DOCSLIB.ORG

Michel Bdgon And. the Direction of Economic Policy the University of Manitoba

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Michel Bdgon And. the Direction of Economic Policy the University of Manitoba Michel Bdgon and. the Direction of Economic Policy in French Canada fron L1L2 I'o L726 by Kathryn A. Young A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Stud.ies and. Researôh The University of Manitoba in partial Fulfil-lment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts August l98/u MTcHEL ¡ícou AND THE DrREcrroN oF ECONOMIC POLICY IN FRENCH CANADA FROM 1712 TO T726 BY KATHRYN A. YOUNG A tllesis submitted to the Faculty of Craduate Studies of the University of Ma¡ritoba in partial fulfìllment of the requirenrents of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS @ 1984 Pernrission has bee¡r granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfitnr this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this thesis. The author reserves other publicatio¡l rights, a¡ld neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or other- wise reproduced without the author's written pernrission. For My Grandmother Abstract Michel B6gon, intendant of New France from I7I2 Lo 1726, \¡Ias respon- sibl-e for the overall direction of finance, justice, and police. This study, however, will explore Bégonts jurisdiction within the context of finance and the economy. During this period Canadian econonic policy was deternined. by principles central- to Colbertts nercantilist theory. Accordingly, the colony $Ias to be the supplier of natural resources such as fur, fish, and' tinber. coronial self-sufficiency r¡Ias to be permitted only for the production of the essential needs of life, and the colony was to be dependent on the Royat Treasury. By royal edict the col-onial administrator was to put the policy into practice. But he often had to work on his own initiative, as it was impossible to naintain regular comnunication with his superiors in France because of distance and un- certain sea travel. Consequently, a rnan l-ike B6gon had consid.erable opportunity to influence policy nade by the Ancien.R6&Lee. Therefore, the centraf question is how Michel B6gon implenented royal economic policy and how his work contributed to economic growth. Moreover, a study of New France exposes intricate relationships between families within the royal and colonial- administrations. A subordinate question, thereby, is how Bágonrs managenent of the colony was influenced by patronage and clientage. The investigation focuses on Bágonis control of finance with speci- fic reference to the al-location of royal funds, preparation of the annuaf bud.get, and resolution of the card money affair. His rofe in the fur trade is discussed with attention to his ideas on free trade, on establish- ment of posts in the west, and on the importance of lhe Indian and English to French comrnerce" An examination is mad.e of #gonts determination to pronote a colonial export trade in agriculture, fishing, and forestry. Further, there is analysis of his proposal to import a black labour force from the Antilles " Ultimately, French Canada \^ras on a firmer economic footing in L726 than in 1712" Hence, this study contend.s that growth and development of the colony throughout this period was due in some measure to Michel B6gonts direction of economic policy. IV ACKNOIÀILEDGEMENTS Foremost, I wish to thank my supervisor Father v. J. Jensen for his encouragement and patience in guiding ne through this work' I woul-d al-so like to thank Professor l¡1. M. Stevens for igniting my interest in French Canada and Professor R. A. Lebrun for extend.ing that interest to eighteenth-centurY France . I owe much to those archivists and librarians in France and Canada who aided. me in this study" In particular, I am grateful for the help which I received from the Archives Nationales and. the Bibl:LgÞhèque of rygËpgqþ in Paris" As well, I want to acknowledge the contribution those at the Public Archives of Canada, the Archives historiques de IrUniversi t6 ¿e Montráal- and the Archives de la Soci-6té Histor ue de Saint Boniface in ÏiinníPeg. This thesis reached fruition with the assistance of a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Councíl of Canada Special M' A" Scholar- ship and a University of Manitoba Grad.uate Fellowship. Research in the Public Archives of Canada was made possible by a grant from the John s" Ewart Menorial Fund. Finally, the nanuscript was typed by Mrs. J. Dick. To all I express my sincere gratitude and appreciation. Moreover, to those who have encouraged ne in this endeavour and who have lent to me their und.erstand.ing, I an genuinely indebted' Not the least of whon l¡Iere ny husband Robert and our three children, for without their moraf support and reassurance this work would not have reached concluslon. V TABTE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract iv Acknowl-edgements V Introduction . I Chapter One Michel Bégon - Fonctionnaire naritime et l0 colonial )o Chapter Two Monsieur ltlntendant de finance Chapter Three LtAffaire de l-a carte monnaie 52 Chapter Four La libert'e d.u commerce BO Chapter Five Le maitre du comnerce 103 Concl-usion Bil-an t25 Appendix I B/egon coat of arns . 13z Appendix 2 Colonial funding L7L2 Io 1726 133 11t Append.ix J B6gonts L7I'/ budget L)4 Appendix d Recapitulation of the 1717 budget L36 Appendix ! Card. noney issued in L7L/, 1 ar7 Appendix 6 Map of the western fur trading posts T3B Abbreviations used in the notes L39 Notes l/o0 Bibliography 167 v1 Michel B6gon and. the Direction of Econoroic Policy in French Canada fron 1?12 lo 1726 INTRODUCTION Conmission drTntendant d.e 1a Justice, Police et Finances en Canad.a, Acadie, Isle de Terreneuve et autres Pays de Ia France Septentrionale, par le Sieur Bégän, du 31àne Mars I?10. nous avons cru que nous ne pouvions faire un meilleur choix que vous r pour bien exercer cette charge pour 1e bi-en de notre service, et celui de nos sujets /eüant au dit pays Versaill-es-sign'e 31 Mars 1710 par Louis Ph'elypeaux Poñtchartrain Qu6be c-enr dgi s tré't 14 Octobre I7L2 par 1e Sieur de Monseignat- Sail-s billowing, the kingrs ship rrle Hérosrt came into sight of the Quebec sentries posted. at their bastions high on the cliffs of Cape Diamond. l,rlord. passed. quickly that at last the ship had arrived' On board., this sixth day of October L7L2, was Michel.B6gon, long-awaited royal intend.ant, his wife Elisabeth d.e Beauharnois, and B'egonrs younger brother claud.e-Michel. After forty days of a |tmost calm and agreeable crossing'r from Rochefort to Quebec, "Le H6ros" dropped her sails and slid. into port alongside commercial vessels of all sizes--þelqeeÊ t fl-ûtes and canoes. The Bágon family disembarked and i^rere carried by small boal to the rocky shore of the st. Lawrence. There they were met by Philippe de Rigaud,, Marquis de vaudreuil, governor of the colony. After an exchange of greeting and rnessages, vaudreuil- took his party through the narrow, muddy streets of the Lower Town, caught in the shadow of the looming cliff. Backed up against the cliff, which rose Inore I'han 350 feet above the shore, were srnall houses, shops, and warehouses belonging to those engaged. in the comnercial life of the colony. The seventeenth-century 1 2 architectuïal style of these wood-frame and stone houses, with their steep slate or stra$I roofs r l¡rould' have been reminiscent of those in towns along the French west coast, such as St. Malo, La Rochelle, and Rochefort' The ultinate d.estination of the travellers r{as the Ïntendantrs Pal-ace located in the far reaches of the tov¡n, at the corner of rue Vall-ières and rue St. Nicolas, overlooking the St. Charles river' The palace was both the official residence of the intendant and the palais de .justice. From the palace, they would have seen far above then the buildings of the Upper, Town which could. be reached by the rocky, winding rue de la Montagne. Testament to the religious and military influence in the colony, rising high fron the cl-iffr r¡Iere the principal edifices of Church and. Crown. The governorrs resid.ence, the Château St" Louisr Pro- tected by a row of cannon, stood overlooking the St. Lawrence" In the cream- same gllqrlier were the baroque basilíca, begun in 1650, and the coloured stone buildings of the Jesuit seminary and college " Nearby were the Ursuline convent and the church of the R6co1lets. Synboticallyr Per- haps, the nilitary and. religious ínstitutions found their place in the upper Town, whereas trade and conmerce offered the focus of life in the Lower Town" The centre of activity in the Lower Town was the narketplace, on the cobbled square, in front of the parish church of Notre-Dame des Victoires. Here in the market and throughout the tiny streets close by the St. Lawrence walked merchants and trad.ers fron France and the colony' shopkeepers and artisans. coming from the harbour were shipsr captains and navvies I yelqgel¿rÊ and Indians. This was the world into which Michel n6gon entered. when he took up resid.ence in the Intendantts Palace in October L7L2" - )-) Appointed. by Louis XIV as intendant of Canada, Michel B'egon was responsible for the management of justice, police, and' finance. The purpose of this work, however, is to explore Bégonts jurisdjction within the context of finance and economic matters related to it. During this period., canadian economic policy was designed in France and was d,eternined by three principl-es which were central to Colbertrs nercantilist theory.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Inventory of Botanical Curiosities in Pierre-François-Xavier
    O inventário das curiosidades botânicas da Nouvelle France de Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix (1744) KOBELINSKI, Michel. O inventário das curiosidades botânicas da Nouvelle France de Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix (1744). História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, v.20, n.1, jan.-mar. 2013, p.13-27. O inventário das Resumo Verifica a extensão dos aportes botânicos curiosidades botânicas de Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix em Histoire et description générale de la da Nouvelle France de Nouvelle France em relação a trabalhos de pesquisadores anteriores, suas valorações Pierre-François-Xavier das representações iconográficas e discursivas e aplicabilidade no projeto de Charlevoix (1744) de colonização francesa. Investiga- se o que o levou a preterir o modelo taxionômico de Lineu e o que pretendia com seu catálogo de curiosidades The inventory of botânicas. O desenlace de sua trajetória filosófico-religiosa permite compreender botanical curiosities in seu posicionamento no quadro de classificação da natureza, os sentidos Pierre-François-Xavier das informações etnológicas, as formas de apropriação intelectual e os usos de Charlevoix’s Nouvelle da iconografia botânica e do discurso como propaganda político-emotiva para France (1744) incentivar a ocupação colonial. Palavras-chave: história do Canadá; história e sensibilidades; história e natureza; Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix (1682-1761); botânica. Abstract The article explores the botanical contributions of Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix’s book Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France vis-à-vis the contributions of previous researchers, his use of iconographic and discursive representations and its relevance to the project of French colonization. It investigates why he refused Linnaeus’ taxonomic model and what he intended with his catalogue of botanical curiosities.
    [Show full text]
  • Michel Sarrazin Et Le « Quinquina Du Canada » Gilles Barbeau
    Document généré le 25 sept. 2021 12:00 Histoire Québec Michel Sarrazin et le « quinquina du Canada » Gilles Barbeau L’Histoire des sciences Volume 21, numéro 3, 2016 URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/80943ac Aller au sommaire du numéro Éditeur(s) Les Éditions Histoire Québec La Fédération Histoire Québec ISSN 1201-4710 (imprimé) 1923-2101 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Barbeau, G. (2016). Michel Sarrazin et le « quinquina du Canada ». Histoire Québec, 21(3), 23–25. Tous droits réservés © Les Éditions Histoire Québec, 2016 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Michel Sarrazin et le « quinquina du Canada » par Gilles Barbeau Gilles Barbeau a obtenu son baccalauréat en pharmacie de l’École de pharmacie de l’Université Laval en 1968. En 1971, il obtenait un doctorat en pharmacie de la Faculté de pharmacie de l’Université de Bordeaux (France). Professeur depuis 1971 à l’Université Laval, il devient professeur titulaire en 1986 à l’École de pharmacie de cette même université, où il sera plus tard nommé directeur du certifi cat en gérontologie à la Faculté des sciences sociales (1994-95).
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 47(4) December 2015 131 Avant-Propos
    ............................................................ ............................................................ Volume 47 Bulletin Number / numéro 4 Entomological Society of Canada Société d’entomologie du Canada December / décembre 2015 Published quarterly by the Entomological Society of Canada Publication trimestrielle par la Société d’entomologie du Canada ........................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................... ............................................................................................................................. .............. ............................................................................................... ......... ............................................................... ................................... List of Contents / Table des matières Volume 47(4), December / décembre 2015 Up front / Avant-propos ................................................................................................130 Memories of JAM 2015 / Souvenirs de la RAC 2015.......................................................133 Heritage Lecture / Allocution du patrimoine Guy Boivin: Nos racines sont profondes.....................................................138 Honorary Member of the Entomological Society of Canada / Membre Honoraire de la Société d’entomologie du Canada : Judith H. Myers
    [Show full text]
  • Concordia and Montreal! Bienvenue À Concordia Et Montréal! 2
    Communiqué SOCIÉTÉ CANADIENNE D’HISTOIRE ET DE PHILOSOPHIE DES SCIENCES CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE No. 75 Spring/Printemps 2010 Welcome to Concordia and Montreal! Bienvenue à Concordia et Montréal! 2 ELECTRONIC PAYMENT FOR CSHPS-SCHPS Communiqué MEMBERSHIPS AVAILABLE Newsletter of the SCHPS-CSHPS is offering electronic membership Société canadienne d’histoire et de philosophie des sci- and renewal for 2010. The payment site can be ences/Canadian Society for the History and reached through the CSHPS website and accepts Philosophy of Science major credit cards through PayPal. We also continue to accept payment by cheque. Members will receive No 75 renewal notices with this information in December Spring/Printemps or early January. 2010 PAIEMENT ÉLECTRONIQUE DES www.cshps.ca www.schps.ca AHDÉSIONS POUR CSHPS-SCHPS DISPONIBLE Please direct submissions and inquiries to Aryn Mar- tin or Sofie Lachapelle, preferably by email (details SCHPS-CSHPS offre l’ahdésion et le renouvellement below). Please note that submissions can be sent in ei- électronique pour 2010. Le site de paiement est ther official language. The editors are grateful to York accessible par le site web de la SCHPS et accepte University for assistance in printing and mailing costs, les cartes de crédit par le système PayPal. Nous and to the University of Guelph for providing the nec- continuons aussi d’accepter les paiements par chèque. essary software. Les membres recevront un avertissement avec cette information en décembre ou début janvier. Co-editors:
    [Show full text]
  • New France (Ca
    New France (ca. 1600-1770) Trade silver, beaver, eighteenth century Manufactured in Europe and North America for trade with the Native peoples, trade silver came in many forms, including ear bobs, rings, brooches, gorgets, pendants, and animal shapes. According to Adam Shortt,5 the great France, double tournois, 1610 Canadian economic historian, the first regular Originally valued at 2 deniers, the system of exchange in Canada involving Europeans copper “double tournois” was shipped to New France in large quantities during occurred in Tadoussac in the early seventeenth the early 1600s to meet the colony’s century. Here, French traders bartered each year need for low-denomination coins. with the Montagnais people (also known as the Innu), trading weapons, cloth, food, silver items, and tobacco for animal pelts, especially those of the beaver. Because of the risks associated with In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded transporting gold and silver (specie) across the the first colonial settlement at Quebec on the Atlantic, and to attract and retain fresh supplies of St. Lawrence River. The one universally accepted coin, coins were given a higher value in the French medium of exchange in the infant colony naturally colonies in Canada than in France. In 1664, became the beaver pelt, although wheat and moose this premium was set at one-eighth but was skins were also employed as legal tender. As the subsequently increased. In 1680, monnoye du pays colony expanded, and its economic and financial was given a value one-third higher than monnoye needs became more complex, coins from France de France, a valuation that held until 1717 when the came to be widely used.
    [Show full text]
  • Specimen Transport in the Eighteenth-Century French and British Atlantics
    Ecosystems under Sail Specimen Transport in the Eighteenth-Century French and British Atlantics CHRISTOPHER M. PARSONS McNeil Center for Early American Studies and KATHLEEN S. MURPHY California Polytechnic State University abstract The ocean was frequently as hostile an environment for plants and animals as it was for humankind in the eighteenth century. Existing methods of preserving the plants, fish, birds, and land animals that provided the raw materials for European science increasingly proved insufficient for the often long voyages that brought them from colonial and indigenous collectors; specimens arrived dead when they were needed alive, rotten and damaged when they were needed whole, and they fre- quently suffered as they encountered negligent and uninterested sailors, and rats and other shipboard pests that showed too much interest. This paper examines strategies of specimen transport adopted by French and British naturalists in the Atlantic world during the first half of the eigh- teenth century, arguing for the importance of maritime spaces that have often been overlooked in histories of the expanding reach of European science. Atlantic networks of specimen transport were simultaneously dis- tinctly national and endlessly entangled. Efforts to discipline maritime social environments diverged along distinctly national lines, influenced by larger patterns of scientific sociability in both Britain and France. At the same time, however, naturalists drew on a cadre of common practices when they packed and preserved specimens for transport. The study of specimen transport demonstrates the geographic expanse of the centripetal and centrifugal tendencies at work more generally in eighteenth-century science; these forces simultaneously strengthened national scientific cul- tures and supported a cosmopolitan network of naturalists who communi- cated specimens and the methods for making them throughout Europe and the wider world.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Profit and the Invention of Modern Currency
    Political Profit and the Invention of Modern Currency Dror Goldberg Department of Economics Bar Ilan University Abstract The Massachusetts currency of 1690 was the first inconvertible paper money to be supported solely by a legal tender law. The circumstances that led to its creation exceed the typical story of wartime specie shortage. Due to temporary political constraints of that turbulent period, the currency could be neither backed by land nor granted a full legal tender status, as was then standard. Instead, it had to be disguised from England as a simple, private-like IOU. By pleasing both its pay-demanding troops and England, the government maximized its probability of survival subject to the constraints. * [email protected]. I thank John Hanson for his guidance. I benefited from suggestions and comments of Katherine Engel, Farley Grubb, Richard Johnson, John McCusker, William Roberds, James Rosenheim, Winifred Rothenberg, Peter Rousseau, George Selgin, Richard Sylla, and seminar participants at Texas A&M University and at the ASSA, EHS, and SSHA meetings. The Melbern G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Research at Texas A&M University provided financial support. 1 Monetary innovation, the development of new forms of money, has not received much systematic study from economic historians. Richard Sylla, “Monetary Innovation in America” 1. Introduction Paper money is one of the most powerful political and economic tools in history. Its Chinese inventors supported it first with convertibility but later simply forced everyone to accept it in trade (or else). Our modern paper money, in contrast, has a much weaker legal status: it merely discharges monetary obligations (e.g., contractual debts and taxes), which are denominated in its unit of account.
    [Show full text]
  • Michel Sarrazin, Fonds Claudette Et Louis Dionne Dédié À La Formation Des In!Rmières Auxiliaires En Soins Palliatifs De !N De Vie
    Le fruit de la vente de cet ouvrage sera remis Louis Dionne à la Fondation Maison Michel Sarrazin, Fonds Claudette et Louis Dionne dédié à la formation des In!rmières auxiliaires en soins palliatifs de !n de vie. Extrait de la publication brochure.couv.indd 1 Michel Sarrazin18/08/08 16:56:12 Crédits L’édition de cet opuscule a été gracieusement réalisée par les éditions du Septentrion tandis que l’impression a été généreusement fournie par Lithochic. Le fruit de la vente de cet ouvrage sera remis à la Fondation Maison Michel Sarrazin, Fonds Claudette et Louis Dionne dédié à la formation des In!rmières auxiliaires en soins palliatifs de !n de vie. Préparation : Carole Corno Mise en pages : Gilles Herman Correction d’épreuves : Chloé Deschamps Une version numérique est disponible au téléchargement sur le site Internet du Septentrion à www.septentrion.qc.ca Extrait de la publication brochure.indd 2 20/08/08 11:43:43 Nominations et titres de Michel Sarrazin Chirurgien de la marine du Roi, 1680 Chirurgien-major des troupes en Nouvelle-France, 1686 Doctorat en Médecine de l’Université de Reims, 1697 Médecin du Roi en Canada, 1699 Membre correspondant de l’Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, 1699 Médecin des hôpitaux de Nouvelle-France, 1700 Membre du Conseil supérieur de la Nouvelle-France, 1707 Garde des Sceaux du conseil supérieur, 1733 brochure.indd 1 20/08/08 11:43:43 Louis Dionne Michel Sarrazin de l ’étang Extrait de la publication brochure.indd 3 20/08/08 11:43:43 Extrait de la publication brochure.indd 4 20/08/08 11:43:44 Monsieur
    [Show full text]
  • Michel Sarrazin Mérite Toute Notre Admiration
    N Médecin et botaniste en Nouvelle-France N Médecin et botaniste en Nouvelle-France Cécile Gagnon De Cécile Gagnon et Emmanuelle Bergeron et Emmanuelle Bergeron L SARRAZI n jour, il tombe sur une plante étrange qu’il L SARRAZI E Un’a encore jamais observée : une délicate fleur E rouge couleur de vin, avec de grandes feuilles enrou­ H lées sur elles­mêmes qui font comme un cornet. Au H Cécile Gagnon et Emmanuelle Bergeron C fond de ces feuilles, des insectes morts flottent dans C un liquide clair. MI Le docteur Sarrazin est enchanté de cette décou­ MI verte. Il déterre un spécimen et l’enfouit avec pré­ caution dans sa besace. En retournant vers la ville, il se remémore le nom des plantes carnivores qu’il a déjà observées en France. Celle­ci doit faire partie de la famille des Drosera, pense­t­il. Il a hâte de mieux l’observer et de fouiller dans ses livres. Premier scientifique de la Nouvelle­France, Michel Médecin et botaniste en Nouvelle-France en Nouvelle-France Médecin et botaniste Sarrazin mérite toute notre admiration. N L SARRAZI ISBN 978-2-923234-85-4 E 90000 H C MI Éditions de l’Isatis 4829, avenue Victoria Montréal QC H3W 2M9 5 9 782923 234854 www.editionsdelisatis.com Extrait de la publication Extrait de la publication MICHEL SARRAZIN Médecin et botaniste en Nouvelle-France Extrait de la publication MICHEL SARRAZIN Médecin et botaniste en Nouvelle-France Direction éditoriale : Angèle Delaunois Édition électronique : Hélène Meunier Révision linguistique : Jocelyne Vézina Éditrice adjointe : Rhéa Dufresne Illustration de la couverture : Sybiline Illustrations intérieures : Daniela Zekina © 2012 : Cécile Gagnon, Emmanuelle Bergeron, et les Éditions de l’Isatis Collection Bonjour l’histoire no 5 Dépôt légal : 3e trimestre 2012 Bibliothèque nationale du Québec Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Catalogage avant publication de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Gagnon, Cécile, 1936- Michel Sarrazin, médecin et botaniste en Nouvelle-France (Bonjour l’histoire ; 5) Comprend des réf.
    [Show full text]
  • Money Past Present and Future Lesson Plan
    MONEY THROUGHOUT HISTORY Tevau Amole (red feather money coil) (salt block) Solomon Islands, Oceania Ethiopia, Africa Before 1700 to 1980 C.E. 525 to 1894 C.E. E Rai (Yap stone) Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, Oceania 1400 C.E. to today Tajadero (Aztec hoe and axe money) Mesoamerica, North America 800 to 1600 C.E. Tea brick Tabua China, Russia, Central Asia (whale teeth) 800 to 2000 C.E. Fiji, Oceania Cowrie 1800 C.E. to today 7 (shells) & FUTUR PRESENT PAST, Africa, Asia, Europe 7000 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E. BANKOFCANADAMUSEUM.CA/LEARN @BOCMUSEUM MONEY: MONEY THROUGHOUT HISTORY Tevau Amole (red feather money coil) (salt block) This currency is from the Before iceboxes or Santa Cruz islands, which refrigerators, people used are part of the Solomon salt to preserve food. Salt Islands in Oceania. The coils was quite hard to come by, were made with the tiny made for the most part by feathers of the Scarlet evaporating sea water. Because Honeyeater bird. The salt was rare and valuable, many island’s Indigenous Nand ÚĜýåųåĹƋÏƚĬƋƚųåŸƚŸåÚĜƋ±ŸĵŅĹåƼţFƋ people would catch the tiny is believed the ancient Romans paid birds, plucking a few their soldiers with salt—or at least feathers and then setting paid them a sum of money for them free. It took between 50,000 and 60,000 feathers to make acquiring salt. This pay was known as one coil. The coils were traditionally used for purchasing goods Ÿ±Ĭ»ųĜƚĵ±ĹÚĜŸƋĘåųŅŅƋŅüƋĘå)ĹčĬĜŸĘ or services or as a wedding gift. They have not been used on the word “salary.” This salt brick is from islands since the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystems Under Sail: Specimen Transport in the Eighteenth-Century
    (FRV\VWHPVXQGHU6DLO6SHFLPHQ7UDQVSRUWLQWKH(LJKWHHQWK&HQWXU\ )UHQFKDQG%ULWLVK$WODQWLFV &KULVWRSKHU03DUVRQV.DWKOHHQ60XUSK\ Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Volume 10, Number 3, Fall 2012, pp. 503-529 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/eam.2012.0022 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eam/summary/v010/10.3.parsons.html Access provided by University Of Pennsylvania (8 Mar 2016 21:00 GMT) Ecosystems under Sail Specimen Transport in the Eighteenth-Century French and British Atlantics CHRISTOPHER M. PARSONS McNeil Center for Early American Studies and KATHLEEN S. MURPHY California Polytechnic State University abstract The ocean was frequently as hostile an environment for plants and animals as it was for humankind in the eighteenth century. Existing methods of preserving the plants, fish, birds, and land animals that provided the raw materials for European science increasingly proved insufficient for the often long voyages that brought them from colonial and indigenous collectors; specimens arrived dead when they were needed alive, rotten and damaged when they were needed whole, and they fre- quently suffered as they encountered negligent and uninterested sailors, and rats and other shipboard pests that showed too much interest. This paper examines strategies of specimen transport adopted by French and British naturalists in the Atlantic world during the first half of the eigh- teenth century, arguing for the importance of maritime spaces that have often been overlooked in histories of the expanding reach of European science. Atlantic networks of specimen transport were simultaneously dis- tinctly national and endlessly entangled. Efforts to discipline maritime social environments diverged along distinctly national lines, influenced by larger patterns of scientific sociability in both Britain and France.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaskaskia Under the French Regime
    >77.392 1348 Kaskaskia Under the French Regime By Natalia Maree Belting UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA : 1948 ILLINOIS STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES is the general title for a series of monographs in history, economics, sociology, political science, and allied fields. Each volume consists of approximately 450 pages, priced at four dollars. A volume may include two, three, or four individual monographs. Trices of individual numbers are indicated in the list of titles on the back cover. Volumes I-IX are now wholly out of print and therefore not listed. Requests for exchanges should be addressed to the ]£xchange Department, University of Illinois Library, Urbana. All communications concerning sale or subscrip- tion should be addressed to the University of Illinois Press, L^rbana. ILLINOIS STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Volume XXIX, Number 3 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BOARD OF EDITORS Clarence A. Berdahl D. Philip Locklin Raymond P. Stearns UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 800—5-48—32393 =: press:: Kaskaskia Under the French Regime By Natalia Maree Belting UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA : 1948 Copyright, 1948, by the University of Illinois Press. All rights reserved. Permission for reproduction in any form may be obtained from the Publisher, MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS -oT I. Introduction 7 II. Kaskaskia Beginnings 10 III. The Village of Kaskaskia 23 IV. Life in the Village 41 V. Making a Living 52 VI. Social Life and Customs 68 Appendix : Extracts from the Parish Registers 79 Notes on the Census of 1752 86 Bibliography 121 Index to Names 127 -^ Chapter I INTRODUCTION The story of the French in the IlHnois country in the eighteenth century is an important and romantic chapter in the history of the United States.
    [Show full text]