The Impact of Fragmentation on Ashli Silvera(CHE), Emily Mahoney(CS), Grace Olaya (ME), Zhifei Ma (MA) Advisors: Professor Marja Bakermans (BBT), Professor David Spanagel (HUA) and Samantha Grillo (RBE)

Abstract Concerns Comparison of solutions Our project focuses on the effects of fragmentation due to deforestation in Brazil, concentrating on the family. Antbirds are typically nonmigratory, insectivorous that reside in the understory of dense tropical forests. Fragmentation, the process through which forests are Annual forest loss is 2 broken into pieces by deforestation, affects antbird populations more 6207 km per year within severely than others due to them being extremely specialized in terms of the Brazilian Amazon, habitat. Through our research, we have discovered and formulated a set of encouraging continuous solutions to help protect and conserve the biodiversity of antbird . habitat fragmentation. They include connecting forest fragments through regrowth and a Criteria Regrowth Forest Corridors Legislation Agroforestry continuation of incentive programs to prevent further deforestation. Depends on High possibility Lower feasibility continued because 20% of Systems are Feasibility due to political cooperation by Amazon is already in place. Why Antbirds? climate. Why farmers. deforested. Antbirds? 160 out of 241 Diversity antbird species have Will preserve the Policies currently Though positive & decreasing populations Provides the populations of in place have had results have been according to IUCN greatest species and positive results. seen for Species Long-term Red List. recuperation ensure genetic However, frugivores and Richness Effects for populations exchange. However, legislations are bats, will have no in an area. may provide avenue always at risk of positive effect on for local extinctions. being revoked. antbird species. Require High Interior Density The & Wide in ratio of Recommendation Area Amazon core area vs. Our team concludes that a solution of legislation compensating farmers for land used edge area is to restore continuous forests would have the most immediate impact. Additionally, about 18:7 in connecting fragments with forest corridors, as well as natural reforestation, would be Brazilian Amazon. the most viable and impactful solution in renewing antbird biodiversity and reducing Behavior Antbird Species Richness in South and isolation, although on a more long-term scale. Central America 1-39 120+ 40-79 No species/ Legislation Forest Corridors Reforestation 80-119 insufficient data The Rio Branco Antbird 2 •Green scholarship •The National •Since replanting in Acknowledgments and References occupies 723 km We want to thank our advisors Professors Bakermans and Spanagel, our Peer Learning Assistant Samantha Grillo, and our contacts Professor Stouffer and Dr. Vale who to provide farmers Wildlife Refuge has Colombia began in were all so crucial to our experience in teaching us to work collaboratively and sparking concern in this issue. of available habitat: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reforestation,_Lake_Tahoe_area.jpg with an incentive to spent over 30 years the 1980’s, 20,000 https://www.flickr.com/photos/surveying/23608330595 only 8% is https://www.flickr.com/photos/rodneireis/4731414281/in/photolist-8d6JCi-Lq6aU-c7cowf-HgqJ1T-5npTqv-5nH9gB-6WdPom-25eRZ8j-Jc9ji3-24i8U13-FHtZmP-8aa47s-24XRzox-qbo9Xo-YhGzfy-sjped-Tgvd32-Hf137b-jSsVAV-ceYHuf-WdSFjc-WbKcSG- 26jJVJ8-pipd2W-Hf12e9-DJc7gq-fYR9o1-8tAVSb-XY8xsS-UZokfK-24i8U3Y-YewTLb-bBfAxx-295wrJ4-25eRZXq-XC7ppC-bppg29-24XRzar-5jzQjK-6FJ4HA-e6s92f-sEghab-eHZXbF-Wh4M94-6vyLvk-qE1WU-XC7pJW-dK22DJ-26jJXwr-6x5h8H not cut down trees. buying private land acres of forest have https://www.flickr.com/photos/worldresourcesinstitute/14457018473/in/photolist-o2vZVc-QmSHmg-RQeWnM-6tcorV-8x5UkY-azpPke-7pKUtm-Rx1hX5-7cRD5s-Rx1gME-Rn8NHu-bR4ewX-77aCUt-bteqtC-7A9iRe-qUgqSY-RACHWx-cnJEsq-6nTHuu-bC9niA- nqQPLk-oHM46S-dkQizF-RALBnm-qE6S9X-4ycN6E-bG9huZ-6RxkGK-5gVnbv-c1baHq-bteytq-7pFXxD-5Kkv22-4CAjoA-6iLwWg-s5eSiA-6RoGmJ-d5M79h-9TC9kP-5Kq3xw-9TEYEU-93boRa-bteymm-bo3B8J-4CNGMU-6nPxmg-7cREod-agor9S-cMPjsC-joo7QC protected. https://www.flickr.com/photos/82969027@N04/30207993022/in/photolist-7Jioij-oG2jsg-mazepa-7JesN8-rK71Xt-6cfp4H-tv7qvy-HcYSz9-WJeT7Q-Z3syc7-W6JbgD-fPyz9o-oCeKH9-YvujZM-mazRhF-6d6s2w-mazLg8-W4gpcq-s4qVK6-aq72q6-674xnL-6cfoHg- 9nsNBN-7J4N4Q-7JzZiN-674xpy-6d2GtV-6d2EXF-6d6PjG-7J4P3y-6d2GxP-9mcLQ5-7J5jrL-s26iSf-7HZSrP-xveEZY-BgsKHc-G6U8P6-tpEqCA-t6odzx-G2zRQ6-22bE6ts-W4gsCU-22bEnEq-N2nRTU-Db5C6g-xveF9q-G2zVR2-y9ymi2-7Jcd2h •Corrections to IUCN and planting native been restored and Haddad, N.M., et al. (2015). Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Advances, 1 (2). 4-5. Retrieved from http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/2/e1500052/tab-pdf Ray, T S. and Andrews, C C. (1980). Antbutterflies: Butterflies that Follow Army Ants to Feed on Antbird Droppings. Retrieved November 1st, 2018 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1684823?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents Stratford, J., & Stouffer, P. (1999). Local Extinctions of Terrestrial Insectivorous Birds in a Fragmented Landscape near Manaus, Brazil. Conservation Biology, 13(6), 1416-1423. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2641965 Red List species to create a rainfall has Vale, M.M., et al. (2007). Abundance, distribution and conservation of Rio Branco Antbird carbonaria and Hoary-throated Spinetail Synallaxis kollari. Conservation International, 17(3). 245-251. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge core/content/view/F8B18B308D4B218974784FD4EF3802C2/S0959270907000743a.pdf/abundance_distribution_and_conservation_of_rio_branco_antbird_cercomacra_carbonaria_and_hoarythroated_spinetail_synallaxis_kollari.pdf corridor along the increased by 10% Skutch, A.F. (1996). Antbirds and Ovenbirds: Their Lives and Homes. Austin: University of Texas Press. •Create more Marini, M.A., & Garcia, F.I. (2005). Bird Conservation in Brazil. Conservation Biology, 19(3), pp. 665-671 Canaday, C. (1996). Loss of Insectivorous Birds Along a Gradient of Human Impact in Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 77 (1). 66-68. Retrieved from https://ac.els-cdn.com/0006320795001158/1-s2.0-0006320795001158-main.pdf?_tid=80c5b201-d6cc- 4f32-a030-8ec2df478b4b&acdnat=1541124151_ab94b687dc95a8fbc7d478fc7fbc7566 Rio Grande River Chatterjee, S., Basu, P. (2018). 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