DOCSLIB.ORG

Corsican Pine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Corsican Pine AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DURABILITY OF UK GROWN SOFTWOOD DISTRIBUTION POLES CCA-TREATED BY SAP-DISPLACEMENT. SANDRA D. HAINEY, B.Sc. (Hons.) This thesis is presented to the Council for National and Academic Awards in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Molecular and Life Sciences. Dundee Institute of Technology August, 1992 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr A. Bruce and Dr G.M. Smith for their supervision and guidance throughout the duration of this project. Thanks are also due to Prof. B. King and Dr. P.D. Evans for their helpful advice during the early stages of the project. I am grateful to the Electricity Council for the grant in support of this work, and to my external collaborators Mr J.J. Blair (North of Scotland Hydro Electric Board) and Dr S.F. Morgan (formerly of the Electricity Council Research Centre, Capenhurst) for their valuable advice during our many progress meetings. I would also like to thank Calders & Grandidge Ltd., Gloucester for supplying the treated poles, and to Mr I.M. Fowlie (formerly of Midlands Electricity Board) for his expert advice from an industrial viewpoint. I am very appreciative of the advice and encouragement given by my fellow research students, with special thanks to Mrs Anne Vigrow for her much valued practical help. I would also like to thank Mr H.J. Staines for his time and patience in the statistical analysis of my work. Finally, special thanks are reserved for my family for their financial and emotional support throughout the duration of this project, and to Bob for his continual encouragement and good humour which saw me through to the end. DUNDEE IN STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY Reproduction of Project Report Author Sandra D. Hainey Title An Investigation of the Durability of UK Grown Softwood Distribution Poles CCA-Treated by Sap-Displacement. Qualification Doctor of Philosophy Year of submission 1992 I agree that a copy may be made of the whole or any part of the above mentioned project report by the Library of Dundee Institute of Technology at the request of any one of its readers without further reference to the undersigned on completion of a Copyright Declaration Form, and on payment of the fee currently in force. Signature Address 17th August, 1992. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DURABILITY OF UK GROWN SOFTWOOD DISTRIBUTION POLES CCA-TREATED BY SAP-DISPLACEMENT. Sandra D. Hainey B.Sc. (Hons) ABSTRACT. The decay susceptibility of UK grown Corsican pine, Scots pine, Norway spruce and Sitka spruce poles treated with CCA by the high pressure sap-displacement process, was investigated using full size poles in a field site and representative pole sections in an accelerated decay system. Analysis of cores removed from the field poles showed a significant difference in the treatability of the four wood species. While satisfactory uptake and penetration of copper, chromium and arsenic were recorded for Corsican and Scots pine and Norway spruce, significantly lower levels of CCA penetration and retention were found in Sitka spruce poles. The narrow preservative penetration and extensive checking recorded in Sitka spruce poles contributed to the isolation of decay fungi after only four years field exposure. Radial distribution of the three preservative elements showed a gradient of chromium and arsenic which generally decreased from pole surface to centre, however, in all species except Sitka spruce an intermediate peak in copper concentration was recorded. Analysis of core samples removed annually from the groundline region of field poles indicated that migration of the CCA salts had occurred. This migration appeared to be complete after the first year of field exposure. Significant increase in copper and chromium levels in soil adjacent to poles of each species, indicated that leaching of the CCA components had occurred from the poles to surrounding soil. This small leaching effect is not expected to have a significant adverse effect on protection of the poles or to act as a soil pollution hazard. Exposure of pole sections to the natural soil microflora in the accelerated decay system resulted in untreated control sections suffering extensive soft rot decay of their curved and checked surfaces. Soft rot attack of CCA-treated sections was however, limited to small surface pockets at the untreated or poorly treated regions of their checked surfaces. Inoculation of the pole sections with basidiomycete fungi produced major differences in the type and location of decay development between the untreated and CCA-treated samples. Despite the presence of a heavy basidiomycete inoculum, decay of untreated control sections continued to be due to soft rot attack of curved and internal checked surfaces. Severity of decay was in the order of Corsican pine > Scots pine > Norway spruce > Sitka spruce. Decay of CCA-treated sections however, was produced principally by internal basidiomycete attack with large internal pockets of brown rot decay in the Sitka spruce sections. Severity of decay was the reverse of that for untreated pole sections i.e. Sitka spruce > Norway spruce > Scots pine > Corsican pine. The unexpected patterns of decay in CCA-treated pole sections was linked to the presence of CCA in the wood and soil, and the significantly lower moisture levels present in these sections. The validity of using the accelerated decay system to assess the performance of the four treated wood species is discussed. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. 1 The UK Softwood Resource. 1 Softwood Structure. 3 Treatment of Poles and their Decay. 7 Treatment with Creosote. 7 Treatment with Copper, Chome, Arsenic (CCA). 9 Preservative Treatment of Refractory Species. 11 Sap-Displacement Processes. 13 Performance Testing of Treated Poles. 16 Field Testing. 16 Accelerated Testing. 17 Laboratory Tests. 17 Soil-Bed Test Systems. 18 Aims of Project. 19 EXPOSURE OF POLES TO FIELD CONDITIONS. 22 Introduction. 22 Methods. 27 The Field Site. 27 Determination of CCA Loading, Penetration, 29 Distribution and Permanence. Sampling of Poles. 29 CCA Extraction Procedure. 30 Analysis of Metals. 31 Statistical Analysis of Data. 33 Examination of Longitudinal Variation in CCA 34 Levels. 2.2.4 Measurement of Preservative Elements in Soil. 35 2.2.4.1 Soil Sampling. 35 2.2.4.2 Recovery of Metals from Soil. 37 2.2.4.3 Analysis of Metals from Soil. 38 2.2.4.4 Statistical Analysis of Soil CCA levels. 40 2.2.5 Measurement of the Acidity of Rainwater. 40 2.2.6 Determination of Moisture Profiles. 41 2.2.7 Comparison of Extent of Checking in the Four 42 Wood Species 2.2.8 Isolation and Identification of Fungal 42 Colonisers. 2.3 Results. 44 2.3.1 CCA Loading, Penetration, Distribution and 44 Permanence. 2.3.2 Preservative Permanence during Field Exposure. 56 2.3.2.1 Longitudinal Variations in Preservative 58 Levels. 2.3.2.2 Leaching of Preservative Components from Poles 66 to Soil. 2.3.3 Measurement of Acidity of Rainwater. 68 2.3.4 Moisture Distribution within the Poles. 69 2.3.5 Extent of Checking. 71 2.3.6 Identification of Fungal Colonisers. 72 2.4 Discussion. 75 2.4.1 Treatability of the Four Wood Species. 75 2.4.2 CCA Permanence. 81 2.4.3. Factors Affecting Fungal Colonisation 87 EXPOSURE OF POLE SECTIONS TO ACCELERATED DECAY 92 CONDITIONS. Introduction. 92 Methods. 98 The Accelerated Decay System. 98 Monitoring of Soil Decay Potential. 100 Preparation of Wood Sections. 101 Soft Rot Test System. 103 Basidiomycete Test System. 105 Dehydrogenase Assay of Soil. 108 Measurement of Surface Decay using Pilodyn. 110 Measurement of Soft Rot by Microscopic 111 Analysis. Measurement of Moisture Profiles. 113 Decay of Checked Surface and Internal 114 Cross-section. Isolation of Fungal Colonisers. 115 Identification of Fungal Colonisers. 117 SDS-PAGE Analysis of Basidiomycete Isolates. 118 Cross-reactivity Studies of Basidiomycetes 119 with Mould Isolates. CCA Analysis of Wood Sections. 120 Effect of Wetting Wood Sections Prior to Soil 120 Burial Effect of Soil Burial on CCA Levels and 121 Distribution. CCA Analysis of Decayed Regions. 122 CCA Analysis of Soil. 122 3.3 Results. 124 3.3.1 Soil Decay Potential. 124 3.3.2 Compatability of Basidiomycete Mixed Inoculum. 125 3.3.3 Dehydrogenase Assay of Soil. 127 3.3.4 Measurement of Surface Decay using Pilodyn. 132 3.3.5 Measurement of Soft Rot by Microscopic 138 Analysis. 3.3.6 Measurement of Moisture Profiles. 145 3.3.7 Decay of Checked Surface and Internal 152 Cross-section. 3.3.8 Isolation of Fungal Colonisers. 164 3.3.9 SDS-PAGE Analysis of Basidiomycete Isolates. 167 3.3.10 Cross-reactivity Studies of Basidiomycetes 171 with Mould Isolates. 3.3.11 CCA Analysis of Wood Sections. 173 3.3.11.1 Effect of Wetting Wood Sections Prior to Soil 173 Burial. 3.3.11.2 Effect of Soil Burial on CCA Levels and 178 Distribution. 3.3.11.3 CCA Analysis of Decayed Regions. 183 3.3.12 CCA Analysis of Soil. 183 3.4 Discussion. 188 3.4.1 Control of Accelerated Decay Conditions. 188 3.4.2 Permanence of CCA Components. 190 3.4.3 Soft Rot Decay. 192 3.4.4 Basidiomycete Decay. 201 3.4.5 Patterns of Decay. 207 CHAPTER 4 GENERAL DISCUSSION. 215 4.1 Suitability of UK Grown Softwood Poles 215 CCA-treated by Sap - displacement. 4.2 Development of the Accelerated Decay System. 221 4.3 Appraisal of the Accelerated Decay System 223 for Testing the Decay Susceptibility of Poles CCA-treated by Sap - displacement. REFERENCES 228 APPENDICES PUBLICATIONS ABBREVIATIONS. m metre nm nanometre mm millimetre ml millilitre g gramme ug microgramme mg milligramme kg kilogramme umol micromole M molar 0 degree 0 C degree centigrade % percent rpm revs per minute min minute ppm parts per million w/w weight to weight w/v weight to volume Cu copper Cr chromium As arsenic AAS atomic absorption spectrophotometry CCA copper chrome arsenic ESI Electricity Supply Industry GL groundline HPSD high pressure sap-displacement PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PVC polyvinyl chloride SDS sodium dodecyl sulphate TTC triphenyltetrazolium chloride TTF triphenyltetrazolium formazan WHC water holding capacity UK United Kingdom ul microlitre C H A P T E R 1 INTRODUCTION 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Development of Forest-Based Biorefineries: Implications for Market Behavior and Policy
    The Development of Forest-based Biorefineries: Implications for Market Behavior and Policy Patrik Söderholm and Robert Lundmark Abstract and the use of biomass is expected to constitute a major In a forest-based biorefinery, the entire potential of share of the future total use of renewable energy sources forest raw materials and byproducts may be used to pro- in Europe (European Commission 1997, 2006). Essential duce a diverse set of products, including transport fuels, components of national energy policies in Europe, there- chemicals, and pulp and paper products. This paper ana- fore, include not only direct promotion of renewable ener- lyzes the general impact on forest raw material markets gy technologies (e.g., investment and R&D support), but following an increased diffusion of biorefineries and high- also carbon dioxide taxes and emissions trading in carbon lights a number of related public policy issues. The analy- dioxide allowances that discourage the use of fossil fuels. The transition from a fossil fuel-based to a carbon-free sis indicates that the character of forest raw material sup- energy system may have important consequences for the ply, in particular the distinction between main products use of raw materials in society, not the least in cases of and byproducts, will have a major influence on the func- agricultural and forest-based resources. Increases in the tioning and the organization of future forest products mar- relative prices of fossil fuels affect a large number of indus- kets. Moreover, the advent of new uses of forest-based bio- trial and end-use sectors of the economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Laval University
    LAVAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND GEOMATICS Department of Wood and Forest Sciences Sponsored by the International Development Center (IDRC) Ottawa, Canada “The Hidden World that Feeds Us: the Living Soil” Seminars given at the International Institute for Trropical Agriculture (ITA) Univeristy of Ibadan, Nigeria at the International Centre of Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya and at the Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kiev, Ukraine by Professor Gilles Lemieux Department of Wood and Forestry Science ORIGINAL FRENCH PUBLICATION Nº 59b http://forestgeomat.ffg.ulaval.ca/brf/ edited by Coordination Group on Ramial Wood Depatment of Wood and Forestry Science Québec G1K 7P4 QUÉBEC CANADA TABLE OF CONTENTS I. A brief history: the evolution of ecosystems and man’s anthropocentric behaviour 1 II. The importance of the forest in tropical climates 2 III. The basic composition of wood 3 1. Lignin and its derivatives and their role in doil dynamic 5 IV. Stem wood and ramial wood 6 1. Stem wood and its lignin 6 2. Ramial wood and its lignin 6 3. Agricultural and forestry trials using ramial wood 7 V. “Organic Matter”, one of the basic principles in agriculture 9 1. Some a posteriori thoughts 10 2. The rationale for chipping 10 3. More like a food than a fertilizer 11 4. The principles behind chipping 11 VI. Lignin 13 1.The nutrients question 14 2.The biological cycling of water in tropical climates 15 3.“Chemical” nutrients 15 4.Nitrogen 15 5.Phosphorus 16 VII. A tentative theory 17 1.Too much or too little water 17 2.The soil-structuring role of lignin 17 3.The role of trophic web 18 4.Living beyond the soil’s chemical constraints 18 5.The major cause of tropical soils degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decomposition of Forest Products in Landfills
    International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation Vol. 39, No. 2–3 (1997) 145–158 Published by Elsevier Science Limited Printed in Great Britain PII:S0964-8305(96)00039-X 0964-8305/97 $17.00 + .00 ELSEVIER The Decomposition of Forest Products in Landfills J. A. Micales & K. E. Skog USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705, USA (Received 3 April 1996; revised version received 25 June 1996; accepted 22 July 1996) Large quantities of forest products are disposed of in landfills annually. The fate of this vast pool of carbon is important since carbon sequestration and the generation of landfill gases have important implications for global warming. Published estimates of methane yields were used to estimate the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere from landfilled forest products. These calculations suggest that maximally only 30%, of the carbon from paper and 0- 3% of the carbon from wood are ever emitted as landfill gas. The remaining carbon, approximately 28 Tg in 1993, remains in the landfill indefinitely. Some of this carbon may be removed during leachate treatment, but a large portion is permanently sequestered where its impact on global warming is negligible. The placement of forest products in landfills serves as a significant carbon sink, and its importance in the global carbon balance should not be overlooked. Published by Elsevier Science Limited INTRODUCTION warming? President Clinton’s Climatic Change Action Plan (Clinton & Gore, 1993) sets a US In 1993, the US Environmental Protection Agency objective of restraining carbon emission growth (EPA) (1994) estimated that 50 Tgl of paper and and increasing sequestration by a total of 100 Tg/ 18.6 Tg of wood were discarded in the United year by the year 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Hemicelluloses Content on the Paper Quality Produced with Eucalyptus Globulus Fibres
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco Proceedings of Progress in Paper Physics Seminar 2004, Norway, Trondheim, 21 a 24 de Junho, p. 50-52 Influence of hemicelluloses content on the paper quality produced with Eucalyptus globulus fibres. Ofélia Anjos1, António Santos2, and Rogério Simões2 1Escola Superior de Agrária – 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal, [email protected] 2Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal, [email protected] Abstract The raw-material composition and the cooking conditions determine the pulp composition and this affect the behaviour of the pulp in the beating process and the papermaking potential. However, at industrial scale the variability of the pulp composition, for a given raw material and a given process, is relatively low and usually it is difficult to quantify the impacts of pulp composition on beating and papermaking. In the present study E. globulus bleached pulps were produced under different cooking conditions by the kraft process in order to obtain pulps with significant different hemicelluloses content (19% versus 14.5%). The behaviour of the pulps in beating and the papermaking potential were investigated under two beating intensities in the PFI mill and at four beating times. The pulp suspensions were characterised in terms of drainability, fibre morphology, wet fibre flexibility and relative bonded area. The paper produced was evaluated in terms of structural, superficial, mechanical and optical properties. The results showed the clear effect of the hemicelluloses content on the beating rate as well as on the paper properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Timber Bridges Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance
    Timber Bridges Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance Michael A. Ritter, Structural Engineer United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Ritter, Michael A. 1990. Timber Bridges: Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance. Washington, DC: 944 p. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author acknowledges the following individuals, Agencies, and Associations for the substantial contributions they made to this publication: For contributions to Chapter 1, Fong Ou, Ph.D., Civil Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Engineering Staff, Washington Office. For contributions to Chapter 3, Jerry Winandy, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. For contributions to Chapter 8, Terry Wipf, P.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Structural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. For administrative overview and support, Clyde Weller, Civil Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Engineering Staff, Washington Office. For consultation and assistance during preparation and review, USDA Forest Service Bridge Engineers, Steve Bunnell, Frank Muchmore, Sakee Poulakidas, Ron Schmidt, Merv Eriksson, and David Summy; Russ Moody and Alan Freas (retired) of the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Dave Pollock of the National Forest Products Association; and Lorraine Krahn and James Wacker, former students at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. In addition, special thanks to Mary Jane Baggett and Jim Anderson for editorial consultation, JoAnn Benisch for graphics preparation and layout, and Stephen Schmieding and James Vargo for photographic support. iii iv CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 TIMBER AS A BRIDGE MATERIAL 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................. l- 1 1.2 Historical Development of Timber Bridges ............................. l-2 Prehistory Through the Middle Ages ....................................... l-3 Middle Ages Through the 18th Century ................................... l-5 19th Century ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Why Is It So Difficult to Make Cellulosic Ethanol? Ethanol Can Be Created from a Variety of Source Materials and Through a Number of Methods
    Why is it so difficult to make cellulosic ethanol? Ethanol can be created from a variety of source materials and through a number of methods. Beer and wine Yeast fermentation uses a well-understood biological process Enzymes in which yeast are fed simple sugars from barley malt or grapes. Yeast digest these sugars to grow and reproduce, and brewers and vintners then harvest the ethanol the microbes create as a waste product. Yeast has special Glucose 2 Ethanol 2 Carbon Dioxide enzymes, or protein catalysts, capable of converting a simple sugar, called glucose, into ethanol as they extract Fermentation equation: enzymes in yeast convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. energy from the molecule. Creating ethanol from sugar cane, as they do in Brazil, is fairly straightforward Cellulose, like starch, is a complex carbohydrate made because cane juice contains these simple sugars that up of chains of glucose. However, the nature of the links yeast can digest. The production of ethanol becomes holding the glucose together is different in cellulose, more difficult when starting with more complex and there are fewer identified organisms with enzymes carbohydrates from corn grain or other plant materials. that are capable of breaking down cellulose. Enzymes work in a lock and key system; each enzyme matches Starch conversion is also relatively simple. Corn grain and a particular molecule—without the right enzyme potatoes, for example, are heavy in starches, which are you cannot build or degrade a molecule biologically. composed of long chains of glucose molecules. Enzymes that chop the long chains of starch into smaller glucose Starch units are readily available.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood-Based Composite Materials—Panel Products, Glued Laminated
    CHAPTER 11 Wood-Based Composite Materials Panel Products, Glued Laminated Timber, Structural Composite Lumber, and Wood–Nonwood Composites Nicole M. Stark, Research Chemical Engineer Zhiyong Cai, Supervisory Research Materials Engineer Because wood properties vary among species, between Contents trees of the same species, and between pieces from the Conventional Wood-Based Composite Panels 11–2 same tree, solid wood cannot match reconstituted wood Wood Elements 11–3 in the range of properties that can be controlled. Wood Adhesives 11–3 with localized defects (such as knots) can often be utilized effectively in wood-based composites. When wood with Additives 11–6 defects is reduced to wood elements, the influence of these Plywood 11–6 characteristics in the manufactured product is reduced. Oriented Strandboard 11–10 To reinforce sustainable harvesting efforts, wood derived Particleboard 11–11 from small-diameter timber, forest residues, or exotic and invasive species may also be used in wood-based Fiberboard 11–13 composites. Specialty Composite Materials 11–16 Wood-based composite materials can be made up of various Performance and Standards 11–17 wood elements, including fibers, particles, flakes, veneers, Glued Laminated Timber 11–18 or laminates. Properties of such materials can be changed Advantages 11–18 by combining, reorganizing, or stratifying these elements. Types of Glulam Combinations 11–19 When raw material selection is paired with properly selected processing variables, the end result can surpass nature’s best Standards and Specifications 11–19 effort. Manufacture 11–20 The basic element for composite wood products is the fiber, Structural Composite Lumber and Timber with larger particles composed of many fibers (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Biomass and Acid Loading on Methanolysis During Two-Step Lignin-First Processing of Birchwood
    catalysts Article The Impact of Biomass and Acid Loading on Methanolysis during Two-Step Lignin-First Processing of Birchwood Panos D. Kouris 1,2, Xiaoming Huang 1,3, Xianhong Ouyang 1, Dannie J. G. P. van Osch 1,2, Geert J. W. Cremers 1,2, Michael D. Boot 1,2 and Emiel J. M. Hensen 1,* 1 Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; [email protected] (P.D.K.); [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (X.O.); [email protected] (D.J.G.P.v.O.); [email protected] (G.J.W.C.); [email protected] (M.D.B.) 2 Vertoro B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands 3 Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven (PTG/e) B.V., P.O. Box 6284, 5600 HG Eindhoven, The Netherlands * Correspondence: to: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-402475178 Abstract: We optimized the solvolysis step in methanol for two-step lignin-first upgrading of woody biomass. Birchwood was first converted via sulfuric acid methanolysis to cellulose pulp and a lignin oil intermediate, which comprises a mixture of lignin oligomers and C5 sugars in the methanol solvent. The impact of reaction temperature (140–200 ◦C), acid loading (0.24–0.81 wt%, dry biomass), methanol/biomass ratio (2.3/1–15.8/1 w/w) and reaction time (2 h and 0.5 h) was investigated. At high biomass loadings (ratio < 6.3/1 w/w), operation at elevated pressure facilitates delignification by keeping methanol in the liquid phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Pretreatments for Converting Wood Into Paper and Chemicals
    Chapter 25 Pretreatments for Converting Wood into Paper and Chemicals William R. Kenealy1, Carl J. Houtman1, Jose Laplaza1, Thomas W. Jeffries1, and Eric G. Horn2 1Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI 53726 2Biopulping International Incorporated, 2912 Syene Road, Madison, WI 53713 Biorefining wood into paper and chemicals is not as easy as making a single traditional paper product. Paper is made from the cellulose-containing fractions of wood and processing may remove lignin and hemicellulose components. The yield and composition of the product depend upon the type of paper being produced. The paper process often alters the non­ cellulose fractions, making them less suitable for conversion to other valuable products. This chapter will review methods of obtaining hemicellulosic sugars and investigate the potential for obtaining sugars by a wood pretreatment before it is made into pulp. As an example of hemicellulose removal the results of a new pretreatment using diethyl oxalate are also described. Hemicellulose removal by this system provides other benefits to the pulping process. 392 © 2007 American Chemical Society 393 Biomass use is touted as a solution to the burgeoning petroleum importation of our nation and as a way to become more energy independent (1). When biomass is targeted for this purpose, carbohydrates are generally converted to products. Corn is used to make ethanol, and it is principally starch that is saccharified to glucose and fermented to ethanol. Sucrose from sugar cane is used to make ethanol in Brazil. Obtaining sugars from lignocellulose is much more difficult. Cellulose has very little solubility in water and a crystalline nature that must be overcome before it can be converted into glucose.
    [Show full text]
  • Fast Hemicellulose Quantification Via a Simple Onestep Acid Hydrolysis
    ARTICLE Fast Hemicellulose Quantification Via a Simple One-Step Acid Hydrolysis Xiadi Gao,1,2,3 Rajeev Kumar,1,2,3 Charles E. Wyman1,2,3 1 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507; telephone: þ951-781-5703; fax: þ951-781-5790; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507 3 BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 nonrenewable fossil resources (Dale, 2005; Farrell et al., 2006; ABSTRACT: As the second most common polysaccharides in Ragauskas et al., 2006; Wyman et al., 2005). However, the nature, hemicellulose has received much attention in recent plant’s recalcitrance to deconstruction by enzymes or years for its importance in biomass conversion in terms of microbes is the primary obstacle to low cost biological producing high yields of fermentable sugars and value-added production of renewable fuels from lignocellulosic biomass products, as well as its role in reducing biomass recalcitrance. Therefore, a time and labor efficient method that specifically (Himmel et al., 2007; Wyman, 2007). Therefore, versatile analyzes hemicellulose content would be valuable to facilitate approaches are applied to make the conversion from biomass the screening of biomass feedstocks. In this study, a one-step to fuels or chemicals more commercially viable. On one acid hydrolysis method was developed, which applied 4 wt% hand, optimization or improvement of key operations, sulfuric acid at 121 C for 1 h to rapidly quantify XGM including developing effective pretreatment technologies and (xylan þ galactan þ mannan) contents in various types of lignocellulosic biomass and model hemicelluloses.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellulose and Hemicellulose Hydrolysis Models for Application to Current and Novel Pretreatment Processes
    CelluloseCopyright © 2000and byHemicellulose Humana Press Inc. Models 81 All rights of any nature whatsoever reserved. 0273-2289/00/84–86/0081/$14.00 Cellulose and Hemicellulose Hydrolysis Models for Application to Current and Novel Pretreatment Processes SIGRID E. JACOBSEN AND CHARLES E. WYMAN* Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755-8000, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Acids catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to produce sugars that organisms can ferment to ethanol and other products. However, advanced low- and no-acid technologies are critical if we are to reduce bioethanol costs to be competitive as a pure fuel. We believe carbohydrate oligomers play a key role in explaining the performance of such hydrolysis processes and that kinetic models would help us understand their role. Vari- ous investigations have developed reaction rate expressions based on an Arrhenius temperature dependence that is first order in substrate concentra- tion and close to first order in acid concentration. In this article, we evaluate these existing hydrolysis models with the goal of providing a foundation for a unified model that can predict performance of both current and novel pretreatment process configurations. Index Entries: Biomass; hydrolysis; kinetics; bioethanol; pretreatment. Introduction When used as a transportation fuel, ethanol produced from lignocel- lulosic biomass, often termed bioethanol, has the potential to provide sig- nificant, and, in many cases, unique, environmental, economic, and strategic benefits. Included are significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, disposal of problematic solid wastes, less air pollution (particu- larly when used as a pure fuel in advanced propulsion systems), reduced trade deficits, and improved energy security.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Hydrolytic Enzymes on Tannin Adsorption
    molecules Article The Influence of Hydrolytic Enzymes on Tannin Adsorption- Desorption onto Grape Cell Walls in a Wine-Like Matrix Andrea Osete-Alcaraz 1, Encarna Gómez-Plaza 1,* , Pilar Martínez-Pérez 1 , Florent Weiller 2, Julia Schückel 3,4, William G.T. Willats 5, John P. Moore 2 , José M. Ros-García 1 and Ana B. Bautista-Ortín 1 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] (A.O.-A.); [email protected] (P.M.-P.); [email protected] (J.M.R.-G.); [email protected] (A.B.B.-O.) 2 Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa; fl[email protected] (F.W.); [email protected] (J.P.M.) 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1001 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] 4 Glycospot R&D, Thorvaldsensvej 40, B102, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark 5 School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LB, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This study evaluates the capacity of four hydrolytic enzymes to limit the interactions between grape cell-walls and tannins and/or to favor tannin desorption. Adsorption and desorption Citation: Osete-Alcaraz, A.; tests were conducted by mixing a commercial seed tannin with purified skin cell-walls from Syrah Gómez-Plaza, E.; Martínez-Pérez, P.; grapes, in the presence or absence of hydrolytic enzymes, in a model-wine solution.
    [Show full text]