Dixon, Edward Joseph. 2020. Charities from Below?: the Cases Of
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Dixon, Edward Joseph. 2020. Charities from Below?: The cases of the emergence, evolution and resourcing strategies of Philanthropic Actions in the Creative and Cultural Industries in Jamaica. Doctoral thesis, Goldsmiths, University of London [Thesis] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/29212/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] Charities from Below?: The cases of the emergence, evolution and resourcing strategies of Philanthropic Actions in the Creative and Cultural Industries in Jamaica. Edward Joseph Dixon A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2020 Goldsmiths, University of London DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Edward Joseph Dixon, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Date: March 4, 2020 1 | P a g e Acknowledgement Firstly, I want to thank all my ‘co-researchers’ who took time out to have a conversation about their philanthropic activities as well as extended their personal and professional networks to me. Many of you did not hesitate when I contacted you about the research. I am aware of the expectations that you have of me and I intend to see it through to the end. Also, to the academic and policy staff, who took time out to talk to me and provide useful insights and suggestions. A special mention must go to Dr K’adamawe K’nIfe and Mr Allan Bernard who were pivotal in my academic growth and development, and whose encouragement set me on this journey. To Dr Richard Hull, I am grateful for your advice and support throughout this process. I am aware of the personal sacrifices you made to see me through to this stage. You made sure that this was not purely about the final product, but about relishing the journey. I was a PhD student you inherited however, this did not affect the enthusiasm you showed towards my project. I could count on you to take my ideas on board as well as to provide some of your own. I would like to also thank the rest of the ICCE staff who supported at different points and who would always ask about my progress. To my PhD colleagues at ICCE, Pamela, Lucia and Musa, who provided encouragement as well as valuable sources of information and encouragement for what can, at times, be a lonely pursuit. To my family, your constant communication and contact made this journey a bearable one. My mother, who made innumerable sacrifices for your children in order to ensure that we completed our respective academic journeys. My sisters, Stacy, Tabetha, Jasmin, Sharnette and Karen, who offered support at different stages along the way. I am also eternally grateful to my friends who have accepted me as family while here in the United Kingdom. To the Hawthorne’s and Hylton’s, thank you for making me feel welcomed in your homes and helping me to find my bearings during the early stages of my time in London. All my friends in Jamaica who helped in some way in making this project come together including Kethania, Gavin, Marlon and Shanique who offered support, encouragement, a critical eye on a draft or some technical assistance. Edward Joseph Dixon is a Commonwealth Scholar, funded by the UK Government. 2 | P a g e Abstract The thesis addresses the lack of research and understanding of indigenous philanthropic practices emerging in the Global South. It challenges mainstream assumptions of a hierarchical philanthropic relationship between (a) corporate foundations and high net worth individuals and (b) their beneficiaries. It deploys a novel combination of Resource Based Theory, through the social bricolage framework, and perspectives on the Social and Solidarity Economy as a lens to analyse the emergence, evolution, and resourcing strategies of philanthropic activities within the Creative and Cultural Industries in Jamaica. The emergence and evolution of these activities were found to be a nuanced response to a mixture of internal personal, familial and organisational factors, and changes in the local and international landscape. They were a series of networked, reciprocal interactions that transcended sector and national boundaries, similar to the little-studied ‘grassroots philanthropy’. The research examined 27 cases of philanthropic organisations, charitable individuals and one event. The findings have implications for the sustainability of philanthropic activities in a resource-constrained, developing country setting. It also challenges the Patrician approach to addressing social problems in the global South and argues that those problems can be tackled by a creative and nuanced use of resources. The thesis introduces the concept of the Cultural Solidarity Economy to fill the conceptual void in our understanding of indigenous philanthropic practices in the global South; this has elements that can ‘re-embed’ the human element into market relationships. The thesis does this by analysing the role of culture in development and viewing the relationship between the giver and receiver as part of a broader eco-system. The concept of Cultural Solidarity Economy is applicable in resource-constrained contexts where there is a close relationship between the state, market and third sector in achieving social development outcomes, and where there is informality within the third sector. 3 | P a g e Table of Contents DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .............................................................................. 1 Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 3 List of Tables and Figures ............................................................................................. 8 Chapter One ................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9 Research Background ......................................................................................... 10 Philanthropy in Jamaica: Historical Overview ................................................... 10 Summary Overview .......................................................................................... 14 Research Objectives ............................................................................................ 14 Research Journey................................................................................................ 15 Social Enterprise Mapping ............................................................................... 16 ‘Artistes Give Back’ .......................................................................................... 17 Conference on Caribbean Philanthropy ............................................................ 17 Philosophical Influences ...................................................................................... 18 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 19 Research Methodology ........................................................................................ 20 Research Contribution ......................................................................................... 20 Academic ......................................................................................................... 20 Policy and practice ........................................................................................... 21 My PhD Journey .................................................................................................. 22 Thesis Roadmap ................................................................................................. 23 Chapter Two ............................................................................................................... 26 Review of Literature ................................................................................................ 26 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 26 Philanthropy ..................................................................................................... 26 Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) and Development .................................. 35 Culture and Development ................................................................................. 35 African Philanthropy ......................................................................................... 36 Diaspora Philanthropy ...................................................................................... 40 Corporate Philanthropy .................................................................................... 42 Theories of Third Sector Organisations Emergence ......................................... 45 Social and Solidarity Economy as a theory of Third Sector Organisation emergence