Biological Soil Crust Rehabilitation in Theory and Practice: an Underexploited Opportunity Matthew A
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Phytotaxa, a Synthesis of Hornwort Diversity
Phytotaxa 9: 150–166 (2010) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Article PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2010 • Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) A synthesis of hornwort diversity: Patterns, causes and future work JUAN CARLOS VILLARREAL1 , D. CHRISTINE CARGILL2 , ANDERS HAGBORG3 , LARS SÖDERSTRÖM4 & KAREN SUE RENZAGLIA5 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269; [email protected] 2Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian National Herbarium, Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra. ACT 2601, Australia; [email protected] 3Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496; [email protected] 4Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] 5Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901; [email protected] Abstract Hornworts are the least species-rich bryophyte group, with around 200–250 species worldwide. Despite their low species numbers, hornworts represent a key group for understanding the evolution of plant form because the best–sampled current phylogenies place them as sister to the tracheophytes. Despite their low taxonomic diversity, the group has not been monographed worldwide. There are few well-documented hornwort floras for temperate or tropical areas. Moreover, no species level phylogenies or population studies are available for hornworts. Here we aim at filling some important gaps in hornwort biology and biodiversity. We provide estimates of hornwort species richness worldwide, identifying centers of diversity. We also present two examples of the impact of recent work in elucidating the composition and circumscription of the genera Megaceros and Nothoceros. -
Long-Term Changes in Biological Soil Crust Cover and Composition Eva Dettweiler-Robinson1*, Jeanne M Ponzetti2 and Jonathan D Bakker3
Dettweiler-Robinson et al. Ecological Processes 2013, 2:5 http://www.ecologicalprocesses.com/content/2/1/5 RESEARCH Open Access Long-term changes in biological soil crust cover and composition Eva Dettweiler-Robinson1*, Jeanne M Ponzetti2 and Jonathan D Bakker3 Abstract Introduction: Communities change over time due to disturbances, variations in climate, and species invasions. Biological soil crust communities are important because they contribute to erosion control and nutrient cycling. Crust types may respond differently to changes in environmental conditions: single-celled organisms and bryophytes quickly recover after a disturbance, while lichens are slow growing and dominate favorable sites. Community change in crusts has seldom been assessed using repeated measures. For this study, we hypothesized that changes in crust composition were related to disturbance, topographic position, and invasive vegetation. Methods: We monitored permanent plots in the Columbia Basin in 1999 and 2010 and compared changes in crust composition, cover, richness, and turnover with predictor variables of herbivore exclosure, elevation, heat load index, time since fire, presence of an invasive grass, and change in cover of the invasive grass. Results: Bryophytes were cosmopolitan with high cover. Dominant lichens did not change dramatically. Indicator taxa differed by monitoring year. Bryophyte and total crust cover declined, and there was lower turnover outside of herbivore exclosures. Lichen cover did not change significantly. Plots that burned recently had high turnover. Increase in taxon richness was correlated with presence of an invasive grass in 1999. Change in cover of the invasive grass was positively related to proportional loss and negatively related to gain. Conclusions: Composition and turnover metrics differed significantly over 11 years, though cover was more stable between years. -
Anthocerotophyta
Glime, J. M. 2017. Anthocerotophyta. Chapt. 2-8. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1. Physiological Ecology. Ebook 2-8-1 sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 5 June 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA TABLE OF CONTENTS Anthocerotophyta ......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-2 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 2-8-2 Chapter 2-8: Anthocerotophyta CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA Figure 1. Notothylas orbicularis thallus with involucres. Photo by Michael Lüth, with permission. Anthocerotophyta These plants, once placed among the bryophytes in the families. The second class is Leiosporocerotopsida, a Anthocerotae, now generally placed in the phylum class with one order, one family, and one genus. The genus Anthocerotophyta (hornworts, Figure 1), seem more Leiosporoceros differs from members of the class distantly related, and genetic evidence may even present -
Nostocaceae (Subsection IV
African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 7(27), pp. 3887-3897, 17 July, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR DOI: 10.5897/AJAR11.837 ISSN 1991-637X ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Phylogenetic and morphological evaluation of two species of Nostoc (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) in certain physiological conditions Bahareh Nowruzi1*, Ramezan-Ali Khavari-Nejad1,2, Karina Sivonen3, Bahram Kazemi4,5, Farzaneh Najafi1 and Taher Nejadsattari2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. 4Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Accepted 25 January, 2012 Studies of cyanobacterial species are important to the global scientific community, mainly, the order, Nostocales fixes atmospheric nitrogen, thus, contributing to the fertility of agricultural soils worldwide, while others behave as nuisance microorganisms in aquatic ecosystems due to their involvement in toxic bloom events. However, in spite of their ecological importance and environmental concerns, their identification and taxonomy are still problematic and doubtful, often being based on current morphological and -
Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management
October 2010 Agdex 510-1 Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management oil compaction can be a serious and unnecessary soil aggregates, which has a negative affect on soil S form of soil degradation that can result in increased aggregate structure. soil erosion and decreased crop production. Soil compaction can have a number of negative effects on Compaction of soil is the compression of soil particles into soil quality and crop production including the following: a smaller volume, which reduces the size of pore space available for air and water. Most soils are composed of • causes soil pore spaces to become smaller about 50 per cent solids (sand, silt, clay and organic • reduces water infiltration rate into soil matter) and about 50 per cent pore spaces. • decreases the rate that water will penetrate into the soil root zone and subsoil • increases the potential for surface Compaction concerns water ponding, water runoff, surface soil waterlogging and soil erosion Soil compaction can impair water Soil compaction infiltration into soil, crop emergence, • reduces the ability of a soil to hold root penetration and crop nutrient and can be a serious water and air, which are necessary for water uptake, all of which result in form of soil plant root growth and function depressed crop yield. • reduces crop emergence as a result of soil crusting Human-induced compaction of degradation. • impedes root growth and limits the agricultural soil can be the result of using volume of soil explored by roots tillage equipment during soil cultivation or result from the heavy weight of field equipment. • limits soil exploration by roots and Compacted soils can also be the result of natural soil- decreases the ability of crops to take up nutrients and forming processes. -
Biological Soil Crust Community Types Differ in Key Ecological Functions
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Biological soil crust community types differ in key ecological functions Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cs0f55w Authors Pietrasiak, Nicole David Lam Jeffrey R. Johansen et al. Publication Date 2013-10-01 DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.011 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Soil Biology & Biochemistry 65 (2013) 168e171 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Soil Biology & Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/soilbio Short communication Biological soil crust community types differ in key ecological functions Nicole Pietrasiak a,*, John U. Regus b, Jeffrey R. Johansen c,e, David Lam a, Joel L. Sachs b, Louis S. Santiago d a University of California, Riverside, Soil and Water Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, 2258 Geology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA b University of California, Riverside, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA c Biology Department, John Carroll University, 1 John Carroll Blvd., University Heights, OH 44118, USA d University of California, Riverside, Botany & Plant Sciences Department, 3113 Bachelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: Soil stability, nitrogen and carbon fixation were assessed for eight biological soil crust community types Received 22 February 2013 within a Mojave Desert wilderness site. Cyanolichen crust outperformed all other crusts in multi- Received in revised form functionality whereas incipient crust had the poorest performance. A finely divided classification of 17 May 2013 biological soil crust communities improves estimation of ecosystem function and strengthens the Accepted 18 May 2013 accuracy of landscape-scale assessments. -
Anatomy of a Sub-Cambrian Paleosol in Wisconsin
Anatomy of a Sub-Cambrian Paleosol in Wisconsin: Mass Fluxes of Chemical Weathering and Climatic Conditions in North America during Formation of the Cambrian Great Unconformity L. Gordon Medaris Jr.,1,* Steven G. Driese,2 Gary E. Stinchcomb,3 John H. Fournelle,1 Seungyeol Lee,1,4 Huifang Xu,1,4 Lyndsay DiPietro,2 Phillip Gopon,5 and Esther K. Stewart6 1. Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; 2. Department of Geosciences, Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA; 3. Department of Geosciences and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, USA; 4. NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; 5. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom; 6. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA ABSTRACT A paleosol beneath the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone in Wisconsin provides an opportunity to evaluate the characteristics of Cambrian weathering in a subtropical climate, having been located at 207S paleolatitude 500 My ago. The 285-cm-thick paleosol resulted from advanced chemical weathering of a gabbroic protolith, recording a total mass loss of 50%. Weathering of hornblende and plagioclase produced a pedogenic assemblage of quartz, chlorite, kaolinite, goethite, and, in the lowest part of the profile, siderite. Despite the paucity of quartz in the protolith and 40% removal of SiO2 from the profile, quartz constitutes 11%–23% of the pedogenic mineral assemblage. Like many other Precambrian and Cambrian paleosols in the Lake Superior region, the paleosol experienced potassium metasomatism, now con- taining 10%–25% mixed-layer illite-vermiculite and 5%–44% potassium feldspar. -
Soil Crusts Structural Soil Crusts Are Relatively Thin, Dense, Somewhat Continuous Layers of Non-Aggregated Soil Particles on the Surface of Tilled and Exposed Soils
Indicator Test Function USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service P F W Soil Quality Indicators Soil Crusts Structural soil crusts are relatively thin, dense, somewhat continuous layers of non-aggregated soil particles on the surface of tilled and exposed soils. Structural crusts develop when a sealed-over soil surface dries out after rainfall or irrigation. Water droplets striking soil aggregates and water flowing across soil breaks aggregates into individual soil particles. Fine soil particles wash, settle into and block surface pores causing the soil surface to seal over and preventing water from soaking into the soil. As the muddy soil surface dries out, it crusts over. Left: Note the surface crust on this soil. The field was in tall fescue sod for 11 years. It was cleared and plowed using conventional Structural crusts range from a few tenths to as thick as two tillage methods. Photo courtesy Bobby Brock, USDA NRCS (retired). Right: Collected from a no-till field in Georgia’s Southern inches. A surface crust is much more compact, hard and Piedmont, good structure and aggregation are evident in the soil on brittle when dry than the soil immediately beneath it, the right. The same soil formed a structural crust under which may be loose and friable. Crusts can be described by conventional tillage. Note the sunlight reflectance of the crusted their strength, or air-dry rupture resistance. soil. Photo courtesy James E. Dean, USDA NRCS (retired). Soil crusting is also associated with biological and Dynamic - Management activities that deplete soil chemical factors. A biological crust is a living community organic matter and leave soil bare, smooth and exposed to of lichen, cyanobacteria, algae, and moss growing on the the direct impact of water droplets increase soil dispersion, soil surface that bind the soil together. -
The Use of Proximal Soil Sensor Data Fusion and Digital Soil Mapping For
The use of proximal soil sensor data fusion and digital soil mapping for precision agriculture Wenjun Ji, Viacheslav Adamchuk, Songchao Chen, Asim Biswas, Maxime Leclerc, Raphael Viscarra Rossel To cite this version: Wenjun Ji, Viacheslav Adamchuk, Songchao Chen, Asim Biswas, Maxime Leclerc, et al.. The use of proximal soil sensor data fusion and digital soil mapping for precision agriculture. Pedometrics 2017, Jun 2017, Wageningen, Netherlands. 298 p. hal-01601278 HAL Id: hal-01601278 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01601278 Submitted on 2 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License Abstract Book Pedometrics 2017 Wageningen, 26 June – 1 July 2017 2 Contents Evaluating Use of Ground Penetrating Radar and Geostatistic Methods for Mapping Soil Cemented Horizon .................................... 13 Digital soil mapping in areas of mussunungas: algoritmos comparission .......... 14 Sensing of farm and district-scale soil moisture content using a mobile cosmic ray probe (COSMOS Rover) .................................... 15 Proximal sensing of soil crack networks using three-dimensional electrical resistivity to- mography ......................................... 16 Using digital microscopy for rapid determination of soil texture and prediction of soil organic matter ..................................... -
The Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Cyanobacterium, Nostoc Punctiforme Can Regulate Plant Programmed Cell Death
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.13.249318; this version posted August 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The nitrogen-fixing symbiotic cyanobacterium, Nostoc punctiforme can regulate plant programmed cell death Samuel P. Belton1,4, Paul F. McCabe1,2,3, Carl K. Y. Ng1,2,3* 1UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, 2UCD Centre for Plant Science, 3UCD Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, DN04 E25, Republic of Ireland 4Present address: DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Dublin, D09 E7F2, Republic of Ireland *email: [email protected] Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by a Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship from the Irish Research Council (GOIPG/2015/2695) to SPB. Author contributions S.P.B., P.F.M, and C.K.Y.N conceived of the study and designed the experiments. S.B. performed all the experiments and analysed the data. S.B. prepared the draft of the manuscript with the help of P.F.M and C.K.Y.N. All authors read, edited, and approved the manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.13.249318; this version posted August 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Cyanobacteria such as Nostoc spp. -
Water Regulation in Cyanobacterial Biocrusts from Drylands: Negative Impacts of Anthropogenic Disturbance
water Article Water Regulation in Cyanobacterial Biocrusts from Drylands: Negative Impacts of Anthropogenic Disturbance Yolanda Cantón 1,2,*, Sonia Chamizo 1,2, Emilio Rodriguez-Caballero 1,2 , Roberto Lázaro 3, Beatriz Roncero-Ramos 1 , José Raúl Román 1 and Albert Solé-Benet 3 1 Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento sn., La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almeria, Spain; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (E.R.-C.); [email protected] (B.R.-R.); [email protected] (J.R.R.) 2 Research Centre for Scientific Collections from the University of Almería (CECOUAL), Carretera de Sacramento sn., La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almeria, Spain 3 Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento sn., La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almeria, Spain; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (A.S.-B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 December 2019; Accepted: 4 March 2020; Published: 6 March 2020 Abstract: Arid and semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by patchy vegetation and variable resource availability. The interplant spaces of these ecosystems are very often covered by cyanobacteria-dominated biocrusts, which are the primary colonizers of terrestrial ecosystems and key in facilitating the succession of other biocrust organisms and plants. Cyanobacterial biocrusts regulate the horizontal and vertical fluxes of water, carbon and nutrients into and from the soil and play crucial hydrological, geomorphological and ecological roles in these ecosystems. In this paper, we analyze the influence of cyanobacterial biocrusts on water balance components (infiltration-runoff, evaporation, soil moisture and non-rainfall water inputs (NRWIs)) in representative semiarid ecosystems in southeastern Spain. -
Adaptations of Cyanobacterium Nostoc Commune to Environ- Mental Stress: Comparison of Morphological and Physiological Markers
CZECH POLAR REPORTS 8 (1): 84-93, 2018 Adaptations of cyanobacterium Nostoc commune to environ- mental stress: Comparison of morphological and physiological markers between European and Antarctic populations after re- hydration Dajana Ručová1, Michal Goga1, Marek Matik2, Martin Bačkor1* 1Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Mánesova 23, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia 2Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia Abstract Availability of water may influence activities of all living organisms, including cyano- bacterial communities. Filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc commune is well adapted to wide spectrum of ecosystems. For this reason, N. commune had to develop diverse pro- tection strategies due to exposition to regular rewetting and drying processes. Few studies have been conducted on activities, by which cyanobacteria are trying to avoid water deficit. Therefore, the present study using physiological and morphological param- eters is focused on comparison between European and Antarctic ecotypes of N. commune during rewetting. Gradual increase of FV/FM ratios, as the markers of active PS II, demonstrated the recovery processes of N. commune colonies from Europe as well as from Antarctica after time dependent rehydration. During the initial hours of rewetting, there was lower content of soluble proteins in colonies from Antarctica in comparison to those from Europe. Total content of nitrogen was higher in European ecotypes of N. commune. Significantly higher frequency of occurrence of heterocysts in Antarctic ecotypes was observed. The heterocyst cells were significantly longer in Antarctic ecotypes rather than European ecotypes of N. commune. Key words: Antarctica, soluble proteins, cyanobacteria, chlorophyll fluorescence, heterocysts, nitrogen, James Ross Island DOI: 10.5817/CPR2018-1-6 ——— Received December 19, 2017, accepted April 4, 2018.