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Load Bearing Structural Elements of Glulam in Marine Environment

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Load Bearing Structural Elements of Glulam in Marine Environment Load Bearing Structural Elements of Glulam in Marine Environment A literature and case study Bärande konstruktionselement av limträ i marin miljö En litteratur- och fallstudie Karin Abrahamsson Faculty of Health, Science and Technology Degree Project for Master of Science, Mechanical Engineering 30 hp Supervisor: Lasse Jacobsson Examiner: Jens Bergström 2020-07-05 Abstract This thesis discusses the possibilities of using glued laminated timber as load bearing structural elements in structures in close vicinity of saltwater. Glued laminated timber, also referred to as glulam, is a refined timber product constructed of timber lamellae that are glued together. The thesis contains a literature study and a case study that covers glulam beams in a pedestrian jetty located on the Swedish west coast. The literature study addresses wood in relation to moisture, the effects that salt may have on wood in a marine environment, wood decaying mechanisms and suitable wood preservatives to prevent decay. The literature study also covers glulam as a material and the possibilities of wood pressure impregnation. A method of estimating the service life of timber elements is also discussed. The results of the literature study were applied in a case study of a specific case, to explore the possibility of replacing the current steel beams of the structure with glulam beams. From the case study, the strength and deflection of the prospective glulam beams were calculated. Service life of the prospective glulam beams was estimated based on the environment they would be exposed to. An analysis of the market for glulam products in Sweden was also performed to find out what dimensions and wood impregnation classes are available. The results of the literature study show that glulam can be used as main load bearing elements in a marine environment, given that the structure is placed above sea level. Salt water does not affect the wood, rather it works as a wood preservative and gives some protection against rot. However, the structure is subjected to high moisture content and pressure impregnation is necessary. The high moisture content also affects the mechanical properties of the wood as the strength and stiffness of glulam decrease with increasing moisture content. Creep of the material is also affected as it increases with increased moisture content. Regarding strength and deflection, the results of the case study show that glulam beams available on the Swedish market are of sufficient dimensions to be used. Regarding service life, the case study showed that the estimated service life of the glulam beams is only 19 years, but the service life required is 50 years. The current structure design with prospective glulam beams does not meet the requirements for durability of the material. However, suitable design changes regarding wood moisture protection could increase service life of the glulam beams. Sammanfattning Denna rapport behandlar möjligheterna till att använda tryckimpregnerat limträ som huvudbärverk i konstruktioner i nära anslutning till saltvatten. Limträ är en träprodukt bestående av trälameller som limmats samman till större träelement. Rapporten består av en litteraturstudie och en fallstudie som behandlar limträbalkar i en promenadbrygga belägen på den svenska västkusten. Litteraturstudien avhandlar trä i förhållande till fukt, eventuell påverkan av salt i en marin miljö, nedbrytningsmekanismer för trä samt lämpliga träskydd för att förhindra nedbrytning. Litteraturstudien behandlar även limträ som material och möjligheterna till tryckimpregnering. En metod för att uppskatta livslängden av trä diskuteras också. Resultaten från litteraturstudien applicerades i en fallstudie för ett specifikt fall, för att undersöka möjligheterna att ersätta den nuvarande konstruktionens stålbalkar med limträbalkar. Utifrån fallstudien beräknades hållfastheten och nedböjningen av de tilltänkta limträbalkarna. Livslängden på de tilltänkta limträbalkarna uppskattades baserat på den miljö de skulle komma att utsättas för. En analys av marknaden av tryckimpregnerade limträprodukter i Sverige genomfördes också för att se vilka dimensioner och tryckimpregneringsklasser som finns att tillgå. Resultatet från litteraturstudien visar att limträ kan användas som huvudbärverk för marina konstruktioner med kravet att konstruktionen placeras ovanför vattenytan. Saltvatten påverkar inte träet negativt utan verkar snarare som träskydd mot röta. Dock utsätts konstruktionen för hög fuktkvot och måste därför tryckimpregneras. Det höga fuktinnehållet påverkar även de mekaniska egenskaperna av träet då hållfastheten och styvheten av limträet minskar med ökande fuktkvot. Krypningen av träet påverkas också, då krypning ökar med ökad fuktkvot. Med avseende på hållfasthet och nedböjning visade resultatet av fallstudien att tryckimpregnerat limträ som kan erhållas från den svenska marknaden är av tillräckliga dimensioner för att kunna användas. Avseende livslängd visade fallstudien att den undersökta konstruktionens estimerade livslängd endast är 19 år. Dock är den erfordrade livslängden för träkonstruktionen 50 år. Dagens konstruktion möter inte kraven på materialets varaktighet, men längre livslängd skulle kunna erhållas genom lämpliga designändringar avseende limträbalkars skydd mot fukt. Table of Content 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 AIM ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 QUESTION .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 GOALS ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................... 4 2 METHOD .......................................................................................................................... 5 3 LITERATURE STUDY ................................................................................................... 6 3.1 TIMBER ....................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 MOISTURE ................................................................................................................... 8 3.3 DURABILITY ................................................................................................................ 9 3.4 WOOD PRESERVATIVES ............................................................................................. 11 3.5 GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER ...................................................................................... 14 3.5.1 Timber structures: European standard SS-EN 14080 .......................................... 16 3.6 DURABLE DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES ............................................................... 18 3.6.1 Requirements and regulations .............................................................................. 19 3.6.2 Moisture ............................................................................................................... 20 3.6.3 Marine Environment ............................................................................................. 21 3.6.4 Preservative treatment ......................................................................................... 22 3.7 SERVICE LIFE ............................................................................................................. 23 3.7.1 Required service life ............................................................................................. 24 3.7.2 Severity class ........................................................................................................ 24 3.7.3 Exposure conditions ............................................................................................. 25 3.7.4 Material resistance ��� ...................................................................................... 33 3.8 CASE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 33 3.8.1 Preservative treatment ......................................................................................... 35 3.8.2 Calculations of strength and deflection ................................................................ 36 3.8.3 Calculation of glulam beam in ULS ..................................................................... 38 3.8.4 Calculations of the glulam beam in SLS .............................................................. 39 4 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 41 4.1 LITERATURE STUDY ................................................................................................... 41 4.2 ON THE MARKET ........................................................................................................ 42 4.3 CASE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 44 4.3.1 Calculation in ULS ............................................................................................... 45 4.3.2 Calculations in SLS
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