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Ancient Theaters in Greece and the Contribution of Geoinformatics to Their Macroscopic Constructional Features

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Ancient Theaters in Greece and the Contribution of Geoinformatics to Their Macroscopic Constructional Features SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, Vol. 4, No. 3, (2018), pp. 9-25 Copyright © 2018 SC Open Access. Printed in Greece. All Rights Reserved. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1409800 ANCIENT THEATERS IN GREECE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF GEOINFORMATICS TO THEIR MACROSCOPIC CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES Dimitris Kaimaris Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Engineering, School of Spatial Planning and Development, Thessaloniki, Greece, ([email protected]) Received: 15/04/2018 Accepted: 22/06/2018 ABSTRACT Among the countless monuments of world cultural heritage of Greece, ancient theaters are studied in this work from the engineer’s point of view. With the help of aerial and satellite archeology, and of bibliographic research, their positions were determined and their size characteristics were calculated. Images of three different Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAV (Remote Control Helicopter, Balloon, Drone), Ikonos-2 satellite images, and images from Google Earth were used. Remote sensing image processing and its products are also presented, such as Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and the ortho images of the ancient theaters with spatial resolutions ranging from 1cm to 2.5m, referenced to the Greek Geodetic Reference System of 1987 (GGRS 87). In addition, information and conclusions were made through Geographical Information Systems (GIS) about the macroscopic characteristics of ancient theaters, such as orientation (the main orientation of the theaters is from 90ο to 270ο, while for the construction of the theaters the average direction of the winds, which should be lateral, was taken very seriously,), area (the area of the koilon of ancient Greek theaters ranges from 56m2 to 7,640m2), altitude (the altitudes of the ancient Greek theaters range from 6m to 870m), distances from the coastline (ranges from 11m to 42,559m), visibility (ranges from 0.63% to 100%), etc. KEYWORDS: Ancient Greek theatre, UAV, Remote Sensing, GIS. 10 D. KAIMARIS 1. INTRODUCTION semi-columns. At both ends of the scene, the wings The ancient Greek theatre appeared in the 6th centu- (or proskenion) stood out, which were two parts that ry B.C. (Archaic Period). It is an open-air amphithe- gave the shape of the Greek letter "Π" to the scene. atrical construction of a semi-circular plan around a The koilon is the sloping cone-shape level, in which circular square (Fig. 1). It served religious rituals, the spectators’ seats are spread amphitheatrically. Its music and poetry contests, theatrical performances, curvature follows the curvature of the orchestra, and municipality assemblies or city-state parliament as- its ends end up in retaining walls (or analemmata) semblies, and was even used as a market. The archi- made of rectangular stonework. The koilon is usual- tectural style of the theatre resulted in its stone form ly united with the building of the scene. Between its around 335-330 B.C. In the centre of the ancient retaining walls and the edges of the scene, there Greek theatre, a circular, often paved square, the were corridors for the attendance of the spectators orchestra (the stage of today's theatres) is found. The and the entrance of the dance after the opening of amphitheatrical area that surrounds the orchestra is the play. These corridors are called parodoi. Hori- the koilon (or cavea). The scene is a rectangular, ob- zontal corridors, the diazomata, divided the koilon long, roofed building, added in the 5th century B.C. into zones. Each zone is divided by transverse radial in the circumference of the orchestra opposite the stairs into wedge sections, the kerkides. Above the koilon. Initially, the scene was on ground level and last row of seats the theatre could be extended, if was used only as a dressing room (such as the cur- required by the needs, with the addition of the epi- rent backstage and the dressing room). In front of theatron (Kuritz, 1988; Brockett, 1999; Frederiksen, the scene, to the side of the orchestra, the prosceni- 2000). um is located which was a gallery with columns or Figure 1. Ancient Greek theatre parts. There are fifty-seven (57) ancient theaters (Fig.1, radedos, 2005; Schwandner, 2006; Fraisse and Moret- Table 1) dating from the 6th century B.C. until the ti, 2007; Dietz et al., 2007; Farinetti, 2008; Dyggve, Roman era, which are saved and can be visited 1960; Spanakis, 1966). Apart from these theaters, (Fiechter, 1933; Renfrew and Wagstaff, 1982; Andre- there is evidence that there were another 35 ancient ou, 1983; Papadakis, 1983; Kappel, 1989; Preka- theaters (Dyggve, 1960; Spanakis, 1966; Lazaridis, Alexandri, 1999; Intzesiloglou, 1991; Kapokakis, 1989; Velenis and Abam-Veleni, 1992; Livadiotti and 1991; Kolonas, 1994; Isler, 1994; Rizakis, 1995; Bom- Rocco, 1996; Pliakou, 1997). Only a few remains of a melaer, 1996; Bonniai and Mark, 1996; Karadedos et small number of theaters are saved (but cannot visit- al., 1999; Katsikoudis, 2000; Welch, 2000; Tziafalia, ed yet), while most of them have not been discov- 2000; Palyvou, 2001; Karadedos and Koukouli- ered yet. Their date of construction is unknown. Chrysanthaki, 2001; Korres, 2002; Gogos, 2004; Ka- SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, Vol. 4, No 3, (2018), pp. 9-25 ANCIENT THEATERS IN GREECE AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF GEOINFORMATICS 11 Table 1. Ancient theaters in Greece. Theaters known from sources or theaters with few Theaters that are saved saved remains that can been studied Theater’s position (lati- Theater’s position (lati- Construc- tude Ν and longitude Ε in tude Ν and longitude Ε in Theater tion centu- Α/Α Theater Α/Α decimal degrees, Reference decimal degrees, Reference name ry (B.C.)/ System: WGS84) name System: WGS84) Era Ν Ε Ν Ε 1 Dionysus 6th 37,9703327 23,7279769 1 Acharnon 38,077723 23,731602 2 Thoriko 5th 37,7380710 24,0536724 2 Ramnouda 38,219932 24,026795 Ikaria in 3 Amphiariou 4th 38,2916302 23,8453615 3 38,093006 23,898738 Attica 4 Zea 4th 37,9372513 23,6447575 4 Amphipolis 40,816335 23,846298 Samothraki 5 Evonimos 4th 37,9159513 23,7415695 5 40,498240 25,528947 Kaveirio 6 Epidaurus 4th 37,5961220 23,0794588 6 Kos 36,883588 27,285306 7 Argus 4th 37,6316160 22,7196434 7 Alasarna’s 36,775939 27,134882 8 Githion R.P.* 36,7637603 22,5626825 8 Lindos 36,087538 28,079857 9 Sparta 2nd 37,0820670 22,4235940 9 Lisso 35,238646 23,784354 10 Aigira 5th 38,1285564 22,3778755 10 Fiskardo 38,451776 20,566072 11 Leontiou 4th 38,0303716 21,9130986 11 Ierapytna 35,013771 25,746823 12 Ilidos 4th 37,8937107 21,3760130 12 Argos 38,921456 21,183079 13 Platiana 4th 37,5403669 21,7523220 13 Klitora 38,025330 22,137012 14 Isthmia 4th 37,9164060 22,9944971 14 Kerinia 38,146178 22,146735 15 Corinth 5th 37,9059366 22,8774715 15 Flioudos 37,816628 22,719688 Episkopi 16 Sikyon 3rd 37,9840934 22,7113286 16 37,484633 22,419257 Tegea 17 Messini 4th 37,1778204 21,9189859 17 Thebes 38,326495 23,317837 Kaveirio in 18 Mantinia 4th 37,6182137 22,3924597 18 38,367643 23,177842 Thebes 19 Megalopoli 4th 37,4101170 22,1272406 19 Feres 39,371512 22,708011 20 Orchomenu 4th 38,4933116 22,9751533 20 Thessaliki 40,629054 22,948161 21 Delphi 4th 38,4824423 22,5005320 21 Avdira 40,931854 24,970205 22 Eretria 4th 38,3986087 23,7905539 22 Isthmos 36,727226 26,953764 23 Pleurona 3rd 38,4136048 21,4086537 23 Lefkada 38,810128 20,705015 24 Makinia 6th 38,3558915 21,7250017 24 Aigina 37,723176 23,475038 25 Stratou 4th 38,6717038 21,3194594 25 Amorgos 36,866993 25,959686 26 Oiniades 4th 38,4095655 21,1989425 26 Androu 37,882714 24,952368 27 Kalydona 3rd 38,3714063 21,5313197 27 Antiparos 36,996542 25,025768 28 Gitanon 3rd 39,5711486 20,2597563 28 Exonis 37,874213 23,765885 29 Nicopoli 1st 39,0234462 20,7372607 29 Elefsina 38,069559 23,508869 30 Kassopi 3rd 39,1467933 20,6717472 30 Kastelorizo 36,139914 29,580195 31 Dodoni 3rd 39,5466906 20,7877600 31 Mithimna 39,367160 26,169745 32 Dimitriada 3rd 39,3434318 22,9242449 32 Paros 37,080661 25,155149 Fthiotidis 33 3rd 39,2717652 22,7664432 33 Tinos 37,553313 25,138123 Thebes 34 Larissa I 4th 39,6403469 22,4152704 34 Trizina 37,500849 23,344320 35 Larissa II 4th 39,6403686 22,4120351 35 Tirnavos 39,709605 22,314894 36 Vergina 4th 40,4789741 22,3220385 37 Mieza 2nd 40,6442142 22,1223950 38 Dion 3rd 40,1723535 22,4918826 SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, Vol. 4, No 3, (2018), pp. 9-25 12 D. KAIMARIS 39 Philippi 4th 41,0128807 24,2866648 40 Thassou 4th 40,7820502 24,7175838 41 Maroneia 3rd 40,8788018 25,5191887 42 Hephestia 5th 39,9645880 25,3181173 43 Mytilene 4th 39,1105642 26,5466536 44 Delos 3rd 37,3970012 25,2680602 45 Milos 4th 36,7378256 24,4208524 46 Thira 3rd 36,3633327 25,4788330 47 Kathrea 1st 37,5604409 24,3297138 Gortina 48 R.P. 35,0634085 24,9457585 (large) Gortina 49 R.P. 35,0592446 24,9493814 (small) 50 Koufonissi R.P. 34,9474206 26,1298520 51 Aptera 3rd 35,4612799 24,1410909 52 Eliros R.P. 35,2874068 23,7951709 53 Chersonisou R.P. 35,3188043 25,3891480 Orchomenos 54 R.P. 37,7246118 22,3151961 in Arcadia 55 Samos R.P. 37,6952218 26,9349244 56 Chaeronea 5th 38,4942829 22,8417398 57 Amvrakia 4th 39,1609208 20,9837309 *Roman Period In this paper, fifty-seven (57) ancient theaters will destruction of Old Plevronas by Dimitrios II Aetoli- be studied in particular, which can be documented kos (King of Macedonia, Greece). It develops at an with the help of aerial and satellite archeology.
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