upinformation.databases andobservatories Such 13, 17, 18). The datahave and global ahigh potential forcomplementingregional andforresearch (Highlights andpolicymakinginEastern partners Africa for Southern activities. Madeaccessible through knowledge portals, itcontinues tobethebackbone was a key asset for ESAPP in all its research, education and capacity development people’schange isradicallyaltering living conditions. The knowledge anddatabase and qualitativeIP knowledge at local, national, levels, and regional in places where global : governance (Highlights7–12,). 19 192.168.39.211 andsocio-economicquantitative Itlinksecological (Highlights 1–3). The databasealsoreaches intothespheres ofequity, livelihoods, and observations ofresources suchassoils, water, andvegetation indiverse landusesystems On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 • • • • Ehrensperger etal, 2014: and institutionallearningwithinbeyond Many network. thepartnership examplesare provided in continuous jointknowledgeand support generation, knowledge anddatasharing insocietal andre-use communicative components. Flexibleandresponsive, they are suitedfor multi-stakeholder interaction, developed asetof innovativeESAPP appliedandfurther integrative toolsthatcombineanalytical and Table 1: ESAPP’s analytical andcommunicative tools

CopyrightMadagascar andKenya (Highlight14). Thetraining modules, rural radio, andscientificpublications). Examples include rural radio broadcasts in negotiation processes betweenactors onlocaltonationallevelsPolicy (books, thematicmaps, comics, Complementary, actor-specific products were jointly developed andusedinlearning catalogue for EthiopiacalledEthioGis(Highlight18). PressAtlas (Highlight7), theSocio-Economic Atlas of Kenya (Highlight17), andthenational-scale data observatory inKenya (Highlight13)orthedevelopment of the Ogiek Peoples Ancestral Territories in knowledge portals. Examplesof howtheESAPPdatabaseisusedincludeNakuru localurban communication, learning, anddecisionmakinginthefields offices. Dataismade accessible sensing for dynamic modelling, aswellmapsandrural systems, advisory informed tosupport on areliable long-termdatabase, they includegeographic information systems(GIS)andremote ESAPP planningtoolsvisualisequantitative andqualitative datawithinaspecificcontext. Building stakeholder categories inMozambique(Highlight24). semi-arid areas of Kenya (Highlight3), ornatural resource useconflictsbetweendifferent userand planning. Itwas used, for example, tohelpmitigate upstream–downstream water conflictsinthe institutions onurgent issuesinthefield. Thisis particularly relevant for conflict and resolution researchers, representatives of localcommunities, aswellgovernmental andnon-governmental Learning for Sustainability(LforS) isaninteractive toolthatstructures learningprocesses between establishment of theSimenMountains World Heritage siteinEthiopia(Highlight6). information asabasisfor planning andmonitoring. Itwas applied, for example, during the and localpeoplefor theefficient generation of geo-referenced quantitative andqualitative Sustainable Development Appraisal (SDA) structures interaction participatory betweenresearchers UNFCCC, 2012, 15) atthenationaland subnationallevel.in particular (UNCBD/UNCCD/ based approaches to adaptation and sustainable land management practices, can beovercome by employing planningtools such asecosystem- appropriate levels. Remaining challenges to realising synergy between the Conventions … individually and collectively, act ascatalysts foractionon adaptation at all Democratising knowledge generation 421 Delivered by Ingenta adapt to rapid transformation processes beyond far adapt torapidtransformation theprogramme’s lifetime. database willcontinue toserve theregion’s tomitigateand intheirefforts countries first]policy; [agriculture Framework ESIF; management and sustainable development regional (Ethiopian Strategic Investment haveSeveral policiesonsustainable countries land formulated ESAPPpartner • from ESAPPleadustoemphasisethefollowingExperiences points: andposespecificchallenges.dimensions tothecomplexityofscience–policyinterfaces prone failure. to partial Transnational and transcultural research contexts add further They take time, require substantialresources, andare oftenintangible, conflictual, and depend oncontextsandthecommitmentcapacities ofthepeopleinvolved. be procedural andgradual. processes strongly Science–societyinteractionandlearning Generally,IP we must bear in mind that achievements in any open-ended process can only : 192.168.39.211indeed very powerful inguidingdevelopment-oriented research. in the contextofsustainable development thatnormativity confirms is experience institutions forsustainable development andSouthern inEastern Africa. The ESAPP environmental governance framework and strengthened contextualised capacities and On:provided evidence-based contextualisedknowledge anddataforacoherent global Sun,2007) (Table 2). With respect totheglobaldevelopment agenda, ESAPP’s research making, agency in research and Southern in a co-evolutionary process (Kemp et al, 26use ofknowledge; atthesametimeitsecured meaningfulparticipation, decision Sepexpanded itsdeliberative capacitytoenable democratisedgeneration, brokerage, and 2021deliberation (Dryzek, 2009). Incommunicative processes, theprogramme continuously approaches provided an enabling framework for authentic, inclusive,05:15:32 and consequential system withtransformative potential. andprocedural Its three structural programme principles. andStevenson ItfunctionedaswhatDryzek (2011)calladeliberative endeavourtransdisciplinary organiseditsresearch alongdemocraticandemancipatory reveals Programme Partnership as anearly how andSouthern Africa theEastern andinstitutionswithinoutsideacademia asagentsofchange.actors Ourstudy by organisingco-production ofknowledge whilesimultaneously empowering assume adualrole atthescience–policyinterface: they must provide evidence knowledge generationforsustainable development. This requires thatresearchers In conclusion, theneedforademocratisationofknowledge and ourstudyconfirms Challenges andway forward

Nonetheless, research practicehasitslimitations. transdisciplinary asafuture-forming Copyright The Policy Press learned is that transdisciplinary research isthattransdisciplinary practice requires investmentlearned particular suchaslogframes thwart open-endedprocesses.and formats A major lessonwe of science and development cooperation largely prevailed, as standard procedures between the need for flexible andadaptive procedures andthe mainstream cultures withinandbeyondcontinuously contested by partners the programme. Tensions in ESAPP’s design, theprogramme’s implementationwas transdisciplinary (Wiesmannwell-described etal, 2011a; Sarkki etal, 2015)andwere included of tacklingstumbling are blocks andtrade-offsatthe science–societyinterface nature ofsustainabilityresearch.with theexperimental Although promising ways Established development policies and scientificculture are scarcely compatible Kenya Development Vision for2030; Agenda 2025inMozambique). Thus, ESAPP’s knowledge and Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme 422 05Tnain‘iio kwanza’2025 Tanzanian ‘kilimo Delivered by Ingenta IP : 192.168.39.211 On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Contextuality Dual structure management Adaptive APPROACH: must beflexible andprocedural disciplinarity Trans- Partnerships development Sustainable FOUNDATIONS: must beequity-oriented Knowledge base development Capacity societies Knowledge KNOWLEDGE: key assetfor inrural Southernagency development Governance Livelihoods Equity SUSTAINABLE REGIONALDEVELOPMENT: key inlinkinglocal to global governance frameworks Biodiversity Water Copyright The Policy Press Soils SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT: LAND key for securing ecosystem resilience development Table 2: Leverage pointsfor asustainabilitytransformation inresearch for rural overwhelming development agenda is The complexityof arural concerns often override sustainability Poverty alleviationneeds but sustainability-oriented development isexperimental Research for sustainable interaction is gained inscience–society Robust normative knowledge North-driven arepartnerships commonly North-South research poverty poverty address structural causesof Transfer fail solutions to initiatives’ impacts knowledge is restricting of contextualised A lack initiatives isweak actors indevelopment The agency of Southern structures lines of knowledge andpower disparities increase along Social andeconomic and claimstrigger conflicts formal, andinformal rights Contradictory customary, rural development potentials contexts are undermining Unreliable socio-political transforming Rural areas are rapidly Land resources are contested Water conflictsare increasing Soils are degrading Democratising knowledge generation 423 South exchange andinnovation research projects ascommonground for South– Identify andsequencecontext-specific action global sustainabledevelopment andinstitutionscoherentsolutions withlocalto capacity development toadvance innovative Combine action research withbasicresearch and implementation reflexive andpartner-driven approach to research Provide stabilityandflexibilitythrough a as aknowledge broker expand human andinstitutionalcapacity, andact Open uptheprocess of knowledge generation, understandings, andjointframing of newinitiatives networks: they foster equity, shared Establish andmaintainlong-termcollaborative inclusion of civil society indevelopmentinclusion of initiatives civilsociety Take leadership inenhancingequityandthe related observatories into rural andmonitoring systemsand support Operate long-termdatabasesandfeed thedata development across allprogramme activities Invest inhuman andinstitutionalcapacity planning anddecisionmaking Promote thedemocratisation of knowledge, structures powers andenhancesubsidiarygovernance Disclose actors, dynamics, anddecision-making legal frameworks Expand livelihood strategies withinjustandreliable social andeconomicdisparitiessocial generating, visualising, andsharing information on Secure readiness of rural systemsby support can coexist areas andcreate spaceswhere humans andwildlife Ensure thatlocalpeoplebenefitfrom protected and support user-drivenand support governance institutions Promote awareness of limitedwater availability soils long-term resilience andmulti-functionality of context-specific landmanagement thatsecure Jointly establishandshare inventories and onsoils Delivered by Ingenta

IP : 192.168.39.211• On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 • Copyright The Policy Press involved. embeddedinallcountries thatitisequitably andfirmly cooperation by ensuring the relevance infostering attention andefforts and stabilityofSouth–South conclude thatdevelopment anddecisionmakers must actors invest particular concerns. bothtransnationalcollaboration andtransdisciplinary undermine We brokerage decision making, andevidence-informed governmental rationales often ofgovernmentalpart institutions. may fosterknowledgeWhile thesepartners collaborativeoverride interests. This iseven whoare more thecaseforpartners between competitionandcooperation, asnationalconditionsanddemandsoften and collaboration; but inESAPP’s experience, tendtoshift partners Southern institutions. couldalso be provided Support through South–Southexchange would requirecountries stable collaborationwith local universities and research the work’s relevance andenhanceitsvisibilityacceptance. Successinthese resulted inalevelcountries ofresearch activities thatwas insufficientto prove in theprogramme’s lifetime. Low commitmentandinvestment inweak partner (Mozambique) proved tobemajorconstraintsonequity-based exchangealready intherespective andMadagascar)weak(Eritrea anchoring country strengths, settings, andbackgrounds, alongwithunstable politicalcontexts Eastern Africa. Butsuccesshasbeenlimited. Differences inpartners’ institutional research network capable ofboostingresearch forsustainable development in goal ofESAPPwas toestablishA majorstrategic awell-functioning South–South given broader andmore attention. rigorous adaptive approach. We conclude, however, shouldbe thatequityconcerns Indeed, built onleverage ESAPPstrategically pointswithinitsprocedural institutions may bepossible. (2006, 260) ofcurrent while alsoholdingoutthepossibilitythatgenuine reform changes inourideasandinstitutionsdealingwithsustainable development, … a middle and pragmaticpath, calls for radical one that takes seriously Sneddon andcolleagues: 2011). The required institutionalchangecallsforpragmatismor, inthewords of and beyond the research network (Wiesmann et al, 2011a; and Gupta, Biermann within andaccountabilitytobothfundingorganisationspartners legitimacy in whichdevelopment programmes are assessed andperceived. This alsorestricts acceptance, work oftransdisciplinary –stilldominatetheway orunderstanding procedures, formats, andbudgets –which, duetoalackofadequateevaluation, capacity are utterlyimpossible toachieve standard withintheNorth-driven Stewart, 2015). Butadevolution ofpower andanexpansionofdeliberative network such as ESAPP (Figure 1) (Upreti et al, 2011; Traynor et al, 2015; in a complex North–South Equity and inclusion are concern of particular andsustainable development. oftransdisciplinarity understanding reflexive thecreation capacitiesandfosters andthemaintenanceofashared and actionresearch isofutmostinterest, asitenhanceshumanandinstitutional and care in linking concepts and action. Consistent linkage of conceptual support Cordula Ott andBoniface Kiteme 424 Delivered by Ingenta Acknowledgements knowledge generation. viewed asamatterofaccessnotonlytonaturalresources but alsotoknowledge and The successofdevelopment initiatives towhichequityis dependsonthedegree towidenratherthannarrow socio-economicandpoliticaldisparities.and risks heightening pressure onnaturalresources andecosystems, livelihoods, threatening rural in rapideconomicgrowth, –especiallynotinthecontextofcurrent Africa whichis transdisciplinary,equity-oriented reflexive, andco-evolutionary research partnerships needsto berenewedspirit atthescience–policyinterface. There isnoalternative to are to reach the sustainable development in goals formulated Agenda 2030, this mainstream practices,and output-oriented than good. which do more harm If we collaboration as a much-needed counterculture and alternative technocratic to current in ahighlydynamiccontext. Onthisbasis, we contextualised advocate long-term have retained ever since–toprovide inurgentdevelopment support needs arising nature enabled the programme to develop institutions the capacity – which its partner downstream water conflicts(Highlight3). ESAPP’s andco-evolutionary long-term organisations asacknowledged development inmitigatingupstream– partners Atlas ofKenya (Wiesmann etal, 2014;Highlight 17), ortheestablishment ofcommunity include thejointidentificationofpoverty tobeusedfortheSocio-Economic indicators and sensitive issues with representatives of governments and civil society; examples co-evolutionary basis.long-term This proved indispensable inaddressing conflictual engaged inframingandimplementingresearch forsustainable development ona and societywhohadbeeninspired bySummitinRio. the1992Earth Together, they favourable.fairly The programme enjoyed ofadvocates thesupport inscience, policy, Finally, we in ESAPP’s wish to note that the science–society interface lifetime was supportive andinsightfulcomments. wouldThe authors like tothanktheanonymous reviewers fortheirvery andtheeditors and Resilienceinthe Anthropocene , heldon14–16December2015inCanberra, Australia. Helsinki, Finland; System Governance: ConferenceonEarth andthe2015Canberra Democracy Developing Strategies forKnowledge, Practices andOrganizations, heldon10–12June 2015in and InnovationResearch (Eu-SPRI), on Salzburg, Austria; the 2015AnnualConferenceoftheEuropeanForumonStudiesPoliciesfor on 28–29 August 2014attheCentre forEthicsandPoverty Research, University of held on1–3July 2014inNorwich, UK; theEthicsofPoverty Alleviation Conference, held Conference on 2014 Norwich paper through sustainabilityfora, presentations atanumber ofinternational includingthe addition,IP we thatmadeitpossible todevelop thankCDE forfinancialcontributions the : endeavours. withtransdisciplinary andinstitutionalexperience personal our long-term In 192.168.39.211 Programme Partnership Southern (ESAPP)fortheirassistanceinreflecting on Africa Centre forDevelopment and andEnvironment intheEastern (CDE)andallpartners This paperpresents theauthors’ view. personal wouldThe authors like tothankthe On: Sun, 26 Sep 2021 05:15:32 Copyright The Policy Press Democratising knowledge generation Earth System Governance:Earth Access and Allocation in the Anthropocene, Innovation Policies for Economic and Social Transitions: 425 Delivered by Ingenta

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