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SYNCHRONIZING the SELF: Online Gaming, Avatars and Identity SYNCHRONIZING THE SELF: Online Gaming, Avatars and Identity Wei Gui © Wei Gui, 2015 Wei Gui, ‘Synchronizing the Self: Online Gaming, Avatars and Identity.’ Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht, 2015. Synchronizing the Self: online gaming, avatars and identity Het Zelf synchronisen: Online gaming, avatars en identiteit (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 25 januari 2016 des ochtends te 10.30 uur door Wei Gui geboren op 19 oktober 1977 te Shanggao, Jiangxi, Volksrepubliek China Promotor: Prof. dr. R. Braidotti This thesis was accomplished with financial support from China Scholarship Council Table of Contents Acknowledgements ········································································ i Introduction ··············································································· 1 Chapter 1 The Avatar: A Simulacrum of Human Life ···································· 13 1.0 Introduction ··········································································· 13 1.1 What is An Avatar? A high Simulacrum of Human Life ······················· 16 1.1.1Cybernetics vs. Imagination ·················································· 18 1.1.2The “Magic Circle” and Negotiation ········································ 25 1.1.3Feedback Loop: the Basis of the Shift from “Interpretation” to “Performance” ·········································· 32 1.2 The Consequences Brought About by the Emergence of the Avatar ······· 35 1.2.1From “Boundary-crossing” to “Boundary-blurring” ······················ 36 1.2.2The Network Society ·························································· 38 1.2.3The Medium Has Become the Body? ······································· 41 Chapter 2 RE…ING: The Epistemological Recovery of Embodiment Theory and its Influence on Identification in An Integrated World ····························· 47 2.0 Introduction ········································································· 47 2.1 Recovery of the Embodiment Principle ········································ 49 2.1.1 The Return of the Body: An Embodied Interpretation of the Avatar Metaphor ···················· 50 2.1.2 Research Approach Clarification: Distinguishing Embodiment from Materialism/Materiality ············ 55 2.1.3 From a Daoist Perspective to Understand the Relationship Between Embodiment and Disembodiment ·········· 57 2.2 Rethinking the “Real” ····························································· 66 2.2.1 The “Magic Circle” and the Distinction between Real/Non-real · 67 2.2.2 Imaginary/Imagination and the Real································ 73 2.3 Embodied Imagination and Identity ··········································· 76 2.3.1 Embodied Imagination: the Power that Integrates Two Worlds · 77 2.3.2 A “Mirror Stage” in Cyberspace ······································ 83 2.3.3 A shift From “Our-ness” to “Me-ness” ······························ 85 Chapter 3 Three Bodies: the Invisibly Corporeal Body, the Visibly Imaged Body and the Functioning “Gaming Body” ························································· 89 3.0 Introduction ··········································································· 89 3.1 From the Eye, Skin to the Simulated Body: A Gradual Process of the Embodiment Principle ·························· 92 3.1.1 Eye and Skin, Vision and Haptic ······································· 93 3.1.2 Is the Avatar A Body or An Image? ·································· 101 3.1.3 From “Film’s Body” to “Gaming Body” ···························· 103 3.2 Three Synchronized Bodies ······················································ 105 3.2.1 What Are These Three Bodies in Game Playing? ················· 107 3.2.2 Synchronizing the Body Concept Into An Assemblage ·········· 112 3.2.3 From the External Gaze to Vision from “Within” ················ 118 3.3 Anticipating the Landscape of Concepts’ Images: the Body, Embodiment and Synchronicity ································· 121 3.3.1 Defining “Within” ······················································ 124 3.3.2 As a Limitation: unsimulated, unsynchronized and unexperienced death ················ 126 3.3.3 The Frame Constituted by the Body and Embodiment in the Condition of Synchronicity ········································· 129 Chapter 4 Rethinking the Concepts of Sex and Gender in the Synchronized Environment ················································· 135 4.0 Introduction ········································································· 135 4.1 Reviewing sex and gender in relation to the body ····························· 137 4.1.1 Three main views on the concepts of sex and gender ············· 140 4.1.2 The corporeal existing form of the body: From “The One” to “one of” ················································· 150 4.2 Feminist Phenomenology as an approach ······································ 153 4.2.1 Is “the lived body” enough? ··········································· 155 4.2.2 Is the concept of gender still useful? ································· 158 4.3 The new notions and the relationship between sex and gender in cyberspace ·································· 161 4.3.1 Disorientation and freedom: the choosability and multiplicity of gender in cyberspace ············ 162 4.3.2 Is the subject embodied or discursive? ······························ 165 4.3.3 Three synchronized bodies vs. sex and gender ····················· 168 4.3.3.1 The striking back of the body and the “three bodies” theory ······································· 168 4.3.3.2 Redefining the concept of sex ····························· 170 4.3.3.3 Multiple gendered body and gender roles ················ 172 Conclusion ·············································································· 177 Bibliography ············································································ 189 Summary ················································································ 199 Samenvatting ··········································································· 201 Acknowledgements Four years ago, thanks to financial support from China Scholarship Council for which I am deeply grateful, I started my PhD research at Utrecht University, my academic version of Journey to the West. This journey from Xiamen in China to Utrecht in the Netherlands has been, without any martial fights against evils or spirits, but filled with struggles of loneliness and homesickness. I have not had to overcome any of the eighty-one tribulations set by the Buddha, but have continually faced conflicts caused by academic traditional and cultural differences. Fortunately, this whole journey has also being illustrated and guided by a wise woman, my PhD supervisor Professor Rosi Braidotti, to whom I am immensely grateful. Thank you so much for your insightful supervision through which you taught me to be practical and concrete, and for your generosity, affirmativeness, as well as your unconditional trust and support along the journey. You have set a great example for me, not only be being an intellectual scholar with brilliant thoughts, but also as a decent human being with noble qualities, and I will be indebted to you for the rest of my life. The Institute for Cultural Inquiry (ICON) at Utrecht University has provided me with plentiful educational support, for which I am deeply thankful. I am also indebted to the Center for the Humanities (CFH), the national Netherlands Research School of Gender Studies (NOG) and the Graduate Gender Programme (GGeP). Thanks for providing those inspirational lectures, conferences, intensive courses, seminars, and discussions. I also wish to thank Rosemarie Buikema and Berteke Waaldijk for organizing and chairing the Reading/ Writing seminar, and for all of guidance and comments that both of you have given to me. Many thanks also to the staff of ICON and CFH, especially Cornelie Vermaas, Natasja Zegwaard, Goda Klumbyte, Toa Maes, Jose van Aelst, Rianne Giethoorn and Trude Oorschot. I am grateful for the generous and continuous help from all of you. Moreover, I would like to thank all the people who gave me their inspirational feedback on presentations I made during Intergender courses (2011), LOVA (The Netherlands Association for Gender Studies and Feminist Anthropology) International Conference (2014), and Summer School course “Identity and Inter-disciplinarity in Games and Play Research” (2014). Over these past four years, I have met and worked with many fellow PhD researchers in Utrecht. I wish to thank all of them, especially those who have become reliable friends and sources of unfailing support. Thank you to Qijun Han. I was so lucky to have a wonderful friend like you who warmed my life in i this beautiful but cold city. My thoughts also go to Phoebe Mbasalaki. Thank you for proofreading one of the most difficult chapters of this dissertation so skillfully, and for the Flamenco dance classes and performance and all of those enjoyable beers and dinners that we shared together. I am very grateful to Pieter Kalis for being a kind and generous housemate, for the proofreading and translating work that you have done for me, and specifically for the NASA mug you brought back from Houston. Furthermore, thanks to Shu-Yi Huang for your creative idea of a “monthly feast”, which has been proven
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