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How to Tell a Cromlech from a Quoit ©
How to tell a cromlech from a quoit © As you might have guessed from the title, this article looks at different types of Neolithic or early Bronze Age megaliths and burial mounds, with particular reference to some well-known examples in the UK. It’s also a quick overview of some of the terms used when describing certain types of megaliths, standing stones and tombs. The definitions below serve to illustrate that there is little general agreement over what we could classify as burial mounds. Burial mounds, cairns, tumuli and barrows can all refer to man- made hills of earth or stone, are located globally and may include all types of standing stones. A barrow is a mound of earth that covers a burial. Sometimes, burials were dug into the original ground surface, but some are found placed in the mound itself. The term, barrow, can be used for British burial mounds of any period. However, round barrows can be dated to either the Early Bronze Age or the Saxon period before the conversion to Christianity, whereas long barrows are usually Neolithic in origin. So, what is a megalith? A megalith is a large stone structure or a group of standing stones - the term, megalith means great stone, from two Greek words, megas (meaning: great) and lithos (meaning: stone). However, the general meaning of megaliths includes any structure composed of large stones, which include tombs and circular standing structures. Such structures have been found in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America and may have had religious significance. Megaliths tend to be put into two general categories, ie dolmens or menhirs. -
Megaliths in Ancient India and Their Possible Association to Astronomy1
MEGALITHS IN ANCIENT INDIA AND THEIR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION TO ASTRONOMY1 Mayank N. Vahia Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India And Manipal Advanced Research Group, Manipal University Manipal – 576104, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected] Srikumar M. Menon Faculty of Architecture, Manipal Institite of Technology Manipal – 576104, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected] Riza Abbas Indian Rock Art Research Centre, Nashik (a division of Indian Numismatic, Historical and Cultural Research Foundation), Nashik E-mail: [email protected] Nisha Yadav Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The megalithic monuments of peninsular India, believed to have been erected in the Iron Age (1500BC – 200AD), can be broadly categorized into sepulchral and non-sepulchral in purpose. Though a lot of work has gone into the study of these monuments since Babington first reported megaliths in India in 1823, not much has been understood about the knowledge systems extant in the period these were built – in science and engineering, especially mathematics and astronomy. We take a brief look at the archaeological understanding of megaliths, before taking a detailed assessment of a group of megaliths (in the south Canara region of Karnataka state in South India) that were hitherto assumed to be haphazard clusters of menhirs. Our surveys have indicated positive correlation of sight-lines with sunrise and sunset points on the horizon for both summer and winter solstices. We identify 5 such monuments in the region and present the survey results for one of the sites, demonstrating the astronomical implications. We also discuss the possible use of the typologies of megaliths known as stone alignments/avenues as calendar devices. -
Aurochs Genetics, a Cornerstone of European Biodiversity
Aurochs genetics, a cornerstone of European biodiversity Picture: Manolo Uno (c) Staffan Widstrand Authors: • drs. Ronald Goderie (Taurus Foundation); • dr. Johannes A. Lenstra (Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine); • Maulik Upadhyay (pHD Wageningen University); • dr. Richard Crooijmans (Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University); • ir. Leo Linnartz (Ark Nature) Summary of: Aurochs Genetics, a cornerstone of biodiversity Preface In 2015 a report is written on Aurochs genetics, made possible by a grant from the Dutch Liberty Wildlife fund. This fund provided the Taurus foundation with a grant of EUR 20.000 to conduct genetic research on aurochs and its relation with nowadays so- called ‘primitive’ breeds. This is the summary of that report. This summary shortly describes the current state of affairs, what we do know early 2015 about the aurochs, about domestic cattle and the relationship of aurochs and the primitive breeds used in the Tauros Programme. Nijmegen, December 2015. page 2 Summary of: Aurochs Genetics, a cornerstone of biodiversity Table of contents Preface 2 Table of contents ......................................................................................................... 3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 2 Aurochs: a short description ................................................................................. -
Laos' Plain of Menhirs
Laos’ Plain of Menhirs The formal conservation process for the Houaphanh menhirs has been underway for nearly twenty years. What has actually been accomplished during this period, and how are the material condition of the landscape and the artefacts now, compared with the situation between 1999 and 2002 when the authors did research on the menhirs and designed/installed interpretive signage at the site? Alan Potkin and Catherine Raymond report. At least 1,500 years ago, people whose origin and fate we know almost nothing of have erected hundreds of menhirs along 10 km of summit trails atop forested mountains in the present Houaphanh province, eastern Laos. Three lower saddles were favoured for the main menhir fields, linked one to the next by isolated menhir clusters. The menhirs themselves, in the form of long and narrow blades, are plaques of cut schist erected upright, one behind the other, with the tallest often in the middle. Interspersed among the groups of menhirs, in no discernable order are burial chambers set deep in the bedrock. Access to the ..................................................... SPAFA Journal Vol. 22 No. 2 1 opening below was often through a narrow vertical chimney equipped with steps. Each of these was covered by an enormous stone disk up to several metres in diametre. In 1931, the sites around San Kong Phan were surveyed and partially excavated by a team from Ecole Française d’Extrême- Orient (EFEO), led by archaeologist Madeleine Colani (Colani 1932). With four decades of bitter warfare soon to follow, the Houaphanh menhirs were not further researched until 2001, when it became known that an international development project providing vehicular access to isolated upland communities that had been dependent on opium production, inadvertantly caused substan- tive damage – both directly and indirectly – to several of the menhir sites. -
Tiger in Iran
ISSN 1027-2992 I Special Issue I N° 10 | Autumn 2016 CatsCAT in Iran news 02 CATnews is the newsletter of the Cat Specialist Group, a component Editors: Christine & Urs Breitenmoser of the Species Survival Commission SSC of the International Union Co-chairs IUCN/SSC for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is published twice a year, and is Cat Specialist Group available to members and the Friends of the Cat Group. KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri, Switzerland For joining the Friends of the Cat Group please contact Tel ++41(31) 951 90 20 Christine Breitenmoser at [email protected] Fax ++41(31) 951 90 40 <[email protected]> Original contributions and short notes about wild cats are welcome Send <[email protected]> contributions and observations to [email protected]. Guidelines for authors are available at www.catsg.org/catnews Cover Photo: From top left to bottom right: Caspian tiger (K. Rudloff) This Special Issue of CATnews has been produced with support Asiatic lion (P. Meier) from the Wild Cat Club and Zoo Leipzig. Asiatic cheetah (ICS/DoE/CACP/ Panthera) Design: barbara surber, werk’sdesign gmbh caracal (M. Eslami Dehkordi) Layout: Christine Breitenmoser & Tabea Lanz Eurasian lynx (F. Heidari) Print: Stämpfli Publikationen AG, Bern, Switzerland Pallas’s cat (F. Esfandiari) Persian leopard (S. B. Mousavi) ISSN 1027-2992 © IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group Asiatic wildcat (S. B. Mousavi) sand cat (M. R. Besmeli) jungle cat (B. Farahanchi) The designation of the geographical entities in this publication, and the representation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Stonehenge and Megalithic Europe
Alan Mattlage, February 1st. 1997 Stonehenge and Megalithic Europe Since the 17th century, antiquarians and archeologists have puzzled over Stonehenge and similar megalithic monuments. Our understanding of these monuments and their builders has, however, only recently gone beyond very preliminary speculation. With the advent of radiocarbon dating and the application of a variety of sciences, a rough picture of the monument builders is slowly taking shape. The remains of deep sea fish in Mesolithic trash heaps indicate that northern Europeans had developed a sophisticated seafaring society by 4500 BC. The subsequent, simultaneous construction of megalithic monuments in Denmark-Sweden, Brittany, Portugal, and the British Isles indicates the geographic distribution of the society's origins, but eventually, monument construction occurred all across northwestern Europe. The monument builders' way of life grew out of the mesolithic economy. Food was gathered from the forest, hunted, or collected from the sea. By 4000 they began clearing patches of forest to create an alluring environment for wild game as well as for planting crops. This marks the start of the Neolithic period. Their material success produced the first great phase of megalithic construction (c. 4200 to 3200). The earliest monuments were chambered tombs, built by stacking enormous stones in a table-like structures, called "dolmens," which were then covered with earth. We call the resulting tumuli a "round barrow." Local variations of this monument-type can be identified. Elaborate "passage graves" were built in eastern Ireland. Elaborate "passage graves" were built in eastern Ireland. These were large earthen mounds covering a corridor of stones leading to a corbeled chamber. -
Prehistoric Western Art 40,000 – 2,000 BCE
Prehistoric Western Art 40,000 – 2,000 BCE Introduction Prehistoric Europe was an evolving melting pot of developing cultures driven by the arrival of Homo sapiens, migrating from Africa by way of southwest Asia. Mixing and mingling of numerous cultures over the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in Europe stimulated the emergence of innovative advancements in farming, food preparation, animal domestication, community development, religious traditions and the arts. This report tracks European cultural developments over these prehistoric periods, Figure 1 Europe and the Near East emphasizing each period’s (adapted from Janson’s History of Art, 8th Edition) evolving demographic effects on art development. Then, representative arts of the periods are reviewed by genre, instead of cultural or timeline sequence, in order to better appreciate their commonalities and differences. Appendices identify Homo sapien roots in Africa and selected timeline events that were concurrent with prehistoric human life in Europe. Prehistoric Homo Sapiens in Europe Genetic, carbon dating and archeological evidence suggest that our own species, Homo sapiens, first appeared between 150 and 200 thousand years ago in Africa and migrated to Europe and Asia. The earliest archeological finds that exhibit all the characteristics of modern humans, including large rounded brain cases and small faces and teeth, date to 190 thousand years ago at Omo, Ethiopia. 1 IBM announced in 2011 that the Genographic Project, charting human genetic data, supports a southern route of human migration from Africa via the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait in Arabia, suggesting a role for Southwest Asia in the “Out of Africa” expansion of modern humans. -
Holocene Distribution of European Bison – the Archaeozoological Record
MUNIBE (Antropologia-Arkeologia) 57 Homenaje a Jesús Altuna 421-428 SAN SEBASTIAN 2005 ISSN 1132-2217 The Holocene distribution of European bison – the archaeozoological record Distribución Holocena del bisonte europeo - el registro arqueozoológico KEY WORDS: Europe, Holocene, European bison, distribution, archaeozoological record. PALABRAS CLAVE: Europa, Holoceno, bisonte europeo, distribución, registro arqueozoológico. Norbert BENECKE* ABSTRACT The paper presents a reconstruction of the Holocene distribution of European bison or wisent. It is based on the archaeozoological record of this species. European bison was an early Postglacial immigrant into the European continent. The oldest evidence comes from sites in northern Central Europe and South Scandinavia dating to the Preboreal. In the Mid- and Late Holocene, European bison was widely distributed on the European continent. Its range extended from France in the west to the Ukraine and Russia in the east. Except for an area comprising East Poland, Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia, European bison was a rare species in most regions of its range. In the Middle Ages, there is a shrinkage of the range of wisent in its western part. RESUMEN El artículo presenta una reconstrucción de la distribución holocena del bisonte europeo. Está basada en el registro arqueozoológico de es- ta especie. El bisonte europeo fue un inmigrante al Continente europeo durante el Postglacial inicial. La más antigua evidencia procede de ya- cimientos del Norte de Europa Central y del Sur de Escandinavia, que datan del Preboreal. Durante el Holoceno medio y tardío el bisonte eu- ropeo estaba ampliamente distribuido en el Continente europeo. Su distribución se extendía desde Francia al W hasta Ucrania al E. -
A Dolmen in the Talmud
10 A DOL~iE~ l~ THE TALMUD. 34. Festuca ovina,-var. pinifolia. Hackel in litt., Flor. Or., V, 617. Higher Lebanon. 35. Scleropoa maritima. L. Sp. 128.-Coast near Sidon. 36. Bromusflabellatus. Hack., Boiss., Flor. Or., V, 648.-Near Jeru- salem. 37. Bromus alopecurus. Poir. Voy., II, 100.-Galilee and the coast. 38. Bromus squm-ros1ts.-L. Sp. 112.-Lebanon. 39. Bromus brachystachys. Hornung. Fl., XVI, 2, p. 418.-By the Jordan. 40. Brachypodium pinnatum. L. Sp. 115.-Lower Lebanon. 41. Agropyrum panormitanum. Pari. PI., var. Sic. II, p. 20.-Hermon. 42. Agropyrum repens. L. Sp. 128.-Lebanon. 43 . Agropyrum elongatum. Hort., Gr. Austr., II, 15.-Near Beyrout. 44. ..!Egilops bicornis. Forsk., Descr., 26.-Sandy places, coast. 45. Psilurus nardoides. 'frin. Fund., I, 73.-Coast and interior. 46. Hordeum secalinum. Schreb. Spic., 148.-'fhe Lejah. 47. Elymus delileanus. Schultz. Mant., 2, 424.-nentral Palestine. H. B. 'fRISTRAM. Durham, 26th November, 1884. A DOLMEN IN THE TALMUD. " RABBI IsHMAEL said, 'Three stones beside each other at the side of the image of Markulim are forbidden, but two are allowed. But the wise say when they are within his view they are forbidden, but when they are not within his view they are allowed.'" (Mishnah Aboda Zarah, iv, l.) This passage from the tract treating of "Strange Worship" refers to the idolatry of the second and third centuries A.D., before the establish ment of Christianity by Constantine. R. Ishmael was a contemporary of Akiha (circa 135 A.D.). From the Babylonian Talmud (Baba Metzia 25 b) we learn that· these three stones near the "Menhir of Mercury" (for Markulim was Mercury or Herrnes, the god of the pillar) were arranged two side by side and the third laid flat across. -
Rewilding John Carey, Science Writer
CORE CONCEPTS CORE CONCEPTS Rewilding John Carey, Science Writer America’s vast forests and plains, Siberia’s tundra, or Such a restoration would bring back vital but lost Romania’s Carpathian Mountains may seem wild and ecological processes and benefits, Martin and others full of life. But they’re all missing something big: the large came to believe. Without mammoths and millions of animals that vanished by the end of the Pleistocene Ep- aurochs and other grazers (and wolves and big cats to och, roughly 10,000 years ago. In the United States, only keep the herbivores in check), the enormously pro- bones and echoing footsteps remain of the mammoths, ductive grasslands of the Pleistocene turned into camels, massive armadillo-like glyptodonts, lions, dire today’s far less productive forest, shrub land, and wolves, and saber-toothed cats that roamed for millennia. mossy tundra, with a major loss of ecosystem com- “Without knowing it, Americans live in a land of ghosts,” plexity and diversity. “Paul realized there was a big wrote the late University of Arizona scientist Paul Martin missing ecosystem component—the megafauna,” ex- in his 2005 book, Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age plains Harry Greene, professor of ecology and evolu- Extinctions and the Rewilding of America (1). tionary biology at Cornell. “Everything in North Some scientists and others now argue that we America evolved with about 58 to 60 big mammals should be bringing some of those ghosts back, part of that went extinct.” a controversial movement to “rewild” parts of Europe That realization sparked a growing effort to recre- and North America, whether by reintroducing extant ate the lost past, especially in Europe. -
The Yamnaya Impact North of the Lower Danube: a Tale of Newcomers and Locals, Bulletin De La Société Préhistorique Française, 117, 1, P
Preda-Bǎlǎnicǎ B., Frînculeasa A., Heyd V. (2020) – The Yamnaya Impact North of the Lower Danube: A Tale of Newcomers and Locals, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 117, 1, p. 85-101. The Yamnaya Impact North of the Lower Danube A Tale of Newcomers and Locals Bianca Preda-Bal ˘ anic ˘ a, ˘ Alin Frînculeasa, Volker Heyd Abstract: This paper aims to provide an overview of the current understanding in Yamnaya burials from north of the Lower Danube, particularly focussing on their relationship with supposed local archaeological cultures/socie- ties. Departing from a decades-long research history and latest archaeological finds from Romania, it addresses key research basics on the funerary archaeology of their kurgans and burials; their material culture and chronology; on steppe predecessors and Katakombnaya successors; and links with neighbouring regions as well as the wider southeast European context. Taking into account some reflections from latest ancient DNA revelations, there can be no doubt a substantial migration has taken place around 3000 BC, with Yamnaya populations originating from the Caspian-Pontic steppe pushing westwards. However already the question if such accounts for the term of ’Mass Migrations’ cannot be satisfactorily answered, as we are only about to begin to understand the demographics in this process. A further complication is trying to assess who is a newcomer and who is a local in an interaction scenario that lasts for c. 500 years. Identities are not fixed, may indeed transform, as previous newcomers soon turn into locals, while others are just visitors. Nevertheless, this well-researched region of geographical transition from lowland eas- tern Europe to the hillier parts of temperate Europe provides an ideal starting point to address such questions, being currently also at the heart of the intense discussion about what is identity in the context of the emerging relationship of Archaeology and Genetics. -
Ice Age Animal Factsheets
Ice Age Animal Factsheets Scientists have found frozen woolly mammoths in Height: 3m (shoulder) cold places, like Russia. Weight: 6000 kg Some of these mammoths Diet: Herbivore were so complete that you Range: Eurasia & can see their hair and N. America muscles! WOOLLY MAMMOTH HERBIVORES: MEGAFAUNA The word “megafauna” means “big animal”. Many animals in the Ice Age were very large compared with creatures living today. WOOLLY RHINOCEROS Woolly rhinos were plant- eaters. They used their Height: 2m (shoulder) massive horns to scrape Weight: 2700 kg away ice and snow from Diet: Herbivore plants so they could feed Range: Eurasia (like a giant snow plough)! In Spain, there is a cave called Altamira which has Height: 2m (shoulder) beautiful Ice Age paintings Weight: 900 kg of bison. We also have Diet: Herbivore an Ice Age carv ing of a Range: Eurasia bison at Creswell Crags! STEPPE BISON HERBIVORES: COW-LIKE ANIMALS Aurochs and bison were large animals which looked a lot like bulls. Humans during the Ice Age would have hunted them for their meat and skins. Bison were one of the most popular The farm cows we have choicesAUROCHS of subject in Stone Age art. today are related to the Height: 1.8m (shoulder) aurochs. Scientists think Weight: 700 kg humans began to tame Diet: Herbivore aurochs around ten thousand Range: Eurasia & years ago. Africa The saiga antelope has a very unusual nose which Height: 0.7m (shoulder) helps them live in cold places. Breathing Weight: 40 kg through their nose lets Diet: Herbivore them warm up cold air! Range: Eurasia SAIGA ANTELOPE HERBIVORES: GRAZERS Grazers are animals which eat food on the ground, usually grasses or herby plants.