DOCSLIB.ORG

Revegetating Landfills and Waste Containment Areas Fact Sheet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Revegetating Landfills and Waste Containment Areas Fact Sheet Revegetating Landfills and Waste Containment Areas Fact Sheet Introduction This Fact Sheet The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office Discusses the Following: of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) is developing a series of fact sheets on ecological • It is possible to plant on restoration and revegetation of contaminated sites. landfill surfaces Former landfills, abandoned dumps, mines, and other contaminated sites throughout the U.S. - once thought • Native plants are recommended to be of limited or no value - are being reclaimed for a when revegetating sites variety of productive uses. These new uses include revegetation of land where plants and animals can once • Technical factors to consider when again flourish. For example, as of 2005, thousands of revegetating acres of land on Brownfields, Superfund, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites have been • References and additional assessed or cleaned up and revegetated. In particular, resources more than 50 Superfund sites have been cleaned up and returned to ecological use. Aesthetic and final land use considerations are becoming more common during cover design. Some increasingly common end uses include parks, hiking trails, wildlife habitat, sports fields, and golf courses. This fact sheet provides information Keys to Success when on revegetation of landfill surfaces for EPA site managers, consultants, and others interested in the revegetation of Revegetating Landfill landfill surfaces. Surfaces: Contaminated material may be left on the property in • Ensure proper planning, containment systems designed to protect people and the environment from exposure and prevent design, and funding contaminant migration. In deciding how to support • Provide adequate soil quality the revegetation of these sites, however, there are and depth questions about whether it is appropriate to plant on the landfill surface. Grasses are typically used to • Determine appropriate target help stabilize the landfill surface and prevent runoff, habitat and native plant but shrubs and trees are selected less frequently because of concerns that the root systems could selection damage the surface. Based on the location of the • Allow for appropriate containment area, site-specific approaches should be planting and establishment used and a general approach has been discussed in this fact sheet. Former landfills, abandoned dumps, • Conduct routine monitoring mines, and other waste containment areas will be and management referred to as landfill surfaces throughout the fact sheet. 1 Is it Possible to Plant a result (Robinson and Handel 1995). The on Landfill Surfaces? key factors that affect the feasibility of planting on a containment system include the characteristics of the landfill surface Yes, it is possible to plant trees, shrubs, (such as soil depth and soil quality), the and other types of vegetation on the desired plant habitat, and the physical containment system at many sites without setting of the site (for example, topography affecting its integrity and protectiveness. and climate). In fact, many sites have been revegetated with a variety of plants on a containment system. For example, grains, wild­ Why Use Native Plants? flowers, and other carefully selected flora were planted at • Native plants provide a beautiful, the Army Creek Landfill in hardy, low maintenance, and drought Delaware to create a meadow to attract migratory birds resistant landscape ( http://www.epa.gov/ • Native plants can develop into a self- superfund/programs/recycle/ sustaining ecosystem, eliminating the success/casestud/armycsi.htm). need for fertilizers, pesticides, and water The primary concern in planting on landfill surfaces is ensuring the integrity of the containment system, Can Native Plants be particularly the potential for roots to Used on a Landfill penetrate and physically damage the cap, thereby creating entry points for water, or Surface? to open fissures in the protective barrier by excessive moisture reduction. However, Although a variety of plant species can be ongoing research and a growing body of used on a landfill surface, native plants are experience indicate that, if it is properly recommended when possible. While each designed and implemented, the integrity project is site-specific, plants are typically of the landfill surface can be maintained selected based on the design of the landfill while it supports a variety of plants. Root surface, the role of the vegetative cover, growth depends on the characteristics of the depth of plant roots, irrigation and the soil, and the presence of a clay liner drainage requirements, geographic and or geomembrane influences its growth. atmospheric conditions, long-term Research at the Brookfield Sanitary Landfill maintenance requirements, and costs to in New York showed that roots, including acquire and install materials and plants. taproots, grow laterally once they reach A single species of grass has commonly the clay cap. No significant damage to been planted as a monoculture to control the clay cap was observed as erosion of landfill surfaces, but the species For more information on the design of landfill caps, please visit the following Web sites: • http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/pubs/600r02099/600R02099.pdf • http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/landfill/techman/subpartf.txt 2 may or may not be indigenous to the surrounding habitat and are more vulnerable to disturbance (Harper 1987). Native Plants – Ecological Values However, planting native species that have been selected over thousands of years in • Native plants do not require fertilizers that area are best adapted to disturbances • Native plants do not require pesticides and climate change (Waugh 1994). Species diversity helps reduce disease • Native plants require less water dispersal or blights and encourages wider (no watering once established) biological diversity in the restored habitat, than turf grass (lawns) making it more like a natural ecosystem, in turn reducing long-term operation and • Native plants provide shelter and food maintenance (O&M) and promoting a self- for wildlife sustaining ecosystem (Handel et al 1994). • Native plants are critical to a diverse Even sites that currently support monocultures number of pollinators can be converted to diverse native plant communities through careful planning and • Native plants reduce air pollution monitoring. The site can be prepared for native seeding or planting by prescribed • Native plants provide biodiversity and burning, using herbicide, or removing a thin stewardship of our natural heritage layer of soil along with the monoculture vegetation. Native plants can even be • Native plants save money seeded through existing cover with a no-till • Native plants can offer economic values drill; periodic burning would also be beneficial in controlling the monoculture (medicinal, herbals, landscaping vegetation. For example, the Christian and food) County Landfill was converted from a sparse monoculture with eroding areas to a thriving native prairie (http://www.epa.state.il.us/ environmental-progress/v25/n1/ adapted to the geography, hydrology, and abandoned-landfill.html). climate (see http://www.epa.gov/ greenacres/). Native plants found in the A major consideration when selecting plants surrounding natural areas will have the most for a site is Executive Order (EO) 13148, chance of success, require the least which promotes use of native species on maintenance, and are the most cost-effective revegetated sites. EPA defines native plants in the long term. Ideally, revegetation of a as plants that have evolved over thousands of site will create natural conditions that years in a specific region and that have encourage re-population by native animal For more information on plant types, please visit the following Web site: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/LEACentral/Closure/Revegetate/. To identify the type of general land use in your area, please visit the following Web site: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/cover_use.html. For examples of natural habitat restoration on landfills, please see page 63 of the following Web site: http://www.epa.gov/tio/tsp/download/dctechnical.pdf. 3 The species that are appropriate for local habitat conditions can be selected with support Native Plants - Ecosystem Integrity from EPA's regional Biological Technical Assistance Groups, EPA's Environmental • Native plants support a complex web of Response Team (http://www.ert.org), the life, and provide a critical component to Natural Resources Conservation Service ensure balance in our ecosystems (NRCS) (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov), and local native plant societies, such as the • Only native plants can provide long-term following: http://michbotclub.org/links/ sustainability of the landscape native_plant_society.htm. Yet: What Types of Plants • more than 200 plants have become Can be Used on a extinct since the early 1800's Landfill Surface? • nearly 5,000 native plants are "at risk" Each project has site-specific considerations, and the plant types listed below are not • one in ten plants face extinction applicable to every site. • Grasses and Wildflowers are generally herbaceous and are limited to prairie-like habitats or appearances, with species and that are consistent with the wildflowers providing a broad selection surrounding land. Furthermore, using non­ of plant heights, root depths, and aesthetic native plants located close to native plant choices. Considerations when selecting environments could displace
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PLANTS for the FUTURE Introduction
    ECOLOGICALCHEMISTRYANDENGINEERING Vol.13,No.11 2006 Katarína KRÁ¼OVÁ1* and Elena MASAROVIÈOVÁ2 PLANTS FOR THE FUTURE ROŒLINY DLA PRZYSZ£OŒCI Summary: Plants have a unique role for the existence of all heterotrophic organisms including human population. For sustainable development it is indispensable to stop the loss of biodiversity connected with climate changes and anthropogenic activities. In this context changes of plant species strategy and risk of invasive plant and weed expansion are discussed. Utilization of plants as cover crops and green manure as well as use of allelopathy in the integrated plant protection is described. Perspectives of the use of phytoremediation (phytotechnology using plants for the removing of toxic metals and organic pollutants from contaminated environment) as well as agronomic and genetic biofortification (enrichment of crops with essential nutrients) are designed. Attention is also devoted to the traditional and non-traditional utilization of medicinal plants, plant-made pharmaceuticals, antioxidant activity of plants as well as to the interactions of herbal medicines with synthetic drugs. Cost and benefit of gene technology from the aspect of increased pest and herbicide resistance of genetically modified (GM) plants, co-existence of GM plants with non modified ones in the field conditions, potential effects of GM plants on soil microbial communities and non target organisms are analysed in detail also with respect to food sufficiency and food safety. Perspectives of plants as a raw material for production of biofuels are outlined, too. Requirement for acceptance of fundamental principles of bioethic aspects at exploitation of plant biotechnology, particularly in connection with the effects of GM plants on human health or with their potential environmental consequences are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Revegetation
    REVEGETATION Section Editor: Mickey Steward Handbook of Western Reclamation Techniques, Second Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 5: VEGETATION ................................................................................................................ 1 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 B. Establishing and Implementing a Revegetation Program ........................................................... 2 1. Preparing a Revegetation Package ......................................................................................... 2 Applicability ............................................................................................................................... 2 Special Considerations ............................................................................................................. 2 Techniques ................................................................................................................................ 2 a. Field Tour ..................................................................................................................... 2 b. Decisions and Planning ................................................................................................ 2 c. Revegetation Package ................................................................................................. 2 (1) Maps ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Portneuf Valley Revegetation Guide Also Known As the Pocatello Re-Vegetation Guide Version 1.1 (Technical Revisions of 7/2012)
    Portneuf Valley Revegetation Guide Also known as the Pocatello Re-Vegetation Guide Version 1.1 (Technical Revisions of 7/2012) Prepared by: City of Pocatello 911 N 7th Avenue Pocatello, Idaho 83201 Guidelines for Developers & Property Owners Contents 1.1 Performance Requirement 1 1.2 Pre-Construction 2 Preserving Existing Soils & Vegetation Weed Prevention Soil Stockpiling 1.3 Soil Preparation 3 Decompacting Soil Weed Prevention Roughening Soil Soil Amendments Seedbed Preparation 1.4 Seeding 4 Timing Seed Quality Approved Seed Mixes Seeding Methods 1.5 Soil Stabilization and Seed Protection: Mulches, Erosion Control Fabrics, & Tackifiers 11 Purpose Products for flat areas Products for sloped areas Conditions of Use Design and Installation Specifications Maintenance Standards Mulches & Erosion Control Fabrics 1.6 Preservation of Seeded Areas 20 Irrigation Weeds table of contents Soil Compaction Inspections Repair and Reseeding 1.7 References 21 Thank you to the US Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)’s Plant Materials Center staff as well as located retired restoration and forestry experts for their contributions to this guide. Portneuf Valley Revegetation Guide July 2012 1.1 Performance Requirement This document outlines the steps required to successfully meet the final stabilization re- quirements of your Construction General Permit (CGP) with the EPA, or your Erosion and Sediment Control permit with the City of Pocatello, City of Chubbuck, or Bannock County. All surfaces that are not stabilized using non vegetative practices (such as a thick layer of mulch or rip rap) must have a perennial vegetative cover at a density of 70% of background vegetation within two (2) years.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoring the North – Challenges and Opportunities
    Restoring the North – Challenges and opportunities Restoring the North – Challenges and opportunities International Restoration Conference, Iceland, October 20-22, 2011 Book of abstracts Restoring the North – Challenges and opportunities International Restoration Conference, Iceland, October 20-22, 2011 Book of abstracts Soil Conservation Service of Iceland and Agricultural University of Iceland Restoring the North – Challenges and opportunities Selfoss, Iceland, October 20-22, 2011 Thursday, October 20. 08:20 Registration 08:50 Conference opening, Guðmundur Halldórsson 09:00 Address from the Minister for the Environment Session I: Restoration in the North – Challenges and opportunities 09:20 Special challenges and opportunities for restoration in the North .................................. 5 Bruce Forbes 10:00 Peatland and forest restoration in Finnish conservation areas ....................................... 6 Päivi Virnes 10:20 Coffee/tea 10:40 Hekluskógar – large scale restoration of birch woodlands with minimum inputs ........... 7 Hreinn Óskarsson, Guðmundur Halldórsson & Ása L. Aradóttir 11:00 Vegetation recovery after transplantation in an alpine environment, Bitdal, Norway .... 8 Scientific committee: Line Rosef & Per Anker Pedersen Ása L. Aradóttir, Agricultural University of Iceland 11:20 Dam removal: enhancing or degrading ecological integrity? ......................................... 9 Dagmar Hagen, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Birgitta Malm Renöfält Guðmundur Halldórsson, Soil Conservation Service of Iceland
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Soil Crust Rehabilitation in Theory and Practice: an Underexploited Opportunity Matthew A
    REVIEW Biological Soil Crust Rehabilitation in Theory and Practice: An Underexploited Opportunity Matthew A. Bowker1,2 Abstract techniques; and (3) monitoring. Statistical predictive Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are ubiquitous lichen–bryo- modeling is a useful method for estimating the potential phyte microbial communities, which are critical structural BSC condition of a rehabilitation site. Various rehabilita- and functional components of many ecosystems. How- tion techniques attempt to correct, in decreasing order of ever, BSCs are rarely addressed in the restoration litera- difficulty, active soil erosion (e.g., stabilization techni- ture. The purposes of this review were to examine the ques), resource deficiencies (e.g., moisture and nutrient ecological roles BSCs play in succession models, the augmentation), or BSC propagule scarcity (e.g., inoc- backbone of restoration theory, and to discuss the prac- ulation). Success will probably be contingent on prior tical aspects of rehabilitating BSCs to disturbed eco- evaluation of site conditions and accurate identification systems. Most evidence indicates that BSCs facilitate of constraints to BSC reestablishment. Rehabilitation of succession to later seres, suggesting that assisted recovery BSCs is attainable and may be required in the recovery of of BSCs could speed up succession. Because BSCs are some ecosystems. The strong influence that BSCs exert ecosystem engineers in high abiotic stress systems, loss of on ecosystems is an underexploited opportunity for re- BSCs may be synonymous with crossing degradation storationists to return disturbed ecosystems to a desirable thresholds. However, assisted recovery of BSCs may trajectory. allow a transition from a degraded steady state to a more desired alternative steady state. In practice, BSC rehabili- Key words: aridlands, cryptobiotic soil crusts, cryptogams, tation has three major components: (1) establishment of degradation thresholds, state-and-transition models, goals; (2) selection and implementation of rehabilitation succession.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Collection Information Sheet Switchgrass, Panicum Virgatum
    Plant Collection Information Sheet Switchgrass, Panicum virgatum Scientific Name: Panicum virgatum L. Common Name: switchgrass Morphological Characteristics: • native, perennial • tall, upright • warm season grass • rhizomatous • forms dense clumps and will reach a height of 3-6 feet • two types - upland, lowland • lowland types - more robust, larger stems, wide, flat leaves up Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS to 36 inches, favors wet sites PLANTS Database • upland types - finer stems and leaves up to 30 inches, dryer upland sites, smaller growth form • seedhead - open panicle 10 -14 inches long • adapted to all kinds of soils from clay to fine sands • lowland types will tolerate poorly drained soils, naturally wet sites, flooded areas, perched water tables and saline sites • begins growth in March and will continue to grow up until the first killing frost • seed ready for harvest in the mid-summer and fall • plants turn a straw color during fall and into winter Conservation Use: Why collect this plant? In Louisiana there is a lack of locally-adapted native (ecotypic) plant materials for use in revegetation projects. The Louisiana Native Plant Initiative (LNPI) was established to collect, evaluate and release new plant materials for use in Louisiana. The goals of the LNPI are to conserve a vanishing natural resource and provide an essential step in the development of a native plant industry in Louisiana. Commercial growers will than be able to supply plant material for restoration, revegetation, roadside plantings and the ornamental plant industry that are adapted to the state. Louisiana NRCS in cooperation with LNPI has identified switchgrass, Panicum virgatum as a plant meeting project objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary and Acronyms Glossary Glossary
    Glossary andChapter Acronyms 1 ©Kevin Fleming ©Kevin Horseshoe crab eggs Glossary and Acronyms Glossary Glossary 40% Migratory Bird “If a refuge, or portion thereof, has been designated, acquired, reserved, or set Hunting Rule: apart as an inviolate sanctuary, we may only allow hunting of migratory game birds on no more than 40 percent of that refuge, or portion, at any one time unless we find that taking of any such species in more than 40 percent of such area would be beneficial to the species (16 U.S.C. 668dd(d)(1)(A), National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act; 16 U.S.C. 703-712, Migratory Bird Treaty Act; and 16 U.S.C. 715a-715r, Migratory Bird Conservation Act). Abiotic: Not biotic; often referring to the nonliving components of the ecosystem such as water, rocks, and mineral soil. Access: Reasonable availability of and opportunity to participate in quality wildlife- dependent recreation. Accessibility: The state or quality of being easily approached or entered, particularly as it relates to complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Accessible facilities: Structures accessible for most people with disabilities without assistance; facilities that meet Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards; Americans with Disabilities Act-accessible. [E.g., parking lots, trails, pathways, ramps, picnic and camping areas, restrooms, boating facilities (docks, piers, gangways), fishing facilities, playgrounds, amphitheaters, exhibits, audiovisual programs, and wayside sites.] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetycholine to choline and acetate. Acetylcholinesterase is secreted by nerve cells at synapses and by muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions. Organophosphorus insecticides act as anti- acetyl cholinesterases by inhibiting the action of cholinesterase thereby causing neurological damage in organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Terminology and Definitions Associated with Revegetation
    TECHNICAL NOTES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE PLANT MATERIALS - 9 SPOKANE, WASHINGTON FEBRUARY, 2005 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH REVEGETATION This Technical Note is a compilation of several old Technical Notes. Technical Note #9 is subdivided into the following Sections: Section 9.1 Ecological Definitions Section 9.2 A Technical Glossary of Stream & River Stabilization, Restoration, and Bioengineering Terms Section 9.3 Glossary of Terminology commonly used in Mining & Reclamation Technology SECTION 9.1 Ecological Definitions (S.M. Lambert, 1994; revised/updated M.E. Stannard, 2005) ECOSYSTEM A biological community together with the physical, social and chemical environment with which it interacts. ECOREGIONS Regions that have broad ecological similarities with respect to soil, relief, and dominant vegetation. Ecoregions are less commonly used by NRCS in its day-to-day terminology. NRCS uses Major Land Resource Areas and Conservation Resource Areas. MAJOR LAND RESOURCE AREAS (MLRA) Geographically associated land resource units, usually encompassing several thousand acres. They are characterized by particular patterns of soils, geology, climate, water resources, and land use. A unit may be one continuous area or several separate nearby areas. CONSERVATION RESOURCE AREAS (CRA) A geographical area where resource concerns, problems, or treatment needs are similar. It is considered a subdivision of an existing Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) map delineation or polygon. Landscape conditions, soil, climate, human considerations, and other natural resource information are used to determine the geographic boundaries of a Common Resource Area. USDA NRCS OCTOBER 2005 ECOTYPE The individuals of a species that are adapted to a particular environment BIOTYPE Synonymous with Ecotype INTRODUCED SPECIES Does not naturally occur in an area defined by soil, relief, and climate.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modelling Approach to Farm Management And
    A modelling approach to farm management and vegetation degradation in pre-modern Iceland By Amanda Mary Thomson Submitted to The Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, March 2003 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy This research was undertaken at the Department of Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK. Statement of originality I hereby confirm that this is an original study conducted independently by the undersigned and the work contained herein has not been submitted for any other degree. All research material has been duly acknowledged and cited. Signature of candidate: Date: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………..i LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………...viii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………….....xvi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………..xix ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….…xx GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ICELANDIC TERMS………….…xxi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: LANDSCAPE MODIFICATION BY GRAZING ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 THE HUMAN ROLE IN OVER-GRAZING ................................................................. 2 1.3 ICELAND: A LANDSCAPE MODIFIED BY GRAZING ................................................. 3 1.3.1 Physical environment of Iceland................................................................. 4 1.3.1.1 The climate of Iceland.........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Revegetation of Mined Lands
    You should know... North Dakota Public Service Commission Issue R-6, Updated April 2017 Revegetation of Mined Lands INTRODUCTION released for backfi lling the mined-out pits, establishing drainage control and shaping Successful revegetation of mined lands the disturbed area; another 20 percent North Dakota Public is one of the most critical parts of the can be released once subsoil and topsoil Service Commission reclamation process involving the surface have been respread; and additional bond mining of coal in North Dakota. The can be released once vegetation has been Commissioners: Randy Christmann revegetation requirements must be met established. Vegetation establishment is the Julie Fedorchak before the mine operator or permittee can key to reducing erosion and sedimentation Brian Kroshus be relieved of his or her legal liability to on the disturbed acreage. Enough bond is reclaim the land. The purpose of this fact retained to cover revegetation and associated 600 E Boulevard Ave. Department 408 sheet is to supply an overview of those costs for a ten-year liability period after the Bismarck, ND requirements. last year of seeding and must be held until 58505-0480 all reclamation requirements have been LANDOWNER PREFERENCE satisfi ed. Telephone: 701-328-2400 STATEMENTS LIABILITY PERIOD AND Facsimle: MEASURES OF REVEGETATION 701-328-2410 An applicant for a surface mining permit must obtain the landowner’s postmining SUCCESS TDD/TTY: land use preference statement as part of 800-366-6888 the permit application process so that the Since July 1, 1975, North Dakota law has E-mail: appropriate postmining topography, seed required that reclaimed lands designated for [email protected] mixes and soil thicknesses can be made as agricultural purposes be restored to a level part of the reclamation plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodstocharacterizeh
    WARNING: These printed materials may be out of date. Please ensure you have the current version that can be found on www.nyc.gov/oec. METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE HABITAT The following are some methods that can be employed to characterize habitat: ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES ANALYSIS Every detailed natural resources evaluation should incorporate an ecological community analysis. This consists of identifying, describing, and mapping the community types present within the project area. The characterization of ecological communities is primarily based on vegetative types, but it may also consider abiotic factors and wildlife usage. Descriptions of ecological communities should generally follow Ecological Communities of New York State. In some cases, the dominant plant species listed in the community descriptions contained in this document may differ from the matching urban commu- nities found in New York City. Descriptions of the various plant communities can vary widely with re- spect to the species composition in New York City. It is important to note that all species listed under a particular plant community composition are not required to be present at each location to classify that particular plant community. Rather, each location must be viewed in context with the potential altered elements of the system, such as, past site disturbances, filling and depletion of soils and hydro- logic alterations to the site and adjacent areas that influence the vegetation composition. Therefore, relation to the these changes and additional collection of field data with respect to dominant and co- dominant vegetation, understory species composition, soils, and hydrology provides additional infor- mation as to the appropriate ecological community classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Revegetation for Ecologically Sustainable Dryland Farming
    DEPARTMENT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY parliamentary Research Service Revegetation for Ecologically Sustainable Dryland Farming Research Paper No.1 1995-96 This paper h(l;f been preparedfor general distribution to Members ofthe Australian Parliament Wilik great care is taken to eIIsure that the papf!r is accuratf! aJld balan«d, the papf!r is written USillg ill/ormation publicly avaiiabk at the time ofprodJldion.. Readers are reminded thai the paper is neither an Australian GOl'efllment 1I0r CommomrealJh Parliament document bllt is prepared by the autllOr and published by the Parliamentary Research Sen'ice to contribute to cO//.fideration ofllle iUlles by Senators and Members. TIle l;etJ~ are those ofthe alUhor. ISSN 1321 -1579 Copyright Commonweallh ofAustr.alia 1995 Except to the cxicnt of !he uses pcnnincd under ihe CopYright Act 1968, no part of ihis publication may be reproduced or trare;mined in any form or by any means including information stocage and retrieval system. v.ithout ihe prior "'nnen consent ofthe Department oflhc Parliamentary Libra')', other than by ~Iembers ofihe Australian Parliament in the course ofiheir official duties, Publish~-d by the Department ofihe Parliamentary Library, 1995 Parliamentary Research Service Revegetation for Ecologically Sustainable Dryland Farming Baden Williams Science, Technology, Environment and Resources Group 23 August 1995 Research Paper No.1 1995-96 Inquiries Further copies ofthis publication may be purchased from the Publications DistributIOn Officer Telephone (06) 277 2711 A full
    [Show full text]