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Winter Ield Key DECEMBER, 1962 Wini:Er Field Key L:O the I:O I:He Native Shrubs Nai:Ive Shrubs of Moni:Ana Of

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Winter Ield Key DECEMBER, 1962 Wini:Er Field Key L:O the I:O I:He Native Shrubs Nai:Ive Shrubs of Moni:Ana Of ·~ -:: ~t?· :...,~ ::.. : ·.: · ·~ BULLETIN NO. 23 Winter ield Key DECEMBER, 1962 Wini:er Field Key l:o the i:o i:he Native Shrubs Nai:ive Shrubs of Moni:ana of Montana MELVIN S. MORRIS Professor of Range Management Montana State University JACK E. SCHMAUTZ Range Conservationist Northern Region, U. S. Forest Service PETER F. STICKNEY Range Conservationist (Research) Int<>rmountain Forest and Range Experiment Station U. S. Forest Service Illustrated by C. V. Janda MONTANA FOREST AND CONSERVATION EXPERIMENT STATION Montana State l'niversity a.nd l\1. S. JUORIUS J. E. SCH!\IAUTZ P. F. STICKNEY INTERl\IOt'~TAIN FOREST AND RA~GE EXPERil\tEXT STATIOS Forest Sen•ice Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station V. S. Departmt>nt of Agriculture l\1ontana State University \. and ), 1962 lnt.-•nuountain Forest and Range t:xpt~ rlment Station J..... orest Service U. 8. !Jepartrnent of Agriculture Taxonomic Changes as of January 2015 Linanthus pungens - granite prickly phlox Gilia pungens: old name Acer glabrum- Rocky Mountain maple var. douglasii: deeply lobed to divided leaves and red twigs. Paxistima myrsinites var. glabrum: shallowly lobed leaves and gray twigs. Pachistima or Pachystima myrsinites: old name ** Varieties intergrade ecologically and geographically. Populus acuminata is actually thought to be a hybrid Alnus incana - thin-leaved alder between P. deltoides and P. angustifolia Alnus tenuifolia: old name In Montana our plants are subspecies tenufolia. Populus balsamifera - black or balsam cottonwood Populus trichocarpa: old name Alnus viridis- green or Sitka alder Alnus sinuata, Alnus crispa: old names Rhus aromatica - skunkbush sumac In Montana our plants are subspecies sinuata. Rhus trilobata: old name Atriplex gardneri - Gardner's saltbush Toxicodendron rydbergii - poison ivy Atriplex nuttallii: old (misapplied) name Rhus radicans, R. toxicodendron: old name Berberis repens - Oregon grape Mahonia repens: old name Betula occidentalis - water or black birch Betulafontinalis: old name Ericameria nauseosa - goldenbush, rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus nauseuosus: old name Cornus sericea - red-oiser dogwood Cornus stolonifera: old name Crataegus chrysocarpa - hawthorn Crataegus columbiana: old (misapplied) name Dasiphora fruticosa - shrubby cinquefoil or potentilla Potentilla fruticosa, Pentaphylloides fruticosa, and P. jloribunda: old names. Oplopanax horridus - Devil' s club Echinopanax horridum: old name Shepherdia argentea - silver buffaloberry Elaeagnus uti/is: old name Krascheninnikovia lanata - winterfat Eurotia lanata: old name Conlenls I nlroduclion Native shrubs provide the bulk of the food for Montana big-game INTRODUCTION __ .... ____ ------------------- ------- --- -- -- -- ---- ____ ____ __ ---------- --- --------------- -- herds, and the degree of use and vigor of key shrubs often provide major criteria for annual range and wildlife management recommendations. ECOLOGY OF SHRUB DISTRIBUTION ------------------------ ---- ---- ---------------- 2 As a result, many fieldworkers are required to recognize these plants in winter condition. Proper identification, however, has been a per­ sistent problem because no adequate guide to Montana shrubs has been KEYS TO GENERA AND SPECIES -- -------- --------------------- -------------- ----------- 6 available. This publication is designed to supply the need for an Populus 16 effective field guide to the native shrubs of Montana in winter condition. Ribes 16 The following suggestions are made to assist in using the Key and to assure correct determination o! species: Rosa 17 1. Examine several plants of the species in question. Symphoricarpos 17 2. Look for old fruit or flower stalks, thorns, or armed branchlets. Vaccinium 17 3. Select branches from several plants. 4. Avoid using severely hedged branches, twigs, or suckers as the only diagnostic material. Since most of the critical characters 18 DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS ---------------------- -- --------------- -- ----- are on twigs of the previous season's growth, it is essential that -:' the samples have a fair amount of such growth. REFERENCES 64 This key is designed for field use. No character too small to be observed with a lOX lens has b een considered diagnostic. Technical GLOSSARY 65 terminology has been simplified wherever possible, and all botanical terms used are defined in the Glossary (pp. 65-67); most of them are INDEX 69 illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Plant descriptions and illustrations follow the Key (pp. 18-63) and are arranged alphabetically by genera. Line drawings illustrate im­ portant or "key" characteristics but do not attempt to characterize any plant completely. Species descriptions summarize known range and habitat in Montana, winter characteristics, and forage values for both livestock and wildlife. The following shrubs, known or reported to be in Montana, were not included in this key because of insufficient information about them, rarity of occurrence, questionable growth form, or because they were unknown to the authors: Amorpha canescens, Chimaphila menziesii, Eriogonum heracLeoides, Gaultheria ovatifolia, Grayia spinosa, Kelseya uniflora, Luetkea pectinata, Petrophytum caespitosunr., Ribes hender­ sonii, Rubus leucodermis, Solanum dulcanwra, Spiraea densiflora (S. splendens), Tetradymia spinosa, and Viburnum opulus. The four most important of these are: Eriogonum heradeoides, a half-shrub found in sagebrush or grassland in western Montana. Leaves are narrowly elliptical and evergreen. Grayia spinosa, an upright shrub on dry sites -in southwestern Montana. Vlithout true buds, has armed branchlets; older bark stripped. An excellent forage species. Rubus leucodermis, a sprawling shrub along roadsides and draws in north­ western Montana. Armed with straight or recurved, heavy-based, flat­ tened spines; stems whitish. T etradymia spinosa, a rigidly branched medium shrub in dry foothills and plains of southwestern Montana; rare. Twigs densely white-woolly and armed with spreading, somewhat re­ curved, spines. The authors acknowledge extensive usc of several publications in ,L - ::.. ~2:~. _.& L _.._-..._, preparing this key. Technical nomenclature foll ows that in Vascular m a rg ins. Willo w , m o unta in m a ple, huckleberry, spiraea , n in e bark, Plants of the Pacific Northwest, Parts III, IV, and V ( Hitchcock et al., ucean spr ay, a nd sn ow berry a r e the m or e com rncn :-:pcc ies. i\ spcn thick ­ 1955, 1959, and 1961). Common plant names r epresent a compromise e ts m ay occur in pockets tha t hav e soils o f nearly n eutra l p H . U ta h among several sources, including Standardized Plant Names (Kelsey and h on eysuckle may be local ly abundJ n t. W ilen f i r e or logging, pa rtic .lla rly Dayton, 1942) . Flora of Montana, Part II, Dicotyle dons (B ooth and f ire , r e m oves the cunifL: rou s o v c r s tor y, ~- hrub s develop te r:1por a ry d omi­ Wright, 1959) furnished additional information about shrub distribution; nance. With r L· p eatcct burnin g , shrubs m ay for m semipe r ma n e nt cum­ and Flora of Alberta (Moss, 1959) was helpful in sep a rating some diffi­ munities. cult sr,ecies. Other m a jor r eference sources w er e : K ey to Important Ponderosa Pin!! Forese Z on l'.-This fur cst m; t_v cuntu in H. ocky M oun­ Woody Plants of Eastern Oregon and Washington ( Hayes and Garrison, tain juniper as a CCJciumi nanl on ext r crn::- ly d ry sites. Scn·icebcrr.Y a n d 1960) ; Win ter Guide to Native Shrubs of the Central Rocky Mountains ch okech e rry, togeth e r with s n owberry, cn: cping h o ll ygr apc, and k inn i­ (McKean , 1956 ) ; and Northern Rocky Mountain Trees and Shrubs k innick, a r e the mor e ty p ica l s hrubs. Oce:1 n spr ay, mocko r a n ge. and (Kirkwood, 1930 ). 1 maple form r () ck s li l ~· communities. Eve r g r een ccan othus is C(Jmmon The authors are inde bted to Dr. L. Jack L yon for cr it ica l r eview in the u p pe r e lev< ttiun s of the p ine type a n d in a dja ce nt Douglas-fir ~te n si\'c and counsel in the prepa r a tion of the manuscript. s t a n rls. Fire in this zon e e ncourages deve lopment of e : s tands of cean othus. The ponde r osa pine a nd D uug l:-,s -fir fo r est zun es a r e sometimes colle ctively r eferre d to as the m o nta n e for est zone. S agebrush-Btmchgra ss (Foot hill-Mountain Vu ll eu) Z one. - T h e tra n s ition from forest t o grasshl n d is r a r e ly a brup t . Gener a ll y. w it h low e r elevation and de creasing p r ecip ita tion , Dou g las-fi r a n d p in e a r e r e placed by R ocky M ou n ta in juniper and b it k r brush (J r s<tgebni!>h in Ecology of Shrub Distribution pure sta nds or mixtures. O n st ill d rie r sit es. the for est is r eplaced by b un ch gr ass and mixe d prairie dumin::mts. In t he bun ch g r ass zone. An unde r standing of the ecology of shrub distributio n is useful in plowing, h eavy grazing, or othe r di::;t urban cc may te mpo r a r ily p r O\'idc tg ~'b ru s h , identifying many spe cies. Some separations in this k ey are, in fact, fa \·or a b le conditions for in\·asiun of the g t ass!ancl by S <' s n ake­ based on the premise that ecological r e quirements confine certain plants w eed, or r a bbitbrush . to limited or dis tinctive habitats. The following definitions of zones Str eamba n k Comm u ni ri ~·s.-O f the shrub com m u nities C' xtc nding and communities have been used in making such separations.
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