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Manual of Inspection and Information for Weights and Measures Officials

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\ll i S C L L L A hi 1 0' IJ S f" O B P THE 1/U ii\ ili'i.U Nos. '1 "'7 I DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS / S. W. STRATTON, Director MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS-No. 1. MANUAL OF INSPECTION AND INFORMATION FOR WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIALS By Weights and Measures F. S. HOLBROOK, Inspector of Bureau of Standards ISSUED NOVEMBER 14. 1918 WASHINGTON GOVERNME^^' PRINTING OFFICE 1918 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS S. W. STRATTON, Director MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS—No. 1 MANUAL OF INSPECTION AND INFORMATION FOR WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIALS By F. S. HOLBROOK, Inspector of Weights and Measures Bureau of Standards ISSUED NOVEMBER 14. 1918 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 CONTENTS Page Part I. —General powers and duties of weights and measures officials 7 Part II.—Specifications and tolerances for, and the examina- tion of, apparatus 13 Description of specifications and tolerances. ... 13 Correct and incorrect apparatus 16 Linear measures 20 Liquid capacity measures 24 Glass graduates 31 Measuring pumps 43 Milk bottles 44 Dry capacity measures 48 Berry baskets or boxes 57 Scales, in general 61 Platform scales 68 Counter balances and scales 89 Suspension scales of the lever type 104 Spring scales 107 Straight-face spring scales 114 Computing scales 116 Cream-test and butter-fat-test scales 122 Prescription scales and balances 124 Weights T34 Apparatus in the metric system 141 Part III.—Weights and measures standards and equipment. 143 General considerations 143 Standards and equipment for a State depart- ment 146 Primary standards 146 Office standards 148 Office equipment 150 3 — 4 CONTENTS Part III.—Weights and measures standards and equipment Continued. Page Standards and equipment for a city or county department 153 Office standards 153 Office equipment 153 Standards and equipment for field work 154 Ordinary inspections and tests 155 Tests of glass graduates 156 Tests of prescription scales 156 Additional tests 157 Part IV.—System of records for office and field use 159 General requirements 159 Scope of system described 160 List of forms 160 Manner of use of forms 161 General procedure followed in keeping rec- ords 164 Extension of system 166 Appendixes 167 Appendix I.—Federal laws in relation to weights and measures 167 Standard-barrel law 167 Rules and regulations promul- gated under authority of the Federal standard-barrel law. 168 Standard apple-barrel law 176 Standard lime-barrel act 177 Rules and regulations for the en- forcement of the lime-barrel act. 178 Net-weight amendment to the food and drugs act 183 Regulation of marking the quan- tity of food in package form . 184 Standard container act 187 Riiles and regulations of the Sec- retary of Agriculture under the United States standard con- tainer act 189 CONTENTS 5 Appendixes—Continued. | Appendix II. Model State law on the subject of weights — Page ; and measures 192 Development of model law 192 Forms of model law 194 Text, Form No. 2 195 Text, Form No. i 206 I Text, Form No. 3 208 Appendix III. —The metric system 211 Appendix IV.—General tables of weights and measures and tables of equivalents 216 Tables of weights and measures . 216 Tables of equivalents 219 Lengths 219 Areas or surfaces 221 Capacities or volumes 222 Weights or masses 225 MANUAL OF INSPECTION AND INFORMATION FOR WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIALS PART I.—GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OFFICIALS ' The instructions contained in this manual necessarily deaJ to a large extent with the apparatus used in weighing and measuring. This is proper and necessary, since the first essential to correct weighing or measuring is the use of correct apparatus. It can not be expected that correct quantities of commodities will be delivered in trade unless correct apparatus for weighing and measuring is available. Correct apparatus and correct weights, there- fore, are of great importance and constitute the ground- work of the whole system for securing the delivery of correct amounts of commodities. They are a necessary protection to both the purchaser and the honest dealer, assuring the one full quantity if by checking the indica- tions by his own observation he takes care that the ap- paratus is properly used, and assuring the other correct deliveries if he makes proper use of the apparatus. The use of correct apparatus, duly certified by the official sealer, is not in itself, however, any guaranty that correct quantities will be delivered. There is still oppor- tunity for inaccuracy and fraud to creep into a transao tibn through carelessness and negligence, through igno- fance of ptoper methods, or through intentionally wrongful 7 8 U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS use of correct apparatus. Dishonest and unscrupulous dealers do not confine their efforts to the use of incorrect apparatus, but by clever manipulation may effect a short- age in the quantity of commodities weighed or measured with apparatus which is in itself correct. Hence, while correct apparatus is a necessity and its importance is not to be minimized in any way, it is equally important that other factors concerned in securing reasonable accuracy should not be overlooked. The purpose of weights and measures inspection is to insure correct determinations of quantity. Correct appa- ratus alone does not accomplish this. Fraud may be committed with correct weights and measures, and inac- curacies may arise through negligence. The law aims to eliminate these as well as the incorrect apparatus, and it is the duty of officials to suppress all practices resulting in incorrect deliveries. This requires that they shall not only inspect apparatus but shall be alert to detect in- stances of its improper use. The weights and measures official whose activities extend only to testing and either sealing or condemning apparatus in use is not entirely fulfilling his duty and fails in a large measure to furnish that protection to the consumer and the honest merchant which it is his official function to furnish. His efficiency is to be measured by the completeness or extent of this protection the sealer . The various steps to be taken by or inspector tn securing correctness of apparatus can be definitely stated, and they are described in detail in this manual. The steps to be taken in preventing the improper or fraudulent use of correct apparatus can not be so definitely WEIGHTS AND MEASURES INSPECTION 9 stated, since the details of particular cases and the judg- ment of the official will determine the best procedure. In the general enforcement of the model law and of most of the State laws and city ordinances an official may supervise the manner of sale of commodities, check the amounts of commodity put up ready for sale, offered for sale, or sold, investigate all complaints of shortages use every proper effort to assure himself that all the pro- visions of the law are complied with, and prosecute those who violate these provisions. In the model law these things are made part of the inspector's duties, and in any case they should be done if an honest attempt is to be made to obtain the maximum benefits from the law. If a short delivery is suspected on account of a com- plaint or otherwise, when a testing outfit is available the weight or measure of the package or amount of commodity can be checked by means of the portable balance and weights usually furnished, or with other of these pieces of apparatus, or if too heavy or bulky for this, then by other apparatus the accuracy of which can be determined. If it should occur that a shortage is suspected when a test- ing outfit is not available, the package or amount of commodity can be checked by means of the apparatus of the merchant or dealer selling it, if this apparatus has been sealed and does not bear signs of alteration, and if found short on this test, then the fraudulent use of correct apparatus is indicated. If the apparatus of the merchant delivering the commodity is not sealed or does bear signs of alteration, then the checking can be done on other apparatus in use which has been sealed and can still be certified as correct. lO U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS When the weight of commodities in wrappings is checked, the result desired is the actual net weight or the actual net error of the commodity; i. e., the weight of the commodity without wrappings. When an equal-arm bal- ance, such as is often furnished in standard testing outfits, is used, this desired weight ordinarily can be obtained di- rectly by placing similar wrappings to those on the com- modity, in the pan of the balance opposite to that in which the wrapped package is placed—i. e., in the pan with the weights—while the weighing is being done. In this case the equal weights of the two sets of wrappings counter- balance one another and are thus eliminated from the re- sult. When a prosecution is to be commenced on the re- sults of the check weighing, the above method should not be depended upon however, but the actual weight of the commodity should be determined by removing all wrap- pings and weighing the contents alone, or by weighing them in a container or vessel the weight of which has beea accurately determined and then subtracting from the re- sult the known weight of this container or vessel. In reweighing a number of packages of the same sup- posed size and in similar wrappers, the easiest method of determining the errors on them is as follows : Place weights equal to the supposed or claimed weight of the packages in one pan of the balance with wrappers similar to those on the packages being reweighed, as already described.
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