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The Ethno-Religious Origins of International Terrorism Perpetrated by Armenian Nationalists (Historical-Cultural Analysis)

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The Ethno-Religious Origins of International Terrorism Perpetrated by Armenian Nationalists (Historical-Cultural Analysis) THE ETHNO-RELIGIOUS ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM PERPETRATED BY ARMENIAN NATIONALISTS (HISTORICAL-CULTURAL ANALYSIS) (ERMENİ MİLLİYETÇİLER TARAFINDAN GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN ULUSLARARASI TERÖRİZMİN ETNO-DİNSEL KÖKENLERİ (TARİHİ-KÜLTÜREL ANALİZ)) Dr. Oleg Yuryevich KUZNETSOV Doctor of Historical Sciences Russia, Moscow Translated by: Ceren ÇEVİK Student, Middle Eastern Technical University (METU) With the contributions of: Salih Işık BORA Student, Sciences Po and LSE Abstract: This article seeks to understand the theoretical and cognitive aspects of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. For this endeavor, it examines the identity-based and motivational factors that induced the involved Armenian groups or organizations to carry out aggression against Azerbaijan in the events that constitute the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This article highlights that subconscious factors that stretch back to the days of pagan beliefs still have a noticeable effect in the actions of today’s people. This article also argues that Nagorno-Karabakh conflict was not truly about a yearning for autonomy, independence, or a desire for resources, but rather an attempt to enable the Armenian diaspora, taken as a whole, to expand itself both politically and militarily in other countries, as well as in the Republic of Armenia itself. Keywords: Nagorno-Karabakh, terrorism, identity, religion, Armenians Öz: Bu makale, Dağlık Karabağ çatışmasının kuramsal ve kavramsal yönlerini anlamaya amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç için makale Dağlık Karabağ sorunu ortaya çıkaran olaylarda, olaylara karışan Ermeni grupların veya örgütlerin Azerbaycan’a saldırmalarına sebep olan kimlik esaslı ve teşvik edici etkenleri incelemektedir. Bu makale, kökleri putperest inançların hüküm sürdüğü günlere kadar uzanan bilinçaltı etkenlerin, günümüzdeki insanların üzerinde hâlâ fark edilebilir etkiler yarattığına dikkat çekmektedir. Bu makale ayrıca Dağlık Karabağ Review of Armenian Studies 119 No. 35, 2017 Dr. Oleg Yuryevich Kuznetsov çatışmasının gerçek anlamda sadece özerklik, bağımsızlık veya doğal kaynak elde etme arzusundan değil, onun yerine Ermeni diasporasının, bir bütün olarak, kendisini başka ülkelerde ve Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti’nde siyasi ve askeri bakımdan genişletmesi çabasından kaynaklandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Dağlık Karabağ, terörizm, kimlik, din, Ermeniler 120 Review of Armenian Studies No. 35, 2017 The Ethno-Religious Origins of International Terrorism Perpetrated by Armenian Nationalists (Historical-Cultural Analysis) During the last quarter of the century, the concrete existence of Armenian- Azerbaijani armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region (which currently Armenia occupies with military forces) and the Azerbaijan’s territories that are adjacent to it, is not solely within the domain of historical events, but is also a main factor for the lack of stability and security in the South Caucasus. This situation brings the necessity for a neutral analysis of the inciting motivations and driving forces of the aggression of the involved Armenian groups. In this paper, we will not attempt a victim analysis study involving the collective behavior and actions of the Azerbaijani people who were the main victims of the 1988-1994 Nagorno- Karabakh war, nor will we study the events surrounding the background and the aftermath The mentality of the of the conflict. We will instead examine the Armenian people (and not relevant Armenian groups’ worldview (in the the political will of the possibility of which, the common reflexes Armenian government), which provokes the fixed embedded in the subconscious of Armenians) ideologies within the and the ideological (or intellectual) paradigms national consciousness of their identity that led the Armenian people and which currently to commit armed violence. To create prevents peaceful settlement mechanisms that are neutral, solutions to the Nagorno- independent, unaffiliated with the ideologies Karabakh conflict in arising from the 20-year war, and compliant accordance with with international law, and to ensure their international law, is the main obstacle for application, we need to understand the resolving this issue. theoretical and even cognitive aspects of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict more than ever. Today, the international community supports the Republic of Azerbaijan’s right of sovereignty by expressing Armenia’s need and obligation to let go of the occupation regime in Azerbaijani territory, to withdraw all its military forces and the militias integrated to the illegal armed groups in Nagorno- Karabakh from the area belonging to Azerbaijan. However, the mentality of the Armenian people (and not the political will of the Armenian government), which provokes the fixed ideologies within the national consciousness and which currently prevents peaceful solutions to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in accordance with international law, is the main obstacle for resolving this issue. The main purpose of this article is not to provide misleading propositions and giving hope to the parties of the conflict and the international society about the resolution of the conflict, but to systematically and comprehensively illustrate our perspective to interested readers. As we have expressed many times in various monographies and scientific articles, the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh does not solely consist of a Review of Armenian Studies 121 No. 35, 2017 Dr. Oleg Yuryevich Kuznetsov temporary political and military situation, but has a deep and even national character1 and we retain this point of view in this article. As we have expressed before, within the deep layers of the consciousness of the majority of the ethnic Armenian society, there are pushing forces and stimulating causes that forms the basis of Armenian identity and national-religious existence (this applies to other groups of people as well). The irrationality as well as the logical foundations of the ideological components of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict have been studied by us in the article titled “The Clash Of Civilizations - How Does Samuel Huntington’s Theory Explain The Cultural Basis Of The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict?” (Stockholm 2013), presented as a separate section in the monograph called “The Realities Surrounding The Myths Of The Karabakh Conflict” (Moscow 2013). Consequently, this paper will not study in detail the subject discussed in the mentioned article, but will only examine the elements that constitute the key views and findings of the work. Between 1988 and 1994, the Nagorno-Karabakh war was not an interstate war, because the forces that were mobilizing against the official state police and army of Azerbaijan were not the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia, but were international terrorists and separatist groups comprising soldiers from the United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States, mercenaries from the Middle East, Europe, and the United States of America, and Armenian nationalists who previously lived in Transcaucasia and who were formerly Soviet citizens. In fact, in its most intense phase, the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict was a military intervention by the Armenian international coalition (or Hay Dat) against the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Azerbaijani people. The attack of the international Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh against the Azerbaijani people was not a colonial war in today’s terms, which means 1 О.Ю. Кузнецов, Правда о «мифах» карабахского конфликта (М.: Минувшее, 2013): 181-202; О.Ю Кузнецов, История транснационального армянского терроризма в ХХ столетии: Историко-криминологическое исследование (Баку: Шарг-Гарб, 2015): 195-222; О.Ю. Кузнецов, “Нагорно-карабахский конфликт: «столкновение цивилизаций»? Как теория Самюэля Хантингтона объясняет культурологическую суть конфликта вокруг Нагорного Карабаха”, Кавказ & Глобализация: Журнал социально-экономических и политических исследований, Вып. 1-2 (2013, Т. 7), 93-108; О.Ю. Кузнецов, “Национально-религиозный экстремизм и политический терроризм националистов как движущая сила этногенеза армянского этноса (очерк социально-политической истории)”, Кавказ & Глобализация: Журнал социально-экономических и политических исследований, Вып. 3-4 (2014, Т. 8), 175-200; O.Yu. Kuznetsov, History Of Transnational Armenian Terrorism In The Twentieths Century: Historical And Criminological Study (Berlin: Verlag Dr. Köster, 2016): 154-174; O.Yu. Kuznetsov, “The Conflict In Nagorno-Karabakh: It Is A ‘Clash Of Civilization’? How Samuel Huntington’s Theory Explains Its Culturological Dimension”, The Caucasus & Globalization: Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, Issue 1-2 (2013, Vol. 7), 82-94; O.Yu. Kuznetsov, “National-religious extremism and political terror of nationalists as a driving force behind ethnogenesis of the Armenian ethnicity (essay of social-political history)”, The Caucasus & Globalization: Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, Issue 3-4 (2013, Vol. 8), 163-182. 122 Review of Armenian Studies No. 35, 2017 The Ethno-Religious Origins of International Terrorism Perpetrated by Armenian Nationalists (Historical-Cultural Analysis) one aiming to obtain control of natural resources or the settlement in the area. The military victory in this war did not bring Armenians any new raw materials, a new product market, nor did it constitute a change in the vector or the balance of economic-commercial relations (especially considering the fact that feudal attitudes prevail in the economy of Armenia and Nagorno- Karabakh). The expenses of the Armenian side
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