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As Estratégias E Políticas De Segurança

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As Estratégias E Políticas De Segurança As Estratégias e Políticas de Segurança Nacional da Total National Strategy e «Total Counter–Revolutionary Strategy»: As ações estratégicas de segurança executadas pelos sistemas de forças da África do Sul em defesa da Afrikanerdom (1978-1989) Orientadora: Professora Associada Sandra Maria Rodrigues Balão Coorientador: Professor Catedrático Ian van der Waag (Faculdade de Ciências Militares da Universidade de Stellenbosch) Mestrando: Mário Jorge Teixeira Pires [220598] Dissertação para a obtenção de Grau de Mestre em Estratégia Lisboa 2018 ÍNDICE LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................ IV LISTA DE TABELAS ........................................................................................................... VI LISTA DE ACRÓNIMOS E SIGLAS ................................................................................ VII NOTA DE AGRADECIMENTOS .......................................................................................... 9 EPÍGRAFE ............................................................................................................................. 10 RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. 11 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 12 INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................................... 13 ENQUADRAMENTO ONTOLÓGICO ......................................................................... 13 ENQUADRAMENTO EPISTEMOLÓGICO ................................................................ 16 NOTA METODOLÓGICA ................................................................................................... 21 PERGUNTA DE PARTIDA .......................................................................................... 21 MÉTODO ....................................................................................................................... 21 FONTES ......................................................................................................................... 24 CAPÍTULO I – ESTRATÉGIAS E POLÍTICAS DE SEGURANÇA .............................. 26 1977 WHITE PAPER ON DEFENCE – TOTAL NATIONAL STRATEGY ..................... 29 CONCEITO DE ESTRATÉGIA NACIONAL CONTRA A «REVOLUTIONARY ONSLAUGHT» CONTRA A RSA – TOTAL COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY ........................................................................................................................................ 35 CAPÍTULO II – AÇÕES ESTRATÉGICAS DE SEGURANÇA ...................................... 39 OPERAÇÕES DA SOUTH AFRICA DEFENCE FORCE (SADF).............................. 40 OPERAÇÕES DA SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE (SAP) ................................................. 55 OPERAÇÕES DA «THIRD FORCE» ............................................................................ 59 CAPÍTULO III – DISCUSSÃO E RESULTADOS ............................................................. 61 SOBRE AS ESTRATÉGIAS E POLÍTICAS DE SEGURANÇA ................................. 61 SOBRE A EFICÁCIA DAS AÇÕES ESTRATÉGICAS DE SEGURANÇA ............... 63 CONCLUSÃO ......................................................................................................................... 65 REFERÊNCIAS ..................................................................................................................... 66 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................. 70 II ANEXO 1 –DESPESA GOVERNAMENTAL/ORÇAMENTAL E DESPESA DA DEFESA (1962–1990) .................................................................................................... 70 ANEXO 2 – CRONOLOGIA DA GUERRA DA FRONTEIRA SUL-AFRICANA (SOUTH AFRICA BORDER WAR) ................................................................................ 71 APÊNDICES ........................................................................................................................... 74 APÊNDICE 1 – REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ............................................................ 74 APÊNDICE 2 – PERSPETIVAS TEÓRICAS ............................................................... 82 APÊNDICE 3 – MODELO DE ANÁLISE BASE E DEFINIÇÃO DOS CONCEITOS OPERACIONAIS ......................................................................................................... 109 APÊNDICE 4 – ASCENÇÃO E DEFESA DA AFRIKANERDOM ............................ 121 APÊNDICE 5 – GEOPOLÍTICA, AMBIENTE TOTAL, PROBLEMAS/INPUTS E SISTEMA POLÍTICO DA ÁFRICA DO SUL ............................................................ 139 APÊNDICE 6 – DOUTRINA E CULTURA ESTRATÉGICA DOS SISTEMAS DE FORÇAS DA ÁFRICA DO SUL ................................................................................. 172 APÊNDICE 7 – APARELHO ADMINISTRATIVO DE SEGURANÇA ................... 183 APÊNDICE 8 – PROGRAMA DE ARMAS DE DESTRUIÇÃO MASSIVA – DISSUASÃO ESTRATÉGICA NUCLEAR, QUÍMICA E BIOLÓGICA .................. 219 III LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Modelo Lógico Base de Análise ............................................................................. 20 Figura 2 – Modelo de Análise Final ......................................................................................... 24 Figura 3 - Visão Contrarrevolucionária dos Securocrats ......................................................... 28 Figura 4 – Relação entre Ações Estratégicas e Área de Operações ......................................... 35 Figura 5 – Relação entre Ações Estratégicas e Área de Operações ......................................... 38 Figura 6 – Sistemas de Forças da África do Sul ....................................................................... 39 Figura 7 – Sistema Estratégico da África do Sul ...................................................................... 40 Figura 8 – Teatros de Guerra da África do Sul ........................................................................ 46 Figura 9 – Áreas Alvo Favoráveis na Área de Operações de Angola e Namíbia ..................... 47 Figura 10 – O Subteatro Ocidental da Guerra da Fronteira ...................................................... 48 Figura 11 – Tipos de Padrões de Fluxos de Exigências ........................................................... 86 Figura 12 – Múltiplos Ciclos de Retroação Sistémico ............................................................. 95 Figura 13 – Ciclo Sistémico de Retroação ............................................................................... 96 Figura 14– Funcionamento do Sistema Estratégico – Quadro de Análise de Produção de Decisão ..................................................................................................................................... 98 Figura 15 – Modelo de Resposta Dinâmica de um Sistema Político........................................ 98 Figura 16 – Sistema de Forças .................................................................................................. 99 Figura 17 – Desenvolvimento da Estratégia Nacional de Segurança ..................................... 101 Figura 18 – Pilares do Estado ................................................................................................. 104 Figura 19 – Fluxograma da decisão executiva e inter-relação das ações estratégicas dos Pilares das Forças Armadas, Forças de Aplicação da Lei e Inteligência do Pilar das Forças Armadas do Estado ..................................................................................................................................... 105 Figura 20 – Tabelas de Relação Entre TTPs e Ações Estratégicas dos Pilares do Estado ..... 106 Figura 21 – Relação entre área de operações e ambiente operacional ................................... 108 Figura 22 – Modelo Lógico de Análise Integrado .................................................................. 110 Figura 23 – Hierarquia da Estratégia de Barlow (2016) ......................................................... 117 Figura 24 – Arquétipo para o desenvolvimento de uma Estratégia Nacional de Segurança .. 118 Figura 25 – Regiões de poder equilibrado .............................................................................. 140 Figura 26 - Cohen, Regiões Geoestratégicas e Geopolíticas .................................................. 141 IV Figura 27 – África Encravada & Zonas distintas da Ilha-Mundo de Mackinder ................... 142 Figura 28 - Pontos Estratégicos - 'Choke Points' do Continente Africano ............................. 144 Figura 29 - Destinos dos recursos naturais sul-africanos e Rota do Petróleo e dos Minérios; ................................................................................................................................................ 144 Figura 30 – Rimland Africano; Eixos das Operações Sul-Africanas no Rimland Africano .. 146 Figura 31 - Quadro Geopolítico da Guerra da África Austral ................................................ 147 Figura 32 - Organograma de Grupos de Pressão - Partidos Políticos e Organizações - Anti- Apartheid ................................................................................................................................ 148 Figura 33 – Histórico das Guerras de Libertação da África Austral ...................................... 160 Figura 34 - Partidos Políticos Brancos ..................................................................................
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