Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
Human Anatomy Manual The Skeleton
Laerdal Texas P.O. Box38.226 EM. 116 Gatesville,Texas U.S.A.76528 U.S.A.1-800-433-5539 IntemationaI1-254-865-7221 24 Hour Fax 254-865-8011 ~ Laerdal' Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Skeleton
3 Skull
5-6 Vertebrae
7 Thorax
Clavicle
Radius and Ulna
10 Hand
11 Pelvis
Innominate
12 Femur
Tibia and Fibula
13 Patella
Foot Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
INTRODUCTION Osteology (from the Greek "Osteon", meaning bone) Is tha branch of anatomy that describes the structure and functions of the skeletal system. Bones provide a firm framework that gives shape to the body, supports Its parts, and protects vital organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, etc., from Injury. The bones also facilitate body movement by acting In cooperation with numerous muscles attached to the bones by tendons. Bone growth and development continues from birth to about twenty years of age. Cartilage furnishes elastic, supporting connective tissues which protect the bones at the joints from shock and give the skeleton more flexibility. Infants have approximately three hundred fifty bones, many of which fuse during the process of growth. Adults vary somewhat In the number of bones, but a total of two hundred six bones Is considered normal or typical. The skeletal system consists of two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, the main framework of the body, consists of the spine, skull, and chest. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower extermltles. The skull Is defined as the bony framework of the head. The 29 bones of the skull include those of the cranium and face, the hyoid bone, and the ear osslcles. The 8 cranial bones enclose a cavity within which are the brain, 3 layers of protective membranes (pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater), and numerous blood vessels. Fourteen Irregular bones, including the lower and upper Jaw bones, nasal bones, and cheek bones, form the bony framework of the face. The human skull, compared with the skulls of other animals, displays a relative decrease In the size of the face and a relative Increase In the size of the cranium. There are actually 5 great cavities of the skull: two cavities, or orbits, enclosing the eyes; the nasal cavity, with Its two chambers separated by the septum; the oral cavity, with the Jaw bones and maxillae, platlne, and sphenoid bones; and the cranial cavity. There are Important cavities, called paranasal sinuses, In the walls of some df the skull bones adjacent to the nasal cavity. These sinuses have a lining of ciliated mucous membrane which is continuous with that of the nasal cavity, and they drain into the nasal passageways and help to moisten them. The paranasal sinuses are useful resonating chambers for the voice, but the continuity of the membrane with that of the nose and mouth permits infectious material to spread rapidly through the various passageways, as in the common coid. The U-shaped bone In the neck, the hyoid bone, is the only bone that does not meet with other bones to form a joint; ligaments connect it with an extension of the temporal bone. Some of the muscles of the tongue and mouth Insert In the hyoid. A word about the quality of our MPL skeletons. These are not models in the usual context of the word since models are first sculpted or carved and then copied. Our skeletons are cast by hand from molds taken from a 5' 2" Human (male) skeleton and thus are not models but authentic anatomical reproductlons--wlth all the advantages of a human skeleton andnoneof thedisadvantages. Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use SKELETON
Frontal Temporal Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla Cervical Mandible
Coracoid process Scapula Body of sternum Ribs Humerus Xiphoid process of sternum Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Radius IlIum Ulna Sacrum Coccyx Pubis Ischium Carpals Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Flbuiu
Talus Calcaneus ~Tarsals ,~~ .. 2 ~'s-- Metatarsals Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use SKULL
Coronal suture Frontal
Temporal
Lambdoidal suture
Occipital
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Coronoid procell Mandible
3 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use VERTEBRAL COLUMN
AxI8 Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12\
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
4 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
VERTEBRAE
Atlas
Anterior tubercle
Superior articular facet Transverse procell
Posterior tubercle
Axis
Body Superior articular facet
Tranlverse foramen Transverse procell LamIna
SplnOUI procell
Cervical Vertebra
Body Transverse foramen Transverse j Costotranlverse bar procell t Posterior tubercle Pedicle Superior articular procell
Lamina
BIfId IplnOUI procell - Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
Thoracic Vertebra
Superior vertebral Dotch \ Superior articular proces8
TraD8vene proce88 with tranaverH coat a) facet Body
Inferior coatal facet
Lumbar Vertebra
(lateral view)
TraD8vene proce88 Body Spmou8 proce..
(from above)
Spmou8proce.. Inferior articular proce88 Mammary proces8
TraD8vene proce88 Superior articular proce..
Pedicle 'Y
6 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
THORAX
First thoracic vertebra
Manubrium
Manubriosternal joint Vertebrosternal or true ribs Body Stetnum
Xiphisternal Joint Xiphoid process
Vertebrocostal or false ribs
Vertebral or fioating ribs
RIGHT CLAVICLE
(inferior view)
(superior view) Sternal articular facet
Acromial articular facet
Conoid tubercle 7 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use LEFT SCAPULA
(dorsal view)
Scapular notch
Acromion SupraBplnouB fOBBa
Spine
Medial border
Inferior angle
(costal view)
Coracoid procesB
Acromion
Glenoid cavity SubBcapuiar fGlBa
8 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
RIGHT HUMERUS (anterior view)
Head Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle
Intertubercular groove Surgical neck
~ RIGHT RADIUS AND ULNA II i (anterior view)
Head adial notch Neck. Radial tuberosity
'j
Radial fossa ~i I) I} Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle [I 11(1\ I,
Capitulum ~ Radius Ulna
\\1 Ii .I,
Head Styloid process Styloid proce88 Ulnar notch
9 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use LEFT HAND (dorsal view)
Proximal
Hamate Capitate Carpals Triquetrum f Lunate
10 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use PELVIS
Sacrum Iliac crest
Ilium
Sacral foramen
Pubic arch
RIGHT INNOMINATE
Iliac crest
Anterior superior Iliac spine
Posterior superior Iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine
Superior ramus of pubis
Tuberosity of Ischium inferior ramus of pubis Obturator foramen Ramus of Ischium 11 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
RIGHT FEMUR (posterior view)
Head
Greater trochanter intertrochanteric line Leller trochanter
RIGHT TIBIA AND FIBULA (anterior view)
Lateral condyle
Styloid procell Medial condyle Head Neck.
\\ \l~i :i ,I Adductor tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle. j Medial condyle Lateral condyle I Intercondylar Fibula ! HI Tibia fOil a
Medial maBeolUI Lateral malleolul
12 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
PATELLA
(anterior view) (posterior view)
t.~ y-
, J.
"" \ Medial articular facet~Lateral articular facet
RIGHT FOOT (dorsal view)
Calcaneus
Talu,
Cuboid Navicular
-Lateral intermediate CUDelform, .Medlal } J
~J}}. ",- _.~~ Promoal phalanle, '\1. ,."...1 } Middle phalanx Diltal phalanx
13 Laerdal Medical Documentation – Check Revision Before Use
i! =1:1: C Copyright Medical Plastics Laboratory, Inc. Gatesville, Texas 76528 .l:I DocumenU1004860 rev B .Q. September 2003