Maternal Traces of Deep Common Ancestry and Asymmetric Gene Flow Between Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers and Bantu-Speaking Farmers
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
African Pygmy Settlement Pattern
African Pygmy Settlement Pattern Ed Hagen December 13, 1993 Graduate Seminar Paper Introduction The African pygmies are the largest extant group of hunter-gatherers in the world (Cavalli-Sforza, 1986). They live in close association with farmers in the central African rain forest. This paper examines the spatial, temporal, and ecological aspects of the distribution of the various pygmy groups throughout the forest. Although there are several lines of evidence regarding the prehistoric spread of farming peoples through the forest, nothing is known about the original pygmy occupation, nor the evolution of their relationship with the horticulturists. This paper will examine the history, geography, and ecology of that forest, and the prehistoric immigration of farming peoples in order to provide a context for both the original and current pygmy occupation. The history of trade, colonialism and Independence in the region had a significant impact on pygmy settlement pattern, and are discussed as well. Although the forager-farmer relation is outside the scope of this paper, it clearly has had a profound impact on pygmy settlement pattern. We should keep in mind that this relationship has probably had a very long history, in which social, political, economic and ecological factors all played an important role. What we see today very likely differs in important ways from even the fairly recent past. Forest History, Geography and Ecology Unless otherwise noted, the following description of the central African rain forest is based on material in The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Africa (Sayer, Harcourt, & Collins, 1992). References as cited therein are marked with an *. -
Building Legal Capacity to Protect Forests and Forest Communities’ Rights the Need for Legal Capacity
RAINFOREST FOUNDATION UK’S COMMUNITY LAWYERS PROGRAMME: BUILDING LEGAL CAPACITY TO PROTECT FORESTS AND FOREST COMMUNITIES’ RIGHTS THE NEED FOR LEGAL CAPACITY Second in size only to the Amazon, the Living in extreme poverty, forest people Congo Basin rainforest in Central Africa often have very low literacy rates, are covers around 1.7 million square kilometres, under-represented in political and legal spreading across six countries. An estimated decision-making processes, and have little 50 million people depend on these forests if any security of land and resource rights. for their livelihood, including up to 500,000 Indigenous peoples (groups such as Baka indigenous “Pygmies”, many of whom and Bakoya) face additional challenges maintain a semi-nomadic, hunter-gatherer because of the discrimination they face at existence. the hands of others. Furthermore, there are extremely few forest and indigenous Almost all forest land in the Congo Basin peoples’ organisations in the Congo Basin. region is officially owned by the state, but This means that their voices are not heard much of this is designated or ‘leased’ as by decision-makers. concessions, in the form of logging areas, or as strictly protected areas. This is in Although important rights are sometimes comparison to less than one percent formally provided for in national legislation, or under allocated to communities. As a result, forest international obligations, communities are communities and indigenous peoples in the not aware that these rights exist, let alone region face serious challenges and see very how to exercise them. Local civil society little benefit from the extensive exploitation organisations (CSOs) mostly have little of the lands they have traditionally occupied capacity to utilise human rights or forest- and relied on for their subsistence. -
Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup L3 Basal Lineages Migrated Back to Africa from Asia Around 70,000 Years Ago Vicente M
Cabrera et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:98 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago Vicente M. Cabrera1* , Patricia Marrero2, Khaled K. Abu-Amero3,4 and Jose M. Larruga1 Abstract Background: The main unequivocal conclusion after three decades of phylogeographic mtDNA studies is the African origin of all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has been argued for to explain the Eurasian colonization of these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African lineages originated, the out-of-Africa event has been dated around 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion and, consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as basal L3 lineages around 70 kya. Results: The coalescence ages of all Eurasian (M,N) and African (L3 ) lineages, both around 71 kya, are not significantly different. The oldest M and N Eurasian clades are found in southeastern Asia instead near of Africa as expected by the southern route hypothesis. The split of the Y-chromosome composite DE haplogroup is very similar to the age of mtDNA L3. An Eurasian origin and back migration to Africa has been proposed for the African Y-chromosome haplogroup E. -
Becoming Rwandan: Paths to Integration for the Potters
BECOMING RWANDAN: PATHS TO INTEGRATION FOR THE POTTERS ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by Anna Rushton Kamanzi Spring 2016 BECOMING RWANDAN: PATHS TO INTEGRATION FOR THE POTTERS A Thesis by Anna Rushton Kamanzi Spring 2016 APPROVED BY THE INTERIM DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES: _________________________________ Sharon Barrios, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: ______________________________ _________________________________ Guy Q. King, Ph.D. David A. Eaton Jr., Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ William Loker, Ph.D. DEDICATION To Bruce My sounding board, my translator, my husband My sample of one. I love you. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to extend my deepest gratitude and sincerest appreciation to Dr. David A. Eaton, Jr. whose mentorship, kindness, support, phenomenal teaching, and countless hours of advice have meant more to me than I can ever say. Your introduction to this beautiful continent has provided a means for endless exploration and adventure. I am honored to count you among my friends and I look forward to continuing to work together in the future. I would also like to extend my sincerest thanks to my second committee member, Dr. Loker. Your patience and guidance throughout this process have been invaluable. To my mom and Janice, thank you for your patience, support, and help with my daughter while I completed classes, research, and writing. Your hard work and dedication has been nothing short of inspiring. Amaya, thank you for your amazing spirit and willingness to move across the world with me. -
1 Indigenous Forest Peoples of Gabon Face
INDIGENOUS FOREST PEOPLES OF GABON FACE UNCERTAIN FUTURE Judy Knight « Pour Moi, la culture est un pivot essential de notre être et de notre développement. Notre pays est riche de sa diversité et de ses talents, encore faut-il considérablement les mettre en valeur » (”In my opinion, Culture is an essential pivot for our wealth and our development. Our country is rich from its diversity and its talents, nevertheless, we need to value and use these effectively” ) President Bongo, Presidential Election Programme 2005 (Bongo 2005) Gabon covers an area of approximately 26.7 million hectares and maintains some of the largest remaining rainforest in West Africa. Although the actual extent of forest cover is unknown, experts estimate between 17-22 million hectares, or 85% of the total land mass (Christy et al 2003). Indigenous hunter-gatherer communities (known variously as the Baka, Bakoya, Bagama, Babongo, Akoa, etc.) are located throughout Gabon, and include numerous ethnic groups separated by locality, language and culture. According to the most recent census (Massandé 2005), the Pygmy populations number as many as 20,005 out of a total national population of approximately 1,400,000 (previous estimates 7,000-10,000). Due to colonial-initiated “regroupement” (resettlement) programmes1, many of these communities have settlements by the roadside, yet their livelihoods and cultures remain inextricably tied to the forest areas of the country. The roadside settlements form a part of wider settlement patterns that cross the forest landscape (Knight 2003). Forest peoples hold a unique position in wider Gabonese society as a result of their specialist knowledge in forest resources. -
Congo Basin Final
Introduction Te African Pygmies of the Congo Basin are the largest and most diverse group of active hunter-gatherers that remain in the world. At least fifteen dif- ferent ethnolinguistic groups exist in the Congo Basin, with a total population of 250,000 to 350,000 individuals (see figure 1.1 and table 1.1 in chapter 1 for names, locations, and populations of major ethnic groups). Because it has the largest group of hunter-gatherers in the world, research in this region can provide detailed and rich insights into the commonalities and diversity of a way of life that has characterized most of human history. Pygmies may be able to increase our understanding of the past, but they are modern humans facing the modern human problems of globalization and exploitation. Tis volume addresses regional and global hunter-gatherer research questions as well as the contemporary social issues confronting foragers in the Congo Basin. Tis is the first text to provide a general overview of both the cultural and biological perspectives of African Pygmies. Existing monographs cover one or a few groups and are limited to specialized topics—Bahuchet (1985) focused on Aka ethnoecology, Bailey (1991) described Efé men’s subsistence, Hewlett (1991) detailed Aka parenting, and Turnbull (1965) provided vivid descriptions of Mbuti social organization. Cavalli-Sforza (1986) edited the first contemporary book on several African Pygmy groups, but it was limited to biological topics such as genetics, health, and growth. Hunter-Gatherers of the Congo Basin is distinct in that it provides a comprehensive overview of current research on Congo Basin hunter-gatherers—from music, social organization, and childcare to health, genetics, and history. -
THÈSE La Subsistance Des Pygmées Bakoya À L'épreuve
MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Nature et de l’Homme – ED 227 Département « Hommes, Natures, Sociétés » UMR CNRS 7206 : Éco-Anthropologie et ethnobiologie Année 2010 N°attribué par la bibliothèque |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DU MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE Spécialité : ETHNOÉCOLOGIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Beatriz SOENGAS LÓPEZ Le 07 janvier 2010 La subsistance des Pygmées Bakoya à l’épreuve de l’agriculture : dynamique de s savoirs ethnobotaniques et des pratiques. (Département de la Zadié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Gabon) Sous la direction de : Monsieur le Professeur Serge BAHUCHET Composition du jury : Monsieur Serge BAHUCHET Professeur, MNHN, Paris (075) Directeur de thèse Madame Françoise GRENAND Directrice de recherche CNRS, Cayenne (097) Rapporteur Madame Victoria REYES-GARCÍA Chargée de recherche, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Espagne) Rapporteur Monsieur George AUGUSTINS Professeur, Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre La Défense (092) Examinateur Madame Daou Véronique JOIRIS Maître de conférences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgique) Examinateur Monsieur Christian LECLERC Chargé de recherche, CIRAD, Montpellier (034) Examinateur Monsieur Doyle McKEY Professeur, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier (034) Examinateur RÉSUMÉ À l’origine chasseurs-cueilleurs semi-nomades, les Pygmées Bakoya vivent aujourd’hui dans des villages en bordure de route où ils cohabitent avec des groupes ethniques non-pygmées (Mwesa, Mahongwe, Kota, Kwele et Bongom). Ce groupe pygmée atypique car sédentaire depuis relativement longtemps et pratiquant désormais une agriculture comparable à celle des agriculteurs non-pygmées auprès desquels ils ont appris à cultiver, offre un cadre intéressant pour l’étude de la dynamique des savoirs naturalistes locaux. -
TITLE: Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup L3 Basic
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/233502; this version posted December 13, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 TITLE: 2 Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basic 3 lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years 4 ago. 5 1* 2 3,4 6 Vicente M. Cabrera , Patricia Marrero , Khaled K. Abu-Amero , 1 7 Jose M. Larruga 8 *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 9 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de 10 La Laguna, E-38271 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. 11 12 ABSTRACT 13 Background: After three decades of mtDNA studies on human 14 evolution the only incontrovertible main result is the African origin of 15 all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has 16 been relentlessly imposed to explain the Eurasian colonization of 17 these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, 18 from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African 19 lineages originated, that out-of-Africa event has been dated around 20 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route 21 through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion. 22 Consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. 23 To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record 24 ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA 25 macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as 26 basic L3 lineages around 70 kya. -
Making Community Forests Work for Local and Indigenous Communities in the Central African Republic: Anthropological Perspectives on Strategies for Intervention
MAKING COMMUNITY FORESTS WORK FOR LOCAL AND INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON STRATEGIES FOR INTERVENTION Robert E. Moïse in collaboration with Marjolaine Pichon May 2019 PART OF THE UNDER THE CANOPY SERIES CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS 1 GLOSSARY 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 1. INTRODUCTION 8 2. GOALS AND CHALLENGES OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY 12 3 WHY COMMUNITY FORESTRY EFFORTS HAVE FAILED TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS: THE CASE OF CAMEROON 15 4. CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS FOR COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN CAR 17 The Land: Customary Forest Management 17 The Historical Context: Relations between Bantu and indigenous peoples 20 The People: Customary Social Organisation 22 Politics: Decision-making, Leadership and Customary ‘Democracy’ 26 5. LEVERAGING CUSTOMARY INSTITUTIONS TO CREATE SUCCESSFUL COMMUNITY FORESTRY 29 Promoting Sustainable Management 29 Making Community Forestry ‘Community-Friendly’ 31 Facilitating Sustainable Commercialisation 33 Protecting Indigenous Rights and Facilitating Indigenous Participation 34 6. AREAS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL SUPPORT 37 7. RECOMMENDATIONS 38 REFERENCES 40 LIST OF ACRONYMS CAR Central African Republic CdG Comité de Gestion (Management Committee) CSO Civil Society Organisation DfID Department for International Development (British government) DRC Democratic Republic of Congo FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent IP Indigenous People MEFP Maison de l’Enfant et de la Femme Pygmées NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product PA Protected Area RFUK Rainforest Foundation United Kingdom UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 1 GLOSSARY Anthropological terms • Bayaka: also referred to as ‘Aka’, they are the most numerous of the three indigenous groups living in the forest areas of southwestern CAR. Since all our indigenous respondents were Bayaka, we also use it as a more general term for the indigenous peoples of the southwest. -
"Genetics and Demographic History of the Bantu" In
Genetics and Advanced article Article Contents Demographic History of • Introduction • The Migration of Bantu-speaking Peoples out the Bantu of West Africa • Migratory Routes Jorge Rocha, CIBIO/InBIO and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Univer- • Admixture with Other Populations sity of Porto, Porto, Portugal Online posting date: 15th November 2016 Anne-Maria Fehn, Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany and CIBIO/InBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Peoples speaking languages of the Bantu fam- of these languages suggests that their present distribution must ily are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, from be the result of a relatively recent, rapid spread, which came the equatorial rainforest to the Cape of Good to be known as the Bantu expansion. However, there are many Hope. Their present-day distribution is the result aspects of the history of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking of a remarkable expansion, which started about populations that remain to be clarified and are the object of 4000–5000 years ago in the borderland between intense multidisciplinary research, involving contributions from Cameroon and Nigeria. The genetic distances linguistics, ethnography, archaeology and genetics. Until recently, most studies on the genetics of Bantu-speaking among Bantu-speaking populations are signifi- peoples were based on the study of mitochondrial deoxyribonu- cantly lower than those between the Bantu and cleic acid (mtDNA) and the nonrecombining region of the Y chro- other ethnolinguistic groups from Africa, suggest- mosome (NRY). As both mtDNA and NRY lack recombination, ing an actual movement of people, rather than it is relatively easy to infer their phylogenies by reconstructing cultural diffusion. -
Invited Editorial: African Pygmies, What's Behind a Name? Paul Verdu Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA, [email protected]
Human Biology Volume 84 | Issue 1 Article 8 2012 Invited editorial: African Pygmies, what's behind a name? Paul Verdu Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA, [email protected] Giovanni Destro-Bisol Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol Recommended Citation Verdu, Paul and Destro-Bisol, Giovanni (2012) "Invited editorial: African Pygmies, what's behind a name?," Human Biology: Vol. 84: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol84/iss1/8 Invited editorial: African Pygmies, what's behind a name? Keywords African Pygmy, Genetic Diversity, Biological Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Pygmy Stature, Linguistics, Evolution, Adaptation, Interdisciplinary Perspectives Cover Page Footnote The uthora s would like to sincerely thank Dr. Franz Manni and Dr. Pierre Darlu for their many words of advice and numerous comments concerning this editorial. Paul Verdu wants to thank Evelyne Heyer and colleagues at the CNRS and the MNHN of Paris (UMR 7206 "Ecoanthropology and Ethnobiology") for giving him the opportunity to work on Central African Pygmy populations between 2005 and 2008, a work which was supported by the ACI Prosodie. The current work is supported in part by the US National Institutes of Health grant RO1 GM081441. Giovanni Destro Bisol is grateful to Gabriella Spedini for giving him the opportunity to study Pygmy populations from the Central African Republic and Cameroon. He was supported by grants from the University of Rome "La Sapienza," the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita` e della Ricerca, and the Istituto Italiano di Antropologia. -
Gabon) Julien Bonhomme, Magali De Ruyter, Guy-Max Moussavou
Blurring the Lines. Ritual and Relationships between Babongo Pygmies and their Neighbours (Gabon) Julien Bonhomme, Magali de Ruyter, Guy-Max Moussavou To cite this version: Julien Bonhomme, Magali de Ruyter, Guy-Max Moussavou. Blurring the Lines. Ritual and Rela- tionships between Babongo Pygmies and their Neighbours (Gabon). Anthropos -Freiburg-, Richarz Publikations-service GMBH, 2012, vol. 107 (n°2), p. 387-406. halshs-00801999 HAL Id: halshs-00801999 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00801999 Submitted on 18 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Anthropos, 2012, vol. 107, n°2, p. 387-406. Blurring the Lines Ritual and Relationships between Babongo Pygmies and their Neighbours (Gabon) Julien Bonhomme, Magali De Ruyter, Guy-Max Moussavou1 “We take our revenge on our masters using fetishes, by making them drink our saliva in herbal infusions and other potions.”2 A Congolese Babongo Pygmy On the 30th of June 1865, whilst exploring the mountain range in Gabon that now bears his name, Paul Du Chaillu visited an encampment of “Obongos”, or “dwarfed wild negroes” (1867: 315). He was the first European to come into contact with Pygmies and to give a precise description of their way of life3.