View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Liverpool Repository The designation of geographical entities in this book and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published by: IUCN Pakistan (National Impact Assessment Programme) Copyright: © 2014 Government of Pakistan and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook for Pakistan was prepared under the National Impact Assessment Programme (NIAP), a joint initiative of the Government of Pakistan and IUCN Pakistan, with the financial support of the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (EKN). Citation is encouraged. Reproduction and/or translation of this publication for educational or other non- commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from IUCN Pakistan, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from IUCN Pakistan. The opinions expressed in this document do not constitute an endorsement by the EKN. Citation: Fischer, Thomas B. et al. 2014. Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook for Pakistan. Islamabad: IUCN Pakistan. 164 pp. ISBN 978-969-643-008-7 Author: Zirgham Nabi Afridi, Javaid Afzal, David Annandale, Hamza Khalid Butt, Santiago Enriquez, Thomas B. Fischer, Rizwan Hameed, Mohammad Irfan Khan, Saima A Khawaja, Miriam Kugele, N J Nabeela, Obaidullah Nadeem, Parvaiz Naim, Reinoud Post, Ahmad Saeed, Ernesto Sánchez-Triana and Bobbi Schijf Compiled by: Thomas B. Fischer Editor: Thomas B. Fischer and Shadmeena Khanum Technical Support: Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) Facilitation: Ahmad Saeed and Arfa Zaheer Azmat Design: Azhar Saeed Printed by: Elite Publishers (Pvt) Limited Available from: IUCN Pakistan National Impact Assessment Programme House No. 2, Street 83 Embassy Road, G-6/4, Islamabad Tel: +92 (51) 2271027-34 Fax: +92 (51) 2271017 www.niap.pk EIA Handbook for Pakistan 1 Contents 1 Introduction to Handbook 8 2 EIA in Pakistan: An Overview – Evolution and Extent of Current Practice 13 2.1 EIA Roots in Pakistan 13 2.2 The Operational Directive Era 14 2.3 Post-PEPA Developments 16 2.4 The Netherlands Support 17 2.5 Devolution of Environmental Matters to Provinces and Outlook 18 3 EIA: Legal Requirements and Guidelines—A Critique 19 3.1 Background 19 3.2 Scope of an EIA 20 3.3 Administrative Institutional Structure 28 3.4 Committees 31 3.5 Monitoring Structure 33 3.6 Enforcement 35 3.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 37 4 EIA Teaching at Tertiary Level Institutions in Pakistan – Baseline and Development Needs 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Pre-workshops’ Questionnaire Results 40 4.3 Audience Response Survey 44 4.4 Group Work of Workshop Participants 45 4.5 Conclusions 45 5 Taking stock of EIA application in Pakistan: Findings of EIA mapping 48 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 EIA Mapping in Practice 49 5.3 EIA Mapping Results for Pakistan 51 5.4 Interpreting the EIA Mapping Results for Pakistan 55 5.5 Looking Back and Looking Forward 57 2 EIA Handbook for Pakistan 6 The Role of International Organisations and Development Banks in Pakistan’s Environmental Impact Assessment Practices 58 6.1 Introduction 58 6.2 Role of International Organisations and Development Banks in the Design and Implementation of Pakistan’s EIA System 59 6.3 Implementing EIA in Pakistan - International Organisations and Development Banks' Perspectives and Practices 61 6.4 Examining EIA Effectiveness 64 6.5 Enhancing Positive Impacts and Building Capacity through EIA 68 6.6 Insights from SEA Experience in Pakistan 70 6.7 Conclusions 74 7 Public Participation Practice in EIA in Pakistan 82 7.1 Introduction 82 7.2 Legal and Institutional Context 83 7.3 Consulting the Public During EIA studies 84 7.4 Inviting the Public for Written Comments and Public Hearing 84 7.5 Holding Public Hearings 85 7.6 Recording Public Concerns 86 7.7 Substantive Quality of the Outcome- Considering Stakeholders’ Concerns in EIA Reports 87 7.8 Influence of Stakeholders’ Concerns on the Final Outcome 88 7.9 Transparency of Decision-making and Dissemination of Decisions 89 7.10 Post-EIA Public Participation 89 7.11 Concluding Remarks 90 8 Climate Proofing and EIA 91 8.1 Introduction 91 8.2 Pakistan and Climate Change 92 8.3 Policy Context 94 8.4 Climate Proofing 95 8.5 Dimensions of Climate Proofing in EIA 96 8.6 Experiences with Climate Proofing in Practice in Developing Country Contexts 98 8.7 Lessons – Challenges and Opportunities for Climate Proofing and EIA in Pakistan 100 8.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 104 9 EIA in Pakistani Road Pplanning: The Lahore Experience 105 9.1 Introduction 105 9.2 Sources and Techniques of Baseline Data Ccollection 107 9.3 Identification and Assessment of Impacts 107 9.4 Stakeholders’ Consultation and Common Cconcerns 108 9.5 Consideration of Alternatives 109 9.6 Mitigation Measures 110 EIA Handbook for Pakistan 3 9.7 Decision-making/Conditions of Approval 110 9.8 Environmental Management Plan and EIA Follow-up Monitoring 111 9.9 Conclusion and Recommendations 111 10 Case Study: Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project 113 10.1 Introduction 113 10.2 Key Project Planning Events and Issues 114 10.3 EIA: Recommendations that Made the Difference 115 10.4 Innovative Approach to Interacting with Stakeholders 117 10.5 The Civil Society Protest 117 10.6 Conclusions 118 11 Strategic Environmental Assessment of Hydropower in Azad Jammu and Kashmir 120 11.1 Introduction 120 11.2 Methodological Approach to the Strategic Environmental Assessment 121 11.3 Outcomes and Recommendations from the SEA Pilot Study 123 11.4 Conclusions and Lessons Learned 128 12 Planning for the People: Introducing Strategic Environment Assessment in Pakistan 129 12.1 Introduction 129 12.2 Formulating Policies, Plans and Programmes 130 12.3 Public Participation in Formulating Policies, Plans and Programmes 132 12.4 Vision 2025 and its Realization 134 12.5 Using SEA in Formulating Policies, Plans and Programmes 135 12.6 Summary 138 13 Outlook: Future Development of EIA in Pakistan 139 13.1 Introduction 139 13.2 Setting the Context 140 13.3 Policy and Legal Framework 142 13.4 Institutional Setting and Transformation 143 13.5 Building a Professional Community 147 13.6 Oversight and Quality Control 148 13.7 Impact Assessment – The Next Generation 151 13.8 Conclusions 152 References 154 4 EIA Handbook for Pakistan List of Authors Zirgham Nabi Afridi, Manager, Environmental Programmes at Hagler Bailly Pakistan (HBP) based in Islamabad, has a four-year Master of Engineering (MEng) degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Imperial College London. His academic specialisation is in the field of hydrology with a focus on bed, bank and shoreline protection; flood management and flood defenses. During his time at HBP, he has conducted environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and undertaken environmental audits for clients in the donor community, private industry, and state sector. The EIAs have covered a range of projects from hospitals to coal-fired power plants and have taken him to Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Sind and Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan and Bamiyan in Afghanistan. Mr Afridi has recently expanded upon his expertise by leading two pilot Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs)—the first of their kind in Pakistan. One of the SEAs is of a hydropower development plan in AJK and the other is of a master plan for development of Gilgit city. Dr Javaid Afzal is a Senior Environment Specialist at the World Bank’s Islamabad office. His responsibilities include moving the environment development agenda forward with client government agencies. He also task- manages operations in water resources and the environment, and provides environmental safeguards support for the Bank’s South Asia Region. Previously, he worked at a leading consulting company in Pakistan. He holds a PhD in water resources management from Cranfield University, UK, and master’s and bachelor’s degrees in agricultural engineering from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Dr. Afzal has published in a number of peer-reviewed journals on the topics mentioned above. Dr David Annandale is an international environmental policy consultant, focused on SEA, EIA, and environmental safeguards procedures. He is based in Nova Scotia, and has 30 years of experience in assignments for the ADB, World Bank, UNDP, UNEP, IUCN and DANIDA. For thirteen years, he was a tenured academic at Murdoch University in Australia, ending up as Dean of the School of Environmental Science. In Pakistan he is the International Consultant on two SEA pilot projects managed by IUCN: an assessment of the impacts of the hydropower plan in Azad Jammu and Kashmir; and a strategic environmental assessment of the proposed Gilgit city master plan. For three years he has also been the Academic Advisor on the AusAID scholarship programme, where he provides advice for Master’s degree awardees prior to their departure for Australia. David has a Bachelor’s degree from Murdoch EIA Handbook for Pakistan 5 University in Environmental Science, a Master’s degree in Public Administration from the University of Virginia, and a PhD in Business Policy from the University of Western Australia. Hamza Khalid Butt is an environment and sustainability professional who has been a consultant with the National Impact Assessment Programme since June 2013. He holds an MSc in Environmental Technology from Imperial College London and specialises in business and environment. Hamza is also the acting head of sustainability services for the CSR Association of Pakistan and sits on the global corporate governance committee for ACCA Global.