Case Studies in a Contextual Archaeology of Burial Practice in Roman Britain

(2 volumes) Volume 2

Richard John Hunter Pearce

fhe copyright of this thesis rests vith the author. No quotation from t should be published without the vritten consent of the author an nformation derived from it should )e acknowledged.

Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Durham 1999

23 AUG 1999

Volume Two

Figures 257

Concordance to Iron Age and Roman cemeteries and burials from Britain referred 479 to in text and location in later appendices.

Appendices

1. Data for figures associated with chapter 2

1 Data for figures 2.1-2.40 491

2. Descriptions of features discussed in chapter 3

2.1 Pyre sites from Britain and other provinces 499 2.1.1 'Permanent' pyre sites from Roman Britain 499 2.1.2 'Permanent' pyre sites in other Roman provinces 500 2.1.3 'Temporary' pyre sites from Iron Age and Roman Britain 503 2.1.4 Temporary pyre sites from other provinces 509 2.2 A sample of busta 514 2.3 Inscriptions including references to ustrina 517

3. Data for figures associated with chapter 4

3.1 Note on unpublished cemeteries from Baldock and St Albans 521 3.2 Data for figures 4.5-4.9, 4.11-4.14, 4.17-4.19, 4.22-4.26, 4.28-4.34 522

4. Data for figures associated with chapter 5

4.1 Note on unpublished cemeteries from Winchester, with particular reference to 526 the date of late Roman cemeteries 4.2 Data for figures 5.4-5.7, 5.10-5.13, 5.17-5.24, 5.26, 5.28-5.30, 5.33-5.36, 5.39- 529 5.40

5. Data for figures associated with chapter 6

5.1.1 Data for figure 6.1 533 5.1.2 Data for figures 6.25-6.26 538 5.2 Data for figures 6.5-6.7, 6.9-6.11 545

5.3 Descriptions of the relationship of burial to settlement features from a sample 547 of rural sites in southern Britain discussed in Chapters 6.15-6.18 (see also figures 6.34-6.85)

6. Data for figures associated with chapter 7 and burial assemblages discussed in chapters 7 and 8

6.1 Data for figures 7.1-7.2 571 6.2 Data for figures 7.18, 7.20-7.25, 7.26-7.30 572 6.3 Burial assemblages of the 'East Hampshire Tradition' 577 6.4 Burial assemblages in and in the environs of the civitas of the Catuvellauni 584 6.5 Other burial assemblages from southern Roman Britain 594 6.6 Burial monuments in and in the environs of the civitas of the Catuvellauni 599 Figure 2.1 Dated cemeteries from Hertfordshire, Hampshire and Cambridgeshire

100% I:::,::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: n*?????:1111,isPI5

BO%

60%

40%

20%

0% Cambs Hants Hens

Ili Cram. Olnhum. Es Cal Ci Unknown

Figure 2.2 Types of cemeteries from Hertfordshire, Hampshire and Cambridgeshire

Hertfordshire MIR%

Hampshire MEN

• Devon

Cambridgeshire RE.

— Cornwall! Scilly b

0 SO 100 150 200 Number of cemeteries

10 SMR JRS Brit. Philpott

Figure 2.3 The number of cemeteries from five counties in different sources

257 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Ca (SMR) Ca (Comb) Ca (PHI) Ha (SMR) Ha (Comb) Ha (pte) He (SMR) He (Comb) H. (PM)

1 III Early 0 Inter. M Late {:j U 1

Figure 2.4 A comparison of dated and undated cemeteries in different data sources

Ca (SMR) Ca (Comb) Ca (PM) Ha (SMR) Ha (Comb) Ha (Phl) Ha (SNR) He (Comb) Ha (PHI)

Figure 2.5 A comparison of dated cemeteries from 3 counties in different data sources

258 Ca (SMR) Ca (Comb) Ca (PH) Ha (SMR) Ha (Comb) Ha (PM) He (SMR) He (Comb) Ha (PM)

Figure 2.6 A comparison of cemetery types from 3 counties in different data sources

259 120

7787 100

-6,77 80

40 11

20 -

0 1 111 VII Elg 192946 102640 1931-35 199640 1941-45 1946.60 105145 05645 1961495 196470 1971 .75 1976.80 198145 1986-90 199146 •Cmcedrqu I

Figure 2.7 The number of cemeteries recorded in 5 year periods (JRS / Britannia)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 192146 192640 193146 192440 194146 194460 196146 196640 196146 199470 5971-75 197840 106t 45 198940

111c flifflcisd

Figure 2.8 Percentage of cemetery types recorded in 5 year periods (JRS / Britannia)

260 Figure 2.9 The percentage of dated cemeteries in different data sources

Figure 2.10 The percentage of dated burials in different data sources

261 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% JRS Britannia Philpott

Mc Di MC& I

Figure 2.11 The percentage of cemeteries of different types in different data sources

Figure 2.12 The percentage of burials of different types in different data sources

262 Figure 2.13 Percentage through time of different cemetery types (Britannia)

Figure 2.14 Percentage through time of different cemetery types (Britannia - C &I category sorted)

263 Figure 2.15 The percentage through time of different burial types (JRS)

Figure 2.16 The percentage through time of different burial types (JRS - C &l category sorted)

264 200

150

100

50 —

o II I I I Urban MiVvicus Minor centre Rural Villa

Figure 2.17 The number of cemeteries from different settlement types (JRS)

200

150 -

100 -

50 -

o 1 i i Urban MiVvicus Minor centre Rural Villa

Figure 2.18 The number of cemeteries from different settlement types (Britannia)

265 1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Urban MiVvicus Knor centre Rural Villa

Figure 2.19 The number of burials from different settlement types (JRS)

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500 n•n•nnn•nnn•nn••

Urban MiVvicus Minor centre Rural Villa

Figure 2.20 The number of burials from different settlement types (Britannia)

266 35

30 —

25 —

10 —

5 — -

o Town Mil/vicus Rural Villa Other

Figure 2.21 Excavations on different site types 1969-1989 (data from Evans 1995)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Urban MiVvicus Minor centre Rural Villa

I IIII Early m Inter. E Late E] u

Figure 2.22 The percentage of dated cemeteries at different settlement sites (JRS)

267 100%-

80% -

60%-

40%- -

20%-

0% Urban Mil/vicus Minor centre Rural Villa

• Early Inter. I I Late 1 U

Figure 2.23 Percentage of dated cemeteries at different settlement sites (Britannia)

100%

80%-

60%-

40%- -

20%- -

0%- Urban Mil/vicus Minor centre Rural Villa

• Early IIII Inter. I I Late Li tn

Figure 2.24 Percentage of dated cemeteries at different settlement sites (JRS / Britannia)

268

100%

80%— -

60%— -

40% -

20%— -

0% Urban Mil/vicus Minor centre Rural Villa

11.1 Early III Inter. I Late U

Figure 2.25 The percentage of dated burials at different settlement sites (JRS / Britannia)

100%

80%

60% — -

40%— -

20%— -

0% — Urban Mil/vicus Minor centre Rural Villa

C&I I

Figure 2.26 The percentage of cemetery types from different settlements (Britannia)

269 Figure 2.27 The percentage of cemetery types from different settlements (JRS)

Figure 2.28 The percentage of burial types from different settlements (JRS / Britannia)

270 0 0

1-10 •

11-20 •

21-30

31-40 41-50

51-60 61-75

>75

Figure 2.29 The distribution of Roman period cemeteries by county (Philpott)

271 0 0

1-10 •

11-20 •

21-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

61-75

>75

Figure 2.30 The distribution of Roman period cemeteries by county (MS / Britannia)

272 0

1-5 •

6-10

11-15

16-20

21-25

25-30

31-35

>35

Figure 2.31 The distribution of Roman period cremation cemeteries ORS / Britannia)

.273

0 0

1-5 •

6-10 •

11-15 •

16-20 •

21-25 •

25-30 31-35 • >35 0

Figure 2.32 The distribution of Roman period inhumation cemeteries ORS / Britannia)

274

0 0

1-5 •

6-10 •

11-15 •

16-20 •

21-25 0 25-30 • 31-35 • >35 •

Figure 2.33 The distribution of early Roman cemeteries (JRS / Britannia)

275

0 0

1-5 •

6-10 • 11-15

16-20 • 21-25 • 25-30 • 31-35 • >35 0

Figure 2.34 The distribution of late Roman cemeteries (JRS / Britannia)

276 ,

0% Cu He Es WS Su Ke Nf WI GL NY Ha Be Ca Li Ox Go Le Av No Wa Do Hu So Avg

Figure 2.35 The percentage of cemetery types in selected counties (JRS / Britannia)

277 ,

Eiu WS WI Ch Ks Cu Db Es C4 U He GL Su NI Be ha Wa NY No Hu WY Av IA Cie So Ox WI Do Avg

Figure 2.36 The percentage of cemetery types in selected counties (Philpott)

278 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% He Es WI Nf WS Ke Ca Do Li GL Ha No Ox Go Wa So Avg

•ELII I

Figure 2.37 The percentage of dated cemeteries in selected counties (JRS / Britannia)

279 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Ch Do Ca WS Ke NI Es GL WI He Ha Av S Ox Avg NEED FILI

Figure 2.38 The percentage of dated cemeteries in selected counties (Philpott)

280 Wilts W Yorks W Sussex W Mids Warws Tyne & W Surrey Suffolk Staffs S Yorks Som Salop Oxon Notts Northum Northants N Yorks Norfolk Mers Lincs Leics Lancs Kent I of Sc I of W , Numbs Herts Her & Wor Hants Gt Man Gt Lon Gloucs Essex E Sussex Durham Dorset Devon Derbys Cumb Corn Nis Cleve I Ches"...mm Cambs-immnI Bucks Immo Berks immmis Beds A v on ENEFEBEIN i 1 1 i 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Figure 2.39 The number of Roman period excavations by county (from RCHME 1995: 316, Fig. 4)

281 Wills 111111111110 W.YorIcs 111.1.111 W. Sussex W. Mids. I Warlos TM • Surrey Sufic,* Stalls MI S.Yorks Somers.' Salop then Notts • Nterland Norlhanis — N. Yaks Natick — Mars. Llncs Lacs Lanes I Kent LoSc. I.o.W. Hunt. Hens H Worm AMMO Hants GI. Man GI. Lon Glos Essex E. Sussex I Durham Dorset Devon mg Derbys Cumbria Cornwall —1 Cleveland Cheshire NE Cants Bucks Berks TIM Beds • Awn —•

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90

.Figure 2.40 The number of Roman period cemeteries by county (IRS / Britannia)

282 Pyre reconstruction (Witteyer and FasoId 1995)

Experimental 'bustum' (Gaitzc.h and Werner 1993)

'Bustum' from Mainz (Witteyer 1993). Scale c. 1:20 'Bustum' from Cabasse, France (Berard 1961). Scale c. 1:30

Figure 3.1 Experimental and reconstructed pyre sites (from Gaitzch and Werner (1993: 61, Abb. 6) and Witteyer and Fasold 1995) and traces of pyre structure in busta from Mainz- Weisenau (from Witteyer 1993: 78, Abb. 10,) and La Calade grave 15 (Berard 1961: 128, Plate XV)

283

Figure 3.2 Permanent pyre sites from WeIs (RieB 1974: 156) (top left), Rheinzabern (Ludovici 1908: 185, 201-2) (top right), Salzburg (Ruprechtsberger 1983: 23) (bottom left) and Innsbruck (Ruprechtsberger 1983: 23) (bottom right) (Scale 1:100)

284

• •n•-.

11 06 410 triPle WWI P 4%11 11Q1111

Ain

MIL am011:1111 .,

11 NWOAtkit 414 4.14 inWIP 11, 1111P • Wir * *sib

.-"tr• • :,•• ,,•• 7,7.; Mi;:\ .1/2.1; '• . -..n:"•;•kY,g0s • ..t.,•°-! n;4."•,:-.-'1-:-AN.e•Kr. •••' t: • fr. •-•!••••:•-•nok •V:e•

in 0l7d.; * 3 t 7I1

Figure 3.3 Section through the ustrinum at Carnuntum (from Wenham 1968: Fig. 8, 24 - derived from von Groller 1900)

285 17 1 rr r r").. i llithithIll11111111111111thilllithithitittillidild WO\

- // /A o 000 o Q 00 0 0 o-0 o 00 L° 0 (--) II 3 Ocit', q--) 62. 0 (1.; ocD( °0 ) cP o o / 0 , ) 00 / C;;?) / 9ff,e, / , /-__ • ‘. 17 xxx, • o 0 0 oD 0 0 •Ca:)

./.

./ ./

0 5 10m

Figure 3.4 The relationship of pyre sites to enclosures XXIX to XXXII to the Grdberstrafie at Mainz-Weisenau (from Witteyer 1993: Fig. 2 71)

286 Grave 1 Helshoven (Roosens and Lux 1974: 11) The pyre debris is packed between the walls of the grave pit and the wooden case which contains the cremated bone and grave goods. Scale 1: 25

-1.80m 30m

— Graf 1 — Dtpdc funirsirc 1.

Grave 92 St Severin (Paffgen 1992: 11, Tafel 118) The cremated bone lies at the bottom end of the plan beneath the grave goods, pyre debris at the top. Scale c. 1:13

Grave 5 Ergolding (Struck 1996: Tafel 48) Tbe. aemated barke I cnttaittecl a the tgass bottle which is embedded in the pyre debris. Scale 1:20

Figure 3.5 Excavated examples of Brandschilttungsgraber

287 Graves 6,7,8 Sint-Martens-Leerne (Vermeulen 1992: 230) Grave goods are placed in the niche of 7 and 8, In 7 the mixed layer of charcoal and pyre debris on the base and lining the sides of the grave is clearly visible. Scale 1:50

41-

c. Graves 53 and 54, Ergolding (Struck 1996:

.1 Tafeln 76 and 77) Scale 1:20 kg-4

tX 8 - 'q;s

Figure 3.6 Excavated examples of Brandgrubengraber

288

TRE NTHOL ME DRIVE EXCAVATIONS CREMATIONS

• FINDSPOT OF URN URN IN SITU URN NOT IN SITU URN -SURROUNDED BY BLACKENED DEBRIS FROM PYRE BLACKENED DEBRIS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH AN URN

DEBRIS OF USTRINA. 0 PRESUMED EXCAVATED

OTHER URNS FOUND HERE IN 1938

1- Ill a UI z OTHER URNS FOUND HERE ct 0 IN 1823 a.

0 10 SO I FEET

Figure 3.7 Pyre site and cremation burials at Trentholme Drive (from Wenham 1968: Fig. 6, 22)

289 g I i 13, 1 E t I .E 43V. v ,. T • g 43 I f c g i 1 = g o '8 g 2 ti C't se cc 2 cc 3

• ir I11::

Figure 4.1 Roman period Braughing with cemeteries (after Burnham and Wacher 1990: 105)

290

03.11

; 2 ,„ • . ; 2 01 '416 E t • *. : • I • 0 • '41'v •..;t6S7.• LII p.J:k•

o....e°0^; ,

,•• I • ••••••

ON:,•••••?,';':;,:.

^ .. I ...... • 4—.-A•n•-••n—n.—n• • ••I

cl4 '•''s.t!. • .01 esi

v.;

CU .

0.0

•,• •

00 Cr1

,e- 0

/ / •••-.F.:' (1.5. / _ • • ' '...i...-61.i: 0 f. . .p...... !. /".•:.?.:.'," ' ar I ; ) :::;i":::° .. .: .6•017,,,%» • . •-•=i-'. .'• ' 1 Cl)

CL.

I";

.:-• •:_- _ •

z CA

291 ,

292 ir * 1

. . • - 2 0 0 0 .....0 ....40 4-' • '. i..I I.. -..4 "0 0 0 $..1 4.1 Z Z ° I I I Cl.) 0 g g . gt .a.

* 1 *g i +2 v) v) v) <

293 --V- King Harry Lane -a St Stephens EF Hyde Street --E-- Skeleton Green -- Braughing 'B' ÷<- Wallington Road

0-249 250-499 500-749 750-999 1000-1249 1250-1499 1500+ Weight (g) of cremated bone

Figure 4.5 The amount of cremated bone in burials from a sample of Romano-British cemeteries

294 50

CO .1=ris = 30 _a "5

5 -g 20 z

o 1 1 1-11 I-1 i I-7 i 1 TT HN Vessel Coin Omament Glass An. bone Equipment

Figure 4.6 The number of burials with different artefact types, Skeleton Green

30 - ut

CDcpa" CD >

45 20 -

.3ig E Z 10 -

o 1 i 7 i I Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Ud Vessel

Figure 4.7 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Skeleton Green

295 40

30 — u) 76 .0= 20 — a) z1 10 —

o nil I 1 7 1 1 1 1 Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Lid Vessel

Figure 4.8 The number of burials with different ceramic forms, Skeleton Green

, 20

hi z1 5

o I I I I I o 1 2 3 4 6 Number of vessels

Figure 4.9 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Skeleton Green

296 a

L- a iZ

297 100

80 5 .0 60 `5 _rt E 40 Z

o I HN Vessel Coin Ornament Glass An. bone Equipment

Figure 4.11 The number of burials with different artefact types, Braughing B

60 - u) at 0) en >a) 13 40 - .(1' E z 20 -

o I 1 i Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Vessel

Figure 4.12 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Braughing B

298

60 -

f., 50 - -.E '2,- 40 - "6 ./3 30 E c 20 _

10 -

o i I I I I I I 1 I I Fl. Bla Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Vessel

Figure 4.13 The number of burials with different ceramic forms, Braughing B

14 _ 12 _

.0 8 — "5 _ .2 6 — -

.5 _ z 4 —

2 — -

o I II I F-1 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of vessels

Figure 4.14 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Braughing B

299 Figure 4.15 Roman period Welwyn (filled circles = settlement areas) in relation to the modern village (dashed area) (after Rook 1986: Fig. 28, 107) 1. Gravel pit - possible cemetery 2. The Grange- inhumations 3. The Grange - early Roman cremation cemetery 4. The Grange- third century temple-mausoleum, late fourth or fifth century inhumation cemetery and possibly cremation burials 5. Mill Lane Possible pre-conquest and Roman period cremation burials (TL 232160) 6. Prospect Place Two first century BC cremation burials. The eponymous Welwyn burials

300

i _i_ 28.+ 25 ® SEALED GROUPS . "1-15 1-4- 45 ! O ROBBED GROUPS I C)S . 27+ +7.16 34 I + REPORTED GROUPS I +30 E• +++3742 52+ I 0 I ...... - . -. - .... _4 +47 + 1

+11 67 + I 8+ 0 22+ 4 57 +58 . 4 + 40Lo + 66 + I 19+ i + 12 +28 510 9 21 +O +10 6 + +6115 + +60+ 53 54 I 5 + + 20 0 46 51 6/0+72++48i + 3649+ 334.++44 82 0 . o + ++63 1 I 560+ I 4.411 _ 38+ 13 i-..-._ + +3 !s 0 10 C L.-.-i-i-t-b-A-a-A-1 FEET

Figure 4.16 The Grange Road cemetery, Welwyn (from Rook 1973: 2, Fig. II)

301 60

T2 40

"E 30 .0 2 20

Fl. Bkr J. Bowl Dish Cup Other

Figure 4.17 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Welwyn

50 —

• 40—.

15 30 —

2 20

0 I I Fl. Bkr J. Bowl Dish Ct4, Other

Figure 4.18 Number of burials with different ceramic forms, Welwyn

io 2

2 3 4 6 Number of vessels

Figure 4.19 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramic s, Welwyn 302 BALDOCK Roman settlement CUROUPONTE

OUROviGunlm v04" 'NM

OUROCOBRIVIS

CArAULOOUNtirA

Cemeteries

early

• • • Roads late 100 0 100 200m / definite in continuous use

probable

Settlement Area projected • early

central 0 late

vERULAMIUM peripheral It temple or shrine 0 uncertain date

Figure 4.20 The distribution of cemetery areas, Baldock (from Burleigh 1993: Fig. 3,44)

(1. Walls Field 2. Wallington Road 3a. California - late Roman 3b. California - Late Iron Age 4. Royston Road 5. Icknield Way East 6. The Tene 7. London Road 8. Clothall Road)

303 I

r -; ; I U • i 1 ; I I, ...... ; I - ...... •, . 1 • 1 • I • • • los I 1 1 1 < 2 • • • .4J • p • • • • I. •sio• • 0 • • • • • 0 • t • • •

• • N

0 2:5 5 7.5 10m

Figure 4.21a The Wallington Road cemetery, Baldock (from Stevenson in Burleigh and Matthews in preparation)

304 • E • I I

• • • A 0 • 0 0 0 II 0 • • III • •

•

1 2. 3m

1 ma in ot a i I I

Figure 4.21b Central area of the Wallington Road cemetery (from Stevenson in Burleigh and Matthews in preparation)

305 120

100

Ts 80

15 60

z 40

HN Vessel Coin Ornament Glass An. bone Equipment

Figure 4.22 The number of burials with different artefact types at Wallington Road

Jar Flagon Beaker Dish Cup Other

Figure 4.23 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Wallington Road

306 50

.05 30

20 2 10

Jar Flagon Beake Dish Cup Other

Figure 4.24 Numbers of burials with different ceramic forms, Wallington Road

"El 30 0

10 0 -1 0 2 3 4 5 Number of vessels

Figure 4.25 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Wallington Road

100%

BO%

60%

40%

20%

0% Total 3/4 4 4/5 5

War Flagon Beaker Dish lEg Cu, I

Figure 4.26 Numbers of different vessel forms in the later phases, Wallington Road

307 NE

Northern (July 1930) 24-39 288-297 271-287 258-270 298-310 311-320

Central (March 40-57 and April 1928) 71-89

52-70

90-102

103-109

114-124 (July and August 1929)

125-130

131-135

110-112 113

Southern (1925) 1-23, 136-157, and broken groups 157-257

Fig. 4. 27 A schematized plan of Westell's excavation in market garden plots in Walls Field, Baldock (60.95m (SW-NE) x 30.7m (NW-SE))

308

200

(6 150

100 a)

0 I I' I 1 Hobnails Vessels Ornament Glass Equipment Coin

Figure 4.28 The number of burials with different artefact types, Walls Field

-.1) 40

10 — - - -

1-1 4 f 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of vessels

Figure 4.29 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Walls Field

309 50

40 Q, .c-a 2, 30 "6 a) N § 20 a) a.

10-

0 WLR SKG BRB WLN KHL SST2

Figure 4.30 The percentage of burials with cremated animal bone from urban and minor centre cemeteries

100

20 -

o I i i i WLR SKG BRB WLN WLF SST SST2

Figure 4.31 The percentage of burials with ceramic accessory vessels from urban and minor centre cemeteries

310 2.5

85.! 1.5

0.5

0 WuR SKG BRB WLN WLF SST SST2

Figure 4.32 The average number of ceramic accessory vessels in burials from urban and minor centre cemeteries

"6 15

0 WLR SKG ORB WLN WLF SST SST2

Figure 4.33 Samian as a percentage of ceramic accessory vessels from urban and minor centre cemeteries

.g 4 -

2 -

0 r---1 WLR SKG ORB WLN WLF SST SST2

Figure 4.34 The percentage of burials with glass accessory vessels from urban and minor centre cemeteries

311 o•

n nc;

.6 0 tr-) os as

.43.t13

Vs c.s

>a)

Eci)

/\\ .0

I. o -

e i a ;o— 3 "E 0,•".... . 17 „„.t 'cr.) or . • :- . — t e ? 2 8 8 Is 6 2 8 g , c 6 I re 4-, Te 2 g 2 5 s. 43 2 . au 0 a)

•<". '•:•:. ooP

312 1

313 1

I-- en 4 0.)

al) Li.

314 e".•

00 1n1

.E If

OA a3 7— =

Tet 0:)

et9 0E

— "E.

ce,

o.)

[—

co en

315 King Harry Lane

Figure 4.39 The distribution of Roman period burials, St Albans (after Niblett forthcoming) (dotted area indicates known extent of cemeteries)

316

ST. STEPHEN'S ROMAN CEMETERY

Inhumation St. Columba's College . . - V. Cremation : .b Post hole ...... Slot ...... '"" Ditch . . . . 0 Pit ...... 1.1 CD Other ‘s s ...... • features s ss...... • //.. .. 43Ni Cobble ‘Xs, ...... Road • 1-rss` — Excavated \. -,'----i • •• 1. area ..... ,-•.-..' . d':-: `•\ • b ......

1 k r-1 r 1984 — • , n , • \ 1902 \ Li,-, •• •'s• • • ...C".1. A.

1 .6*•• . I .1 !',.1 ...... e.r...)if.t it4g .t _; ,..1 *1.,.ff :.•....• •.4. • 1. .. • . . , .. %. ,.....--;, - kt ...... e. , •t" • .- \ . / .. 1985/6 \ • ..,. • • .,....vr.!• :e; .,-,k,ls,.. *::Fit::::. •• -..„...... 0 7.,...e, .. 0...... : .... 0....., v, \ ,,,,s .i \\ ! 1 ...... 4; ...... ,.. w) -.:6,...s., .„,...1 ....., ,•sz... „ri.. \ It * Li ./ .1: 7.1 \ 1.-ss„,, ...... ' O. I\ II 1 • \ ‘‘,.:, I A -1 k . ..: .-.7-1 — \ \ •-,,,, l' c. i• v) / . \ \R )..:/1935 .1.. . 1 .1 1. i ! ,/ 1

r...... -- --- • ---....) \._ King Harry Lone

1932-4

10 0 10 20 30m

0 50 100ft.

Figure 4.40 Composite site plan of 1930s and 1980s excavations at St Stephens, St Albans (from Niblett unpublished)

317 TL 250 Royston Road Cemetery Archaeological Setting

Area I

Excavation limit

i•L'iTk Geophysical/aerial feature /7/ Projected !oscura 40t. Excavated or eimarved Mends , Pyre Si..

Figure 4.41 Area 15: the Royston road cemetery in its context (from Burleigh in preparation b.)

318 BALDOCK THE TENE 1968 SITE F

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 saminc=3C•em= metres

Figure 4.42 The Tene burial and other deposits, Baldock (from Stead and Rigby 1986: 36, Fig. 10)

BAIDOCK WALLS FIELD SITE D 196S

.D8

01;F:1,

•:,/^ tin

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 metres

Figure 443 Burials at Clothall Road (Site D), Baldock (from Stead and Rigby 1986: 62, fig. 26)

319

00 0 0 Os 0 1° 00 0 • 0 O c c a al raw 100 0 0 o o o > E E L. .1.. 4.-. ..'‘.: n] 0 RI MI CO t- al -0 1 0 • 000 01 L. ro cEEE ,.. 0 OJ 111 W VI '4. 0- (- In L. L L C 0 O 0 C LI Lt I.J 4- 4-, 0 -0 -0 '0 ..4= 0 -0C 0 0 Z.: cu cu CU RI CU MI 173 fOCCC E CD CO L. L L- 7 -o cu cu aEj 7 7 7 _c ro L. L. L C C C C CU CL O- cz!.nq, L.) = = = 1-.0 = VI VI n • 0• • 6 0 • ell .11o • •• •. • „•••.6„•., • • •••• • • 00 o o 0 • .•• 005 la— I • 0 % tp . .: • t. • 880 0 00 0 • 0 0 0 • °5 • 0 ij 0 • 0 • 0 • • 0 2 0 ... • . e • 10 o 0 • • • • 00 Os I o 0 • 0 e • 0 - o 0 Cb0 06 0 • 0••e 0 1 0 0 0 • 000 0 0 00 000 0 00 sk 0 0 0 k\ O Ctil 00 00 rj 0 01 8. 0 0 O : L. 0 000 0 0 0 0 0000 qt 0 0 0000• eg0 0 0 0. 0 11 \ (2, • !ii3CI % 5 O i. 0 00 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 000 0g • ° . 0 0 00 • 00 00 0 00 • 0. 0 • 0

• tu)

320 •

o I

r.)

.0°

/ .gs /// I 2 + % a 1

321 1 Palisade Slot

Road

r-,

Flanking ditches r G Tree holes str Inhumation Iron Age ditch • Cremation • Hearth/Oven • • Post holes

0 100m

Figure 4.45b LPR1A and Roman period features at Folly Lane (from Niblett 1992: Fig. 2, 919)

322 531 I.s f4.i 'Tripod burial

Wheeler ditch

• A

t°

PRAE WOOD

Early Iron Age enclosurec • ......

Modern roods • Corn drier i•-=n- Ditches 'On Pre-Roman cemetery 300in • Roman road/ track POIJAN ,060f, N nbbon development

Figure 4.46 The 'tripod' burial, tindum Place' burial (in enclosure A) and other pre-Roman and Roman features south of the Silchester Gate (after Niblett 1993: Fig. 9, 88)

323 Lankhills /

Victoria Road Hyde Street % / Oram's Arbour &././//////- n / St Martin's Close // / / / • / I r .... • / I/ I 7Chester Road Romsey Road I • 4 , I

/ /

.. 0. 500m

Figure 5.1 The cemeteries of Roman Winchester (dashed area indicates general extent of cemeteries)

324 Figure 5.2 The northern cemetery area at Winchester (after Qualmann in preparation)

325 ii.)) E) c .9. fa. I E m E To .c o '5 ID c .c .0 a) o .F. c TR Tr) .— -6 To ru 2 m S E 2 _..- 0 S. -o< 'E< 0 —

0 CD

0 0

326 327 Figure 5.5 Numbers of cremated and inhumed burials over time, Hyde Stre

• 40

o 30

Cremation Inhumation Cram. & Inhum.

Adult Juv. Dint. D A+J U+Inf. E U

Figure 5.6 Cremated and inhumed populations, Hyde Street

NW (6.58%) N (10.53%) W (7.89%) NE (6.58%) SW (6.58%)

E (19.74%)

S (26.32%)

SE (15.79%)

Figure 5.7 The orientation of inhumation burials, Hyde Street

328

a) -x a) u n : -".-.3- 2 o) , I < , c E 2 o ...... , —a) CC r::::: . La w . o) o • • • • q 4 . 4 4 • < • • C .0 4 ' 0 Ci ...... :: 43 44 • :::::::::::::: 4 4 •..41.:: .. ;.i.... -., I (7).€1 • 4 . ..;:::::::' a •7.77".:::::.:::::7----2=-7:'..:—• I; X.: 4 . ' 4 • •. L- ..--, 4 4 : • I • • 4 •:....., ...... :....„1 4 : •• < r • • — • • 4

• • ..::::... •

a'•

0 0 Cr1

0 0

329 n••n•n•n, • — —

2, -5

1-6

o C 0 0 C 150 co ;.-. .1z) 10 't co iii c E cn c c E 3 1:, c c) .c c z J2 .P. 713 ir) •g E E fp. 2 t a) co S E 71; lc .E. .c 2 :L.e. a . E ct CO (.9 8 -1 0 • oz, El 1 1 • • u. 0 tCn

330 50

Z 20

0 I II HN Vessels Ornament Glass Equipment Coln An. bone

Figure 5.10 The number of burials with different artefact types, Hyde Street

12 —

2 -r

1 1 Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Lid Vessel

Figure 5.11 The number of burials with different ceramic forms, Hyde Street

331 30

25 0 I)) 20 0 >a)

5 —

o I I I I i III 1 Fl. Bicr Bowl Jar DIPI. Cup Lid Vessel

Figure 5.12 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Hyde Street

, 70

, 50 _/

:22 40 *6 'cr) .o 30 z§ 20

10 I I I o i i I I-1 1 I I o 1 2 3 4 5 >5-10 >10 Number of vessels

Figure 5.13 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics

332 333

• 4 a

4.4". 4 4 • a • 4 a . • _a 1 —.- a 4 44. r ...• . .

0), t ••• • ".F.vie0?!a• t2'19_,±1 0 0

334 V

Figure 5.16 Site plan of Victoria Road cemetery (after Qualmann in preparation)

Figure 5.17 Numbers of burials over time, Victoria Road

F 7 4141‘ .F60 (0 (ED d S9 F1140 °F Se

CFI) 192 f;Ie' *Gm I 5 4- CIF 266 A G39 gas. G40 • 632 36 G7 ago 057 69 034 • • isr.) aulEs

Phase 2 • Phase 3 • Undated

Figure 5.18 The distribution of burials over time, Victoria Road

Figure 5.19 The percentage of burials with coffins by phase, Victoria Road

5 -

0 Vessel 0cm Ornamen Glass Artuj 1 -0:wfmn(

Figure 5.20 The number of burials with different artefact types, Victoria Road.

338 N (5.61%) NE (0.93%) NW (8.41%) E (6.54%) SE (0.93%) S (2.80%) SW (9.35%)

W (65.42%)

Figure 5.21 Orientation of all inhumation Figure 5.22 Orientation of ph.1 inhumation burials, Victoria Road burials, Victoria Road

Figure 5.23 Orientation of ph. 2 inhumation Figure 5.24 Orientation of ph. 3 inhumation burials, Victoria Road burials, Victoria Road

339 0 5 10m

r"?

Figure 5.25 Site plan of Hyde Street (Late) cemetery (after Qualmann in preparation)

340 Orientation of burials at Hyde Street Late (N=30)

N (3.33%) NW (6.67%) NE (3.33%)

E (16.67%)

SE (3.33%)

W (66.67%)

Figure 5.26 The orientation of all inhumation burials, Hyde Street (Late)

341 342 80

60 CI)

anamont EqtaPmen Masa An Bens Ccin

Figure 5.28 The number of burials with different artefact types, Lankhills

N (1.74%) NE (0.29%) E (3.77%) NW (1.16%) SE (0.00%) S (0.87%)

SW (16.81%)

W (75.36%)

Figure 5.29 The orientation of all inhumation burials, Lankhills

343

Silver artefact Beads _ Pins Rings Brooch _ Knife Pewter vessel lvoty bracelet _ Glass Belt fittings _ Bracelet _ Spindle whorl 2+ vessels _ Comb Vessel Coin Animal bone Hobnails _ Avg

0 1 2 3 5 6

Figure 5.30 Average NAT of burials with different attributes, Lankhills

344 ROMAN WINCHESTER

Winnall Housing Estate

KEY — Inhumations • Cremations

0 • o Uncertain graves o Roman buildings :Try! Roman roads I Town walls

Figure 5.31 The distribution of burials in Winchester's eastern cemeteries (after Qualmann in preparation)

t\g\\\ Clq3 Phase D (earl lest)

• Hobnails Coffins

KEY A Animal bones Double graves

• Furnished graves Destroyed by later activity

Figure 5.32 Site plan of the Chester Road cemetery (after Qualmann in preparation)

346 20

15 — 4

o n 1 1--1 I I I n r---1I HN Vessel Coin Ornament Glass An. bone Equipment

Figure 5.33 The number of burials with different artefact types, Chester Road

347 Figure 5.34 The orientation of all inhumation burials, Chester Road

W (42.42%) ,

Figure 5.35 The orientation of inhumation burials, phases 1 and 2, Chester Road

Figure 5.36 The orientation of inhumation burials, phases 3 to 6, Chester Road

Figure 5.37 Site plan of the St Martin's Close excavation (after Qualmann in prep.)

349 ST.MARTINS CLOSE Winchester 1985 St.Martins close

F50 .:•-7-; Chalk rtiA Later akS Disturbance L. Flintsma or t r jj Rubble •-••••r• •Loam ""-' Tile

F 57

Monument F57 and associated burials, St Martin's Close (from Morris 1986: Fig. 4, 344) Figure 5.38

350 60

1 20

0 Chester Road Hyde Street Late Lankhills Victoria Road

Figure 5.39 The proportion of burials with grave goods in late Roman cemeteries at Winchester

1.5

I- < 1

0.5

Chester Road Hyde Street Late Lankhills Victoria Road

Figure 5.40 The average NAT per burial in late Roman cemeteries at Winchester

351 352 PORTCHESTER CASTLE 3 11— 4'h CENTURIES -1 I ri2-77"u 0 1,19

WELL 216

6{19-82 /2/ 8.60.4.9 92

P94 1.3 ea P91LJ ' 86 O PI71 19 81.22

0 2 80 , 11# O Pai P66,0 86, 11 A- °62 ,••••,//671 .66,C u c-23 P60 (iii)' 6.1 PA? i LIC)P/66 C-2.1,f7 0,77 •, n 661 f i(1• 1 0 "3 I7/ ft H 64+ NJA ppo....f.„ Q !PIO P49 84.1 3 e-wRcwo 2 •:1' P48 4 846 a/ g 1 P17 WELL N / I II,.,' /4o -

E-W 80AD 1 • • ..... • ..... 6 A P210 8 12170 0 , Ha

19- 0 N.12 •111.10 J t •1, 8200 • _ 820f0 g 44, QUAY CD 017 8/29 'k

2251

• (. P221 2 El P2P21 8221....91:221 227 ,8229 ID P227

‘ 1/4 *** ‘‘tX

10 20 j0 METRES

10 50 100 FEET IrWra.

Figure 6.2 The distribution of infant burials (filled triangles) and infant skeletal elements (open triangles) from Portchester Castle: squares indicate location to trench (after Cunliffe 1975: Fig. 20, facing p.64)

353 354 23 1.;

465.68 , CFuErf 4r ,.,•••• n• 31 al

I Plans and burials-2nd and 3rd centuries BC: I. child burial; .7 Plan and burials-2nd century AD: I. crematimu; 2. inhumations 2 infant bunals 3. infant burials

Plan and buriah—lst century BC and 1st century AD: I. adult 4 Plan and burials-3rd and 4th centuries AD: I. VeMetrialft: 2 burials; 2. infant bur:aLs; 3. age unknown 2 inhumations; J. Mfan: burials

Figure 6. 4a The distribution of burials at Owslebury (from Collis 1977: 28)

356 Figure 6.5 Numbers of burials of different type over time at Owsl

0 7 1 I I I In Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar 0/PI Cup Vessel

Figure 6.6 The number of ceramic forms at Owslebury

357 , Figure 6.7 The orientation of burials at Owslebury

358 • •••••••::•••••••1n••••••••••• IMAM •••:•••••••••• EME..:. ::„.•.....

Ein==••••••••••"..

•••n••n• .4::••••••• -411.0.0•••••••••••nn n n•••- ,•••••n•n•••••••••n•n-- ••••

:P:03

04,

359 20

0 I 71 Vessel Hobnails Ornament Equipment Glass Coin An. bone

Figure 6.9 Number of late Roman rural burials with different artefact types, Hampshire

"2 1 .0 10

0 I I I I I I 1 0 1 2 3 4 Numbs of grave goods

Figure 6.10 Number of late rural Roman burials with different nos of artefacts, Hampshire

WSW (0.00%) SW (2.36%)

NNE (7.14%) NE (0.00%) SSW (16.67%) ENE (0.00%) E (7.14%) ESE (0.00%) SE (2.38%) SSE (0.00%) S (0.00%)

Figure 6.11 The orientation of late Roman rural inhumation burials in Hampshire

,1111 1 11.11 11 11110

1111111111111111111maiu; 111111101111101111111111111111

.x11 In

'IP

MOSSX§SN2SMSZ32ZSMWS:S=

2 111 0::7orrol . • () ;IT cc w a L.) I Z I LIJ 4 ! „ cc. "i'I 11,11 .1• olli111111711;.„01,1,' CC Ul e • tr,

1 5 11111,1 a) c) 1191111111T 111111141111a114

40U8Jj (90!AJOS

11111. I

nem A Jepunos 0861. :777.-"TuAll':•- : . , 11111111

362

Figure 6.13 The distribution of late Roman burials (squares) and bone fragments (open triangles) at Balksbury (after Wainwright and Davies 1995: Fig. 8, 8)

363 0 10 20 30 Metres

N. Excavated % Unexcavated. tzl, Grave • Posthole

----..: • • •"km,,,, 7 .

Figure 6.14 The distribution of burials at Bumtwood Farm, Site R6, central area only (after Fasham 1980: Fig. 4, 42)

364

Choseley Farm 1937 TRENCH 1

0 2 3

I Ii F6

I I F 41 _IC.

E 8 , cii • ° F9 E58 -20 • I

F.10i

Figure 6.15 The location of burials in Trench 1 Choseley Farm, Odiham (Morris 1986a: 92)

365 Extent of magnetometer survey Excavated features Magnetometer anomalies Assumed features

Ditch 2 'Ditch 1 c:=3

Ditch 4

Pit 2

Burial 1 Ditch 5 Burial 2 co AREA 2 Road Pit 3...r it 1:• 41 or= D fic 43 c=c3 ,38 t!, Ditch 3 AREA 1 .40

035 37 • oi, 6 •••• • • •• 'AREA 3

50m

Figure 6.16 The location of burials at Daneshill (Millen and Schadla-Hall 1992: Fig. 3, 86)

366 nivtr,

01.1) DOWN FARM. EAST N1EON 1977

Figure 6.17 Burials (filled circles) and other features at Old Down Farm, East Meon (Whinney and Walker 1980: Fig. 2, 155)

367 Figure 6. 18 Middle to Late Iron Age settlement and Roman period burial (820) at Micheldever Wood (Fasham 1987: Fig. 5, 5)

368

)I- 0 ;

II t" r II : m Il , ' • m I II A7 STRUCTURE 19 I I ;II. I II I I 11; I II MANSIO ENCLOSURE ,Ii, I II I I II I II II If I II I II / I I II II I II II I I I II II I El I II I II ) It I ME:11011: / - _ „."0-014_717 ^ -TO — TO WINCHESTER n —

I I I I

\ I I II • \\

I I • I I I I I I I I i I / I I - -TO _ ALICE - _ HOLT KILNS---- _ _ I I STRUCTURE 21 I COBBLES I I 101 12'1 -6 121 ILn1 STRU CTURE 24 STRUCTURE 23 ---‘ , • COBBLES' • I----- STRUCTURE 22 RIVER WEY

Slight 100 200m

Figure 6.19 Cemetery location relative to third century settlement at Neatham (from Milieu and Graham 1986: Fig. 101, 152)

369 •-_ _

. CO - tri

SI C6 A a)t' - 8 _1 Z C, ,...- , 0 a) t NI t7t ..-1-- .' 0 — LL ,..- ' z '11',-,z in xii. g zti. w '.\ . C:) Cs/ CC X 0 ‘Ci 0 CO < X a)

370

„ -

Css,

\,.

\. :._

, ,..,1-' .

-',-. I. ,,, .1 71 I

n I, A :, (D - ' , I ii ,.... . , I V if , .1 cp 0 - t N , , 0 : • . : , - - - : - . 1:, ,,,,,, 1 , ,./1/ :: i

, ,,,, % , tz • . , „ I . "' ' _ -_ ------__ --

' - - .., ••zn "1 „ NNN%'‘

371 0

> o a

•:. 0

0 -

372

00111ft! BURIAL GROUND I/// /,i \ BARROW AT \ \\ \\ \\ Ili 1/1 /// / , , .... / I , SNELL'S ... .,\\\ 1, / oI -,'" ...... BARROW , z 1 .-- --- ...... n CORNER 4 .1 -• --- / .-- @.821, 41/ ..------H ORNDEAN------— — -- .... -.. ..- _- -- ..... --... -- -- LV / ...- ,.. -- --/ 14. -.... I .•''' / 0 / \. ""• ../ N ./ // / I , \ \\ / I/ / f 1 r 1 1/1 \ \ , \

- I / 1 1 1 1% / ‘ \ \

SNEWS CORNER HILLTOP GARAGE

eEl POSITION' OF LIZABS KNOWN 1=1 POSITION OF LIMBS UNKNOWN 0126 POSITION OP LIMBS ipssa & ORIENTATION 6•531 .133 .545 UArlaIOWN 052 ag5.23 0127 aig.fm2 °13 qz, 095/6 BA BRONZE AGE .5.220thp° 05.24 slaw— gs.1.9 IA IRON AGE RB ROAANO-BRI77SH P4 1340 &IS S ANGLO-WON

°TS 8 0.54 °'519 a5.42 J•T .•18 0 gSlo W514 0

JO 0 loo J0 I FEET 50'53'4-0-N --I

Figure 6.23 Roman and other burials at Snell's Corner, Homdean (Knocker 1956: Fig. 2)

373 Winnall Down Roman

-r • 1111 .70 STRUCTURE

• • 46t: • 739 ----- • ri . 3n5 • 6289k I —." .= • Cl/ 11

,392 ; ' J -5 .. i(

:-.41-3966 s --,..: 1

0 if 5S).6 .861 76:. II V 0 e • v Ct=, .? ? C7 IT Ltz. I 7066 5 5555 • Q.10063 STRUCTURE rENcE 10. . • 10 • II N II 0 / STRICTuRE J. sTRuCTuRi 9957 c, •

I I 67813 f1c 1 676C S/5) / 0 c a -, i L • • 0 A 1 -I . 0 ir STRUCTURE _ _ _1 -- _ a , • K la , • j ; ..../• .... •••• V•••••

70 20 30 0 50 moms

Part / whole infant burial A Cremation Inhumation •

Figure 6.24 The distribution of Romano-British burials at Winnall Down (after Fasham 1985: Fig. 26, 33)

374 .0= nn• n nn• n oN. • 0 • <1 lil 0 F 1 e z = 0 c co .2 i' 3 c* E a -6 11 • si E--,, a .ti 1 •

•

3 a C 1. >, • CO 3 • — • • • a) I • . • N ..e" • ••• .11 •••• a

. , \ • 1 • U) I C 1 • I I • as o .1:2 1 ...., I ... \ . 7( \ \ 1 • '8 • n \ ___./ , . n tsf'• / I.. -,, '1 1 I • r--, ,-...../ / 1 -"L _ _., I i I I I n i ( i) ....1 - c_ /-n I ) l N ....--• 1 .0 f -1--1--- , es, /...‘,.../ .X Z .411 Cr f N...., 0 ‘...., • 1 T ..) r" I 0 % i 1 16 ti In- t / ) / ..• ../ .., .-. — .... ,‘,./ .., ( . 0 S L.-

375

C MO \ _ ,- --) ... \ n 51—k II 0 • < iii 'n ...... --- -n, I, r— ---- c 1 • Z • ... c 1 . 0 = t ' Co I

a a ..le m 0 ..0 C 4 ,,,.tl U

• 1 • • 1 • 1

• \ • • no n • • • .o 41-C • - N • f \ I ./..1 U. • I) / 111 C".. ) \ , r • •

O 0 • 1 n •

Z / is. • C. • • • ()

LA - '1. ) t t

c.f 0

376 Approximate line of pipe trench

Edge of road

! o.r z . l 4. cr .r 0 o 0 / • • •=c 0 ...I 0 I gr cc, • 0 (9 -----.. . 0.cr • q• - • --3 •cr % Zi- 0 0 0 X 0•:r • 0SP s..,1 LI., • cr •,r a. 0 0 • 0• cr c0 ir.4- 0 0 'cr 0 .>a) • • • to 6

377 i .5. .*' i •c gcl ....,0 •< i Cl.) •a I > r)....„ o 0 .• i • c., = I 0 .0 4.1 00 i ,, • 1k, I i .E •c•• •B".' 1- - r) As--; = 5 ...... e;., .I i , . az 0 0 c..._... i-.., •B ,-; 1 ci:...) 1-, .1 0 c • .i: .-,, n'.— g I 1....i `.... Li I e...) 8

00 es1

nC;

378

v10:10 •"10 4to

Grave CC •••:e . n• 474.%`1no. -

i i i 0 3 0 1 ; ii...1 feet metres J. D. D. S. N.

Figure 6.30 The corn drier, burial and possible mausoleum wall from Gadebridge Park, west wing (from Neal 1974: 39, Fig. 25)

380 Figure 6.31 Late Roman burials in relation to the Park Street villa (from Saunders 1961: Fig. 2,103)

381 382 102 104

Squash Courts

12 ...... -• t

0 10

DSN

Figure 6.33 General plan of site at Wood Lane End (from Neal 1984: Fig. 1, 194)

383 1 E 0 — . t• E E ''C ctg g 0 - ' \ \111, 1 Q _ ' E -,..- = 0 .0 or, E

P 1 CI m 0 2 a u = a *.a

g i t S o i 1:4 i 'a g 4 .:1 \ , cg „ .. - • \ EO i ti I w

g 1

i E

1 .. .0co 1 ¢ - 2 tr.) i'' = . cf) en t .g 7 2 I o 7-- 'I' O C F., - `" . . e •--, 8 13 fl g W.N

1181.10 0 ‘—', _ it 2 v I X 4i59 g .°.0

6 St —S cA S. c.4 0\ ---:1 O ,—, f:14, E ca O .. !f..1 u fr,

384 Figure 6.35 Phase 2 Late prehistoric enclosures, burials, and earlier prehistoric spectacle enclosure at Alington Avenue Phase 3 Roman penod settlement and burials at Alington Avenue (from Davies et al. 1985: Figs. 2 and 3, 105 and 108)

385 ▪

Area

„

I / ▪u ("4 ( )

/ • 2501 2:

Figure 6.36 The cemetery, trackway and Roman and Iron Age enclosures at Appleford (from Hinchcliffe and Thomas 1980: Fig. 13, 33)

386 ,

taa „7

• <, •

(410 t n ‘, v.- ID • •”, 5

•••

„

387 - - • 5 < N'‘ • • < • • • •

io• - \ r 6 ^ ‘ , 3 li-n-":n• r1 • //

388 \ \\

389

Ono

096 90 925 I) 555 5590 0115000, 523 " ...... 937...... , 1Z,543 5390 ...

2126 0 505 563 056. .".: 0511 o312 q209 5750 tcac 5C9 305:i 296a 03 n 0513 .C39° ,so 33$ 5710 5060050 297 1:12 0. 30. 49 57801/362 319p 579 6454 .141, 37oo 457 35956P° /516 30 0572 3.2, 3410.4440 aI5J 573 57000 :s17 s_i 0 4, 0.14C 1* I .66. 0 ,.,...ttt,,, 0446 cy 357. .30:5'5 451 c; 7291 3'6° 156/ • 3310 330 4335 5.33 290 1--n 3780324 156/ • 932 0 0259 330 8333 •154 i., 535 T, 3 63 \465 4230 0 -6 7339 me 06/6 0 662 7.!079 2 <-.425566 :2355 0 "" :;32 074 ss27, 52534 54,3 90,, .910 \-•j232 50 8267 566.> 5 7 "1, 4C 365 0.71 26 0472 noo A 536f 9,04 24 026e 10*°2 5250 3473 =492 one ° 1,24 „„:_..--t72". 63 479 4740 Z..; 075 463404 N .585 ,s6,, %es 0699 t521 0'46 .560 0170 i• 669 049. 5610 .496 .413 5137.61" •497 • 000 :7128, 53"0/50, •34 0520 1205 410 V./63 267 588 4; 635 775 /.4 ''''''' 0 .26 29,012,93 4u \ .. 04* 146 ) ---N 445 :449 .100 . `1,/ _, r 2 'a 4900 5950 406 67417 6590 37t 277 0 405 199 0, 602. 8 Soo 744 , 1 gg '110 :47 i l 211 '`‘ \ a 0409 0465 . 2030 0209 (---• 3,9l \ 0108 6359 4,70 „„. 1 39,-.ss• Nip 8,°70431 0466 o :1 "9 ° 5930 re :09 41°1 3), C:)463 71 236 86 r (985 0390 273 056 461 556Q inc., 224 c325 C;'394 2410 C200 1,222 3070 0226 q7., 0462 3790 0344 172 25173°3" 2376 • °3511 116 2190 343 : 314 6249 259 3760 ria9. 250 le 3730 Ai 130 2/6 vas 44L5 7 : 0 31:18a, tzd 2120 ,23.2 ‘33139

0274 383 460 596 4382 ...... 255V 2310 IC 229 •• • .... • ."`• • • • • • • • • ...... I . . 025. cs, , ...... 0227 275: ...... 0372 420279 tr';7/1 3670 0232

10. 3101.1

Figure 6.39 Composite plan of burials and settlement at Biglis (after Robinson 1988: 21, Fig. 7) (Infant burials are indicated by triangles, adult / sub-adult burials by solid features)

390 391 392

507 50113

CATSGORE \Ear& 4th century unwards.

— 266—

265.

Comptes 2

a budding,

ditch? magnetometer Complex I scan

-„ Magnetometer survey — anomalies.

ditch' 31 spring General magnetic disturbance — budding, s magnetometer scan 50 metres I? 9 19

Figure 6.42 Fourth century settlement at Catsgore, with burials added (after Leech 1982: Fig. 5, 8) (Infant burials are indicated by triangles, adult / sub-adult burials by solid features) 393 Figure 6.43 The Romano-British inhumation cemetery at Dunstable (from Matthews 1981: Fig. 2, 4)

394 395

I Fl— —^ 1 ,__r_i I , i'L.. ' P't 317 / , , ; , , 1-7--s, 1r ,L_ __? .__;, [ 129 ;130/ ;132; 1 'f 1 1 BOX 3 I r I • , I I , ...... II I ,g i 1 I I 1 I I r 1 Ditch 300 %,/ i Pit 131--1 n 1 / I . 1 . i \ ; i r , I I I i i 1 I 1 l' I I I ,...Pit 33 . 123_111251 44„),______, —7 -41- i \---'' if 7 n—f --,' - V rf---i r-- 1 / / ; A 1 Ditch 302 4 I,' I il ; 1 a i / <, / • 1 I 1 I NI 1444, iil 1 1 I / I i .. - i I ,' ----r.I ; /I: . -4-':1 I I / I/ / 1 Pit 120 / I I , , , , I Ii i 1 I , _i__ _i_,,_,L, I-- I 1--- / / -'s I r--- ..„ ! r---

I "-')/.7 illii- ..\'':' j -1 ; is...- /

,,, ,,, Pit 114 ' 1 Pit 26 --1 I ---,.., , , I 1 ,"_ Iillll 1 i Pit 99-1, I I I r i 1 , , I 1 1\ L_

, 1, ' Ditch 301 L__, r- — / 1.i.'-1-- •0... aBOX 2 1 II 1 /2 I I I I • —1-- rp.CCt / 1 Vi -1 i - I Kira, "I I 411 Pi 20 1

'- 1 ll ‘...... 1-4,--- Burial 204 ---, [Probable- position] Buria/ 2014 of Coffin 13 I , . 1 / i Burial 205 C:3 4-- . .. I I I. - _;,i; n Buriall---)RiiriI 203 .. -,..11 k - AI 2021 .1.1 .qt--- 4; I . af 4 . ° Wall l'' par?1*1 .1• •1 , I 1 407 1:a- n14 e Cut 60 i ost 761 = •S! k',,. Foundation - - 1.:77 , c b.-al _., Grain Drier trenches \„ i I 145 I ' - .1 L.J BOX 1 L- -

0 10 WA SEJ

Figure 6.45 Settlement features and burials at Eyewell Farm, Chilmark (from Fitzpatrick and Crockett 1998: Fig. 2, 13)

396 continued from below left SITE A: NORTH SITE A: SOUTH

342

Grave 397

II—Grave 400 50 470-495

Grave 61 470511-4° VC 0— Grave 75 361/ 351 359/ Grave 477 357 355

go— Grave 363 Position of Ring Ditch /i r". / / \

I I I 1 I I I 1

Extant Barrow Mound \ \\ 72 / \ . /

148...... ___. 171s

373 149„ " 457 47,5 Grave 456

445

KEY 96951*S00

490 473 3rd-4th century Romano' -British

No evidence of date

E-T Site grid points 50 472 111

WA/LJC continued above right

Figure 6.46 Settlement features and burials at Figheldean, Site A (Graham and Newman 1993: Fig. 8, 20)

397 WESTERN LINK

Key PERIODS 1 and 2 Features within period

Layer within period

• Colluvium

Structure . within period

Burial

-C

Trench K

:: • ..... 9"

Trench H

231

256

COOMBE FLOOR/LOWER TERRACE COOMBE SIDE/UPPER TERRACE COOMBE FLOOR/LOWER TERRACE COOMBE SIDE/UPPER TERRACE 25 50 nt WA SEJ

Figure 6.47a Fordington Bottom, Dorchester. Burial and settlement evidence from periods 1 and 2 (Bronze Age and Late Iron Age / early Romano-British) (Smith et al. 1997: Fig. 90, 204)

398 WESTERN LINK PERIOD 4B PERIOD 4C Features within period

Layer within period I 5003 -, eat I ---..,.. !Ws I Possible 1 -----___ ... within period n—_____:::" Structure 876 within period r

Burial

Possible extant feature

922 991. St01

WOrkill9 &ft 467

COOMBE FLOOR/LOWER TERRACE COOMBE SIDE/UPPER TERRACE COOMBE FLOOR/LOWER TERRACE COOMBE SIDE/UPPER TERRACE 0 25 50 rn

Figure 6.47b Fordington Bottom, Dorchester. Burial and settlement evidence from periods 4B and 4C (earlier and later Romano-British) (Smith et al. 1997: Fig. 91, 205)

399 0

400

prOZZZZE§1 XSEMMEMZEi I

2005 I aoa • 3023

100

DC11

DC III

boo /111.111.117

' Second ' Fourth ' Fifth to Century Century Third Features I Features r Century Features

• • • • • • • • • . . . . Ns • • ...... • . . . . • s . . . . • _ S . . • ‘ _, ••• .....r. ‘ S \ C„ar 5 • . \1.. ...1.1\111 • \ s 5" 5 GIVINtitry 5 Cemetery \

Figure 6.49 Second to fifth century settlement and cemetery at Foxton (from Price et al.: 1997: Fig. 15, 33) 401 IF I ri I1 I i 1 1 1 1 1- fili111 1 1 T ft Uv Min Pin OK Pr 012 R ST U V Y2IAecoEFOHJKImmoPaR.ss

10 It

— 15

- 16

- 17

- 18

22 Prehistoric structure 23 Romano-British do

24 - Ditch 25 •••-, Inhumation leg head to SW)

26 • Perinatal inlani do 57 * Cremalion 78 29 • 30

O Adult or child

• Perinatal Intent

Figure 6.50 The distribution of burials in relation to principal Iron Age and Roman features at Frocester Court (after Price: archive)

402 .040MS

•

GODMANCI1ESTER 1990

TR 33008E Att 4.

tfac,t_ 4165115S ,p1A *Jur% C14+'+'-'

.065n5. + 1 ----.

Ih 0 ...1651115

13651SL: 4. L....-, F-1321 .1-

.36511is

SOY:

_ Aleft3C

I------+165A2S 141:121S + , 125

1.-- 465/12C • +17:sruT - 1-

4.-varrE 4-

4.tattic +

s.16116

burials (solid) in relation to contemporary features (shaded) at Mid Roman Figure 6.51 Godmanchester: A141604 junction (after Wait.1991: Fig. lO, SS)

403 CrematIcen Nur Welling Intact

1 0

10 EARUER ROMAN 1 m

Figure 6.52 Iron age and early Roman settlement at Hayton and early Roman burials (from Halkon and Millett 1997: 4-7)

404 405 406 r F6 F2 . - - • Fl • / • /

•)) OF17

F10 ... 0 F20 F9 071L-7+---'1 • F2/ 1-1 OF22 n-28c'E ...Lt • n•n• • GB • . ( °D. • . • ' •

csEall37 'NtaCY',1" GLOW na P / F23

• F51 3 F25 F27 F28 F35 CD 0 340— 1 F31 • F32 •

1G11 GI 1-1 4ilir1138' GUIS F330 r- -

03 G39 ICKLINGHAM 1974 F34- F39 Plan of Excavation G36 00=...; carmil 034

Cludk Lrrar C:::)G35 333 G38 (5111/Gt5 Mortar with eGG Probably natural Wan.* G2P

0 Load Tank 119711 4 I Mahon. Water Pipe LAW o G23 G25 G/91=c=p0,3 F46 1Ornatras Ar-als ° G -M,22CD GIB 0I7 o

Figure 6.55 The late Roman cemetery at Icklingham (from West and Plouviez 1976: Fig. 32, 68)

407 408 Figure 6.56b Phased plan of settlement and burials (phase V) at Ilchester Little Spittle (Leach 1982: Fig. 35, 62)

409 ILCHESTER BY-PASS

TOWNSEND CLOSE (R10)

Location of Features

LON -

If'. - 4

20N-

ON-

Figure 6.57 Composite plan of settlement and burials at Ilchester Townsend Close (from Leach 1982: Fig. 51, 92)

410

N .e • ... --, ( ..... , t .: ; • Pond*. i , i.%i • '.I/ / ,'I.- -. s ', I i ‘ 1.--.''' \\\‘‘

- -. 1\ I ',.' . , --::-.':" .--_.,. ' ',... , , i i —•''-, .---- ,,.. i '-, , . . ' .— . s ' ' ' , .i . I;;. s .. i . 1 f :—. — I . ,i , /,,- — ' , c '. '. ! 1 x \:: ?C i (•1-••• ,.....P.I.i r *—.-•.,.. !:,;.,;.--.: '2', • — —.... ' I i i — ' " L:- %.),-- ',. 1, —1 I I / 11{. n ;;• ...... -. , , I ; ' • ) ,, ; Ii Ai' '.---,.. -. .i.';',' r _ / i / • i i i i , •1 ' / 1 ' s i ' , \ 1 . .,... , S 'I i i 1 ; 1 C 1 ( ti, % t ! i %...... / •••n i ,... '....:il. .,& Iii / t , , , I — i',.---- F ' t : ,I iii., ,,, ...ix" ‘. 2. , .„.— s‘• ! %. i. 1703 , , ! I i o • — --- ''.‘,..,11 1 ,! n jii n., ; ' ' , \ , ,•.., , i !i ii ' I, co .•—•. ....„! , , i' ' —.... •,. \ f i i il l t;i• ' F. ` .. ‘ .1 i i 1 I I •. O.,3 - -,s I I i ;I i! %, F. 'N 1 , ' -. I. i , i sri f THE k O '‘ i I I '"-•.--s• .,..•-• i -.`,. .. 0- — N% ii I ' "..‘ ' i ill i ! i — 's •SITE n % o I . !-- — I/ ! ,'"-- • `... ) \ F. F. , I I! I •/." ,-- .—N. ''' '"' " ` , /. 0- \ \ ,I i i ! 1 „••-,.., i \ .`.‘ .. !• !I ' ! I t'-----.`, . Glebe ....\ ‘. f .1 ,-- \,- 7-7 ....: : Farm 1\ % .%. ‘ t I. i 1, o ..,. i, i ,,.... _... ‘.:„. ... , „....._\ ‘....._. 1' ..t., • Church %.\ ., ....., ! i I IF.‘:'.....„," i — — i(i/ .,f ::,. 1, ,' ..,:.-;;:;.—.2...... 7:0.--,':', ; • .I i .....„7L"., ! e / .._,... --•—.— —.1 1! ; ; ; f ii, ...., , _.....,,,.. Ti i :. ,j, ‘ / li• . • iiiii:Il'—'/-- 1 Ill , • I i , „— „,------,.1 \•—,,,, I pie' .‘ 0, 1.II I • I ' I. .. 0 g'Zi4Vi-.• i :: i:ji!. : I' I— i .:..." il F.,,C ..,-,1/473c, ,./i 1 11. ; \ '.F. I'l It .t i ,"' —II (If fs." .I.,.,..,.,/i, l : ,, \ j I i , , .:,!!, ,1 ; N', t.-..-i l New f, i.- ; ; , 1 ;.! , N. ‘ ,, _...... \.,., , , ., , ,,„;.... .,,. , ,., , , i • %.•••••, I 7. • .....r. i .., Addington 1 i llil ;I. I i, Ii.itf! •.‘ s. • . ''‘i k.'";. ..s.\\ 11 \ 1.‘. ‘!‘e.717.1).111C414.117.4;'2:i.1 ....7 \‘h\. I 11::::;.. , .... \11.•%.1,.‘ I till!...Y... :...... • 4./.. .% 1 1..01 F :\ 1 , %,II.! /././....‘ ., .1)iii '11! nti.,,l..‘

ONE MILE I., i.:‘1,\‘‘Ii.• ONE KILOMETRE

Figure 6.58a The Keston site in relation to its local landscape (from Philp et al. 1991: 3, Fig. 2)

411 modern fence line.,4

1 i

limit of excavation!

..... n \ ;II Pit 23 ..... \ .... es ..... N. .... \ .1,

East Enclosure i P IV' West Enclosure PIllb

i • Pit 'a (Shaft A )

Burials i • Pit is :21 Pit 19 ".--.., /a3 / ed Pit 22 West Cemetery PIVb

Centre Enclosure PIVb

Quarry Pit Complex - -. PIVa -0— Kiln Debris ,.... P IVb

Pit 20 •

Pit 21 •

0 Feet 5,0 1:30 150

Figure 6.58b Period IV settlement and burials at Keston (from Philp et al. 1991: 39, Fig. 9)

412 modern — fence line _ _ _ Villa Enclosure Ditch KW. 1

Villa Enclosure Ditch N.E.

- • • • • • t• North Timber • • I Building • 4,-- limits of Centre Fence excavation Thr 1 LI • • a g • • • •

Compound • s\VVest Water-Pipe : t : West Tank 1 4 South Fence East Fence Villa Enclosure Ditch S.E. West 4 it, "v-4 Masonry West 4 Building Fence s---w‘..IP

• East if Water-Pipe

0 It Sou th Timber

South Tank

Feet 1 0 1150 SO 10

Figure 6.58c Period VI settlement and burials at Keston (from Philp et al. 1991: 67 Fig. 17)

413 Figure 6.58d Period VI cemetery at Keston (from Philp 1969: 75)

414 API 1 1 k 1 1.11i.i 11./1

415

SITE PLAN terrace IIIMIII111-11111TilirTTTTMTTTTMTT Lullingstane temple church mausoleum Ifup II I, 0 circular :.I 1 0 shrine =-, ll 0 kitchens C & tannery 0

___------v--4

rick & cart standings garden area

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 ft granary m 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

river Darent

Figure 6.60 Temple - mausoleum and villa at Lullingstone (from Meates 1979: 25, Fig. 2)

416 ••••• —caseagidelli !Jail ffly of I = •n••••••••

Area Excavated

Courtyard enclosure

...... liso

Cemetery 7 ID II

Figure 6.61 The excavated area, courtyard enclosure with burials and cemetery at Lynch Farm

417

1120 F1-128 *143 G1150 .1191 .-:-‘-111 Cn31084 1126 4).6° 67-° 0°°A,06 ACI 1189D 1065 1090 11030 • .1187 • 1177) 0 () 1124 1122 ••.231206.

6111F) 1154 o' ' 1146 I •

1118 S' o .._ - 1155

1023 C) 1034 11026 • gosi 1072 1038

1064 - •1073.-••• . • 1018 • .1117 • • • r k ; .1059 1062 . • • 1008 1043 4061* 1.269 • •\.:A:\ • • 1156 • • •.. .• .• • 1045 • ... : • . ••2'..%:..• 1157 . . • 12420 .., 1288 '.. ••

• -‘..-, Section.(Fig.3) ' • .. • • 1272..

, 1221. Key:

. 0911,.0 60• • Postholes 1244 o Unexcavated 224 • • • postholes • :.• Stakeholes "44, . Alio • •

• . . • • • Extent of Exca_vation 1993 Pipe diversion trench ••••••••• 21Rietres _5\3,0660 60

Figure 6.62 Human burials (square), animal burials (asterisk), pyre debris deposits (star) and other features at Maddington Farm, Shrewton (after McKinley and Heaton 1996: Fig. 2,46)

418 SITE 6: MAIDEN CASTLE ROAD PERIOD 4C

07 Structure within period

IIlb Feature within period 0 Tree-holes

PERIOD 6

RCS

Figure 6.63 Period 4C (fourth century) burials and settlement at Maiden Castle Road, Dorchester (Smith et al. 1997: Fig. 48, 63)

419

46 .s4 :.,

*E - . cts

'I. g p., t .0 0 > .o C U a'C 4 •CL) 0

5 E.... c#, o g 4-. g = 6 ra 4.) cij 14-; o 15 6 ° o F„'

g 4) 4Z

.c 't7J cPh = ai = "'" f-n eu V F5 .0 o g rn 7.3 .E -a 0 r" =

tat bo ct g .E. 5 E 5, 2 O 0.) 0 P4A .....

420 l'ER1OD I Mid.Ist.B.C.-Mid. Ist. A.D. ? PERIOD II Mid. I st.-Mi d.3rd. A.D.

P1 A

10 20

PERIOD III B c.360-70 -Early 5th. A.D.

Figure 6.65 Settlement and burials at Marshfield (from Blocldey 1985: Fig. 5, 13) (The trapezoidal R2 is a probable mortuary structure over an inhumation burial. Late fourth century inhumation burials are south of the wall south of R4)

421 ....•n ••,,t741:771;7;7;•;',N • • Q °

• —3

E: 22

Si II

0i3

/0.40

ditch 21 so

• • 70•11;••• g .""; ------••••-..;" NORTHFIELD,o,2; 4 5 FARM0 10 IIz pr tog SITE PLAN East Sr.. 'nn .nn• mann

Figure 6.66 Roman burial (solid feature), Bronze Age ring ditch and backfilled ditch of a Roman period trapezoidal enclosure from Northfield Farm, Long Wittenham (from Gray 1977: Fig. 5, 10)

422 ODELL 1974-73

•••

f•

•

n••,:b 1 9n 6 a /.

L- r

0 1 0o Pi 0 300

Figure 6.67 Settlement and cemeteries at Odell (after Goodburn 1978: Fig. 11, 443) (Cemeteries located to the north-east and north-west of enclosure A)

423 ./3 -J

?* *.• ...... - Avrt 3 D 0111 -1

,•

•i •,„ •

424 01E)' N

•:r" N —7 nc) ,z) g 00 tr)

oa W. C;-1 ON ON 1--i

IS >1 0.) e 0= 5 u.,0 ....,4.., 0 g 2

I NI. cn ".., g r. cli c„ u..0 =

co a.) n4—n

,--, g E

0 11 ...., v. 0 ,0) os = a. -c) g c.) co i. = rz 0.) ,..

1:3 2 ct > et 0 x 0 7a- ,..... 0 g IS.0 E .... o cA e. 0 ta. E 0 U

0 ON kO ‘6 (1.) I. = 00 ... 0 3.

425

SOO 600 700 POUNDBURY LATE IRON AGE- EARLY ROMAN BURIALS AND ASSOCIATED FEATURES

100 • -100 ;

IPL

KEY me Crouched burial

site A

I 200- I

25 -200 I , 100 i 0 I It site A I

W123

\ — ------

, 300. r . ji • • site A _'site A .300

site B

19 1 23 1 ---- - •1364

400-

•400 Fig.5 site 1123 13s7 E wo •1341 _ 1321 5355 1 il 1359 1595 11 , 2 • .1351 site E ' /1074 i' ------1-' , 500 - r_ — - ..el /I\ i \ 1147 i ) ' -----, a------glum 14 site F 1 / site D ,140311 61396 I r....., .------;l3r...-- -, 1I iI ' 522 I 'l i s -- 1 / site D I ' 1 " __ _,.• sae F 1 r -- I / soo- -600 site C r- -, t , — —, .... C194/122____—_- ---. _ • _ __--- — ____------2638.253 155 340-t"' 8 596 - n -n ______.7,...- I i I 201 459-43-Vf :77-!•37.62 ----- site G pss 'Sze • ...-1454 I I ; _ , '-' sfie C - site G 1 I / site C '- • . , I / I— ------'— -- 1 — — l i I I I i

I/ I / li 500 600 TWA 400 790 SCG

Figure 6.70a Late Iron Age /early Roman burials at Poundbury and associated settlement (from Farwell and Molleson 1993: Fig. 4, 8)

426

POUNDBURY 500 600 700 LATE ROMAN PERIPHERAL BURIALS 100-

IPL

, s KEY c=, Grave -,site A f ' I Subject group grave . n Mausoleum 200- G=5) Ditched funerary enclosure -200 Late Roman structure

25m ENCLOSURE 4 100 — WjiL -- — -

300-

-300

t1 .1 111' ciii:OPII

,0\ " cl) YDW9OP " n , 1 / 'In7 n 11.3%0 0; IP g.n.111titi113!ti.11%0 d / I1 A I; 400, ,fitg lov.° •....

ft+ wt ENirLOSURECLOSURE 3 3 ,., e mA00 I -400 01 c°0 u ? 0 7 1 cl, • (1//,> 1site: E iv oto ImOf .....Q.1090 . / rg 3ir 90 I i .._ ---,.....le• 0 30[03 00a 10 11 [Pi oilsz 1 ) t

site E 0 a CO 4 • ,

r V OU 1 ENCLOSURE 1 81490 914. c3 roe., _IL ------ILl- -- 1 '-.., 500- : 1-11; r , * -500 1 , \ ojqop • 'It"' - - - - ;, .- I \ ) U in ,, site F I 1 G site DI , I Ou , I f 1 ,1 ,1 Vt. lil t agia'- - 1 ° - ... •,_ _ ...i .4 I 'VL - ' I-i ! i I 1 I i ...._. ZO ?:' . '":"Nln 7 wi / f i ' . , ; / pit; ,1- tg..,,,k ,, trit6 site I: '...4 r - - r F / I /E600- -600 site Cri itt* R13 I Twur ,r1114 R121': a 'p cl I Is: site G 1. C site G - — ------I site C es.912 I 11 .2 I_ ------

500 600 400 SCG/KMN TWA • 1 7°,0

Figure 6.70b Peripheral cemeteries at Poundbury. Some burials from enclosure 1 and sites D and F associated with R16 predate the main late Roman cemetery (from Farwell and Molleson 1993: Fig. 10, 17)

427 RODEN DOWNS COMPTON DERKSII/RE

eV' el AO/Of

• . drOGIf 1:••••••./. 0/7TA• ' n ••,

I GI/1,VAC • I COOL, Of a.vex Pit, , II

1 I Wtaarn HEARTH ,? II I I ING v • 41n,.. oe rcoe •IIINArr LOC•70 •—•-1-41 It APA • .4 c CO GC Oe fiANA I .;;IIPEARTM II l•Oct 4

OA*, OA••••••t

,•• 7Fri\-T, 7.44 ow• on's, rvit 9410CA VLY n•-••• °'7.): —Ktowv- 0/rCeej 7176- — r% OP • LOOS, COO( OANg 001..4 &ANA<

10 0 1.0 20 30 40 SO .5 CAL C EC.T

Figure 6.71 The Roden Downs cemetery and its context (from Hood and Walton 1948: Figs 2 and 3, 57, 59) 428

KW. DITCH ROTHERLEY, WILTS. • .• • • BELGIC & ROMANO — NO RT H QUARTER. BRITISH SETTLEMENT • AFTER. PITT-RSVERS .13117

N-E ENCLOSURE

• E DRAIN. 0 • BAN K (RI ADDITION) • • • WEST QUARTER. 314=41.442p, 41, EAST QUARTER.

42 6 o 7 MAIN CIP.CLE . e le • • •

`,1 PoST.:NoLES 6 1 1.-.. \''',.\ ?Nowt CENTRE /rum ., n .3, 9 1 o \ ED

W DITCH PALISADE 4•111 OBLONG 6 • • • • EH TRENCH.) 0t, i (5 ENCLOSURE iVit • a SITE SO ...... ,,,,,,, "5.7. R. 8) .•—••n•, • ••• * GRANARY to,U.- RUILDINIGAI%? 1/0111111M///14 SOUTH -WEST QUARTER. 'ft:. • .7. EARLy 1E9 ADDITION) 'S.E.DIAIN Lta. rFLINTSV o PIT, CERTAINLY ot PROBABLY BELGIC 0 .7.79' • • • • ROAM-BRITISH SOUTH e• • WO DATING EVIDENCE QUARTER. • POST-HOLES • .1. SKELETONS SOUTH-EAST ▪ DITCHES LDITCH QUARTER.

50 100 150 200 250 300 359 FEET i0o METRES

Figure 6.72 Late Iron Age and Roman period settlement and burials at Rotherley, Wiltshire (from Hawkes and Piggott 1947: Fig. 4, 38)

429 en e- v3 a) 4... a td) ..... 4••

430 Exstvtr _Lthrir_

BUR1AL--°

.! 7:3 0 BURIAL './CORN DRIER

I (11

r. I>

I/ .E R N J Eua.m. n...... MID I II r. 1E

• !S I ' 1

0 W 20In ',lit/11111 ,, • .... : .. :•• •••:

WALL FOUNDATION cm BURIAL C=. KAREN — FURNACE rm. EXCAVATED FEATURE NAGNETCNETER SURVEY

Figure 6.74 Staniwells Farm, Hibaldstow 1988. Burial and settlement (from Whitwell 1989: 55, Fig. 1)

431 DCS (Watching brief) . 146

DFS , (Excavation) A

• male? • Cremation burial Rich cremation =3 Cobbled surface burials Cale frail Age STANSTED PROJECT ' female? (= Early Roman Late Roman DUCKEND FARM SITES NM Medieval 94) • DFS.DCS 0 IIMO Post Medieval Provisional Nov.1988 0 20m .mm=mm..=

Figure 6.75 Duckend Farm and Duckend Car Park sites, Stansted. The distribution of cremation burials (from Frere 1988: Fig. 23, 304)

432 STANTON HARCOURT Cricket Ground 1978

CRICKET GROUND

10 10 40 METRES

Figure 6.76 Trackway and cemetery at Stanton Harcourt (from McGavin et al. 1980: 115, Fig. 2)

433

Unobserved

GREAT OUSE

Ditch It Site et Building IS Stud Building • :3^,1 th v • '• ? whin

.MO1 o ...:::...,.,:::... ..84".*.m.r.fr.n.h. ... Sits of Building I 61novi v . ''....".*;;;; ,.;;;;;.... • : - ...1..:.:.,:::.:.:.::-Poi.1. E „.....,..„....:::."'Pi. il.: Ditch M . Ditch K ...... ,,, s - ..... i \Ditch N ul

•:::::: ...... ,.. . Ditch 3 1-:" UnaMerved E..... f • kion, .1 :. Ditch P; . awn 1 z.- .7.:

7 Ends. •-Ditch Oz - :. 7. .1 5: .70temstkats s Ditch ,, ,,,,,,,, ,, ,,,, ,,,,

Unobutrrea 01-st. son AO. Softer, Sumer swims%) ...... ,,,,,, ,, top 0 20 40 60 so

LOC. sow. Itt

Figure 6.77a Early Roman settlement and cemetery at Stanton Low (from Woodfield and Johnson 1989: Fig. 4, 140)

434 435 Syreford Mill

Beveridge excavation — —•— limit of excavation

2 gully

G1 grave

ao animal bone? burial

modern sm stone metalling gravel quarry

quarry edge

Figure 6.78a Syreford Mill. Plan of excavated features including burials and animal bone deposits (from Darvill in Timby 1998: 306, Fig. 128)

436 Phase 1A - 13 Phase 1C

Phase 2 Phase 3

• animal bone

Figure 6.78b Syreford Mill. Settlement and burial from late Iron age to late Roman period 1A to 3 (from Darvill in Timby 1998: 309, Fig. 130)

437 ROMAN PLAN

• ••... II Roman features

Early Roman

Burials'bf uncertain date 4S Anglo Saxon burials

0 5 imiltr=immi=325 Metresmetres

A.• • 1 o‘ Allt) • • I • ij • t • t so . • ; 7s 0 4

.1.

•

Figure 6.79 Settlement and cemeteries at Wakerley (after Jackson and Ambrose 1978: Fig 5, 199)

438 439 .0 00 ‘e)

440 00 nC5

441

V V v , V k, & 4 p A V' y y v C 444 \,\) ' VII N, 4 A A &%. n' yy y yr p. Y I i I i•a: AAA A i 1 1 I A 1 o. ..c ofr° •-n to. --‹ -.4 1 A 4 A • A ,,,,, A , AAA 0 A , c-. '14 14" -4 r P17Y •• ...... ,,,..,,,.

C."."

n -4 Clo "C3 4 4 4

nIc2 •

•

A...... z. C1/4 A '... ".3 e '''' .:D i• 4. ''', v •va • • I-7 v v VI Vy Vv V `4. v v e, v I No Pp ‘ i \ \ F p p A A I 1 9 3 1 ' ), A A A LA )& ‘''

0 10 20 30 Inelrf•

Figure 6.82 Composite site plan of Whitton villa (Cremations indicated by solid squares) (after Jarrett and Wrathmell 1981: Fig. 2, facing p.5)

442 I 9025

CORNORIER

BURIAL 6255 6255

BATHHOUSE

%).7tA F 41 63m ...... • • ...... • .. e

6250 OVEN 6250 0 F16 F3 ... .. PIT ALIGNMENT

S.F.B. F10 POST HOLE PIT ALIGNMENT SCATTER F2

10 50 m

• • • . .6 fe. I 9025

Figure 6.83 Inhumation burial and other features at Wollaston Bypass (from Chapman and Jackson 1992: Fig. 2, 70)

443 WOODCUTS, DORSET. BELGIC & ROMANO- (AFTER PITT-RIVERS /Us) BRITISH SETTLEMENT • PITS: 0 cERTAiNLY) o PRoBABLY PRE ROMAN PHASE I .,.....P•7;\ CONQUEST 0 CERTAINLY OR PROBABLY POST ROMAN CONQUEST ABOUT AD. 10/25 N... 0 • TO 150/175

• 0 0 X ENCLOSURE DITCH 0 11 n3 °,1 0,7 • % \ 0 u ° I .7 • o o • 0 • •• 0 • • • tl• a •tk, •• 0 WORKING-HOLLOW * a • WORKING-HOLLOW 0. s•I • (3. 0 $ f • 13. '. . ° t. o • 00 0 a.. a ,. •0,-. 0 ••--..,....71=...... ,‹D • . '0,, -

PHASE II .NNN__._ ABOUT A.D. , TO 310/ 3 25 'Su 'MOUND' OBSOLETE FEATURES OF .-,. PHASE 1 (EXCLuDING PITS) I:,

'MOUND' -)470 E. QUARTER

o , ••

N-W. QUARTER. CENTRAL QUARTER. 4•Sf4" -' 5.-E QUAR.TEL wELL' - 0 . .-_•‘.- iCORN • DRYING Sz .„;..., itifoUCESif CO -? ....---,-,..., .„,::.;:,-•-",'' \ •.,„:: •;.::-.::$ W. OUTER ENCLOSURE

gnm, ,,,,, „

PHASE III CORN-DRYING FUP.WACE ,,,,,.---:::.::„„,.„,,.;..... itk ABOUT AD. 310/325 lir TO 355/370 • ."':—.N.---E, QUARTER_ ...*P4 OBSOLETE FEATURES OF PHASE I 7,:,.' PHASEIi .=-- ' ,,,,, 41.".“..4••••••••.• ,,, i , BURIALS 4-4 - .... S V`;. • .. e. 1'4 .-.::—. 1 E.QUARTER. ...-. .-• = i ...-• ' n .: ...- \ - :.• Nw QUARTER. ;

1 CENTRAL QUARTER. '"

-1m.c . , WELL -is S.E.QUARTER

, . t•-::::',17• 4 .,. — \ W. OUTER ENCLOSURE

100 Joo 0 50 200 400 P FEET 0 /0 20 30 4 0 SO 100 - 150 METRES Figure 6.84 The distribution of Late Iron Age and Roman burials at Woodcuts (after Hawkes and Piggott 1947: Fig. 6) 444

York Wroxeter Si!chaster –= London Lincoln Leicester _--"-m Gloucester IN= Non-mil. Dorchester –2 1.1 Colchester Military Cirencester Chichester– —I Carlisle am Canterbury = Caerwent Aldborough

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Number of inscriptions

Figure 7.1 Numbers of funerary inscriptions from Romano-British towns

York Wroxeter 11.11.1=1 Silchester London IIMINIMINIMENINICM1 Lincoln Leicester 1 Coffin Gloucester 1:3 Other Dorchester I Colchester 1111.11731 Portrait St. Cirencester 11.111..= 111 Chichester Stele Carlisle NM= Canterbury ME Caerwent 1 Aldborough Uf

0 10 20 30 40 Number of inscriptions

Figure 7.2 Types of funerary monument from Romano-British towns from which inscriptions derive

445

n (zaalas aue3S) •• •I SV IIONVd •1S

es/

- r - cz,"— ..... 1 • ...... ; tv I .1 • • 9 th •

O. • tgt • • • 2 • , -re . • • • •

• • ...... ;

•

" • " a, ec 8 vi eux OA

0 o ....0. ed u n,0 C 4%- *C Fs, 4. 11 R. .... 0‘ = ,-4 o v -i R. 0

= -0 c4 •• ... , ...... a) • 2 . • . . : 7 • • • ( 4 0 . 1 ...... • c,) • C/) • . . •/ I ... -...... • ...... -.1 : I : •••• i ..• %. , •,. ,...... 1 " --- . : - ..... t - --•-• , ..... J t •

CJ . . .!! i • D : ... NZ. • ... • 6 .... , i -.. L C., ZI L ...... 1.:::A,...... • ....

446 A oa KEY A O cremation • Inhumane. •

PA screeutomaturWned:tone"lurnc"n AL lead arnpoer or :cad Ined oaf fr. • lead 05500q

sT hle cal types obc.:::: cotta...n at two tp. • obese

A ey.•

0 • •••. 8 300 metres

Figure 7.4 The Roman cemeteries of Colchester (from Crummy et al. 1993: Fig. 8.4, 262) (the funerary enclosure excavated by Hall is marked by the open rectangle on the middle of the three roads running between B and A)

447 WALLED CEMETERY

71111

209 2i7

T, °

213 n• 221 E.? 730 218 • 2i9

*40E1 • 35 metres 229

,CY 6-0 4 , • MAUSOLEA 169 In kVt

188 51

ROMAN ROAD o E Earlier excavation cD Inhumation burial 0 Cremation What e.:1211 ) Cremation scattered Other Matures

Figure 7.5 The Derby Racecourse cemetery (from Wheeler 1985: Fig. 98,223)

448

BREMENIUM Roman fort and cemetery

Dyke Head ----- to Holystone fort nad ------Ronlen ------

%. 0 tumulus

Petty main sten Knowes cemetery ss ° Lamb ...... Crag ...... 0„.

. • ,, * •; • ,, . ,* \ Rochester vi llage \ \ teC`c'eV 6.2Y ------L7 • outlying graves

0 officers tombs 00 N. ( 0 100 200 300 400 500 I1---1 DBC JC0 1981 metres

Figure 7.6 The Petty Knowes cemetery with location of monuments (from Charlton and Micheson 1984: Fig. 1, 2)

449 —Gas pipeline

eg Tight cobble Cremation with urn t34. • Tree El Sparse cobble Creme'Ion without urn m Burial 'probable malel 0 Rubble Cid 0 130m

Figure 7.7 The Caerleon - Cardiff road and cemetery, Lodge Hill, Caerleon (Evans and Maynard 1997: Fig. 3, 173)

450 ARCHEOOVNVM DC/IF 12.89

mule cattset.) I

H. I

roultures

Figure 7.8a Excavations at Avenches - 'En Chaplix' - Funerary enclosures (1 & 2), temple (3) and cemetery (4) (from Castella 1993: Fig. 1, 230)

451 Figure 7.8b The port cemetery and road at Avenches (from CasteIla 1987: Fig. 5, 15)

452 ....., rn eri oi)

N- 00 ON 6 1.--1

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453 a. 0 cr=1

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Figure 7.10 The northern cemetery of Frëjus (Le Pauvadou) (136raud and Gebara 1987: Fig. 2, 32)

454 6 7 • 8 9 • 10

A fi-f:;1! Kempten — Riimisches Graberfeld

„Aid der Keckwiese" Ausgrabungsstand 1952-1967 B

I I

l 1,1

it I

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Figure 7.11 The northern cemetery at Kempten (Mackensen 1978: Beilage 1)

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460 461 Assemblages I 2-5 6-10 Definite A A Possible A

•

Figure 7.18 The distribution of burials in the East Hampshire Tradition

462 463 ••••• ',No... W... Silchester

I c ^ —

Neatham •

• Old Sarum

A Winchester ••. n •

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( 1 o 5 10 I (_ d i Chichester li km ) )

I 2-5 >5

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Monument 6 A A

Figure 7.20 The distribution of stone and lead coffins and monumental burials in late Roman Hampshire

464 ▪

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466 tr) • < 1'1 c\,' ,— • * •

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469 Water Newto

• •

Godatancheste Irchestert'

.e Towcester 1.

Baldock

Great Dunmow

St Albans helmsford

Dorchelt = r on _Thames

10 20 km Jb•

Figure 7.26 The possible boundaries of the civitas of the Catuvellauni and major settlements within the civitas (smaller circles indicate minor centres)

470

I — -- 1 ..— ---. ,------n n r - ,,,, ii . ., \ i \ i • • I Z 1 , .... ,,....-- I — • \csi / .--.:-.-.• _,, , 4 ,/,...-• „ 7\ ..- .1. Ao \ . , ', - 'AIL..

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MODERN PIE—TENCH

C REMATICN 1111111 PLAN • COUNTERS / • BEADS 54-61

U 1 ), 1 ------¶H 11 ' //18 miss III/

L II ,I --- 2 \ II 0 1 I .1 ...... ,1i 88. L ...... T , , ---E- !I .. I • 1i/ft') 1-i) 1 1 1 CN. - 4 -*-. 1

SECTION A- B D. F. M .

WINCHESTER '0 GRANGE ROAD ), GRAVE If

Figure 8.1 Section and plan of burial 2, Winchester Grange Road (Biddle 1967: 232, Fig. 5)

(1 shale tray, 2-14 samian vessels, 15 flagon, 16 beaker, 17 glass jug, 18 bronze jug, 19 bronze spoon, 20 iron knife, 21 seal box lid, 22 bronze ring, 23 bell, 24-25 bronze pins, 26 A and B iron knives, 27 a and B iron tool and binding, 28-29 iron styli, 30 iron ring, 31-35 iron nails, 35-36 gaming pieces, 54-61 melon beads, 62 fossil, 63-64 half pig skull and hind limb

475 Centre of Hedge

.°0 1 o I. pi ° .0....10.0. :I . lc .f,„, .,-) 0 ,:. 000 0 g ° (3 0. fg) .10 ,°,111"Q0C)'.0 ''' 0 a or. , ,oc,-0 . ao ,• Co (Yo `-c;.:3 a Q6 4 0 1, 0 00 • 0 floo . .. 1 0 io ..1 • ol q i 7:3 ci oj c" '0 o C3ro 'c:,(:)•-co',; . . 0.91 C) ' ola c) 0 I ° c) o l . c? 0 e a, 1 c.i. 0 • . 0 7;0 . 00 1 a o . 0 . o 00 C.) 0 0 . 0 Linear .10. .::: 2 N-S Bank 3 - 1,6, 9°„.. •°.°2,o,y,',),1 v P -_ ci i .. - °i. 1 I° ' o ''' I?' 0 00. , o • ' o' ° l ° 0 T.0 P ':=,i (z) •:'•°•Ic.., : I 00 .o 0._° - 01° 00 i 0. n * -a ,- Sz, _71 .... a —. — 0 0 • Q9 c; C3 a I -...,-. c'—. —* - 711-17 ° .LJ r , , • -r.

0 50 100cm

11111 Ploughsoll 0i Pre- Ban k Ploughsad Weathered Su bsall

r07-1; Field Bank I Grave Fill I

Root hole

0 30cm

Figure 8.2 Section and plan of burial, St Albans William Old (from Niblett and Reeves 1990: 445, Fig. 3)

(1-13 samian vessels, 14 poppyhead beaker, 15 glass unguent bottles, 16-17 glass bottles, 18 glass jar (cremation container), 19 tripod, 20 bronze bowl, 21 strigils, 22 lamps, 23 flagon)

476 477 478 Concordance to Iron Age and Roman cemeteries and burials from Britain referred to in text

Site County Further Reference discussion Aldwincle Northamptonshire App. 5.3 Jackson and Ambrose 1976 Alington Avenue Dorset App. 5.3 Davies et al. 1985 Alton Hampshire App. 6.3 Millett 1986 Ancaster Lincolnshire Cox 1989; Burnham and Wacher 1990: 235-40; Wilson 1968b Andover southern distributor Hampshire App. 6.2 Frere 1988: 476 road Appleford Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Hinchcliffe and Thomas 1980 Arbury Road, Cambridge Cambridgeshire App. 5.3, Fell 1956; Frend 1956 App. 6.4 Ardleigh Essex App. 5.3 Priddy 1980: 98 Arkesden Essex App. 6.4 Hull 1963b: 39 Arrington Cambridgeshire App. 6.4 Taylor 1993 Asham East Sussex App. 5.3 Curwen and Curwen 1930 Ashton Northamptonshire Burnham and Wacher 1990: 279-81 Astwick Bedfordshire App. 6.4 Page and Keate 1908: 4 Avisford West Sussex App. 6.3 Haverfield 1935: 49; Roach Smith 1848: 123-4 Ayot St Lawrence, nr church Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Archaeologia 53, 1892: 253 Baldock Area 45 Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Frere 1989: 298 Baldock California Hertfordshire Burleigh 1982 Baldock Convent of Providence Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Westaway 1976 Baldock Royston Road Hertfordshire App. 2.1.3 Burleigh 1993: 44; archive Baldock, 'The Tene' Hertfordshire Stead and Rigby 1986 Baldock Clothall Road Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Stead and Rigby 1986: 63-73 Baldock Walls Field Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Westell 1930 Baldock Wallington Road Hertfordshire Burleigh 1993: 44; archive Balksbury Hampshire Wainwright and Davies 1995 Bancroft Buckinghamshire App. 5.3, Zeepvat and Williams 1994 App. 6.4 B arnack Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Simpson 1993a Barley Homestall Farm Hertfordshire Taylor 1956: 138 Bartlow Hills Essex App. 6.4 Gage 1834; 1836; 1840; 1842; Hull 1963b: 39-45

479 Barton Court Farm Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Miles 1985 Barton Deadman's Hill Cambridgeshire App. 6.6 Dunning and Jessup 1936: 48; Taylor 1993: 224 Barton, Lord's Bridge Cambridgeshire App. 6.6 Dunning and Jessup 1936: 49; Taylor 1993: 224 Basingstoke Hampshire App. 6.2 Franks 1852: 9 Basingstoke Worting Hampshire App. 6.2 Ellaway and Willis 1932: 88 Bayford, Sittingboume Kent App. 2.1.3 Payne 1877; 1886 Beckfoot Cumbria Bellhouse 1954 Bedford Bedfordshire Page and Keate 1908: 5 Ben Bridge, Chew Valley Lake Avon App. 5.3 Rahtz and Greenfield 1977: 82- 91 Berwick Down Dorset App. 5.3 Wainwright 1968: 105 Biglis Glamorgan App. 5.3 Robinson 1988 Billericay Essex App. 5.3 Rudling 1990 Binsted Hampshire App. 6.2 Millett 1974b Birchanger Lane Essex App. 6.4 Medlycott 1994 Birdlip Gloucestershire App. 6.5 Staelens 1982 Bishopstoke Hampshire App. 6.2 Toiler 1977: 34; Haverfield 1900: 309-10 Bishop's Stortford Dunmow Hertfordshire App. 6.2 CBA Group 10 Newsletter 10: 4 Road Bishops S tortford Cannon's Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Taylor 1957: 219 Close, Seymour Estate Blackhorse site, Letchworth Hertfordshire Moss Eccardt 1988 B letsoe B edfordshire App. 5.3 Dawson 1994 Bokerly Dyke / Woodyates Dorset / Wiltshire App. 5.3 Pitt Rivers 1890, Hawkes and Piggott 1947; Rahtz 1961 Borough Hill, Daventry Northamptonshire App. 6.6 Brown 1977 Boscombe Down Wiltshire App. 5.3 Amon. 1997 Bourn, Moulton Hills ( or Arms Cambridgeshire App. 6.2 Taylor 1993: 224; Liversidge Hills) 1977: 23 Boxfield Farm, Chells Manor Hertfordshire Frere 1991: 259; Hunn 1996; Going et al. forthcoming B oxmoor Hertfordshire Neal 1978 Bradley Hill Somerset App. 5.3 Leech 1981 Braughing 'A' Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Partridge 1977 13raughing 'B' Hertfordshire App. 2.1.3 Partridge 1977 13raughing Lark's Hill Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Page 1914: 150-51 Braughing Skeleton Green Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Partridge 1981

480 Braughing Station Road Hertfordshire Partridge 1977 Bray Berkshire App. 5.3 Wilson 1971: 284 Brighton Springfield Road West Sussex App. 6.5 Kelly and Dudley 1981 Broadwell Spring Somerset App. 5.3 Leech 1980: 338 Brough Cumbria Jones et al. 1977 Brougham Cumbria Wilson 1967: 177; 1968: 179 Burntwood Farm Hampshire App. 6.2 Fasham 1980 Caerleon Lodge Hill Gwent Evans and Maynard 1997 Cambridge Ridgeon's Gardens Cambridgeshire Selkirk 1978 CameIon Stirlingshire App. 2.1.3 Breeze and Rich-Gray 1980 Cannington Somerset App. 5.3 Rahtz 1977 Canterbury Castle Area II, Kent B ennett et al. 1982 Rosemary Lane Car Park Canterbury Cranmer House Kent App. 2.1.3 Frere et. al 1987 Catsgore Somerset App. 5.3 Leech 1982 Chalton Hampshire Frere 1957 Charlton Mackrell Somerset App. 5.3 Leech 1980: 358 Chichester St. Pancras West Sussex App. 2.1.3 Down and Rule 1971 Chichester Theological College West Sussex Down and Magilton 1993 Chignall St James Essex App. 5.3 Rankov 1982: 397 Choseley Farm Hampshire Morris 1986a Cirencester Oakley Cottage Gloucestershire App. 2.1.3 Reece 1962 Cirencester Bathgate Gloucestershire App. 2.1.3 McWhirr et al. 1982 Coggeshall Essex Clarke 1988 Colchester Barnhall Essex Hawkes and Crummy 1995: 164, 170 Colchester Butt Road Essex Crummy, Crummy and Crossan 1993 Colchester Gurney Benham Essex App. 2.1.1 Hull 1958: 258-9 House Colchester Joslin Collection Essex App. 6.5 May 1930 Colchester Lexden Essex Hawkes and Crummy 1995: 164, 170 Colchester St Clare Drive Essex App. 6.5 Hull 1942 Colchester St John's Abbey & Essex Crummy, Crummy and Crossan Maldon Rd 1993 Colchester Turner Rise Essex Burnham et al. 1997: 434 Coleford Gloucestershire Frere 1988: 467; Webster 1990 Corbridge Northumberland App. 2.1.1 Casey and Hoffmann 1995 Cowdery's Down Hampshire Millett and James 1983

481 Crabtree Lane, North Lancing West Sussex App. 6.5 Kelly and Dudley 1981 Crendon B uckinghamshire Smith 1908: 6 Cross Farm, Harpenden Hertfordshire Burnham et al. 1994: 276 Curbridge Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Chambers 1976a Daneshill Hampshire App. 6.3 Millen and Schadla Hall 1992 Dellfield, Berkhamsted Hertfordshire Thompson and Holland 1977 Densworth, Funtington Kent App. 2.1.1 Smith 1858 Derby Racecourse Derbyshire App. 2.1.3 Wheeler 1985 Dorchester Alington Avenue Dorset App. 5.3 Davies et al. 1985 Dorchester Maiden Castle Dorset App. 5.3 Wheeler 1943 Dorchester Poundbury Dorset App. 5.3 Farwell and Molleson 1993 Dorchester Maumbury Rings Dorset Bradley 1976 Dorchester Crown Buildings Dorset Green et al. 1981 Dorchester Fordington Old Dorset Startin 1981 Vicarage Dorchester Maiden Castle Road Dorset App. 5.3 Smith et al. 1997 Dorchester-on-Thames Oxfordshire App. 6.4 Taylor and Harden 1939: 293 Vicarage Dorton Buckinghamshire Farley 1983 Dragonby Lincolnshire App. 5.3 May 1996 Dunstable Friary Field Bedfordshire App. 5.3 Matthews 1981; Matthews and Hutchings 1972 Each End, Ash Kent App. 5.3 Bennett and Panton 1993 Easton Lane Hampshire Fasham et al. 1987 Elsenham Essex App. 6.3 Frere 1992: 289 Emmanuel Knoll, Cambridgeshire App. 6.3 Green 1973 Godmanchester Enfield Greater London App. 6.2 Smith 1903 Eyewell Farm, Chilmark Wiltshire App. 5.3 Frere 1992: 297 Fenny Stratford Buckinghamshire App. 5.3 Neal 1987 Figheldean Wiltshire App. 5.3 Graham and Newman 1993:23 Finldey Hampshire Stevens 1872 Fishbourne West Sussex App. 5.3 Cunliffe et al. 1996 Fosse Lane, Shepton Mallen Somerset App. 5.3 Leach 1990 Foxholes Farm Hertfordshire Partridge 1989 Foxholes, Hitchin Hertfordshire TEHAS 8,22-25 Foxley Hill, Ashwell Hertfordshire Wilson 1969: 221; Page 1914: 148-49 Foxton Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Price et al. 1997 Frilford Oxfordshire Burnham and Wacher 1990:

482 178-83 Frocester Court Gloucestershire App. 5.3 Unpublished information from E. Price, commentary on burials by R. Reece. Gracie 1970; Price 1983 Gadebridge Park Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Neal 1974: 39-41 Gatcombe Avon App. 5.3 Branigan 1977 Girton Cambridgeshire App. 6.4 Liversidge 1977 Gloucester Kingsholm Gloucestershire Hurst 1985; Hurst and Hills 1989 Gloucester Gloucestershire Frere 1984: 314-315 35 & 82 Kingsholm Rd. Gloucester Kingsholm, Gambier Gloucestershire Frere 1984: 315; Frere 1985: Parry Lodge 300-302; archive Gloucester 76, ICingsholm Rd. Gloucestershire Frere 1988: 469 Godmanchester Cambridgeshire App. 5.3, Mays, S. A. 1993b; Taylor 1997 App. 6.4 Godmanchester: A14/604 Godmanchester App. 5.3 Wait 1991 junction Godmanchester Nun's Bridge, Cambridgeshire App. 6.4 Harden 1968; Liversidge 1977: Hinchingbrooke 24-25; Wilson 1968a: 191 Godmanchester Rectory Farm Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Frere 1991: 256; F. McAvoy n.d. Great Dunmow Essex App. 6.4 Wickenden 1988 Great Witcombe Gloucestershire App. 5.3 Leach 1998 Great Wymondley Hampshire TEHAS 3, 1907: 10-11 Guilden Morden Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Lethbridge 1934; Liversidge 1977 Gussage All Saints Dorset App. 5.3 Wainwright 1979 Hales Staffordshire App. 5.3 Goodyear 1974 Hallaton Leicestershire App. 6.4 Page and Keate 1907: 212 Hambleden Buckinghamshire App. 5.3 Cocks 1921 Ham Hill Somerset Whimster 1981: 388 Hampstead Norris Berkshire App. 6.6 Page and Calthrop 1906: 209-10 Haraworthy Dorset App. 5.3 Jarvis 1993 Handley Dorset White 1970 Hardwick Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Chambers and Williams 1976 Hartlepool Cleveland App. 5.3 Daniels et al. 1987 Haslemere Hampshire App. 6.3 Holmes 1949 Hauxton Cambridgeshire Liversidge 1958; Liversidge 1977: 28-29

483 Hayton Humberside App. 5.3 Burnham et al. 1997: 417-19; Halkon and Millett 1997 Herd Hill Cumbria Bellhouse 1954 Herriotts Bridge Somerset App. 5.3 Rahtz and Greenfield 1977 Hertford Heath Hertfordshire Holmes and Frend 1959; Thissen 1983; Stead 1967 Hibaldstow Lincolnshire App. 5.3 Smith 1977; 1978; 1987: 189- 198; Whitwel11989; Hildersham, Maypole Hill Cambridgeshire App. 6.6 Dunning and Jessup 1936: 49; Taylor 1993: 224 High Torrs Wigtownshire Breeze and Graham Ritchie 1980 . Hinxworth Hinxworth Place Hertfordshire TEHAS 4, 1908: 160 Hinxworth New Inn Hertfordshire TSAAAS 3, 1932: 141-50 Hoddesdon Hertfordshire App. 6.6 Dunning and Jessup 1936: 50 Holborough, Snodland Kent App. 6.5 Jessup 1954 Holybourne London Road Hampshire Graham 1991 Hurstbourne Tarrant Hampshire Dewar 1929; Hawkes and Dunning 1930 Icklingham Suffolk App. 5.3 West and Plouviez 1976 Ilchester Little Spittle Somerset App. 5.3 Leach 1982 Ilchester Northover House Somerset Frere 1983a: 319-20

Ilchester Townsend Close Somerset App. 5.3 Leach 1982 Irchester Northamptonshire Taylor and Collingwood 1926: 223; 1927: 201 Itchen Abbas Hampshire Archaeology in Hampshire 1987; 1991 Jordan Hill, Weymouth Dorset App. 6.5 Biddle 1967; RCHME 1970: 11.3. 617 Juliberrie's Grave, Chilham Kent Jessup 1937 Kelsall The Crown Hertfordshire Page 1914: 158 Kemp Farm East Sussex App. 5.3 Gilkes 1989 Kempston Bedfordshire App. 5.3 Burnham et al. 1993: 293-5 Keston Kent App. 5.3 Philp et al. 1991 1Cibworth Harcourt Leicestershire App. 6.4 Page and Keate 1907: 213 King's Hedges, Milton Cambridgeshire App. 6.4 Frere 1991: 256 Knob's Crook, Woodland Dorset App. 6.5 Fowler 1964 Lambs Lea East Sussex App, 5.3 Gilkes 1990 Lanchester Durham Turner 1990

484 Langley (also known as Joy Kent Haverfield et al. 1932: 158-60; Wood, Lockham) Jessup 1959: 26-27 Laxton Northamptonshire App. 5.3 Jackson and Tylecote 1988 Leicester Newark St. Leicestershire Cooper 1996a Lexden tumulus Essex Foster 1986 Lincoln Monson Street Lincolnshire Magilton 1983 Linton Cambridgeshire App. 6.6 Lethbridge 1937 Litlington Cambridgeshire App. 2.1.3, Kempe 1836; Liversidge 1977: App. 5.3 29-30 Litlington, Limlow Hill Cambridgeshire App. 6.6 Clark 1938; Taylor 1993: 225 Little Shelford, Foulness Essex Hull 1963b: 132-33 Little Walden Essex App. 6.2 Hull 1963b: -195 Little Waltham Essex App. 6.2 Drury 1978 Litton Cheyney Dorset App. 5.3 Bailey 1967; Whimster 1981: 256-57 London Eastern cemetery Greater London App. 2.1.3 Barber et al. 1990; Siddell and Rielley 1998; Whytehead 1986; archive London St Bartholomew's Greater London Bentley and Pritchard 1982 London Giltspur Rd Greater London Frere 1991, 271 Long Crendon Buckinghamshire Smith 1908: 6 Longthorpe Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Dannell and Wild 1987:75 Low Borrow bridge Cumbria Frere 1992: 272; Hassall and Tomlin 1992: 312, No. 8 Lynch Farm Northamptonshire App. 5.3 Jones 1975 Maddington Farm, Shrewton Wiltshire App. 5.3 McKinley and Heaton 1996 Marquis of Granby, Sompting West Sussex App. 6.5 Ainsworth and Ratcliffe- Densham 1974 Marshall's Farm, Prittlewell Essex App. 5.3 Wymer and Brown 1995: 40, 161 Marshfield Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Blockley 1985 Martin's Down Hampshire Pitt Rivers 1898 Maryport Cumbria App. 2.1.3 Collingwood 1936 Melandra Castle Derbyshire App. 2.1.3 Webster 1971 Meldreth, Mettle Hill Cambridgeshire App. 6.6 Taylor 1993: 225 Middle Wallop Hampshire Piggott 1949 Nazeing Essex Hull 1945 Neatham Hampshire App. 6.3 Millett and Graham 1986 Newhaven East Sussex App. 5.3 Bell 1976 Northfield Farm, Long Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Gray 1977

485 Wittenharn North Marston Buckinghamshire App. 6.4 Farley 1971; Wilson 1974: 436 North Shoebury Essex App. 5.3 Wymer and Brown 1995: 40, 161

Notley Place, Black Notley, Essex App. 6.4 Drury 1976: 113; Hull 1963b: Braintree 163

Oakley Down, Wimborne St Dorset App. 5.3 Brown et al. 1995 Giles Oakridge Hampshire Mays 1988; Maltby 1993; Oliver 1992

Odell Bedfordshire App. 5.3 Dix 1979; Goodburn 1978 Odiham Hampshire Jenkins 1990 Old Down Farm (Andover) Hampshire Davies 1981 Old Down Farm (East Meon) Hampshire Whinney and Walker 1980

Old Newton Suffolk App. 6.5 Low 1909 Old Winchester Hill- Giant's Hampshire RCHME 1979: 18 Grave Old Winteringham Humberside App. 5.3 Stead 1976b Ospringe Kent App. 2.1.3 Whiting et al. 1931 Owslebury Hampshire App. 6.3 Collis 1968; 1970; 1977b Overton Down Wiltshire App. 5.3 Smith and Simpson 1964 Park Street Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Saunders 1961 Petersfield Hampshire App. 6.2 Moray-Williams 1908; 1909 Petty ICnowes Northumberland App. 2.2 Charlton and Micheson 1984 Pickford Hill, Harpenden Hertfordshire App. 6.6 %9%I S; Strinb "5.922 Plant's Farm, Maxey Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Gurney et al. 1993 Portesham Dorset App. 6.5 Fitzpatrick 1996 Portway West Industrial Estate, Hampshire App. 6.2 Hughes 1980 Andover Poxwell Dorset App. 5.3 Hurst and Wacher 1986 Priory Park, Prittlewell Essex App. 6.4 Hull 1963b: 167 Radley Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Atkinson 1952: Frere 1977: 421; 1984: 302; 1985: 290 Radnage Buckinghamshire App. 6.4 Skilbeck 1923; Harden et al. 1987: 51 Rayne Essex App. 5.3 Smoothy 1989 Riseholme, Lincoln Lincolnshire Thompson 1954 Rochford Cherry Orchard Essex App. 6.4 Taylor 1954: 98; Hull 1963b: Brickfield, Eastwood 127 Rockbourne Hampshire Sumner 1914

Roden Downs Berkshire App 2.1.3, Hood and Walton 1948

486 App. 5.3 Rothamsted Experimental Hertfordshire App. 6.6 Lowther 1937 station, Harpenden Rougham Suffolk App. 6.4, Dunning and Jessup 1936: 51; App. 6.6 Fox 1911: 294-95, 315-16 Roughground Farm Gloucestershire App. 5.3 Allen et al. 1993: 102 Roxton Bedfordshire App. 5.3 Taylor and Woodward 1985 Royston Grange Derbyshire App. 5.3 Hodges 1991: 76; Marsden 1982 Ructstalls Hampshire Oliver and Applin 1979 St Albans Folly Lane Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Mays and Steele 1995; Niblett 1992; archive

St Albans King Harry Lane Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Stead and Rigby 1989 St Albans Kingsbury Manor Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Wheatt and Whekkes VS St Albans Lindum Place Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Freeman 1971; Wilson 1972: 329

St Albans St Michael's Hertfordshire Frere 1983: 273 St Albans St Stephens Hertfordshire App. 2.1.1, Davey 1935; Frere 1990: 338-40 App. 2.1.3, App. 6.4 St Albans Verulam Hills Field Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Anthony 1968; Page 1914: 137- 8; Corder 1941 St Albans 'William Old' Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Niblett and Reeves 1990 Sandy Bedfordshire App. 5.3 Dawson 1995 Sandy Tower Hill Bedfordshire Johnston 1975 Sawbridgeworth Hertfordshire Page 1914: 163 St Peter's School, Coggeshall Essex Clarke 1988: 51, 58 Scole Dickleburgh Norfolk App. 5.3 Burnham et al. 1994: 278; T. Ashwin information Sheepen Essex App. 6.5 Hull 1963a: 193-5; Niblett 1985 Shefford Bedfordshire App. 6.4 Fox. 1923: 213; Page and Keate 1908: 11-12; Kennett 1971 Shorden Brae Northumberland Gillam and Daniels 1961 Silch ester Hampshire App. 6.2 Boon 1974 Six Hills, Stevenage Hertfordshire App. 6.6 Dunning and Jessup 1936: 50 Slip End, Ashwell Hertfordshire Burleigh 1976; Webster and Cherry 1976: 163 Snailwell Cambridgeshire App. 6.4 Stead 1967; 57 Snell's Corner, Horndean Hampshire Knocker 1956 Soberton Hampshire App. 6.2 Haverfield 1900: 266 Southfleet Kent App. 6.6 Rashleigh 1803a; 1803b; Jessup

487 1959: 29-30 South Shields Tyne and Wear App. 2.1.3 Snape 1994 Southwark Great Dover Street Greater London Greenwood et al. 1997: 55 Southwell Nottinghamshire App. 5.3 Daniels 1966 South Wonston Hampshire Whinney 1987 Sparsholt Hampshire App. 6.3 Collis 1977a Springhead Kent App. 2.1.1 Penn 1965; 1968; 1980 Stanfordbury Bedfordshire App. 6.4 Stead 1967; Page and Keate 1908: 13-14 Stansted Essex App. 5.3, Garland 1990; Frere 1988: 459; App. 6.4 1989: 305-05 Stanton Harcourt Oxfordshire App. 5.3 McGavin 1980 Stanton Low Buckinghamshire App. 5.3 Woodfield and Johnson 1989 Stanway Essex App. 6.5 Crummy 1993; 1997a Stanwick Northamptonshire App. 5.3 Dix 1987; Frere 1987a Stebbing Essex App. 6.5 Going 1978; Goodbum 1978: 452; Rodwell 1976b Stonea Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Jackson and Potter 1996 Stunthey Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Taylor 1984 Sutton Valence Kent App. 5.3 Jessup 1959: 31-32 Syreford Mill Gloucestershire App. 5.3 Timby 1998 Takeley Essex App. 6.4 Hull 1963b: 185 Takeley Street Essex App. 6.4 Hull 1963b: 185 Tattershall Thorpe Lincolnshire App. 5.3 Chowne 1982 Temple Farm, Prittlewell Essex App. 5.3 Wymer and Brown 1995: 161 Thatcham Butter Cross Berkshire App. 6.5 Collingwood and Taylor 1928 Thorley Hertfordshire McDonald 1997 Thornborough Buckinghamshire App. 6.4 Johnson 1975 Thomborough Buckinghamshire App. 6.4, Liversidge 1960 App. 6.6 Tilford Hampshire App. 6.2 Millett 1974a Toppesfield Essex App. 6.4 Hull 1963b: 192-93 Twyford Hampshire App. 6.2 Biddle unpublished note for Hampshire County Council Uffmgton Oxfordshire App. 5.3 Selkirk 1995: 375 Viables Farm Hampshire Millett and Russell 1982; 1984 Wakerley Northamptonshire App. 5.3 Jackson and Ambrose 1978 Walkington Wold Humberside App. 5.3 Bartlett and Mackey 1972 Ware Allen and Hanbury's, Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Frere 1977: 401 Park Road

488 Ware Buryfields Hertfordshire App. 6.2 Gentlemen's Magazine 1802 Warren Farm B edfordshire App. 5.3 Dawson and Slowikowski 1988 Wasperton Warwickshire App. 5.3 Crawford 1983; Frere 1984: 296 Water Newton Normangate Cambridgeshire Burnham and Wacher 1990: 87, Field 91; Dannell and Wild 1969 Watford Hertfordshire App. 6.6 Dunning an Jessup 1936: 50; Page 1914: 165 Welford-on-Avon Warwickshire Booth 1994 Welton Wold Humberside App. 5.3 Wilson 1973: 282 Welshpool App. 6.5 Boon 1961 Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire Stead 1967 Welwyn Hall Mausoleum Hertfordshire App. 6.6 Rook et al. 1984; McDonald forthcoming Welwyn Grange Hertfordshire App. 6.4 Kindersley 1922; Westell 1930 West Deeping Burnham et al. 1995: 350 Westergate, Worthing West Sussex Haverfield 1935: 67 West Field, Maxey Cambridgeshire App. 5.3 Pryor and French 1985 Westhampnett West Sussex App. 2.1.3, Fitzpatrick 1997a App. 5.3 West Lane, Kemble Gloucestershire App. 5.3 King et al. 1996 Weston Turville Buckinghamshire App. 6.4 Waugh 1961: Smith 1908: 15-16 West Park Hampshire RCHME 1983 West Thurrock Essex App. 6.5 Hull 1963b: 189; Philpott 1991: 252, 257 West Wood, nr Soraerton Somerset App. 5.3 Gater et al. 1993: 44-7 Whitcombe Dorset Aitken and Aitken 1990 Whitton Glamorgan? App. 5.3 Jarrett and Wrathmell 1981 Wilbury Hill Hertfordshire Applebaum 1933; 1941; Whimster 1981: 213 Willersey Glos / Avon O'Neil 1971 Willington B edfordshire App. 5.3 Pinder 1976 Winchester Cattle Market Hampshire Collis 1978: 142-49; Taylor 1937: 243 Winchester Chester Road Hampshire App. 6.2 Grew 1980: 363; Qualmann in preparation Winchester Eagle Hotel Hampshire App. 6.2 'Meet the Ancestors' BBC 2, Thursday 14th January 1999, 9.00-9.30 pm Winchester Grange Road Hampshire App. 6.2 Biddle 1967 Winchester Higheliffe Hampshire App. 6.2 Collis 1978: 103-08

489 Winchester Hyde Street Hampshire App. 6.3 Winchester Museums VR Tr. VIII-XV; Ottaway 1992: 76-81; in preparation Winchester Hyde Street Late Hampshire Qualmann in preparation Winchester Lankhills Hampshire App. 6.2 Clarke 1979 Winchester Milland Hampshire App. 6.3 Collis 1978: 93-103 Winchester Nun's Walk Hampshire App. 6.3 Collis 1978: 149-55 Winchester Oram's Arbour Hampshire Esmonde Cleary 1987: 155; Whinney 1994 Winchester 45 Romsey Road, Hampshire Quahnann 1981 West Hill Winchester St John's Street Hampshire App. 6.2 Haverfield 1900: 290 Winchester St Martin's Close Hampshire App. 6.2 Morris 1986b Winchester Victoria Road Hampshire Quahnann in preparation Winchester Winnall Hampshire App. 6.2 Biddle 1975 Winchester Winnall Hampshire App. 6.3 Collis 1978: 65-74; Winklebury Hampshire OS card Winnall Down Hampshire Fasham 1985 Winterbourne Down Wiltshire App. 5.3 Algar 1963 Woodcuts Common Dorset App. 5.3 Pitt Rivers 1885; Hawkes and Piggott 1947 Wood Lane End, Hemel Hertfordshire App. 6.6 Neal 1984 Hempstead Wollaston Bypass Northants Northamptonshire App. 5.3 Chapman and Jackson 1992 Wotton Hillfield Lodge, Gloucestershire App. 6.5 Frere 1992: 345 Denmark Road York Blossom St North Yorkshire Frere 1990: 326 York The Mount North Yorkshire Dickinson and Wenham 1957: 287, 314-16 York Trentholme Drive North Yorkshire App. 2.1.3 Wenham 1968 Youngsbury, Ware Hertfordshire App. 6.6 Evans 1890

490 Appendix 1 Data for figures associated with chapter 2

Note. Numerical data is presented here as the basis for graphs which represent percentage relationships

(Comb. refers to the combined data set from JRS and Britannia) -

Figure 2.1 Dated cemeteries from Cambridgeshire, Hampshire and Hertfordshire (SMR)

Early Inter. Late Unknown Cambs 27 10 20 113 Hants 20 7 31 57 Herts 53 16 26 60

Figure 2.2 Types of cemeteries from 3 counties (Hertfordshire, Hampshire and Cambridgeshire)

Crem. Inhum. C&I Unknown Cambs 47 115 8 0 Hants 35 66 11 3 Herts 79 32 27 15

Figure 2.3 The number of cemeteries from five counties in different sources

County SMR IRS / Brit. Philpott Cornwall / Scilly 16 1 0 Cambridgeshire 160 29 33 Devon 9 4 1 Hampshire 115 38 39 Hertfordshire 161 54 49

Figure 2.4 A comparison of dated and undated cemeteries in different data sources

Early Inter. Late Unknown Cambs (SMR) 27 10 20 113 Cambs (Comb) 6 3 7 13 Cambs (Phil) 9 11 8 5 Hants (SMR) 20 7 31 57 Hants (Comb) 9 1 18 10 Hants (Phil) 10 4 14 11 Herts (SMR) 53 16 26 60 Herts (Comb) 20 14 7 13 Herts (Phil) 13 9 17 10

Figure 2.5 A comparison of dated cemeteries from 3 counties in different data sources

Early Inter. Late Cambs (SMR) 27 10 20 Cambs (Comb) 6 3 7 Cambs (Phil) 9 11 8 Hants (SMR) 20 7 31 Hants (Comb) 9 1 18 Hants (Phil) 10 4 14 Herts (SMR) 53 16 26 Herts (Comb) 20 14 7 Herts (Phil) 13 9 17

Figure 2.6 A comparison of cemetery types from 3 counties in different data sources

Crem. Inhum. C&I Unknown Cambs (SMR) 47 115 8 Cambs (Comb) 4 20 5 Cambs (Phil) 10 16 7 Hants (SMR) 35 66 11 3 Hants (Comb) 10 23 5 491 Hants (Phil) 12 25 2 Herts (SMR) 79 32 27 15 Herts (Comb) 18 9 25 2 Herts (Phil) 18 26 5

The number of cemeteries recorded in 5 year periods (JRS / Britannia) Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 The percentage of cemetery types recorded in 5 year periods (JRS / Britannia)

Issue Crem. Inhum. C&I Unknown Total XI to XV 1921-25 13 13 6 7 39 XVI-XX 1926-30 15 13 2 5 35 XXI-XXV 1931-35 12 15 5 4 36 XXVI-XXX 1936-40 6 15 4 2 27 XXXI-XXXV 1941-45 2 7 9 XXXVI-XL 1946-50 7 6 2 15 XLI-XLV 1951-55 8 14 3 1 26 XLVI-L 1956-60 3 15 3 2 23 LI-LV 1961-65 6 6 1 2 15 LVI-I 1966-70 11 26 19 56 II-VI 1971-75 13 29 12 1 55 VIE-XI 1976-80 20 72 11 3 106 XII-XVI 1981-85 17 49 18 3 87 XVII-XXI 1986-90 27 56 20 10 113 XXII-XXVI 1991-95 29 61 13 8 111

Figure 2.9 The percentage of dated cemeteries in different data sources

Date Early Inter. Late Unknown JRS 63 19 53 138 Britannia 99 55 160 199 Philpott 208 121 249 345

Figure 2.10 The percentage of dated burials in different data sources

Early Inter. Late Unknown JRS 978 1031 486 902 Britannia 1001 1600 3287 1010 Combined 1979 2631 31.73 1.912

Figure 2.11 The percentage of cemeteries of different types in different data sources

Type Crem. Inhum. C&I Unknown IRS 79 128 41 25 Britannia 123 287 77 26 Philpott 320 548 55 0

Figure 2.12 The percentage of burials of different types in different data sources

Crem. Inhum. C&I Unknown IRS 539 920 1910 28 Britannia 738 3383 2747 71 Combined 1277 4303 4657 99

Figure 2.13 The percentage through time of different cemeteryype t s (Britannia)

Date Crem. Inhum. C&I Unknown Early 58 26 11 4 Inter. 12 10 32 1 Late 10 138 7 5 Unknown 46 113 24 16

492 Figure 2.14 The percentage through time of different burial types (Britannia simplified) (C&I category sorted into other types)

Date Crem. Inhum. Unknown Early 778 187 36 Inter. 920 527 153 Late 106 3180 2 Unknown 149 703 158

Figure 2.15 The percentage through time of different cemetery types (JRS)

Date Crem. Inhum. C&I Unknown Early 44 ' 8 8 3 Inter. 2 4 12 1 Late 2 46 3 2 Unknown 32 70 17 19 Average 79 128 41 25

Figure 2.16 The percentage through time of different burial types (IRS simplified)

No. of burials Date Crem. Inhum. Unknown Early 900 57 21 Inter. 538 493 0 Late 8 477 1 Unknown 275 546 395

Figure 2.17 The number of cemeteries from different settlement types (JRS) Figure 2.19 The number of burials from different settlement types (JRS)

No. of cemeteries No. of burials Urban 61 1383 Milhicus 22 331 Minor centre 49 834 Rural 127 817 Villa 14 32 273 3397

Figure 2.18 The number of cemeteries from different settlement types (Britannia) Figure 2.20 The number of burials from different settlement types (Britannia)

No. of cemeteries No. of burials Urban 166 3212 Milkicus 38 482 Minor centre 83 1307 Rural 194 1661 Villa 32 236 513 6898

Figure 2.21 Excavations on different Roman period site types 1969-1989 (data from Evans 1995) Data modified from Evans 1995. 'HiMort and 'Other', and 'Vicus' and 'Fort' amalgamated

Site type Percentage of sites excavated 1969-1989 Town 31 Mil/ vicus 25 Rural 17 Villa 14 Other 13

493 Figure 2.22 The percentage of dated cemeteries at different settlement sites (JRs)

Simplified Early Inter. Late Unknown Total Urban 17 5 8 30 61 Mil/vicus 5 1 4 12 22 Minor centre 7 4 17 21 49 Rural 33 9 19 67 127 Villa 1 5 8 14 63 19 53 138 273

Figure 2.23 The percentage of dated cemeteries at different settlement sites (Britannia)

Simplified Early Inter. Late Unknown Total Urban 21 17 62 66 166 Mil/vicus 11 9 6 12 38 Minor centre 13 11 28 31 83 Rural 51 18 52 73 194 Villa 3 12 17 32 Total 99 55 160 199 513

Figure 2.24 The percentage of dated cemeteries at different settlement sites (JRS /Britannia)

Simplified Early Inter. Late Unknown Total Urban 38 22 71 96 227 Mil/vicus 16 10 10 24 60 Minor centre 20 15 45 52 132 Rural 84 27 70 140 321 Villa 4 17 25 46 Total 162 74 213 337 786

Figure 2.25 The percentage of dated burials at different settlement sites (JRS / Britannia)

Early Inter. Late Unknown Total Urban 969 919 2088 619 4595 Mil/vicus 333 296 110 74 813 Minor centre 286 1005 577 273 2141 Rural 347 411 863 857 2478 Villa 44 135 89 268

Figure 2.26 The percentage of cemetery types from different settlements (Britannia)

.. Crem. Inhum. CSrl Unknown Total Urban 31 92 32 11 166 Mil/vicus 14 16 7 1 38 Minor centre 18 48 11 6 83 Rural 56 105 26 7 194 Villa 4 26 1 1 32

Figure 2.27 The percentage of cemeterY tYPez from different settlements (JRS)

Crem. Inhum. orgd Unknown Total Urban 17 25 12 6 60 Mil/vicus 11 6 4 1 22 Minor centre 9 28 7 5 49 Rural 41 59 16 12 128 Villa 1 10 2 1 14 79 128 41 25 273

494 Figure 2.28 The percentage of burial types from different settlements (JRS / Britannia)

Crem. Inhum. Unknown Urban 1353 3083, 159 Mil/vicus 640 173 0 Minor centre 1071 946 124 Rural 621 1745 112 Villa 47 219 2 Av. 3732 6166 397

The distribution of Roman period cemeteries by county (Philpott) Figure 2.29 Figure 2.30 The distribution of Roman period cemeteries by county (JRS / Britannia)

Fig. 2.29 Philpott Fig. 2.30 JRS / Britannia County Avon 23 Avon 22 Bedfordshire 8 Bedfordshire 13 Berkshire 19 Berkshire 7 Buckinghamshire 12 Buckinghamshire 9 Cambridgeshire 33 Cambridgeshire 29 Cheshire 14 Cheshire 5 Cleveland 1 Cleveland 1 Cornwall 0 Cornwall 1 Cumbria 18 Cumbria 12 Derbyshire 17 Derbyshire 2 Devon 1 Devon 4 Dorset 64 Dorset 24 Durham 1 Durham 2 Essex 78 Essex 79 E. Sussex 9 E. Sussex 1 Gloucestershire 40 Gloucestershire 48 G.London 54 G.London 61 G. Manchester 1 G. Manchester 0 Hampshire 39 Hampshire 38 Hereford & Worcs 0 Hereford & Worcs 9 Hertfordshire 49 Hertfordshire 54 Humberside 11 Humberside 20 Kent 90 Kent 69 Lancashire 2 Lancashire () Leicestershire 17 Leicestershire 16 Lincolnshire 19 Lincolnshire 30 Merseyside 0 Merseyside 0 Norfolk 15 Norfolk 19 Northamptonshire 11 Northamptonshire 25 Northumberland 5 Northumberland 7 Nottinghamshire 5 Nottinghamshire 2 N. Yorkshire 60 N. Yorkshire 25 Oxfordshire 25 Oxfordshire 29 Shropshire 9 Shropshire 3 Somerset 25 Somerset 19 S. Yorkshire 2 S. Yorkshire 4 Staffordshire 6 Staffordshire 14 Suffolk 16 Suffolk 1 Surrey 9 Surrey 2 Tyne & Wear 4 Tyne & Wear 2 Wales 22 Wales 24 Warwickshire 14 Warwickshire 18 W. Midlands 0 W. Midlands 0 W. Sussex 20 W. Sussex 15 W. Yorkshire 15 W. Yorkshire 9 Wiltshire 43 Wiltshire 10 Total 926 Total 774

Figure 2.31 The distribution of Roman period cremation cemeteries (IRS / Britannia sample) Figure 2.32 The distribution of Roman period inhumation cemeteries (IRS / Britannia sample)

495 Figure 2.33 The distribution of early Roman cemeteries (JRS / Britannia sample) Figure 2.34 The distribution of late Roman cemeteries (JRS / Britannia sample)

Fig. 2.31 and 2.32 JRS / Britannia Fig. 2.33 and 2.34 JRS / Britannia Crem. Inhtun. Early Late Avon 2 18 Avon 4 2 Bedfordshire 2 7 Bedfordshire 2 7 Berkshire 2 5 Berkshire 1 5 Buckinghamshire 5 3 Buckinghamshire 3 2 Cambridgeshire 4 20 Cambridgeshire 6 7 Cheshire 1 2 Cheshire 3 1 Cleveland 0 1 Cleveland 0 1 Cornwall 0 1 Cornwall 1 0 Cumbria 9 1 Cumbria 3 2 Derbyshire 1 0 Derbyshire 0 0 Devon 2 1 Devon 1 0 Dorset 1 19 Dorset 6 8 Durham 1 1 Durham 0 1 Essex 44 17 Essex 34. 9 E. Sussex 1 0 E. Sussex 1 0 Gloucestershire 2 37 Gloucestershire 2 16 G.London 11 31 G.London 7 18 G. Manchester 0 0 G. Manchester 0 0 Hampshire 10 23 Hampshire 9 18 Hereford & Worcs 2 5 Hereford & Worcs 1 1 Hertfordshire 18 9 Hertfordshire 20 7 Humberside 1 19 Humberside 3 5 Kent 25 27 Kent 18 17 Lancashire 0 0 Lancashire 0 0 Leicestershire 1 12 Leicestershire 2 7 Lincolnshire 6 20 Lincolnshire 5 8 Merseyside 0 0 Merseyside 0 0 Norfolk 7 8 Norfolk 4 4 Northamptonshire 2 18 Northamptonshire 1 9 Northumberland 2 4 Northumberland 1 1 Nottinghamshire 0 2 Nottinghamshire 0 1 N. Yorkshire 4 14 N. Yorkshire 0 4 Oxfordshire 1 21 Oxfordshire 0 14 Shropshire 2 1 Shropshire 1 1 Somerset 0 16 Somerset 1 13 S. Yorkshire 3 0 S. Yorkshire 1 0 Staffordshire 8 6 Staffordshire 4 3 Suffolk 1 0 Suffolk 0 0 Surrey 2 0 Surrey 1 0 Tyne & Wear 0 0 Tyne & Wear 0 0 Wales 11 13 Wales 7 3 Warwickshire 1 16 Warwickshire 2 9 W. Midlands 0 0 W. Midlands 0 0 W. Sussex 5 4 W. Sussex 5 4 W. Yorkshire 1 6 W. Yorkshire 0 2 Wiltshire 0 7 Wiltshire 1 3

Figure 2.35 The percentage of cemetery types in selected counties (JRS / Britannia) (only counties with >10 dated cemeteries)

Crem. Inhum. C & I Unknown Total Total of known type Cumbria 9 2 1 0 12 12 Hertfordshire 18 25 9 2 54 52 Essex 44 12 17 6 79 73 W.S ussex 5 5 4 1 15 14 Suffolk 8 0 6 0 14 14 Kent 25 9 27 8 69 61 Norfolk 7 3 8 1 19 18 Wales 11 0 13 0 24 24 G.London 11 14 31 5 61 56 N. Yorkshire 4 6 14 1 25 24

496 Hampshire 10 5 23 0 38 38 Bedfordshire 2 2 7 2 13 11 Cambridgeshire 4 5 20 0 29 29 Lincolnshire 6 3 20 1 30 29 Oxfordshire 1 6 21 1 29 28 Gloucestershire 2 5 37 4 48 94 Leicestershire 1 1 12 2 16 14 Avon 2 1 18 1 22 21 Northamptonshire 2 1 18 4 25 21 Warwickshire 1 1 16 0 18 18 Dorset 1 1 19 3 24 21 Humberside 1 0 19 0 20 20 Somerset 0 0 16 3 19 16 Average (%) 27.4 16 56.6 658

Figure 2.36 The percentage of cemetery types in selected counties (Philpott) (only counties with >10 dated cemeteries)

Crem. Inhum. C & I Total Buckinghamshire 10 1 1 12 W. Sussex 15 1 4 20 Wales 16 6 22 Cheshire 10 4 14 Kent 49 7 34 90 Cumbria 10 1 7 18 Derbyshire 9 1 7 17 Essex 38 7 33 78 Cambridgeshire 10 7 16 33 Lincolnshire 8 1 10 19 Hertfordshire 18 5 26 49 G. London 19 5 30 54 Suffolk 6 1 9 16 Norfolk 5 1 9 15 Berkshire 7 12 19 Hampshire 12 2 25 39 Warwickshire 4 10 14 N. Yorkshire 11 6 43 60 Northamptonshire 3 8 11 Humberside 3 8 11 W. Yorkshire 4 11 15 Avon 4 2 17 23 Leicestershire 3 1 13 17 Gloucestershire 4 4 32 40 Somerset 3 1 21 25 Oxfordshire 3 22 25 Wiltshire 4 1 38 43 Dorset 2 62 64 Average (%) 34.8 5.9 59.3

Figure 2.37 The percentage of dated cemeteries in selected counties (JRS / Britannia) (only counties with >10 dated cemeteries)

Early Inter. Late Unknown Total total dated Hertfordshire 20 14 7 13 54 41 Essex 34 9 9 27 79 52 Wales 7 3 3 11 24 13 Norfolk 4 4 4 7 19 12 West Sussex 5 2 4 4 15 11 Kent 18 6 17 28 69 41 Cambridgeshire 6 3 7 13 29 16 Dorset 6 3 8 7 24 17 Lincolnshire 5 1 8 16 30 14 G. London 7 4 18 32 61 29 Hampshire 9 1 18 10 38 28 Northamptonshire 1 2 9 13 25 12 497 Oxfordshire 0 4 14 11 29 18 Gloucestershire 2 2 16 28 48 20 Warwickshire 2 0 9 7 18 11 Somerset - 1 0 13 5 19 14 Average (%) 35.9 16.5 47.6

Figure 2.38 The percentage of dated cemeteries in selected counties (Philpott) (only counties with >10 dated cemeteries)

Early Inter. Late Unknown Total Total dated Cheshire 9 3 0 2 14 12 Dorset 24 10 13 17 64 47 Cambridgeshire 9 11 8 5 33 28 W. Sussex 5 5 4 6 20 14 Kent 29 12 17 32 90 58 Norfolk 4 3 3 5 15 10 Essex 29 5 17 27 78 51 G. London 12 11 14 17 54 37. Wales 7 2 6 7 22 15 Hertfordshire 13 9 17 10 49 39 Hampshire 10 4 14 11 39 28 Avon 0 5 5 13 23 10 Suffolk 4 1 6 5 16 11 Gloucestershire 4 7 14 15 40 25 N. Yorkshire 4 6 19 31 60 29 Wiltshire 3 3 15 22 43 21 Berkshire 1 1 10 7 19 12 Somerset 0 2 10 13 25 12 Oxfordshire 2 0 12 11 25 14 Average (%) 36 20.9 43.1

Figure 2.40 The number of Roman period cemeteries by county (JRS / Britannia) Data as for Fig. 2.30

498 Appendix 2 Descriptions of features discussed in chapter 3

2.1 Pyre sites from Britain and other provinces

2.1.1 'Permanent' pyre sites from Roman Britain

Colchester Gurney Benham House (Essex) (Hull 1958: 258-9)

Three 'flues or furnaces' set into a ditch fill, in the western cemetery area. The base of the flues was constructed of tile and surviving wall of 'conglomerate' i.e. 'gravel indurated by iron', underlying loam reddened by heat, and each ended in a round chamber. The plan shows that the flues were a minimum of 2.5m long and 0.95m wide, although these do not agree with Hull's measurements of 12ft by lft. There is no mention of charcoal, pyre debris, or cremated bone. The only associated deposit reported was a grey powder. As Hull suggests, both the flue type and the quantity of ironstone may suggest that the features were connected with ironworking rather than cremation. Only the cemetery location supports an interpretation as a burial related feature.

Corbridge (Northumberland) (Casey and Hoffmann 1995) A 1.5m x 1.5m square cobble platform capped by a layer of orange red burnt clay (Contexts 12), with a spread of charcoal immediately to the south, perhaps from cleaning out the structure. To the north-east an area of localised burning almost 2m long centred on three charcoal-filled post settings (Context 11). In the easternmost of these, a 1.25m long x 0.5m arc a screen of timbers may have stood. The feature was recovered within a small portion of first and second century cemetery excavated on either side of Dere Street; the pyre feature was east of the road and the cremations to the west.

Densworth, Funtington (Sussex) (Smith 1858: 175) A 1.3m long burnt flint setting, adjacent to an extensive charcoal spread 2.8m x 0.6m x 0.4m deep, next to one of the burial enclosures in this rural cremation and inhumation cemetery.

St Stephens, St Albans (Hertfordshire) (Davey 1935: 245; Hood and Walton 1948: 13-14))

Within a first to third century urban cremation cemetery 'burning chamber' 1 consisted of a 'brick-lined chamber', about which no further information could be recovered before it was destroyed. 'Chambers' 2 and 3 were rectangular earth cut pits, respectively 1.9m x 0.8m x 1.3m deep and 2.5m x 1.4m x 1.7m, filled with a mixture of charcoal, cremated human bone and hundreds of nails. 2 seems to have been earlier in date than 3.

Springhead (F8) (Kent)

499 (Penn 1965; Penn 1968: 180) A rectangular thick clay base 3.2m x 1.5m which had been subjected to great heat. The feature was beside a 40ft x 40ft chalk base (F8) into which a first century urned cremation burial had been made. The monument was in an isolated position west of the settlement.

Springhead (F30) (Kent) (Penn 1965: 116-117). 'a platform composed of square tiles; ...upon it were fragments of calcined human bones and masses of charcoal. The tiles were much damaged by the action of fire'. The feature, approximately 2.2m x 0.8m and rectangular was found in association with several cremation burials east of Springhead in road widening in 1845.

2.1.2 - Permanent pyre sites in other Roman provinces

Briord (Ain) (France) (de Klijn 1987: 141) Two parallel walls in dry stone 2.2m long and 0.6m wide with traces of burning, with layer of pyre debris between them. To the south was a single Brandschattungsgrab of the second half of the second century.

Beska (Yugoslavia) (Marijanski-Mariojlovic 1987: 82) Three intercutting 'ovens' on the western edge of a large cremation and inhumation cemetery of the first to fourth centuries. Their bases were circular and varied in diameter from 0.95m to 1.43m. That of III was paved with bricks. The collapsed dome was preserved to a depth of 0.15m. Traces of a stokehole were preserved with I. A cremation burial had also been placed within I. Around the feature 'Very hard fired earth. ..with a vast quantity of soot, charred round logs and heaps of ashes support the fact that this space must have been used for cremation of the corpses in this necropolis.' In the absence of analysis of this 'ash' the features cannot be accepted as definite pyre sites. The chambers are too small to have contained bodies for cremation. The features may relate to industrial processes rather than burial.

Carnuntum (Austria) (von Grolier 1900: Col. 113, Tafeln V and XIII) The feature was situated close to other monuments and graves on the GraberstraBe to the east of the town. It comprised a circular pit 2.4m in diameter, 0.95m deep lined with a 0.6m thick rubble wall, the foundation for a 0.3-0.4m high wall. According to the excavator this may have supported a platform. On eastern side of pit was a curved opening, outside which lay a 0.1m thick gravel layer covered by 0.2m of burnt material, the `praefurnium' according to von Groller. This feature may however be better explained as a means of improving ventilation or allowing pyre residue to be raked out, rather than as some sort of flue or stokehole. Perhaps it was even related to the urned cremation burial which overlay it. The pit itself was half filled with pyre debris, including cremated bone and molten fragments of bronze and glass.

500 Cologne Luxemburger StraBe (Naumann-Steckner 1997: 147; Riedel 1980) Excavated with first and second century graves within an extensive urban cemetery on road south-west of Cologne was a walled enclosure 13m by 12m, at the centre of which lay a platform with a pit set into it, over which the pyre may have been constructed, but the feature has yet to be described in any detail. The enclosure separated the area of cremation from that of burial rather than functioning in the cremation process.

Gravelotte (Moselle) (France) (Faye et al. 1993: 90-1) A stone walled rectangular structure enclosing an area 3.7m x 3.1m (external measurements). Pyre debris was deposited in nearby pits and ditch. The feature was situated within a small rural cremation cemetery of the late first to early second century AD.

Innsbruck (Veldidena) (Austria) (Ruprechtsberger 1983: 23) The feature was recovered from one cemetery attached to this minor centre. It comprised a double square stone wall enclosing an area 8.6m x 8.9m (external measurements), with walls varying between 0.45m- 1.15m thick. Three cremation graves found within centre of feature of the first half of the third century AD. The ustrinum may date to the second century.

Linz (Austria) (Ruprechtsberger 1983: 21-22) The feature was recovered from one cemetery attached to this minor centre. Platform of gneiss slabs 1.8m x 0.6m and 0.8m high, immediately to south of which lay a c. 3m square and 0.1m thick spread of charcoal and sherds covering an area of burnt earth. No date for the feature is given. Ruprechtsberger suggests that the spread represented the site of cremation and that the corpse was displayed on the platform.

Louroux (Creuse) (France) (Dussot 1987: 6-7) An almost square ditched enclosure 7m x 6m, in centre of which lay 2 large pits filled with pyre debris. It was set against the boundary wall of a rural first and second century AD cremation cemetery. The enclosure separated the area of cremation or deposition of cremation debris from that of burial rather than functioning in the cremation process.

Mackwiller (Haut Rhin) (France) (Hatt 1964: 78-82)

501 Two similar features within the cemetery area of a minor centre of which the identification as pyre sites must be doubted. The smaller consisted of a rectangular chamber 2m by 3m, constructed from tile set into clay, the walls and base of which were lightly burnt. The larger, which overlay the smaller, consisted of a `chambre de combustion' 3m by 3.75m, of seven sections separated by corbelled supports built of tiles had been heavily burnt. A 1.3m x 3,7m long flue led into this chamber, the base of which was overlain by a thick layer of charcoal. At the other end of this flue was a stokehole roughly 3m square, with lines of tiles demarcating its north-west and south-eastern edges. No evidence is given for the presence of pyre debris other than charcoal. The feature resembles a tile kiln in every respect, as Hatt himself says. No supporting evidence for the identification of these features as a pyre sites was presented, for example the presence of pyre debris or cremated bone. The location of both features seems to be the main evidence for identification as a pyre feature.

Reichenhall (Austria) (Hell 1957: 46) Located by a river on the periphery of a large first and second century cremation cemetery was a 5m x 5m paved platform and surrounded by a low parapet with two entrances. The description resembles that of other features from Austrian cemeteries (e.g. Salzburg, Wels) but insufficient evidence is available to be confident of the identification.

Rheinzabern (Germany) (Ludovici 1908: 185, 201-2) Within a minor centre cemetery was a structure comprising two concentric walls constructed from brick / tile enclosing an area 2.6m square (external dimensions) with a tile pillar in the centre. Ludovici suggests that this was originally topped by a platform on which the pyre was erected. The feature possibly dates to the second century. Supporting evidence for the identification of this feature as a pyre site, for example debris, was not reported and the feature may be interpreted as the base of a monument.

Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux (DrOme) (France) (Bel 1987: 36; Bel and Tranoy 1993: 101-2, Fig. 7) Situated within cremation cemetery to south-west of the colony, to immediate west of massive round masonry built tomb with internal buttresses. A masonry-lined chamber, 1.5m x 1.2m x 0.4m filled with pyre debris of Claudian date. The above ground portion had been deliberately demolished and sealed with clay.

St Lambert, Frdjus (Var) (France) (Bdraud and Gebara 1987: 25) Within a first and second century cemetery east of the colony was excavated a rectangular feature of dry stone wall construction identified as a pyre site in the provisional report (measurements not given). Another pyre site of unknown type were filled with ash, charcoal, glass fragments and sherds and

502 fragments of bone inlay from funeral biers. It was initially separate from burials and served by a path from the main road but was cut by later cremations.

Salzburg (BUrglstein) (Austria) (Hell 1957) Located on the river bank on the southern edge of the minor centre/ urban cemetery of this minor centre in use from the first to fourth century. The cremation burials, one within the enclosure and five others in its immediate vicinity, were of the mid first to second century. A double wall of undressed stone enclosing an area 6m x 6m (external measurements) with a thick layer of charcoal, sherds, ash and some cremated bone, as well as a single cremation burial against the north wall of the feature. The outer wall (0.6m thick and surviving to a height of 0.2m) was of much better quality than the inner (0.8m thick). The latter was possible the remnant of the floor of the feature.

'Les Vernes', Faverdines (Cher) (France) (Fourteau-Badarji et al. 1993) Situated within a rural cemetery was a rectangular stone wall construction enclosing area of c. 4.4m x 3.9m (external measurement). Pyre debris deposited in nearby pits and ditches but there were no contemporary burials, only later inhumation burials.

Wels (Ovilava) (RieB 1974: 156; Ruprechtsberger 1983: 23) Within a minor centre cremation cemetery, although some distance from graves was a double ring or ellipse of rough hewn dry stone walling 0.45m thick, enclosing an area with a diameter of a maximum of 5.5m (external measurement), and showing signs of burning. The interior was of trampled earth overlain by pyre debris. A possible cremation grave was excavated in the centre of feature. When the cemetery was abandoned it was used as rubbish dump.

2.1.3 'Temporary' pyre sites from Iron Age and Roman Britain

Baldock Royston Road (Hertfordshire) (Burleigh 1993: 44-5) Pyre sites were represented by discrete patches of pyre debris and burnt soil and chalk. The largest of these measured 15m by 5m. All had been reduced to a depth of a few centimetres by plough damage. It is difficult to distinguish pyre bases from graves as pyre debris was also deposited in the latter and in the fill of Iron Age quarry pits on the north-eastern side of the cemetery with material from disturbed cremations. The pyre features lay predominantly between the ditched boundary of the settlement and a late Iron Age to late Roman cemetery.

Bayford, Sittingbourne, Kent (Payne 1886)

503 Several burials and possible pyre features were sporadically excavated during the extraction of brickearth. Next to burial 2 was a pyre feature identified by the presence of burnt earth, tiles, antler offcuts, a pig and ox jaw bones; another similar feature nearby included sherds, some from a mortarium, horn cores and an ox skull. A further larger feature, argued by Payne to be a communal pyre comprised an area 36ft x 30ft of burnt earth, charred wood, bones of deer, ox, horse, pig, dog, sherds of amphorae, samian, Upchurch, and colour coated wares, tiles, bones and tines of antler. Three features close by included further burnt material, tiles and pottery, animal bone, oyster shell, burnt pins, a coin, glass stud, jet bracelet, iron nails, a bronze pendant, the bases of two samian cups and a mortarium. The lack of explicit evidence for cremated human bone, as well as the presence of the tile and of the antler offcuts, throw doubt on the interpretation as specifically pyre features rather than some other part of the burial process.

Braughing 'B', Hertfordshire (Partridge 1977: 74) The site of a possible pyre was indicated by a patch of heavy burning and charcoal roughly 2m long and lm wide at the northern end of the excavated area of a first and second century cremation cemetery. It was not recorded in detail.

Camelon, Stirlingshire (Breeze and Rich-Gray 1980) Six pits were recovered a few metres from the earlier discovery of two 'weapon burials', X from the fort at Camelon. The four documented pits were mostly circular, with a diameter varying from 1.45m to 1.90m and a depth from 0.25m to 0.75m and varying profiles, V-, U-, and dish-shaped and V-shaped with a flat bottom. The tops of the pits were sometimes burnt and the fills comprised layers of charcoal, burnt sand and soil. One contained a small amount of possibly human cremated bone. Radio-carbon dating of the charcoal allowed a first -century BC or AD date. Although the excavators draw attention to the parallels of these pits with busta, the minute amount of bone and the layered deposits of charcoal and burnt soil suggest that these may be pyre sites from which cremated bone had been collected for burial elsewhere and which had been later re-used.

Canterbury Cranmer House (Kent) (Frere et al. 1987: 68) A possible cremation related feature within a mid-first to early third century cremation cemetery, investigated only in house foundation trenches to the west of Canterbury, was a large shallow depression containing carbon and burnt clay and burnt nails. Evidence for burning extended around the feature which was flanked by two large post-holes. These might have braced the pyre but there is insufficient information to assess this feature properly. It may have been a bustum, or even unconnected with burial.

Chichester St Pancras, Sussex (Down and Rule 1971: 58-59, Figs 5.3 -5.4)

504 Cremation areas were identified from patches of burnt soil and large quantities of residual charcoal in overlying mediaeval deposits. Information is too scant to classify these features definitively as pyre residue or that of other ritual. The features were dispersed across the mid first to early third century civitas capital cemetery.

Cirencester Bathgate (Gloucestershire) (McWhirr, Viner and Wells 1982: 72, 99-100) Undated cremation-related features were recovered from a fourth century civitas capital inhumation cemetery. 293 was a shallow rectangular east-west oriented scoop of which the sides had been scorched and the fill consisted of a thick layer of charcoal flecked with limestone, including a small amount (unquantified) of poorly fired bone from an adult male. There were two other cremations in the same trench, 180 and 294 (CS 72-3), both of which were also of adult males. The cremated bone in both was well fired. The evidence of burning and the poorly burnt state of the cremated bone suggests that the feature is a 'one-off pyre site, perhaps connected to one of the nearby cremations.

Cirencester Oakley Cottage (Gloucestershire) (Reece 1962: 53) A number of possible pyre-related features were excavated within a first and second century civitas capital cemetery. A 2.5m x 0.3m x 0.2m trench, packed with charcoal and ash, was interpreted as a possible draught flue for a pyre and several pits, 0.25m-0.4m square, 'neatly cut with vertical sides' and filled with ash and charcoal and cremated human bone were identified as pits of pyre debris. It is equally possible that they were Brandgrubengrciber.

Derby Racecourse (Derbyshire) (Wheeler 1985: 234) Two features situated within a walled enclosure where first to fourth century cremation and inhumation burials had been interred, serving a fort / vicus, were possible pyre sites. Features 163 and 171, were both roughly inhumation grave shaped features of which the sides and base had been scorched. These are possible pyre or bustum sites but are too heavily damaged by subsequent graves to give a more precise interpretation. The incorporation of sometimes large amounts of pyre debris in most of the graves within the enclosure suggests that cremation took place with the enclosure, although this might rather have derived from Brandschuttgreiber.

East London (Greater London) (Barber et al. forthcoming) Pyre related features were recovered from 2 'plots' of only one of the areas excavated within the eastern cemetery, at Hooper Street. Conditions here were more favourable to the preservation of pyre sites as this site was less truncated than others. It was also excavated relatively late in the excavation programme when pyre material had been recognised as such.

505 The cremation debris from plot 21 dated from 100 to 160 AD. It lay along the southern edge of the enclosure, separated from the cremation burials and consisted of a truncated dump distributed across a series of shallow features. At its deepest it was 0.21m thick; approximately 1800 litres of material were recovered. McKinley estimates that the surviving pyre debris represents one third of the original deposit. It contained cremated bone from a minimum of 19 individuals.

In plot 28 there were six dumps of cremation debris of a later date than in plot 21. Three were the products of single cremation episodes while the others were larger, similar to the dump from plot 21. Cremated bone from a minimum of 18 and a maximum of 29 individuals was recovered.

The detailed study of plant macrofossils, cremated human and animal bone and the fragmentary artefact assemblage from these pyre sites remains virtually unique in Romano-British cemetery archaeology.

Litlington (Cambridgeshire) (Kempe 1836: 370) Two heaps of wood ash 'as much as would have loaded five carts' were taken away from the south- eastern and south-western corners of this second to fourth century walled burial enclosure containing approximately eighty cremations and two hundred and fifty inhumations. It is possible but unprovable that this derived from a pyre site.

Melandra Castle (Webster 1971: 79) About 650 feet south of the fort were two areas of burning, each approximately 8ft x 3ft, and close to Road A, from which fragmentary Roman period artefactual material was recovered. They lie within a general cemetery area but the degree of confidence in their identification must be low.

Maryport (Cumbria) (Collingwood 1936: 91, Fig. 3) A 0.35m deep layer of charcoal to the side of a burial monument within the northern cemetery at Maryport was interpreted. This may have derived from a pyre site but may alternatively have derived from a burial or Aschengrube.

Ospringe (Kent) (Whiting eta!. 1931: 20) A patch of clay burnt red and a 'great deal of wood ash' from a first to fourth century cremation and inhumation cemetery associated with a minor centre. Closer identification as a pyre site or other cremation feature is impossible.

Roden Downs (Berkshire)

506 (Hood and Walton 1948: 13-4) The earliest phase of the site, probably of late first or early second century date, consists of spreads of pyre debris across an area 15m by 7.5m, with the heaviest concentrations around two features interpreted as 'cremation hearths'. The two hearths contained charcoal, animal bone, hundreds of nails and Hearth B a little cremated human bone. The features are too small to be pits in which bodies were cremated, and no evidence for in-situ burning is reported. That these were pits of pyre debris is perhaps more likely. No contemporary cremation burials were recovered.

A slightly larger 'hearth' (1.3m by 0.8m) containing charcoal, pyre debris and some cremated human bone, was dismissed by the excavators as a cremation related feature because of its late Roman date. Cremation burials of the later Roman period are however known (Philpott 1991: 50-52), and the late date is no reason to dismiss the feature as cremation related, although it could b.e pyre related feature or Brandschuttgrab. There were no contemporary cremation burials and ten inhumations

St Albans St Stephens (Hertfordshire) (St Albans Museums Archive) Ten possible pyre related features were excavated in this mid first to early third century civitas capital cremation cemetery. The ten features were all roughly rectangular, ranging from 1.1 x 0.6m to 1.75 x 0.7m (undisturbed 1.5 x 0.8m), and vary in depth between 0.07 and 0.5m (undisturbed 0.25 to 0.4m). They were much larger than most certain cremation burials. In-situ burning was visible in all features save one, usually along the upper edges of the pit. The fills comprised large deposits of charcoal, nails, pot sherds, burnt animal bone and small poorly burnt amounts of cremated bone (98.2-410.3g), never derived from more than one individual. Grave goods were not recovered. There was no evidence of any monument over these pits. There were two groups of such pits, located behind the burials that lay on Watling Street.

McKinley interprets these features on the basis of the lack of the expected amount of bone as pyre sites rather than busta, but pyre sites used for a single cremation only. The arguments for dismissing other hypotheses (3.3.2) supports her conclusions.

South Shields (Tyne and Wear) (Snape 1994) In the southern corner of a small-scale excavation of the cemetery south of the fort the fill of gully 54 included a large amount of charcoal and coal with fragments of cremated bone, glass, hobnails and a lead rivulet. Ceramics were recovered from the same feature but not reported in detail. The feature is pyre related but more precise identification is not possible. Two other patches of charcoal were noted nearby. To the east were two Brandschattungsgraber of second century date.

York Trentholme Drive (North Yorkshire) (Wenham 1968)

507 A portion of a pyre related feature was excavated within this second to fourth century cremation and inhumation cemetery. It extended over 7.5m in length, taken from a spread estimated to be roughly circular with a radius of 9.5m, although no evidence is presented for this. The depth of the material, composed of a series of different layers of pyre debris, was 0.4m at its thickest. No contemporary cremation burials were interred within the feature, but later inhumation graves cut through it. As cremated bone from the feature was not examined it is not absolutely certain that the feature was related to cremation rather than another part of funerary ritual.

Westhampnett (West Sussex) (Fitzpatrick 1997) Twenty one Iron Age and Roman period pyre sites and pyre related features were identified at Westhampnett in association with first century BC and second century AD cemeteries. There was a clear spatial division between the Iron Age pyre features and burials; the former were located on the edge of the burial area, especially to its north-east (Fig. 6.81).

The clearest examples of pyre sites consisted of T (e.g. 20645) or X (e.g. 20283) shaped cuts. The length of cuts varied between 0.7m and 2.6m, their width between 0.2m and 0.5m, and depth between 0.1 and 0.2m. The cuts are interpreted as ventilation flues for the base of the pyre, the X or T shapes allowing for different wind directions. The debris fill comprised cremated human bone, remnants of artefacts and animal bone, nails, charcoal, burnt soil, burnt flint and gravel. Evidence for burning of the ground surface was rare. Charcoal and charred logs may have lain in situ in some of the features, for example 20121 and 20823, but it is difficult to extrapolate from them to the structure above. They do not contradict the normal reconstruction of layers of timbers at right angles to one another. Gale (in Fitzpatrick 1997: 82) argues that the relatively abundance of ash and oak timbers may be due to their position on the cooler exterior of the pyre. Traces of burnt daub and the presence of many nails and other ironwork indicate the re-use of building materials as cremation fuel.

The deliberate mixing of pyre debris and post-depositional damage to the site impedes an estimate of how often any of these pyre sites were used, but unequivocal evidence for the presence of more than one individual in the cremated bone assemblages from pyres and pyre related sites was not recovered. Other features of less regular form may represent pyre sits or dumps of pyre debris, as they are frequently associated with pyre sites. Fills were very similar to those of pyre features, comprising small amounts of cremated bone within pyre debris.

The weights of cremated bone from graves vary between 30.9 to 999.2g, with an average of 301.1g. The average amount from pyres and related features is considerably lower; ranging from Og to 422.7g, with an average of 72.9g. However some of the features may have been graves rather than dumps of pyre debris. Pyre debris was after all present in many of the graves, albeit only in small amounts with the exception of grave 20252. Pyre related feature 20300 for example contained a substantial cremated human bone assemblage (264.3g), and fragments of a single brooch and pot. The

508 irregular shaped feature 20770 contained a cremated human bone assemblage of 359.9g; some of this bone may have been collected before deposition. 20258 (369.8g), 2.2m long, 0.9m wide, subrectangular, with evidence for in situ burning and a large cremated bone assemblage, is not dissimilar to a bustum. Against an interpretation of these features as Brandschuttgraber or busta is their spatial association with pyre sites on the margin of the cemetery area.

2.1.4 Temporary pyre sites from other provinces

Avenches (Switzerland) (Castella 1987: 21, 91) 'Tomb 36' was a 1.75m x 0.85m x 0.15m rectangular pit with burnt walls and base, filled with charcoal, a small amount of cremated bone (5g) and a large number of ceramics which had been burnt and broken but not dispersed by sorting. Castella therefore suggested that the human bone had been removed from the fill of this bustum' and that a second ceremony had taken place within the pit which accounted for the spread of ceramics in the pit. It seems more straightforward to argue that this feature was a pyre site. It was situated to the east of over thirty cremation burials of the mid first to second century which lay to the immediate east of the road connecting the port and town at Avenches (Fig. 7.8a and 7.8b).

'Les Bolards', Nuits -St-Georges (France) (Planson 1982) Pyre features were derived from the late first and second century cemetery to the south-east of the minor centre. For several metres the fills of the north-eastern and south-western cemetery ditches included large but unquantified deposits of fragmentary ceramics, pipeclay figurines and animal bone including horse and dog. The base of the north-eastern ditch showed evidence of burning. Planson argues that the ditch fills relate to the ustrinum but in the absence of full analysis of cremated bone it is impossible to assess this.

Destelbergen (Belgium) (de Laet eta!. 1970; van Doorsaeler and Rogge 1985: 159-65; Polfer 1996: 21). The pyre-related feature, dated to the second half of the second century, lay within a rural cemetery of unknown extent. It comprised a rectangular ditch (13.3m x 1.4m x 1m) filled with debris comprising charcoal, ceramics, brooches, coins, molten glass, bronze and worked bone objects, nails and cremated bone from a minimum of fifteen individuals. The feature was initially interpreted as a mass grave related to a catastrophe but is now a 'type site' for the deliberately dumped deposit of cremation debris.

Dreiborn (Luxembourg) (Metzler 1976) A partially destroyed walled rural burial enclosure included a small number of third century cremations and fourth century inhumations and a pyre related feature, a 2m x 2.5m sub-rectangular spread of charcoal and burnt ceramics, which is impossible to assign to a particular category of feature.

509 Haltem (Germany) (Berke 1991: 151-52) Pyre sites consisted of many large interconnected irregular concentrations of charcoal, sherds and small finds, scattered among the burials and monuments. These features are v. shallow and lack evidence for heating through discoloration.

Kempten (Cambodunum) (Germany) (Mackensen 1978: Bell. 1). Four features were identified as pyre sites (feature nos. 51, 60, 74, 82) but are not described in the text and it is impossible to assess the criteria that distinguished them in two cases from the adjacent Aschengruben. All were 3m to 5m in length. The pyre sites lay to the rear of monuments and burials which were on the street frontage in this first to fourth century cemetery (Fig. 7.11).

Landscheid (Germany) (Schindler 1973) A pyre feature was located just to the south-east of the centre of an almost 6m square walled rural burial enclosure of the late first to mid second centuries, while burials had been placed around the edge of the enclosure. It comprised a 2.4m x 1.2m rectangular pit, possibly wood lined, with a charcoal fill containing cremated bone and burnt artefacts which seems likely to have been a pyre site. The lack of analysis of cremated bone makes it impossible to assess the number of times that it was used.

Lazenay, Bourges (France) (Troadec 1993) A spread of cremation residue in the probable pyre area 15-20m in diameter and 0.2m at its thickest with many burnt ceramics and cremated bone, from a large rural cremation and inhumation cemetery in use throughout the Roman period. The feature awaits further analysis.

Lellig (Germany) (Thill 1970) A 2.1m x 1 x 0.4m sub-oval layer of charcoal, burnt ceramics, glass, bronze and iron, located in the south-eastern half of a rural walled cemetery (9.2 x 8m) of the second half of the first century AD. Cremation burials were located in the north-western half. Lack of analysis of any cremated bone makes full assessment of the feature impossible.

Mainz-Weisenau (Germany) (Fasold and Witteyer 1995: 20; Witteyer 1993) At least thirty intercutting rectangular pits, on average 2m x 1.5m, 0.2-0.5m beneath Roman ground surface in the first and second century cemetery that lay alongside the road from Mainz to the fortress at Weisenau. The features were burnt around the sides and contained pyre debris, charcoal, burnt coins,

510 ceramics and glass distributed around edges of pit. The sieved fills contained small amounts of cremated bone, varying from a few splinters to several hundred grams. The pits were on the south-western side of the road and behind enclosures XXIX to XXXII which lay on the road frontage. On this combination of evidence Witteyer interprets these features as one-off pyre sites.

Overpelt (Belgium) (Vanderhoeven 1973) Ustrinum X. 6.25m x 2.1m x 0.5m. Ustrinum Y 5.75m x 1.25m x 0.4-0.6m Both features were elongated elliptical pits, the walls and base were burnt and overlain by a 0.1-0.2m thick layer of charcoal containing a little cremated bone and burnt artefactual material. A layer of unspecified pit fill was sandwiched between this and an upper layer 0.1-0.2m thick of very clean cremated bone free from charcoal or artefactual material which lay beneath the topsoil. No good reason is offered for the layering of the different fills of pyre debris and cremated bone; it is not easy to envisage a post-depositional process to account for this sorting. Nor is it possible that these features are busta: the size and shape of the features is unlike other busta and the dense mass of cremated bone cannot be accounted for by a single cremation. The features were ten metres from one another within a second century rural cremation cemetery.

Rusovce (Gerulata) (Slovakia) (Kraskovska 1976: 4-5) A pyre related feature was recovered within a cremation cemetery related to a minor centre. Grave 94 was a 3m x 1.8m x 0.9m rectangular pit. Its walls were burned to a height of 0.3m and strips along the base of pit were also burnt and on both were traces of timbers 0.15-0.25m in diameter. The pit fill comprised burnt pottery, nails, glass and charcoal and a small amount of cremated bone distributed around edges of pit. The feature was interpreted as a pyre site on the basis of its size, form and the sorting of the pyre debris.

Sampont (Belgium) (Noel 1968: 18) Nine circular pits, varying from 4m2 to 16m2, 0.3m deep with a layer of pyre debris 0.1m deep with fragments of timber, cremated bone, burnt ceramics and nails. The sand beneath was burnt to a depth of several centimetres. The features were argued by the excavators to be concentrated on the north-eastern edge of the first and second century rural cemetery but the full extent of the cemetery was not defined.

Schankweiler (Germany) (Ludwig 1988: 61) A 2m x 1.6m subrectangular area of charcoal 0.2m thick with small amounts of ceramics and cremated bone. A strip of ash to the north of this with a setting of stones that may have been part of setting for the

511 cremation area. The pyre area lay on the northern periphery of a large first century AD rural cemetery of over eighty cremation burials, but its small size suggests that it cannot be the only pyre area.

Seebruck (Bedaium) (Germany) (FasoId 1993a: 89, Beil. 2) Two features c. 20m apart c. 4.5m long, 1.3m-I.8m wide and up to 0.25m filled with charcoal, large pieces of charred wood, cremated bone and burnt ceramics which are not reported in detail. Around the west of Ustrinum 1 lay a setting of boulders which may have formed part of an enclosure of the feature. No evidence for in-situ burning is recorded. Ustrinum 2 was less well preserved as it had been cut by several later burials. Large pits (Abfallgrilben) between the two features contained further pyre debris. The features were in the centre of a late first to early third century cemetery of a minor centre. Whilst in the north-western part of the cemetery at least burials and monuments were close ta the road the pyre features were located away from the road frontage and closer to the ditch which formed the other boundary of the cemetery (Fig. 7.13).

Septfontaines-Deckt (Luxembourg) (Polfer 1993; 1996: 16-18) A sub-rectangular spread 15.75m x 11.25m of burnt material, including a large deposit of ceramics, of which the depth varied generally varied between 0.Im and 0.2m, at its greatest 0.53m, although it had been extensively eroded. No stratigraphy was observed within this spread. It was impossible to relate the possible posthole features beneath it to a coherent plan. Whether or to what extent the soil beneath was burnt is not recorded. Several pits of debris with similar fills were excavated on the margin of the feature. The pyre site was approximately 20m north-west of a large rural cremation cemetery of the late first to early third centuries.

Tongeren (south-west cemetery) (Belgium) (Vanvinckenroye 1963: 37, Afb. 3) Small-scale excavations in the town's south-west cemetery revealed a 6 x 4.5m sub oval pit filled with charcoal, cremated bone, burnt earth, and burnt and broken artefacts, pottery, coins, nails, glass, bronze. It was cut by later cremation and inhumation burials. The feature was either a pyre site or debris pit. Other pyre related features were excavated but not reported in detail

Tongeren (south-west cemetery) (Belgium) (Vanvinckenroye 1984) Larger scale excavations of a first and second century cemetery south-west of the town revealed several pyre features; ustrina 1 and possibly 4 appear to have served for a single burning, the others for repeated cremation. Ustrinum 1. 2.1 x 1.2m rectangular pit, with burnt sides and base and filled with debris. Parts of the pyre structure, including timbers nailed together appeared to be lying in situ, and the cremated human bone, derived from one individual only, still lay in approximate anatomical relationships.

512 Ustrina 2 and 3. 5m x 2.5m x 0.7m subrectangular pits. Burnt sides, filled with charcoal, cremated bone and nails. Ustrina 4. c. 4m x 2.5m, subrectangular pits, also with timbers nailed together from pyre or bier. Associated with grave 289, probably lies beneath barrow.

Vatteville-la-Rue (Seine-Maritime) (France) (Lequoy 1987) A subrectangular spread of pyre debris including charcoal, burnt ceramics, other artefactual material and cremated bone, roughly 20m by 10m, 0.6m at its deepest, was excavated on the southern periphery of this first to third century AD rural cremation cemetery of 440 burials. Cremation may have taken place in a depression on the northern side of this area, from which the debris was then discarded across the surrounding area. A wall had possibly acted as a part enclosure for the pyre area. .

Velzeke (Belgium) (Van Doorsaeler and Rogge 1985) A rectangular feature of 6.8m x 2.2m and lm deep and another 6.2-6.4m x 5.2-5.4m and 2.4m deep, both of which contained layers of pyre debris, cremated bone and burnt clay, the gradual accumulation of debris from a series of cremations in a rural cremation cemetery. Material was deposited in the former from the Claudio-Neronian period to the early second century, and in the latter during the second century.

Wederath (Germany) (Cordie-Hackenberg and Haffner 1991: Beil. 8; Haffner 1989: 40) There are many spreads of pyre debris, the largest c. 20m in diameter, along the main routes through the cemetery and at its eastern extremity and within or next to the many burial enclosures in this minor centre cemetery. Further comment on the distribution of pyre related features at Wederath awaits their full publication, taking into account the differential damage to different parts of the site. The features date to the most intensive period of use of the cemetery from the first century BC to second century AD.

513 2.2 A sample of busta The examples used here are taken from the following cemeteries. La Calade (Bdrard 1961), Erbericher Hof (Gaitzch and Werner 1993: 56-57, Abb. 2), Ergolding Graves 18 and 76 (Struck 1996), La Favorite, Lyon (Type 1A) (Tranoy 1987: 44), L'Hospitalet du Larzac (Vernhet 1987), Mainz-Weisenau (Witteyer 1993), Moers-Asciburgium (Bechert 1979: 490), Nave (Passi Pitcher 1987), Neuss (Muller 1977: 14), Neuss Mlinsterplatz (Harke 1980: 534, 542), Petty Knowes (Charlton and Micheson 1984) Worms (GrUnewald 1990) and an experimental bustum (Gaitzch and Werner 1993).

Description Amount of Depth of Length Width Depth of cremated pyre debris burning of bone . sides / base La Calade Rectangular grave cuts with U 0.1-0.15m 1.6-2.2m 0.8-1.3m U walls and / or base reddened by heat. Parts of framework of timbers at right angles to one another preserved (grave 15) Erbericher Hof Baking of edges and sides Very little 0.2-0.5m 0.9-3.5m 0.4- 0.05-0.15m (P)

(P) (P) 1.25m(P) Ergolding Graves 18 and 76 Oval and rectangular grave cuts 108g and U 1.86m 0.68m with baked sides and edges 495g (diameter) -2.2m length La Favorite, Lyon (Type 1A) Rectangular or square grave Little 0.1 to 0.2m 2.2m 1.5m 0.02-0.03m pits, walls reddened L'Hospitalet du Larzac Oval and rectangular grave cuts U U 1-3m 0.5-2.5m U Mainz-Weisenau

514 Rectangular, square and oval U U 2.1-3m 1.5 x 2.3m grave cuts. On the edges of one grave cut were traces of timbers parallel to the grave sides, in base of others traces of parallel lengths of timber. Pyres must have been established over and within the pits. Moers-Asciburgium Rectangular grave cuts, baked U 0.15m 1.25-2.5m 0.9-2.2m 0.05-0.07m edges and bases. Timbers preserved in base of some grave - cuts. Nave A strip of baked clay around the U 0.03m edge of the burial cut. Preserved timbers at right angles to one another in grave 57 Neuss Rectangular and oval grave Little ? 1.25-4.2m 0.65-3m 0.01-0.05 cuts, baked bases and sides Neuss Mansterplatz Rectangular grave cuts, sandy Little 0.04-0.05m subsoil of sides reddened but not baked Petty Knowes Eight busta. Rectangular grave Very little U 1-1.8m 0.5-1m cuts, stake holes around edge of cut of 15 Worms (examination of catalogue suggests that not all the busta listed by Griinewald are of this type)

515 Rectangular grave pits, sides Several 1.7-2 0.6-1.1 and bases burnt, frequent traces hundred of pyre timbers at right angles to grams one another on base (inurned), few grams (unurned) Riseholme At the centre of the barrow all 20 inches 8ft 5ft of the ground surface visible (debris and within the 9ft x 8ft trench had grave fill) been extensively burnt, as had the subrectangular trench which defined the bustum. Experimental Baking of sides 0.1-0.3m 0.05-0.10m (P) Note: `Verziegelung' has been translated by baking. `(P)': measurements taken from plan U: Unknown

516 2.3 Inscriptions including references to ustrina

Source Town Notes CIL I 594 (II, 2. 12-13) Urso (ILS 6087) CIL III 2912 Zadar (Croatia) CIL VI 4410 Rome CIL VI 4415 Rome CIL VI 4417 Rome CIL VI 9202 Rome CIL VI 10237 Rome (ILS 7870) CIL VI 10243 Rome CIL VI 10346 Rome CIL VI 11576 Rome (ILS 7897) CIL VI 11706 Rome CIL VI 17662 Rome CIL VI 23808 Rome (ILS 8290) CIL VI 24374 & 27145 Rome (AE 1979, 71) CIL VI 24471 Rome CIL VI 29519 Rome CIL VI 29900 Rome CIL VI 29901 Rome CIL VI 29902 Rome CIL VI 30040 Rome CIL VI 31577 (=3823) Rome CIL VI 31614 Rome CIL VI 31615 Rome CIL VI 34476 Rome CIL VI 34565 Rome CIL VI 36632 Rome CIL VI 37597 Rome CIL V 3554 Verona CIL V 8308 Aquileia (ILS 8321) CIL X 557 Salernum CIL X 6368 Terracina CIL X 6414 Terracina CIL X 6607 Veletri CIL X 8284 Terracina CIL XIV 604 Ostia CIL XIV 1304 Ostia Possible AE 1898 15 Puteoli

The entire texts of brief inscriptions were transcribed, but only the relevant portions of larger inscriptions and CIL I 594, the Lex Ursonensis, is not reproduced here (ILS 6087). The expansion of the inscriptions follows CIL, save where alternatives are offered in ILS. The conventions for transcription follow Keppie (1991). Several of the inscriptions offer unresolved problems of interpretation (e.g. VI 23808, X 557), but the discussion of ustrina (3.3.3, 3.4.2) does not use the evidence of disputed or highly uncertain readings. I am very grateful to Dr Brian Dobson for his help with transcribing and interpreting the texts.

III 2912 M(anius) Antestius / Auctus veteranus v(ivus) [fecit] / sibi et suis / in fr(onte) p(edes) xx in agr(o) / p(edes) xvi [et] ustrin(um) in fr(onte) / p(edes) xx

VI 4410 Huic monumento ustrinum applicari non licet

517 VI 4415 [---][Vi]talis / [---] et / [---]Prepusae / [---][liber]tis libertab / [us] [---] poste[ri]sq(ue) eorum / et area ustrinae / inter adfines / areas symphoni / ac(orum) et coronari(orum) / me(dia) est et popu(lum) in f(ronte) / pedes xiiis in agro pedes xis

VI 4417 Ust(rina) sacca(riorum) / in f(ronte) pedes xii in agro pedes xii

VI 9202 crematium / [c]onlegi aurificum

Crematium is a form not recorded elsewhere and may refer to an ustrinum or similar feature

VI 10237 (11. 1-16) T(iti) Coccei Gaa et / Patiens quaest(ores tedium) / mensam quadratam / in trichil(a), / abacum cum basi, horologium, / labrum cum fiilmentis marmor(eis), / putiale, crustas supra parietem / itineris medi cum tegulis, co/umel/lam sub horologio Tiburtina, / protectum ante porticum, trutinam et / pondera d(e) d(ecurionum) s(ententia) posuerunt, / et locum post maceriam ulteriorem / emendum ustrinasque de consaepto / ultimo in eum locum traiciendas, et / iter ad eum locum ianuamque bene/ficio et liberalitate T(iti) patroni faci/enda curaverunt.

VI 10243 (11. 1-5) Lentulo et Corvino / Messala c(onsulibus) / qui hoc monimentum aedificaverunt cum ustrina / L(ucius) Maelius Papa et Maelia Hilara et Rocius Sums et M(arcus) Caesennius et Furius / Bucconius hoc monimentum libertis libertabus ut de nomine non exeat

VI 10346 Grania Q(uinti) filia patrona decurionu(m) / vigilu(m) locum et monumentum / aedificatum dedit et locum / ustrinae trans via

VI 11576 M(arcus) Ampius G(aiae) kibertus) Romanus / Octavia G(aiae)1(iberta) Olumphia / hoc monumentum et / ustrinum (fecimus); ex p(arte) decima septima ml / et meis ollas viii excepi

VI 11706 M(arci) Anni Aucti et / Semproniae Scurrae / in fr(onte) cum ustrino p(edes) liiii / in agro p(edes) xxiiii / M(arcus) Annius M(arci) Anni Felicis f(ilius) / Saturninus vix ann(os) xiix pius et / sanctus is ereptus matri nec / illae potuit gratiam referre

VI 17662 L(ucius) Faenius L(uciae)1(ibertus) / L(ucius) Minucius 1[---] / M(arcus) Fabricius N[---] / P(ublius) Servilius P[---] / Q(uintus) Mindius [---] /HT solum et s[---] / in fro(nte) p(edes) xxi [in agro pedes] [---] / quod ab NS qui SSSOSIA [---] / aditum e[t] ustr[inum]

VI 23808 quicquid iuris habuit in hoc / monumento et ustrino et / viridario et ollas G(naeus) Papius / Chilo ea omnia emit Lucretia G(aiae) 1(iberta) / Iucunda [\\\\\\\\\\\] / Laelia P(ublii)1(iberta) Euphrosine

VI 24374 & 27145 M(anius) Poblicius Menander et / Cacuria Telesphoris / sibi et suis libertis / libertabusque omnib(us). / Huic monimento cedit / area quae est in partem / sinistram in fr(onte) p(edes) xii, in ag(ro) p(edes) xii et / ustrin(um) quod est in part(em) dext(eram) in f(ronte) p(edes) vi, in a(gro) p(edes) xii

VI 24471 [---]lius Gn(aeus) Ponpaeius / [---] mae 1(ibertus) Gn(aeus) L(ucius) Ilapus / [---]ix [---] D(echnus) Volusius D(ecimi) kibertus) [---] / Felix ollas ii ne[---] / ustrinu(m) commu[---] / in fr(onte) p(edes) viis in agr(o) p(edes) xx[---]

VI 29519

518 [ lab hoc ustrino / [ ]onem usque ad de ustr[ino][ ]m m[....] / [ ] arca monumentum cum [ It oll(as) / [....]lni [...lo et aqua saliente eius aedificis in / custodiam eiusdem monimenti / L. Volusi Satumini 1(ibertus)] / [Vollu[s]iae Irenes uxoris eius / [et] Lucretiae 'Thymeles et libertorum et / libertarum et familiae quib[ 1

VI 29900 Ad hoc / monumentum / ustrinum / applicari non licet / poena est

VI 29901 Ad hoc / monumentum / ustrinum applicari non licet

VI 29902 Ad ho[c] / monumentum / ustrinum applicari non licet

VI 30040 In fr(onte) p(edes) xvi, xvi in ag(ro) p[edes][---] / et ustrinum posthac e[mptum][---J / in fr(onte) p(edes) xii in ag(ro) p(edes) xii [---]

VI 34476 11. 1-6 L(ucius) Appuleius Heraclida et / L(ucius) Appuleius Cerdo Appuleiae Saturninae lib(ertis) / locum monumenti in front(e) p(edes) xx in agr(o) p(edes) xx[x] / et ustrinum post monumentum in front(e) pedes xii / in agr(o) p(edes) xii conlibertis et conlibertabus qui / infra scripti sunt de sua pecunia dederunt

VI 34565 Atiniae L(ucii)1(ibertae) / Hilarae / ustrinum / in fr(onte) p(edes) vis in ag(ro) / p(edes) xii

VI 36632 [monumentum cu]m ustrina / [---] latu(m) p(edes) mule / [serv]is et libertis

VI 37597 [---]aso[---] / [---]nfer[---] / [---] qui amic[---] / [---]andi causa [---] / [---]pium dedero 1[---] / [--- ][u]strinum ut[---] / [---]ibus commu[---]

V 3554 M(arcus) Catius M(arci) f(ilius) Tertius / M(arcus) Tullius M(arci) kibertus) Attius / G(aius) Cominius / G(aii) kibertus) Felix / Gaius Clodius G(aii)1(ibertus) Paratus / \\\\\\\\\\\V Quartus Manlius Gn(aeus) f(ilius) / ustrinae commune / [i]n fr(onte) [pedes] \\\\\\\\\

V 8308 1(ocus) m(onumenti) / Fer(oniensium) aquat(orum) / et post mon(umentum) / A(uli) Livi ustrin(um) / q(ua) q(ua) v(ersus) p(edes) xvi / in fr(onte) p(edes) xxxx, / in agr(o) p(edes) bcx

X 557 (11. 1-2) L(ucius) Appuleius 1(ibertus) L(ucii)1(iberti) Salvius Faier Poside L(ucius) Appuleius 1(ibertus) L(ucii) 1(iberti) Felix xii NA Lucius Appuleius 1(lbertus) L(ucii) (Gaiae)1(iberti) [---] / [Ti]tulum ustrinum de suo dederunt in front(e) p(edes) xiis in agr(o) p(edes) xii eisq=

X 6368 Monumentum et ossuar(ium) / et ustrinum / G(aiorum) Iuliorum Faustorum et / eorum qui sunt

X 6414 in fr(onte) / p(edes) xxi / h(uius) m(onumenti) s(ive) s(epulcri) / ustrin(um) / in fr(onte) p(edes) xs

X 6607 T(itus) Flavius Philippus sibi et / Flaviae Caenidi Coniugi loco don(avit) / ollar(um) iv ab Aleia Felicula itum aditum ambit / ustrinae sacrifici causa

X 8284

519 [---] culturae [---] / [---] cessit [---] / [---] dantur duo [---] / [---] ab ustrino [---]

XIV 604 D(is) M(anibus) / ustrinum L(ucius) Arrius Asclepiu[s] / et L(ucius) Arrius Crispinus restitu[erunt] / sibi et suis libertis libe[rt]/abusque post eorum / [i]n fronte ped(es) xiii / in agro ped(es) xiii

XIV 1304 [---][M]anlio G(aiae)1(iberto) Fa[---J / [---][F]abiae I[---] / [---][Val]eriae Sympherusae ru[---] / [--- ][h]uic monument° sive u[strino] / [---][i]ugera duo cedunt pa[rte][---] / qua ad villam p[---] / [---] ex testament[o][---]

AE 1898: 15

Tabernam et stabul[um][---] / et membra quae infra e[---] / cum hortulo et ustrino qua[e] [---] / in tutelam huic monimen[to cedunt] / ita ut nulli liceat neque ex hoc [---] / ex his aedificiis quae tutela [---]

520 Appendix 3. Data for figures associated with chapter 4

3.1 Note on unpublished cemeteries from Baldock and St Albans.

The relatively small scale examination by Stead of Baldock's cemeteries has been complemented by a much larger examination over the last two decades. Different site nomenclature has been offered by different workers and a new system is proposed for the more recent excavations which are to be presented in a series of volumes, the first to have been published in 1989. The first two volumes of the series in preparation were made available to me by G. Burleigh, the first dedicated to Wallington Road (Burleigh and Matthews in prep.) and the second collecting data on several small scale examinations of LPRIA cemeteries, excluding burials of this date at Royston Road. I must thank Mark Stevenson for his considerable help in discussing the Baldock cemeteries with me.

Concordance of site names for Baldock cemeteries

Stead and Rigby 1986 Burleigh 1993 (see Fig. 4.20) North Herts Museums Archive Sites A, B and C Area 10

Site E, Upper Walls Common Royston Road (4) Area 15 (Fig. 8, mislabelled at base) Site J The Tene (Fig. 9 and 36) The Tene (6) (Iron Age) Area 30A The Tene (6) (Roman) (see also Area 30/31 Burleigh 1980)

Site D Walls Field Clothall Road (8) Area 36

Site P Walls Field Walls Field (1) Area 25

Site S Upper Walls Common Wallington Road (2) Area 11 Site T Convent of Providence Area 28?

Icknield Way East (5) Area 45

London Road (7) Area 28?

California (3a and b) Area 1

Iron Age shrine with burials Areas 2-4

Data for St Albans St Stephens are derived from Pearce's catalogue (1994) which was prepared from the site archive and preliminary catalogue of burials compiled by Ros Niblett. Data on the cremated human and animal bone and pyre goods were collected from J. McKinley's (unpublished) catalogue of cremated bone assemblages.

Data for the cremations in Area A at St Albans Folly Lane were derived from a catalogue of the burial assemblages based on descriptions of non-ceramic artefacts by Ros Niblett, of the ceramics by M. Lyne and the analysis of the cremated bone by ARCUS, as well as Niblett's published account of the burials (1992; 1995a; forthcoming).

521

Appendix 3.2

Data for figures

Fig. 4.5 The amount of cremated bone in burials from a sample of Romano-British cemeteries

Weight of St Albans St Albans Winchester Braughing Braughing Baldock cremated bone (g) lalL St Stephens Hyde Street Sk Green 'B Wallington Rd % of burials % of burials % of burials % of burials % of burials % of burials 0-249 27 34 31 8.5 12 27 250-499 19 15 12 19 24 21 500-749 19 19 16 30 24 21 750-999 17 15 11 13 32 13 1000-1249 8 8 13 15 0 5 1250-1499 6 6 9 8.5 4 9 1500+ 4 5 8 6 4 4

The percentages are based on intact or near intact burials only

Fig. 4.6 The number of burials with different artefact types, Skeleton Green

No. of burials Hobnailed footwear 7 Vessel 47 Coin 5 Ornament 3 Glass 5 Animal bone 0 Equipment 3

Fig. 4.7 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Skeleton Green Fig. 4.8 The number of burials with different ceramic forms, Skeleton Green

Vessel type Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Lid Vessel Flagon Beaker Bowl far Dish Cup Lid Vessel No. of vessels 39 31 4 1 31 4 0 2 No. of burials 37 28 4 1 30 4 0 2

Fig. 4.9 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Skeleton Green (intact burials only)

No. of ceramics No. of burials

1 11 2 19 3 14 4 3 6 1

Fig. 4.11 The number of burials with different artefact types, Braughing B

No. of burials Hobnailed footwear 8 Vessel 88 Coin 0 Ornament 2 Glass 2 Animal bone 0 Equipment 17

• Fig. 4.12 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Braughing B Fig. 4.13 The number of burials with different ceramic forms, Braughing B

Vessel type Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Vessel Flagon Beaker Bowl Jar Dish Cup Vessel No. of vessels 79 48 9 0 31 6 1 No. of burials 67 39 9 0 29 6 3

522 Fig. 4.14 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Braughing B (intact burials only)

No. of ceramics No. of burials 0 9 1 13 2 14 3 9 4 1 5 o 6 1 47

Fig. 4.17 Number of different ceramic forms, Grange Road Fig. 4.18 Number of burials with different ceramic forms, Grange Road

Vessel type Fl. B kr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Vessel Flagon Beaker Bowl Jar Dish Cup Vessel No. of vessels 57 47 0 0 47 10 6 No. of burials 54 45 0 0 45 8 4

Fig. 4.19 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Grange Road

No. of ceramics No. of burials o 15 1 21 2 22 3 20 4 2

Fig. 4.22 The number of burials with different artefact types at Wallington Road

No. of burials Hobnails 7 Vessel 101 Coin 0 Ornament 2 Glass 0 Animal Bone 0 Equipment 66

Fig. 4.23 Number of different ceramic forms, Wallington Road Fig. 4.24 Numbers of burials with different ceramic forms, Wallington Road

Vessel type Jar Flagon Beaker Dish Cup Other No. of vessels 24 35 29 42 9 27 No. of graves 21 35 29 42 9 25

Fig. 4.25 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Wallington Road (intact burials only)

No. of vessels No. of burials o 52 1 43 2 31 3 14 4 0 5 1

Fig. 4.26 Numbers of different vessel forms in later phases, Wallington Road

Generations Phases Dates 3-4 1 50-1BC 5-7 2 1-70 AD 8-9 3 70-125 AD 10-12 4 125-200 AD 13-17 s 200-310 AD 523

Phase Jar Flagon Beaker Dish Cup Other 3/4 7 4 2 2 0 o 4 8 24 6 14 16 31 4/5 5 2 4 4 3 5 5 2 4 11 4 1 6

Total 24 35 29 42 9 27

Fig. 4.28 The number of burials with different artefact types, Walls Field

No. of burials Hobnails 0 Vessels 188 Ornament 7 Glass 11 Equipment 14 Coin 2

Figure 4.29 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics, Walls Field (intact burials only)

No. of vessels No. of burials 0 7 1 57 2 52 3 35 4 17 5 2 6 5 7 1 8 1 9 2

Figure 4.30 The percentage of burials with cremated animal bone from urban and minor centre cemeteries

Percentage of burials Baldock Wallington Road WLR 10 Braughing Skeleton Green SKG 25 Braughing B B RB 37.5 Welwyn Grange WLN 25 St Albans King Harry Lane KHL 22 St Albans St Stephens (Niblett) SST2 43

Figure 4.31 Percentage of burials with ceramic accessory vessels from urban and minor centre cemeteries Figure 4.32 The average number of ceramic accessory vessels in urban and minor centre cemeteries

Percentage of burials Average no. of accessory vessels Baldock Wallington Road WLR 67 1.28 Braughing Skeleton Green SKG 100 2.28 Braughing B BRB 87 2.05 Welwyn Grange WLN 83 1.65 Baldock Walls Field WLF 93 2.27 St Albans St Stephens (Davey) SST 35 1.14 St Albans St Stephens (Niblett) SST2 58 1.07

Figure 4.33 Samian as percentage of ceramic accessory vessels from urban and minor centre cemeteries

Percentage of accessory vessels Baldock Wallington Road WLR 28 Braughing Skeleton Green SKG 28 Braughing B B RB 17 Welwyn Grange WLN 32 Baldock Walls Field WLF 29 St Albans St Stephens (Davey) SST 13 St Albans St Stephens (Niblett) SST2 16 524 Figure 4.34 Percentage of burials with glass accessory vessels from urban and minor centre cemeteries

Percentage of burials Baldock Wallington Road WLR 0.5 Braughing Skeleton Green SKG 10 Braughing B B RB 2 Welwyn Grange WLN 1 Baldock Walls Field WLF 5 St Albans St Stephens (Davey) SST 3.2 St Albans St Stephens (Niblett) SST2 2.1

525 Appendix 4.1 Note on unpublished cemeteries from Winchester, with particular reference to the date of late Roman cemeteries

Data on unpublished cemeteries from Winchester were collected in February 1995. They were was made available by Ken Qua Imam and I am very grateful to him and other members of staff at Winchester Historic Museums Services for much help and discussion. Data for Hyde Street were derived from a catalogue established by Patrick Ottaway, and his draft discussion of the cemetery was also made available to me. Where followed or criticised this discussion is explicitly referenced. Data from the Victoria Road and Hyde Street cemeteries were derived from a catalogue and draft discussion by Ken Qualmann, data on Oram's Arbour, Chester Road and St Martin's Close cemeteries from a catalogue and more provisional discussion by Ken Qualmann. Both Ottaway and Qualmann subdivided their respective burial populations into phases and the basis for this is set out below. The phasing of late Roman cemeteries has been established from stratigraphic relationships and alignment. Phases have been dated by Qualmann by reference to arguably better dated comparable changes in practice at Lan/chills, although there is perhaps over confidence in the precision of Clarke's chronology. The unqualified application of this scheme to other cemeteries demands further consideration. As well as general differences between Lankhills and the other cemeteries, for example in the quantity and quality of grave goods, a series of detailed differences distinguish the cemeteries. Qualmann's dating is therefore disputed below.

Hyde Street

There are two sources for the date of individual graves, stratigraphic phasing and grave goods, usually ceramics. The stratigraphic phasing is not based on burial intercutting, of which there was little, but on the stratigraphic level from which graves were cut. This allows two broad phases to be identified to which almost burials can be assigned. Phase 1 includes burials dated to the first and to the late first to mid second centuries AD, phase 2 those dated from the mid-second to early third centuries.

More precise dates for of a small number of graves are derived from the analysis of the ceramic assemblage by Matthews. In order to retain as large a sample of graves as possible I have used a slightly modified version of Ottaway's phasing. Ceramic dates were consistent with the vast majority of stratigraphic dates. Occasional inconsistencies between pottery and stratigraphic dating are resolved by following the ceramic dating where the grave goods consistently indicate a different date to the stratigraphy. This yields 136 phase 1 and 49 phase 2 burials.

Victoria Road

526 The first phase is dated to 270-320 from the continued presence of cremations and from burial orientation. It is given a terminus post quem by colour coated beakers with a date range of c.270-400. The transition from predominantly cremation to predominantly inhumation in Romano-British cemeteries is dated for the purposes of the report to AD 300 but this date lacks a large sample of third century burials both in Winchester and elsewhere in its support, although the inhumations excavated on the Cattle Market site might be of third century date (Clarke 1979: 6). Occasional cremations in any case continue to characterise all of the phases at Victoria Road and Lankhills. The shift to west-east orientation in Phase 2 is dated by the predominance of the same orientation at Lankhills at 300-320 (a slight over-simplification of Clarke's scheme) in c.350. However changing orientation at Lankhills is at least partly influenced by the changing relationships of graves to non-burial features and the degree of change is much slighter than the change between phases 1 and 2 at Victoria Road. The characteristics of the final phase, shallower graves, more frequent intercutting, less regular orientation and body position and rare use of coffins are easier to accept as parallels to practice at LanIchills which are there dated to 390 and later.

Hyde Street

The cemetery area is dated to the second half of the fourth century on the basis of the similarity to the post-350 phases at Lankhills and the second and third phases at Victoria Road. The coin of the House of Theodosius (Victoria Augg, 388-402 AD) deposited as a grave good in grave 16 supports this date.

Chester Road

The frequent stratigraphic relationships between graves allow burial phases to be more easily established, although the absolute dating of these phases is more problematic. Absolute dates for the cemetery are provided by coins deposited as grave goods, the five coins dated to the 280s recovered from a cremation grave of the second phase (579) and a Vict. Augg. coin of Theodosius dated from 388-395 from a grave of the fifth phase (553). The final phase can perhaps therefore be dated to the early fifth century.

Qualmann amalgamated the phases into 6 main periods. The absolute dating was again transferred from comparable dated changes in practice at Lankhills. The earliest period (Phase 2) at Chester Road was dated by artefacts, north-south orientation and the presence of cremations to c.270 to 350. Phases 3 and 4 were characterised by a shift to broadly west-east orientation and are therefore dated to 350-370. Phases 5 and 6 were dated by coins and increasing irregularity of burial practice to 370-390; the latest graves may date to the early fifth century.

527 Again dating by comparison with Lankhills can be challenged. Many of the arguments already advanced with reference to Victoria Road are relevant here. The changes in orientation to predominantly west-east are of a different kind and degree. The increasing variety in the later phases at Lankhills of body position and orientation have not been established at Chester Road, and there is only slight evidence for a decrease in regularity of burial.

Oram's Arbour

Abraded mid third century deposits from the earliest ditch fills with burials, third century vessels in two burials early in the sequence and the cutting of the latest burials through a layer associated with a possible hoard with coins dated from 388-402 suggests the use of the ditch for burial from the late third to the early fifth century.

Lankhills

Phasing at Lankhills was established initially on the basis of coin evidence. This suggested a horizontal stratigraphy for the site progressing from west to east, although the use of different areas overlapped (Clarke 1979: 114-118). Ceramic evidence supported this chronology (Clarke 1979: 120). Comparison of different areas of the cemetery was then used by Clarke as a proxy for the comparison of trends in burial practice over time at the cemetery. Individual graves within area W could also be dated by stratigraphic relationship. As Wilson (1983) notes, the caution of initial statement of phasing is replaced by increasing confidence in the method used to establish chronology during the course of the report, although only 14% of graves are closely datable by these methods. This methodology has consequences for the transfer of dated changes in practice at Lankhills to other sites in Winchester with less dating evidence.

528 Appendix 4.2 Data for figures associated with chapter 5

Note. for all graphs representing percentage values the original numerical values are recorded here

Figure 5.5 The numbers of cremated and inhumed burials over time, Hyde Street

Phase Cremation Inhumation Joint I 67 66 3 II 32 14 3 Pll 2 U 2 3

Figure 5.6 Cremated and inhumed populations, Hyde Street

Cremation Inhumation Crem. & Inhum. Adult 61 14 0 Juv. 11 1 0 Inf. 1 68 0 Adult & Juv. , 1 0 4 U & Inf. 0 0 3 U 26 0 0

Juv. 2-18, most not closely definable within that age. Inf. <2 years old

Not graphed A single joint inhumation and semi-cremated burial

Figure 5.7 The orientation of inhumation burials, Hyde Street (orientation is determined here from the end at which the head was placed) (direction established from grave description)

Orientation (head end) 8 NE 5 15 SE 12 20 SW 5 6 NW 5 No info 16

Figure 5.10 The number of burials with different artefact types, Hyde Street

Hobnails 2 Vessels 37 Ornament 16 Glass 2 Equipment 49 Coin 3 Animal bone 16

Figure 5.11 The number of burials with different ceramic forms, Hyde Street Figure 5.12 Numbers of different ceramic forms, Hyde Street

Fl. Bkr Bowl Jar D/Pl. Cup Lid Vessel Flagon Beaker Bowl Jar Dish Cup Vessel No. of burials 14 12 9 8 14 11 2 1 No. of vessels 17 12 11 12 27 26 3 1

529 Figure 5.13 The number of burials with different numbers of ceramics

No. of ceramics No. of burials 0 70 1 18 2 7 3 5 4 1 5 1 >5-10 4 >10 1 107

Figure 5.17 Numbers of burials over time, Victoria Road

Phase No. of burials 1 I'l 2 63 3 42 U 17

Figure 5.19 The percentage of burials with coffins by phase, Victoria Road (convert no. to %)

Evidence for coffin Phase None Possible Definite No info U 8 2 0 6 1 0 3 6 0 2 12 19 31 3 3 29 6 5 49 30 37 14

Figure 5.20 The number of burials with different artefact types, Victoria Road

Artefact Hobnails 2 Vessel 5 Coin 2 Ornament 10 Glass 0 1 frag. Animal bone 2 Equipment 19

Figure 5.21 The orientation of all inhumation burials, Victoria Road Figure 5.22 The orientation of phase 1 inhumation burials, Victoria Road Figure 5.23 The orientation of phase 2 inhumation burials, Victoria Road Figure 5.24 The orientation of phase 3 inhumation burials, Victoria Road (orientation is determined here from the end at which the head was placed) (direction simplified from grave orientation in degrees )

Orientation Phase (head end) Total 1 2 3 Unphased N 6 3 0 2 1 NE 1 0 0 1 0 E 7 0 0 6 1 SE 1 0 0 1 0 S 3 1 0 2 0 SW 10 2 2 5 1 W 70 0 54 15 1 NW 9 3 0 4 2 Unknown 27 3 7 8 9

530

Figure 5.26 The orientation of all inhumation burials, Hyde Street (Late) (orientation is determined here from the end at which the head was placed) (direction simplified from grave orientation in degrees )

Orientation Total (head end) No. of burials N 1 NE 1 E 5 SE 1 S 0 SW 0 W 20 NW 2

Figure 5.28 The number of burials with different artefact types, Lankhills

Artefact Vessel 78 Hobnails 152 Ornament 67 Equipment 31 Glass 18 Animal Bone 7 Coin 43

Figure 5.29 The orientation of all inhumation burials, Lankhills (orientation is determined here from the end at which the head was placed) (direction simplified from grave orientation in degrees )

Orientation of burials where skeleton survives. (head end) No. of burials U 40 N 6 NE / E 13 SE 0 S 3 SW 58 W 260 NW 4

Figure 5.30 Average NAT of burials with different attributes, Lanklrills

Artefact Average NAT Overall avg 1.79 Hobnails 1.65 Animal bone 2.29 Coin 2.54 Vessel 2.56 Comb 2.88 2+ vessels 2.91 Spindle whorl 3.25 Bracelet 3.32 Belt fittings 3.5 Glass 3.58 Ivory bracelet 3.6 Pewter vessel 3.67 Knife 3.86 Brooch 4

531 Rings 4.09 Pins 4.55 Beads 4.61 Silver artefact 6

Figure 5.33 The number of burials with different artefact types, Chester Road

Artefact No. of burials Hobnails 16 Vessel 2 Coin 1 Ornament 3 Glass 3 Animal bone 2 Equipment 1

Figure 5.34 The orientation of all inhumation burials, Chester Road Figure 5.35b The orientation of inhumation burials, phases 1 and 2, Chester Road Figure 5.36c The orientation of inhumation burials, phases 3 to 6, Chester Road (orientation is determined here from the end at which the head was placed) (direction simplified from grave orientation in degrees )

Total Phases 1-2 Phases 3-6 N 11 9 2 NE 0 0 0 E 1 1 0 SE 3 2 1 S 6 5 1 SW 3 0 3 W 72 14 58 NW 5 2 3 U 13

Figure 5.39 The proportion of burials with grave goods in late Roman cemeteries at Winchester Figure 5.40 The average NAT per burial in late Roman cemeteries at Winchester

% of all burials Average NAT (based on undamaged burials) Chester Road 24 (28/116) 0.33 Hyde Street Late 20 (6/30) 0.2 Lankhills 56.9 (261/458) 1.79 Victoria Road 31 (42/134) 0.33

532 ------n-

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542

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544 Appendix 5.2 Data for figures 6.5-6.7, 6.9-6.11

(for all graphs representing percentage values original numerical values are recorded here)

Fig. 6.5 Numbers of burials of different type over time at Owslebury

Date Cremation Inhumation C3-C2BC 1 3 C1 BC 8 13 Cl AD 9 5 C2-C3AD 2 14 C3-C4 AD 1 7

Fig. 6.6 The number of ceramic forms at Owslebury

No. of vessels Flagon Fl. 3 Beaker B kr 11 Bowl Bowl 9 Jar Jar 5 Dish / Platter D/Pl. 22 Cup Cup 10 Vessel Vessel 4

Fig. 6.7 The orientation of burials (position of head) at Owslebury (orientation is determined from the end at which the head was placed) (direction established from grave description)

Orientation (head end) No. of burials N 12 NE 2 E 7 SE 1 S 6 SW 1 W 3 NW 2 U 15

Figure 6.9 The number of late Roman burials with different artefact types, Hampshire

No. of burials Vessel 11 Hobnails 20 Ornament 2 Equipment 3 Glass 0 Coin 2 An. bone 3

545 Figure 6.10 The number of late Roman burials with different numbers of artefacts, Hampshire

No. of grave No. of burials 0 27 1 22 2 6 3 2 4 3

Fig. 6.11 The orientation of late Roman rural burials from Hampshire (orientation is determined from the end at which the head was placed) (direction established from grave description)

No. of burials N 14 NNE 3 NE 0 ENE 0 E 3 ESE 0 SE 1 SSE 0 S 0 SSW 7 SW 1 WSW 0 W 4 WNW 0 NW 9 NNW 0

546 Appendix 5.3 Descriptions of the relationship of burial to settlement features from a sample of rural sites in southern Britain (sites discussed in Chapters 6.15-6.18; see also figures 6.34- 6.85)

Site / County / NGR I Reference IDescription Abingdon Vineyard Frere 1990: 334 Fifty metres to the north west of a contemporary masonry (Berkshire) (SU 499 building a discrete group of four fourth century 972) (Fig. 6.33) inhumations, three of which were in lead-lined coffins. Aldwincle Jackson and Four inhumation burials on the approaches to, and possibly (Northamptonshire) Ambrose 1976 contemporary with, the Roman period bridge (TL 0081) A lington Avenue Davies et al. Five first century AD inhumation burials lie along but (Dorset) (SY 1985 outside the boundary of a D-shaped enclosure. Fifty eight 702899) second to fourth century inhumations were within and (Fig. 6.35) parallel to the north-west and south-west sides of the enclosure ditch, beyond which was a trackway. Four second to third century cremations clustered in the north- west corner of the enclosure. Seven infant inhumations lined the walls of building 12 in the interior of the enclosure. Two Romano-British inhumations were within the Bronze Age 'spectacle enclosure' to south of settlement. Appleford Hinchcliffe and Eight late Roman inhumation burials were recovered in (Oxfordshire) (SU Thomas 1980 two groups from what was probably a much larger 5923) cemetery. The burials overlay a trackway, one cutting its (Fig. 6.36) ditch. Asham, Rodmell Curwen and Three LPRIA / early Roman urned cremation burials were (East Sussex) (TQ Curwen 1930 deposited in centre of lynchet prior to or during its 4106) formation Bancroft Williams and The small and fluctuating numbers of burials as well as the (Buckinghamshire) Zeepvat 1994 damage to the cemetery make it clear that by no means a (SP 82524058) (Fig. full sample of the population was recovered. The division 6.37a and 6.37b) of the spur area in phase 2b into discrete cremation cemetery and settlement enclosure is succeeded for the subsequent half a millennium by a broadly consistent if punctuated division of space between habitation and economic activity in the valley and the use of the spur as a sacred / cemetery area, although there are also scattered burials from the valley bottom. The slope between the

547 temple-mausoleum and the buildings was trial trenched, it is quite conceivable that other burials were located on the site periphery where they were not archaeologically accessible. The few scattered undated cremation burials within the settlement area may indicate the existence of further cemeteries or the disposal practice applied to the majority of the population. The detailed sequence is described in the table immediately after this entry.

The location of the temple-mausoleum on the slope was visible not only from the settlement below but also from Watling Street 2.5 km to the south-east. The location just beneath the brow of the hill may be to take account of the earlier enclosure, as the excavators suggest, but it is also identified by Lewis (1966: 130-31) as a common position for Romano-Celtic temples. The excavators suggested that the broadly contemporaneous construction of the temple mausoleum, the shift in settlement emphasis from the spur to further down the slope and the construction of the villa were integrally related, although it is difficult to attach a very precise date to the mausoleum.

(the detailed sequence from Bancroft is appended to the end of this table) Barnack Simpson 1993 A single crouched inhumation burial of the late second- (Cambridgeshire) mid third century AD in a ditch fill. The burial was (TF 081066) immediately adjacent to one of the posts for a later aisled building. Barton Court Farm Miles 1985 Two Late Iron Age crouched burials and a cremation just (Oxfordshire) (SU within the enclosure entrance. A late Roman 'infant 510997) (Fig. 6.38) cemetery' and one adult crouched burial within the settlement enclosure. Contemporary cemetery possibly at Radley Barrow Hills, c. 700m north-east of the settlement, suggested to be estate boundary. Four post-Roman burials were made within the abandoned buildings. Beadlam Neal 1996 An adult female inhumation burial in demolition debris, (North Yorkshire) room 6, building 1. The condition of the skeleton suggests (SE 6337 8412) that the body was not left exposed but either buried within demolition rubble or placed on the floor and covered with

548 debris. The burial post-dates the abandonment of this room, the use of which the coin list suggests to extend to at least the early fifth century Ben Bridge, Chew Rahtz and Excavated in extreme salvage conditions.

Valley Lake (Avon) Greenfield 1977: Three Brandgrubengreiber of the second to third century (c. SY 5759) 82-91 AD within ditched enclosures c. 5m square. Various other undated features recovered within the c. 180 x 120m area investigated. Berwick Down, Wainwright Nine feet to north of the enclosure ditch of first half of first Tollard Royal 1968: 117-18 century AD site a crouched adult male inhumation burial, (Dorset / Wiltshire) possibly related to this site or to the larger Romano-British (ST 942197) settlement to the north. Horse and do.g skeleton were recovered from elsewhere in the same boundary ditch. Biglis (South Robinson 1988: Late fourth or fifth century inhumation burial in a slab- Glamorgan) 30 lined grave constructed in a dis-used corn drier in the (ST 14206940) south-east angle of the late Roman enclosure, one other (Fig. 6.39) coffmed adult inhumation in south-west corner of enclosure and adolescent inhumation near southern boundary. Five infant burials, most also associated with site boundary. Bletsoe Dawson 1994 Fourth century inhumation cemetery of fifty four burials (Bedfordshire) associated with possible midden area and corn drying (TL 018586) ovens east of villa buildings. Bokerly Dyke / Pitt Rivers 1890; One first century contracted inhumation in a ditch cut by Woodyates (Dorset / Hawkes and road ditch and one cremation burial in a hollowed-out log Wiltshire) Piggott 1947: 65- in internal site boundary. At least five inhumation burials (SU 032198) 68; Rahtz 1961 in a square ditched enclosure to the rear of the north-west (Fig. 6.40) part of the settlement enclosure. There were further scattered inhumation burials in ditches in settlement area to west of Bokerly Dyke, including one a few feet from a corn drier. Boscombe Down, Anon 1997 An enclosed late third and fourth century cemetery of Amesbury thirty six inhumation and one cremation burials divided by (Wiltshire) (SU a trackway leading to contemporary village settlement 1 169404) km distant. Eight of the burials lay 50m from the rest and had been buried in large timber-lined vaults, one of which was surrounded by a small square enclosure Bradley Hill Leech 1985 A late fourth century Romano-British farmstead from (Somerset) which fifty seven inhumation burials were recovered. The (ST 470303) burials were divided into two main groups and there were a

549 (Fig. 6.41) small number of outliers. In building 3 there were three adult and two child burials which possible antedated its construction and twenty one infant burials probably contemporary with its use. All were roughly aligned with the walls. To the south of building 3 were twenty five burials, of which the vast majority were adults. A single infant burial was recovered from building 2 and two adult inhumation burials from the north of building 3. One of these (F115) had been covered by a mound. Broadwell Spring, Leech 1980: 338 Two or three inhumation burials were close to a corn drier Curly Rivel and and possibly within a building (Leech's description in text Drayton (Somerset) and in appendices are inconsistent). (ST 4024) Bray (Berkshire) Wilson 1971: Four inhumations contemporary with the early fourth (SU 918781) 284 century remains of a jetty related to tributary of Thames. An unknown number of busta overlay these, and early to mid fifth century inhumations were also present. Cassington Harman et al. Over one hundred late Roman inhumation burials (Oxfordshire) 1981; Taylor excavated from a cemetery of unknown size in advance of (SP 449103) 1937: 237 the Oxford bypass. Catsgore (Somerset Leech 1982 Five adult inhumation burials, and fragmentary remains of (ST 506265) (Fig. two adult, two children, and minimum of twenty infants. 6.42) Adult and child burials derived from the exterior of buildings and were usually associated with enclosure ditches or other boundaries. The majority of infant burials derived from building interiors or immediate exterior under eaves. One child burial and fragmentary remains of two adults from building interiors were argued by excavator to post-date building use, but there is little evidence for dating of all burials relative to settlement phases. Charlton Macicrell Leech 1980 Approximately fifty inhumation burials and a possible (Somerset) (ST mausoleum recovered in several excavations in the first 5229) half of the 20th century. Crambeck Corder 1989 Two late or post-Roman inhumation burials in cists, one of (Humberside) which cut kiln A. (SE 7367) Curbridge Chambers 1976a; Nineteen Roman period inhumation burials post-dating a (Oxfordshire) 1978 Romano-British settlement of which they overlie the

550 (SP 337089) features. Radio-carbon dates suggest that burials were made throughout Roman period Dragonby May 1996: 125- Twelve late Iron Age and Roman inhumation burials (four (Lincolnshire) (SE 6, 139-40 adults, one child, seven infants) and one cremation burial 905138) deposited in boundary ditches between compounds and in ditches of trackways. Also scattered bone material from a minimum of two adults in Iron age features and three adults, two children and seven neonates in Roman features. Friary Fields, Matthews 1981; Over one hundred late Roman inhumation burials made Dunstable Matthews and within a ditched enclosure of 2750m 2, in the ditch itself, (Bedfordshire) (TL Hutchings 1972 and in the tops of wells outside it. 018215) (Fig. 6.43) Fifty-five burials were recovered within the enclosure, fifty humans, four horses and a dog from the enclosure ditch. Pottery kilns had been inserted into the ditch in the three known corners of the enclosure.

Well 1. Seven inhumation burials. Well 2 Three inhumation burials Well 3 At least two inhumations Well 4 Not excavated Well 5 Six inhumation burials including two infants

The position of animal burials cannot be precisely located on the general plan so they are not plotted. They were interspersed with human burials, cutting or being cut by them, save for the dog which was recovered within the fill of one grave. In two cases human burials in the ditch were cut through kilns. Each End, Ash Bennett and One poorly preserved group of second-third century (Kent) Panton 1993: cremation burials to the immediate north of a road, a better (TR 270583) 377-80 preserved contemporary enclosed group of fifteen adult (Fig. 6.44) cremation burials to the south of roadway and the east of the contemporary settlement. Eyewell Farm, Fitzpatrick and A single late Roman inhumation burial cut into the Chilmark Crockett 1998 demolition rubble of a corn drier and up to seven other (Wiltshire) contemporary inhumation burials, three in stone cists and (ST 97083216) one in a stone coffin, in a line at right angles to a boundary (Fig. 6.45) feature. Figheldean Graham and A few scattered late Roman inhumation burials cut through

551 (Wiltshire) (SU Newman 1993 Iron Age and Roman period enclosure features, either 15054690 to SU when settlement area had shrunk or shifted away from the 46974760) (Fig. excavated area. One was cut through the centre of 'Kiln 6.46) 457', probably part of a corn-drier. Fishbourne (SU Cunliffe et al. A single first century cremation burial in the top of a well 8304) 1996: 147 fill in the gardens at Fishbourne, sealed by a gravel path Fordington Bottom, Smith et al. 1997 In Trench K thirty five graves of first century BC to second Dorchester (Dorset) century AD date, with a possible mortuary structure, (ST 676897) associated with a working area with sunken-floored (Figure 6.47) structures, pits and corn driers / ovens.

In Trench D to the south two late Roman graves next to and aligned on field boundary which probably marked southern limit of settlement. Fosse Lane, Leach 1990 Three late Roman inhumation cemeteries, within large Shepton Mallet scale excavation of a cemetery and settlement complex. (Somerset) The largest occupied an earlier D-shaped enclosure (ST 630424) bounded by a ditch. Burials were rock-cut and west-east (Fig. 6.48) aligned. One individual had been buried in a lead coffui. There were two smaller groups of north-south aligned burials, one to the north of large cemetery centred upon a burial within mausoleum, to the immediate west of a three room house, the other consisted of scattered burials around boundaries of enclosure on south-west of site. Foxton Price et al. 1997 A large Iron Age and Roman settlement, with a third and (Cambridgeshire) fourth century part excavated cemetery and scattered (TL 401480) burials / body parts across the site. The disarticulated (Fig. 6.49) material all derived from the northern part of the site and was suggested to derive from disturbed graves but insufficient contextual information was provided to assess this. Some material remained in situ, including the double burial of adult and child in pit 2496 with most of cow skeleton. At the southern end of the site away from the settlement area twenty four inhumation burials were excavated from a larger cemetery, including one group in a possible mausoleum. Three phases were identified based on stratigraphy and alignment. Frocester Court Information from The enclosure in the south-western part of the site was (Gloucestershire) E. Price; Price occupied from the second century BC by successive round (SO 785029) 1983 houses and from the late first century AD by a series of

552 (Fig. 6.50) rectangular timbered buildings. In the early fourth century a villa building was established to the north-east of this enclosure and its walled courtyard was laid out with apparent disregard for the earlier site organisation. Although plough damage has reduced burial recovery extensive excavation has produced a sample of over sixty burials, all but three inhumations and several individual bone fragments from adult skeletons. The burial sample was produced from the last two centuries of the Iron Age to the post-Roman period, but different sections of the population are not consistently represented. Adult burials are absent not only from the Iron Age phase but Reece argues that they continue to be largely absent until the late Roman period. The main basis for this is the practice of inhumation and only rarely cremation for adults, but whether this is a valid chronological indicator in this area has been questioned (2.3.4).

Age determines the distribution of burial within the settlement. Most infants were clustered in the north- western part of the early Roman enclosure whilst adult burials were deposited on or beyond the site boundaries. The sides and rear rather than front of the enclosure were preferred. Price has drawn attention to the clustering of burials with evidence of a similar mortuary practice. Inhumation burials outside the north-east corner of the pre- villa enclosure were characterised by the placing of the head to the south-west and accompaniment with a sheep / goat forelimb always by the left side of the body. In the same area are three third century cremations each in black- burnished ware jars but lacking other grave furniture. Two adult burials close to one another in the south-west corner of the site were both buried in coffms, otherwise rare on the site, and had been accompanied by joints of beef. Gatcombe (Avon) Branigan 1972; Three possibly third century cremation burials in area B (ST 526699) 1977 post-dated earlier occupation in the same area and pre- dated later third century occupation, although the relative dating of cremation and occupation seems to be based on the assumption that burial and occupation remain separate. The group was possibly part of small courtyard cemetery

553 as a small number of other cremations were recovered nearby in trial trenching. Two inhumation burials were excavated outside the northern enclosure wall, covered in rubble, dated to fourth or fifth century. Godmanchester Wait 1991 Two mid-Roman crouched adult burials placed in the gap (A14/604 junction) between enclosure ditches of fields or possibly a (Cambridgeshire) settlement. Shared dental anomaly may suggest a family (TL 255710) (Fig. relationship between the burials. 6.51) Godmanchester Frere 1991: 256; An enclosed cemetery of thirty six second century Rectory Farm, McAvoy n.d. cremations and three infant and one adult inhumations. (Cambridgeshire) The enclosure lies on the southern side of a settlement (TL 258712) compound established in the second century. Great Witcombe Leach 1998 Two small collections of skull bone from adult individuals (Gloucestershire) were recovered from levels dated to the post-villa phase i.e (SO 899143) the late fourth century, in courtyard area. Whether they derived from deliberate deposition or the disturbance of an earlier burial is impossible to ascertain.

Guilden Morden Lethbridge 1934; A cremation and inhumation cemetery of over one hundred (Cambridgeshire) Liversidge 1977 burials in use from the late Iron Age to the late Roman (TL 2844) period. The 1960s excavations are not yet published Hambleden Cocks 1921 Ninety seven infant burials 'littered' the northern half of (Buckinghamshire) the enclosure. Two adult and one child inhumation burials (SU 7886) were recovered from pit 6 next to the second building within the enclosure and a single urned cremation 75 ft north-east of the north-east angle of the enclosure. Hamworthy Jarvis 1993 A small scale excavation recovered a small group of fourth (Dorset) (SZ century inhumation burials overlying a third century salt 00309048) making site. Hardwick, Chambers and Three inhumation burials of Roman or post-Roman date on (Oxfordshire) (SP Williams 1976 a deserted late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement. 38000595) Hartlepool Daniels et al. A late Roman double inhumation male and female burial (Cleveland) 1987 recovered on the edge of salt-water tidal flats. No (NZ 5083337) neighbouring settlement is known, although the charcoal deposits in the fill could be a product of ritual or introduced from the disturbance of other nearby settlement deposits. Hayton Halkon and Three early Roman urned cremation burials separated from

554 (Humberside) (SE Millett 1997 contemporary settlement to the south east by an enclosure 8245) (Fig. 6.52) ditch from earlier phase. The burials were located close to the junction of two earlier ditches. Herriotts Bridge Rahtz and A small number of burials excavated in salvage conditions Chew Valley Greenfield 1977 which must only be small proportion of original sample. (Avon) (c. SY Adult inhumation burials 1 to 3 are probably at the rear of 5759) the enclosure (area F); scattered across the rest of the site (Fig. 6.53) were a single human cremation (Area Q), part of a human skull (Area G) and animal cremations (horse and sheep / goat) Holborough, Jessup 1954 A late second or early third century AD barrow, 100 ft in Snodland, Kent diameter and 18 ft high, on the final crest of a spur falling (TQ 7061) (Fig. towards the Medway with a primary cremation burial and 6.54) secondary inhumation burial. Situated just below the brow of the hill and 'commanding a very wide view of the surrounding countryside' (Jessup 1954: 2). A single Bronze Age barrow was nearby. Icklingham West and A second half of fourth century cemetery of forty one (Suffolk) (TL Plouviez 1976 inhumation burials associated with possible church 783719) buildings. 6 skulls, building rubble and stone pillar were (Fig. 6.55) deposited in a pit which underlay the layer of chalk which sealed the site prior to its use as a cemetery. Ilchester Little Leach 1982 Forty two inhumation burials were aligned on the sides and Spittle, (Somerset) rear of an extra-mural settlement enclosure, in contrast to (ST 518224) (Fig. the location of buildings on the Fosse Way frontage to the 6.56a and b) east. The burials were suggested by the excavator to post- date the use of buildings, but no stratigraphic relationships between building and burials. The different dating seems to be based only on the assumption that inhabitation and burial cannot take place contemporaneously in such close proximity. Evidence from other sites presented in this sample, for example Alington Avenue, shows that this need not be the case.

Ilchester Townsend Leach 1982 Fifteen inhumation burials were aligned on the sides and Close, (Somerset) rear of an extra-mural settlement enclosure, in contrast to (ST 520224)(Fig. the building on the Fosse Way frontage to west. As at 6.57) Little Spittle, the burials were suggested by the excavator to post-date the use of the buildings, but there is no evidence for this difference in date.

Kemp Farm (East Gilkes 1989 A possible corn drying oven into which a cremation burial

555 Sussex) (TQ with up to seven vessels was deposited. 331038) Kempston, Church Burnham et al An inhumation cemetery of which the burials were cut into End 1993: 293-94 the top of a villa building, dating from possibly the fourth (Bedfordshire) (TL to the seventh century. Another cemetery of eight 012478) inhumation burials probably from the late Roman period: some burials were surrounded by penannular ditches Keston (Kent) (TQ Philp 1969; Philp In the western corner of the main site a small early Roman 414632) (Fig. 6.58) et al. 1991 cremation cemetery (Period IV) lay close to an earlier building. The cemetery in turn lay beneath a timber building which was the precursor to the 'West masonry building', the main element in the third century monumentalisation of the site (Period VI). Probably contemporary with the latter was the earliest use of the cemetery on the hill above, with three monumental tombs and twelve other burials, three infant and six child inhumations and three adult cremations. The latter dated to 180-250 AD. Dumping of rubbish in the cemetery suggests that it was no longer in use by the mid-fourth century. Other scattered burials are known from the site environs. Though not yet noted in publication, the circular tomb must have been visible from the London-Lewes road 1.25 miles to the west. Kingscote Timby 1998: 35, Site 2. A late or post-Roman adult inhumation overlying a (Gloucestershire) 275-76 wall foundation in Room 1. Two infant burials from the (ST 80759572) upper levels of room 9 and two other adults each represented by small skull fragments may also derive from post-occupation burial, although contextual information for the latter was not published. Kingsweston, Boon 1993 An adult inhumation burial was excavated between the Shirehampton / pilae of a hypocaust in the east wing with evidence for Henbury (Avon) (c. extensive injuries to the skull. A further poorly preserved ST 5376) inhumation burial in the courtyard and a further inhumation burial in a lead-lined stone coffin 900 yards west of the villa were also recovered during salvage. Lambs Lea (East Gilkes 1990 Two complete vessels were found on the floor of the main Sussex) (SU flue of a corn drier. No cremated bone was recovered but 916154) it may have remained unnoticed within the ashy deposit in the flue. Laxton Jackson and Approximately one hundred inhumation burials were

556 (Northamptonshire Tylecote 1988 planned to the east of rural settlement site, separated by (SP 967971) (Fig. ditch. Only a small number were excavated. 6.59) Litlington Jessup 1959; Walls of flint and brick 81 ft by 114 ft surround cemetery (Cambridgeshire) Kempe 1845; with approximately cremations and two hundred and fifty (TL 314420) Liversidge 1977: inhumations. The enclosure was probably used from the 29-30 second to the fourth century. Little Chester, Brassington 1971 A crouched adult male inhumation was placed on its right Derby (Derbyshire) side head first in the flue of a first century ceramic kiln, (SK 36133755) covered over with pot sherds. As the burial did not cut the kiln walls and the head had been pushed up against the pedestal, the burials must have taken place soon after the feature's latest use. Llantwit Major Hogg 1974 Forty seven inhumation burials and two horse burials, (South Glamorgan) among which the various excavators distinguished between (SS 958699) 'massacre' victims and formal burials on the basis of burial layout. Hogg argued that the former derived from up to a century after the abandonment of the villa and the latter possibly from several centuries later. Whilst the re- use at different periods of the villa for burial is plausible the grounds for distinction between the 'massacre' victims and the formal burials deserve re-evaluation. For example the contracted position of the burial excavated in 1971 and attributed by Hogg to a massacre is a regular ifrare position of burials from the late Iron age to post-Roman period across southern Britain (Philpott 1991: 71-72). The presence of horse burials has analogies in other contemporary cemeteries (Friary Field Dunstable, Syreford Mill) and need not a priori be ascribed to indiscriminate slaughter of men and their mounts or to modem farm burials. The cutting rather than respecting of Roman period structural features is also not strong evidence for any great difference in date. Lullingstone (Kent Meates 1979 A temple mausoleum constructed in c AD 300 and (TQ 529651) (Fig. abandoned and demolished by the end of the fourth 6.60) century. The upper level of the structure was a Romano- Celtic temple, 12.2m square, with a cella 6.4m x 5.18m. The feature was oriented north-north-east south-south-west with entrance in the south. Beneath the cella was a tomb chamber 3.66m square and 3.35m deep. It originally

557 contained two lead coffms oriented north-north-east south- south-west, which had been covered with a wooden box. Only the eastern coffin and a line of grave goods, bronze, ceramic and glass vessels and knives, forming two sets on the western side of the tomb, survived late fourth century robbing. The temple stood on a terrace above and 12m from the nearest part of the villa building where a circular shrine had been constructed at the beginning and destroyed at the end of the second century AD. A path led south from the ambulatory entrance for 7m and then turned at right angles to end in steps which led down to the villa buildings. The structure lay to the rear of the building which faced towards the river to the west, and was not on an axial relationship to it. It was constructed one or two decades after the villa was re-constructed following an apparent gap in occupation for much of the third century. Lynch Farm Jones 1975 Fifty inhumation and one cremation burials of probable (Northamptonshire) fourth century date. The majority were aligned in west- (TL 145976) east rows in the corner of a field enclosure separated by a (Fig. 6.61) ditch from the settlement area. A small number had been buried within and next to this ditch. • Maddington Farm, McKinley and A small number of late Roman animal and human burials Shrewton Heaton 1996 and cremation debris pits spread across site which lay on (Wiltshire) (SU field boundaries. Burials and pyre debris pits interleaved 04904450) (Fig. with phases of lynchet formation. 6.62) Maiden Castle, Sharpies 1991; Twenty eight inhumation burials of the first century AD Dorchester (Dorset) Wheeler 1943 immediately outside the hillfort's eastern entrance but (SY 6788) within the `hornwork'. Wheeler's interpretation of the burials as a 'war cemetery' related to the Roman conquest is disputed by Sharples. The cemetery can be no more precisely dated than the late Iron Age / early Roman transition and less than half the burials had met a demonstrably violent death. Although lacking the crouched layout of most Durotrigian burials, position and orientation were still regular and burials, especially those of young males, were more richly provided than average with grave goods. Sharpies therefore interprets the

558 cemetery as a sub-group of the Durotrigian rite.

Sixteen further contemporary burials were excavated in the outworks of the eastern entrance, but their separation from the larger cemetery area may be a function of excavation strategy. Maiden Castle Smith et al. 1997 Twenty one third to fourth century inhumation burials, Road, Dorchester most of which were orientated west-east. Their linear (Dorset) (Fig. 6.63) alignment head to toe suggests the existence of an (SY 677895) archaeologically invisible boundary feature with which they are parallel. The burials were to the north of and respected the ditches of a disused trackway which separated them from the settlement. To the south of the trackway was a large early Roman period square burial enclosure, 12.5m square with a single crouched inhumation. Market Deeping, Information from Five Roman period inhumation burials and one animal Fox Covert Farm D. Trimble burial adjacent to the edge of an enclosure ditch. There (Lincolnshire) (TF was no recurring alignment on this ditch; burials were 138886) aligned both north-south and east-west. (Fig. 6.64) Marshall's Farm, Wymer and Fragments of human skull were recovered from a ditch fill Prittlewell (Essex) Brown 1995: 40, in small scale examination of Roman rural settlement; (TQ 8687) 161 some fragments rested on cow's skull laid on the base of the ditch. Marshfield Blockley 1985 An early Roman possible mortuary structure R2 with one (Gloucestershire) adult and one infant inhumation (ST 798761) (Fig. A late Roman group of eight adult and one child 6.65) inhumation burials aligned along and outside the villa boundary wall. A group of pen-natal infant burials was excavated to the south. Maxey West Field Pryor and French Two late third or early fourth century inhumation burials in (Cambridgeshire) 1985 a Neolithic mound. Six Iron Age and early Roman (TF 12800770) crouched, contracted and extended inhumation burials were excavated in a loose cluster within the settlement area Mersea Island Hull 1963b; On the north edge of the central plateau of the island a (Essex) (TQ Rodwell 1978: barrow 110 ft in diameter and 22 ft high. A red stratum of 02261434) crushed tile, yellow ochre and mortar lay over top of central chamber marked by a stake. In the chamber a cremation burial in glass jar within lead casket and many

559 broken ceramics. First or second century in date

Mersea Island Hull 1963b; The 'wheel tomb' consisted of a circular masonry wall 3 ft

(Essex) (TQ Rodwell 1978 thick and 65 ft in diameter with a hexagonal central 01091252) chamber from which 6 spokes radiated to the walled perimeter with external buttresses. There is no information on the contents of the tomb, which is identified as such from its similarity to known tombs in Gallia Belgica. A few yards east of this foundation was a tiled tomb containing the burial of a child in a glass jar. The wheeled tomb is close to the villa which lies under the church. The prospect of the wheel tomb appears to be seaward rather than landward. Newhaven, (East Bell 1976 A small cremation cemetery on the immediate exterior of a Sussex) (TQ building. 446013) Northfield Farm, Gray 1977 A fourth century inhumation burial that cut across the Long Wittenham junction between the terminal of a Bronze Age ring ditch (Oxfordshire) (SU and backfilled ditch of a Roman period trapezoidal 553953) (Fig. 6.66) enclosure, probably previously used as animal enclosure rather than for settlement North Shoebury Wymer and A sequence of burials on the eastern boundary of a (Essex) (TQ Brown 1995: 40, settlement site. 931862) 161 Three LPRIA cremation burials were excavated from the corner of large enclosure, a single Roman period cremation burial and to the south of the latter and a fragment of human skull from fill of ditch. Elsewhere in the same ditch parts of horse and cow skull had been carefully deposited. A small early Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery was excavated 20-30m south-east of the LPRIA burials. Oakley Down, Brown et al. Recovered in a small scale excavation were a third century Wimborne St Giles 1995 cremation and later inhumation burial in the upper layers (Dorset) of fill of enclosure ditch in use from the sixth century BC (SU 016177) to fourth century AD. Odell Dix 1979; Two cremation cemeteries from the first half of the first (Bedfordshire) (SP Goodburn 1978: century AD and scattered inhumation burials from the 956568) (Fig. 6.67) 442-44 remainder of the Roman period from large-scale excavation of settlement enclosures and field boundaries. The cremation cemeteries were situated immediately adjacent to the settlement enclosure but separated from it

560 by a ditch. The skull and neck of an adult female had been deposited behind the wickerwork lining of a first century AD well. Old Winteringham Stead 1976 A coffined adult inhumation lying outside the villa (Humberside) (SE enclosure ditch. Two further inhumation burials on the site 9421) margins were also possibly of Roman date Overton Down Smith and Three robbed Roman cremation burials, possibly of third (Wiltshire) (SU Simpson 1964 century date, each at centre of a circular low mound 11936832 / 34 /37) surrounded by wooden palisade, respectively 23 feet, 15 (Fig. 6.68) feet and 15 feet in diameter. The mounds were in a line c. 100 ft from from and parallel with ridgeway, also at right angles to Roman road from Mildenhall to Sandy Lane c.150 feet distant. Roman Farm, Dewar 1949; C.100m east of the courtyard villa a building 'of similar Pitney (Somerset) Leech 1980: RIB shape and size' to 'a dovecote', from which tiles, 'pieces (ST 4530) 182 and 183 of lachrymatories' and skeletons were reported by the antiquary Hasell (whose letter is quoted by Dewar). The account shows that RIB 183 was recovered from this building rather than from the courtyard as recorded by Collingwood and Wright. As Hasell refers to other inscriptions from the same building the courtyard provenance of RIB 182 must be doubted and its provenance from the same building as RIB 183 regarded as possible. Plant's Farm, Gurney et al. An isolated late Roman inhumation burial (dated by the Maxey, 1993 colour coated beaker deposited as a grave good) five feet (Cambridgeshire) south east of a corn drier. Earlier features may have been (TF 115080) (Fig. influential on the grave's position as it lay parallel with and 6.69) to the immediate east of one earlier ditch and cut the butt end of another. Although no other graves were recovered in the immediate vicinity, it is not impossible that this is an outlier of a larger group. Poundbury (Dorset Farwell and Early Roman inhumation cemeteries on margins of rural (SY 685911) (Fig. Molleson 1992; settlement. The relationship of cemetery from the late Iron 6.70a and b) Green 1987 Age to early fourth century AD is complicated by the presence of the massive fourth century cemetery over the settlement area. With reservations the excavators propose the following sequence:

Phase III. Early Roman

561 An cemetery of twenty eight adult inhumations and twenty nine smaller graves cut into and situated to the immediate north of a Late Iron Age boundary ditch on site C.

Two late Iron Age / early Roman groups of seven and five inhumation burials on sites E and F to the south of contemporary buildings. In association with the buildings were one adult and twenty two infant burials.

Phase IVa second to fourth centuries AD. Burials associated with a farm represented by buildings R15 to R17 in enclosure 1. Thirty six inhumations aligned on the boundaries of the western arm of Enclosure 1 (Site F). In the eastern peripheral cemetery were eighty-nine inhumations and three cremations, (ten infant burials within building R16), some also aligned on boundaries of enclosure I (Site D and F). Some burials, especially those on the boundary ditch are likely to be contemporary with the settlement. However others post-date stratigraphically the structural evidence. Save in a few cases the few grave goods do not allow these peripheral areas to be distinguished with certainty from the main fourth century cemetery. The use of the area as a cemetery certainly continued into the fourth century once the settlement had been abandoned. Green (1987: 69) suggests that the late Roman cemetery on the site developed out of the peripheral groups, but the earlier date of these peripheral groups cannot therefore yet be confirmed or denied. Poxwell (Dorset) Hurst and Inhumation burials were associated with but argued to pre- (SY 736840) Wacher 1986 date late Roman corn driers and iron working area. Burial 1 is argued to be Neolithic or Bronze age on the basis of its posture (crouched with head to the north), but there is no reason that it could not be dated to the Late Iron Age or early Roman period by this criterion. Burial 2 /5 of adult female and infant is dated to the mid second century by sherds in fill, other burials comprise fragmentary and undated infant remains. Radley Barrow Hills Atkinson 1952; Atkinson excavated forty late Roman inhumations 500 (Oxfordshire) Frere 1985: 290 yards north of group of prehistoric round barrows. More (SU 513982) recent excavations have examined a so far unpublished

562 larger second century and later cemetery of forty seven inhumations and an unknown number of cremations as well as another group of nine inhumations and one cremation. Rayne (Essex) (TL Smoothy 1989 Rural settlement including three grave-like features. 71272235) Although site bone preservation was good, skeletons were not recovered from these features, only a well preserved human skull fragment from one and a large samian fragment from another. Riseholme, Thompson 1954 A Roman barrow at Riseholme, two and a half miles north (Lincolnshire) (SK of the Newport Arch, the northern gate of Lincoln. 985740) The primary burial is an in-situ cremation of the late first century, with a second century intrusive cremation. The barrow is half a mile east of Ermine Street, and c. 200f t north of another undated trackway running at right angles to Ermine Street, but only traced over short part of course. Roden Downs, Hood and Walton Ten late Roman inhumation burials divided between two Compton 1948 burial enclosures. The burial enclosures were on the (Berkshire) (SU south-eastern margin of a larger enclosure within which 5382) (Fig. 6.71) surface evidence of Roman period occupation was recovered. They also lay adjacent and parallel to a south- west north-east running ridgeway. Rotherley Pitt Rivers 1888; There were thirteen contracted inhumations in pits and (Wiltshire) Hawkes and ditches and two extended inhumations scattered across a (ST 948196) (Fig. Piggott 1947: 36- settlement in use from the first century BC to third century 6.72) 42 AD. Hawkes and Piggott use burial posture as a dating criterion but crouched burials of late Roman date are known (Philpott 1991: 71-72). The two extended inhumations were on the settlement margin, one south of the 'south-east drain', one west of the roadway where it curved to enter the site. Roughground Farm Allen et al. 1993: One early Roman cremation burial (1139) 250m east of (Gloucestershire) 102 contemporary site, next to a roundhouse of uncertain date, (SP 216009- lacking finds and isolated from the rest of the site. A 221005) square ditch and group of postholes surround the burial, (Fig. 6.73) possibly indicating a revetment for mound or a wooden structure over the burial. There were seventeen late Roman adult inhumations, ten of which and one horse burial were in two enclosures on the northern side of the

563 site approach. The corn drier and ovens in adjacent enclosure were possibly contemporaneous. Seven other inhumations were excavated in the enclosures on the south of the trackway. A single inhumation (206) in the centre of the villa courtyard cut through the latest laid gravel surface and adult skull fragments were found in a pit cut into corridor in villa building post 350 in date. Royston Grange Hodges 1991: 76; Two inhumation burials in the north-east corner of the (Derbyshire) (SK Marsden 1982 settlement enclosure, one of which was buried in the base 199564-203569) of a dew pond. Rudston Stead 1980 Four scattered adult and one juvenile inhumation burials, (Humberside) (TA most from ditches preceding villa phase, nineteen infant 0967) inhumations and several animal burials. The distribution of burials was not reported in any detail. A crouched burial in the top fill of well was probably post-Roman in date. Scole Dickleburgh Burnham et al. Seven cremation and one inhumation burials were (Norfolk) (TM 1993: 278; draft deposited within and close to a 8.3 x 4.3m irregular 146788) report from midden deposit on the site boundary. The midden sealed Trevor Ashwin the timber lined inhumation burial of a juvenile and was contemporary with the cremations; the common date is inferred from the recovery of similar ceramics from burial and midden and the interleaving of midden deposits with burials. This surface deposit survived because of the overburden of silt deposited in periodic flooding during and subsequent to the Roman period. Southwell Daniels 1966 Over thirty inhumation burials laid onto or in pits cut into (Nottinghamshire) the mosaic pavement in room 1 of southern wing. (SK 6953) In trench 2 of south wing a dozen groups of articulated limbs and one extended skeleton pierced in shoulder, ankles and chest with iron studs. These burials had been deposited in trenches which cut through the Roman levels. Both groups are of unknown post-Roman date. Staniwells Farm, Smith 1977; At the southern limit of site a rectilinear enclosure with Hibaldstow 1978; 1987: 189- structural remains. Five inhumations at rear of enclosure (Lincolnshire) (SE 98 aligned with boundary ditch. 9603) (Fig. 6.74) Whitwell 1989 On northern side of valley further excavation of enclosures and buildings on street frontage. At least five inhumation burials overlying the boundary ditch at the rear of the plot

564 immediately to north of a corn drier. Stansted (Essex) Frere 1988: 459; Over fifty cremation burials from the LPR1A to Roman (Fig. 6.75) (TL Frere 1989: 304; period from six sites, of which most were from Duckend 521221) Garland 1990 Farm and Duckend Car Park. The larger early second century cremation burial assemblages were separate from the rest. Stanton Harcourt McGavin et al. Thirty four north-south oriented graves to the east of and (Oxfordshire) (SP 1980 parallel to a trackway. 4105) (Fig. 6.76) Stanton Low Woodfield and Eastern cemetery with a minimum of five inhumation (Buckinghamshire) Johnson 1989 burials and western cemetery with a minimum of two first (SP 842430) (Fig. century cremation burials and four later inhumation 6.77) burials. The eastern cemetery lay immediately within initial site boundary ditch C and the western cemetery beyond it Stanwick Dix 1987 A(possibly) third century cemetery of seventeen (Northamptonshire) inhumation burials to the west of the villa. (SP 072717) Stonea Jackson and A single unurned adult cremation deposited in possible (Cambridgeshire) Potter 1996: 200, latrine pit 1695, Block 9. The pit was on the immediate (TL 449937) 567 exterior and to the side of building 13. There is no information on its position in the fill.

The two references to burials within this feature are inconsistent. According to the feature description an inhumed infant was recovered from this feature, according to the burial catalogue this cremation. Stuntney, Taylor 1984 An adult male inhumation burial in a stone coffin on a fen (Cambridgeshire) island (TL 5578) Sutton Valence Jessup 1959 A probably rectangular walled enclosure 60 ft x 15 ft. (Kent) (TQ 8149) Within an inner enclosure 8 ft square of unknown purpose. A cist with cremation burial in centre of north-east wall, one hundred cremation burials with accessory vessels at regular intervals in three rows. Scatters of charcoal and ash marked the sites of possible funeral pyres near the wall on the north side of enclosure. Syreford Mill Darvill and On the western edge of the minor centre at Wycomb a (Gloucestershire) Timby, in Timby minimum of eight late third or fourth century inhumation (SP 02782017) 1998 burials (four adults; one child and three infants), were

565 (Fig. 6.78) excavated in an area previously subdivided into small plots by gullies and ditches and ditches which had been used for rubbish dumping. Some but not all of the burials appear to respect the earlier features. Stratigraphically in the same relationship to earlier features as the human burials and therefore possibly contemporary with them are five or more discrete animal bone deposits, of which detailed records are missing, but which seem to have consisted in some cases of articulated limbs or whole skeletons. Species are recorded in the excavation notes as ox and horse but the bones were not retained. Tattershall Thorpe Chowne 1982 A Romano-British adult inhumation burial with (Lincolnshire) (TF bronzesmith's tools. Although the burial was recovered in 2159) a large-scale excavation project, there was little other evidence for Romano-British activity. Uffington Selkirk 1995: Fifty to one hundred late Roman inhumation and cremation (Oxfordshire) (SU 375 burials from the 'long mound', a possible long barrow on 300865) White Horse Hill. Wakerley Jackson and Four early second century or later burials aligned on ditch (Northamptonshire) Ambrose 1978 between enclosures A and B, though A may no longer have (SP 940983) (Fig. been a significant feature by the time that burials were 6.79) deposited. Two undated burials in settlement area in B, one overlying kiln and two in entrance of ditch which went out of use in second century AD Walkington Wold Bartlett and After a brief fourth century occupation twelve skeletons (Humberside) Mackey 1972 were deposited within the area of the Bronze Age barrow, (SE 962357) ten of which had been decapitated. The late Roman date of the site is not certain; Anglo-Saxon material was also recovered from the site. War Ditches, Lethbridge 1948 Top fill of trench sectioning Iron age enclosure ditch Cambridge revealed in close proximity and in stratigraphically (Cambridgeshire) equivalent position at top of fill a pottery kiln and one adult inhumation with first century brooch. Another adult and child inhumation of the same period were recovered in same area. No plan exists to clarify these relationships. Warren Farm Dawson and Fourteen late first and early second century cremations (Bedfordshire) Slowikowski roughly aligned with a boundary ditch. (check Deepdale 1988 where this is from)

566 Wasperton Crawford 1983; Two hundred inhumation and twenty one cremation burials (Warwickshire) Frere 1983: 296 from the late Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods in a sub- (SP 261581) rectangular enclosure to east of settlement. Provisionally a minority of burials (seventeen inhumations) have been dated as late Roman. Wavendon Gate ' Williams et al. Due to the extensive damage to the site the burials (Buckinghamshire) 1996 recovered from Wavendon Gate are also unlikely to be (SP 903369) (Fig. representative of the original burial sample. Two unurned 6.80) cremations from Area C may be of late Iron Age date. Known burials of the first century AD are few and scattered; only at the end of the first century AD did burial take place within a partiy enclosed cemetery within the part of the enclosure identified as the settlement area. Third century burials are absent and fourth century burials have only been recovered from a small enclosure to the south-east of the site. The degree of damage suggests that many more in this area have been lost to the plough. The previous presence of corn driers in the burial area, the only part of the site from which such features were excavated, may have influenced burial location. Welton Wold Faull 1977; Frere At least two inhumation cemeteries, and a minimum of ten (Humberside) 1977; 382; scattered crouched burials. A single charred human (SE 974279) Wilson 1972; skeleton was excavated in the mouth of a corn drier flue of 311; 1973: 282 the late fourth or early fifth century. Westhampnett Fitzpatrick 1997 Thirty six cremation burials dated to the late first to mid (West Sussex) (SU second century AD, centred on undated ring ditch on 89590670) (Fig. hilltop which may relate to monument or shrine. The 6.81) cemetery lay between a Bronze Age ring ditch twenty metres to the east, a Late Iron Age cemetery in use from 90-50 BC twenty metres to the west and an Anglo-Saxon cemetery twenty-thirty metres to north-west. This cemetery palimpsest was located on a low hill west of Chichester in the Sussex coastal plain. Whitton Jarrett and Two cremation burials, possibly dated to the third century, (Gwent) (ST Wrathmell 1981 were deposited in or close to an area occupied by a 081713) (Fig. 6.82) roundhouse on the western side of the site in use in the later Iron Age and early Roman phases but from which habitation had probably shifted to the south and to the southern and eastern parts of the enclosure by the time the burials were made.

567 Wiggonholt (W. Evans 1974 Two mid second century cremation burials on the edge of Sussex) (TQ excavation of kiln area. Whether the kilns were still in use 60461800) is not certain. Willington Pinder 1976 A Roman period cremation burial was recovered from the (Bedfordshire) upper fill of a trackway ditch leading to an Iron Age (TL 1150) enclosure. Winterbourne Down Algar 1963 A late Roman cemetery within a semi circular banked (Wiltshire) (SU enclosure which abutted a trackway, comprising fourteen 203324) inhumation and thirty six cremation burials. The earliest were cremations in central position at the back of the 'horseshoe'. Inhumations followed the line of the enclosure without consistent orientation. Winterton villa Stead 1976; Stead's excavations recovered several infant and animal (Humberside) (SE Goodburn 1976: burials within or immediately associated with buildings, 911182) 327; Grew 1981; and a single adult inhumation in a coffm three hundred Frere 1983: 296; yards from the villa which may have belonged to this or Rankov 1982: other sites. Subsequent excavations have recovered at least 350; Wilson five individual inhumations from site margins and fields 1974: 424; and a small cemetery demarcated by a ditch of five inhumation burials in wooden coffins.

Five adult inhumations of unknown date had been deposited on floors of and cutting through robber trenches for walls of building D. Antiquarian find of skeleton over the Orpheus mosaic may date from same phase. Wollaston Bypass Chapman and A single adult inhumation cut the southern flue of a corn (Northamptonshire) Jackson 1992 drier. No dating evidence was recovered but the burial is (90266254) assumed to be of Roman date. From its peripheral position (Fig. 6.83) in excavation it is not impossible that it is an outlier of a large cemetery. Woodcuts Common Pitt Rivers 1885; Scattered inhumation and cremation burials in ditches on (Dorset) Hawkes and enclosure and settlement periphery. A secondary cremation (ST 963181) (Fig. Piggott 1947: 42- burial was recovered from the mound to the north-west of 6.84) 48 the settlement, which from the pottery on the old ground surface must date to later than the mid second century; the central burial may have disappeared in earlier excavation. There was similar dating evidence for the mound to the north-east but no burial was recovered. Two inhumation burials were excavated in close association in south-east quarter with two corn-drying ovens, two inhumation

568 burials in ditch in north-east quarter 7-8m directly south of corn drying ovens. Hawkes and Piggott located burials and corn driers at Woodcuts in separate phases, but there seems little basis for a chronological distinction other than the expectation that settlement features and burials should not be contemporaneous.

Settlement and cemetery sequences at Bancroft (see above for discussion)

Phase Spur Valley Period 2b / 3, Settlement enclosure 60 and cremation Ditches, gullies etc phase I (LC I cemetery both located on the south-east facing BC/EC1 AD - spur. Cemetery possibly separated from LC1 AD) settlement by a ditched boundary. Period 3 phase II Spur used for agricultural activity. In second In second half of second century (LC1-LC2 AD) half of second century a temple mausoleum villa with multiple dwellings was constructed within the former settlement and other buildings and enclosure. Its cellar contained the 'pedestals' enclosures. of at least two coffins. A cremation burial in the ambulatory and fragmentary skeletal material from a minimum of four individuals were however recovered from the demolition fill. Period 3 phase III Temple-mausoleum site still in use? Little evidence of occupation (LC2-LC3 AD) Period 3 phase IV Temple-mausoleum in disrepair Second villa constructed. Two (LC3-MC4 AD) undated cremation burials and one infant inhumation immediately outside enclosure around building 1, joint inhumation 10m to east. Possibly contemporary with building 1. Period 3 phase V Temple-mausoleum demolished, shrine built Elaboration of villa, abandoned (MC4 -EC5 AD on site and one inhumation grave in early fifth century. Dis- mid fourth to articulated bones from 2 adults early fifth century above layer of humic soil which AD) had accumulated above the

569 mosaic in Room 1 Building 1. Period 4 (post Field boundary laid out with 8 inhumations in Possibly continued occupation Roman) graves lined with masonry fragments from the mausoleum (4 adults and 4 children) at right angles to it, separated from former shrine site by boundary ditch. Radio-carbon dates from two burials give dates from the late fourth / early fifth century.

* NGR references are sometimes approximate because of the lack of published information on burial location

570 Appendix 6 Data for figures associated with chapter 7 and burial assemblages discussed in chapters 7 and 8

Appendix 6.1. Data for figures 7.1-7.2

Figure 7.1 Numbers of funerary inscriptions from the towns of Roman Britain (from RIB, JRS 1955-1969, Britannia 1970-1997) The sample comprises inscriptions of certain or probable funerary origin from civitas capitals and coloniae

Number of inscriptions Military Non-mil. Total Aldborough 0 2 2 Caerwent 0 1 1 Canterbury 0 3 3 Carlisle 2 6 8 Chichester 0 3 3 Cirencester 2 10 12 Colchester 4 5 9 Dorchester 0 1 1 Gloucester 3 0 3 Leicester 0 1 1 Lincoln 11 11 22 London 9 18 27 Silchester 0 1 1 Wroxeter 5 3 8 York 9 31 40 Total 45 96 141

Figure 7.2 Types of funerary monument from Romano-British towns from which inscriptions derive ( from RIB, IRS 1955-1969, Britannia 1970-1997) The sample comprises inscriptions of certain or probable funerary origin from civitas capitals and coloniae

Type of inscription Stele Portrait St. Other Coffin Total Aldborough 1 0 1 0 2 Caerw ent 1 0 0 0 1 Canterbury 3 0 0 0 3 Carlisle 4 4 0 0 8 Chichester 3 0 0 0 3 Cirencester 9 3 0 0 12 Colchester 6 2 1 0 9 1 Dorchester 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 Gloucester 1 2 0 0 1 Leicester 1 0 1 0 22 Lincoln 20 1 5 2 27 London 17 3 0 0 1 S ilch ester 1 0 0 0 8 6 2 Wroxeter 1 11 40 18 10 York 9 13 141 Total 92 27

571 Appendix 6.2 Data for figures 7.18, 7.20-7.25, 7.26-7.30

Note. Brackets after a site name indicate the number of relevant assemblages from that site.

Figure 7.18 The distribution of burials in the East Hampshire Tradition For list and description of relevant assemblages see appendix 6.3

Figure 7.20 The distribution of stone and lead coffins and monumental burials in late Roman Hampshire

Site/NGR Reference Description Andover southern Frere 1988: 476 Timber lined pit with primary and secondary distributor road (SU inhumations 3644) Binsted (SU 785400) Millett 1974 Stone coffin Bishopstoke (SU Toller 1977: 34; Lead coffin with 4 glass bottles 467183) Haverfield 1900: 309-10 Burntwood Farm (SU Fasham 1980 Large grave cuts: the two largest were of 511342) 3.42m x 1.4m Petersfield (SU 725236) Moray-Williams 1907; Lead coffin 1908 Portway West Industrial Hughes 1980 Up to 15 inhumation burials, 3 crouched Estate, Andover (SU adults and twelve children covered by flint 339466) cairns. Possibly 3rd century AD Silchester (SU 638631) Boon 1974 Stone coffin within mausoleum Soberton (SU 462173) Haverfield 1900: 266 Two stone coffins Twyford (SU 48302445) Biddle, unpublished Lead coffin to west of Roman villa note, HCC Winchester Chester Road Qualmann in prep. • Three exceptionally deep graves (SU 48689251) Winchester Eagle Hotel 'Meet the Ancestors' A single north-south orientated adult male (SU 479300) BBC 2 Thursday 14th inhumation in a lead coffin in a very deep January 1999 9.00-9.30 grave shaft, with a coin of Constantine close

Pm. to the right hand (excavated 1998) Winchester Lankhills Clarke 1979: 134 Seventeen 'stepped' graves, four of which (SU 479303) were within ditched enclosures that were probably bedding trenches for hedges Winchester St John's Haverfield 1900: 290 2 lead coffins with plaster burials, one said to

572 Street (SU 486291) have been with a male burial and the other with a female. Winchester St Martin's Morris 1986 A plaster burial (F57) in a lead coffin (see Close (SU 486295) monuments) Winchester Victoria ualmann in prep. Three stepped inhumation graves Road (SU 479300) Winchester Winnall (SU Biddle 1975 One side of a possible burial enclosure 491301) excavated 7m N-S Winklebury (SU 618524) OS card Stone coffin

The data from the northern cemetery (Eagle Hotel, Lankhills and Victoria Road) and the eastern cemetery (Chester Road, St John's Street, St Martin's Close) have been combined on the map.

Figure 7.21 Burial assemblages from Hertfordshire with six or more accessory ceramic vessels For description of assemblages see appendix 6.4

Assemblages with 6 + ceramics Baldock Convent of Providence, Baldock Clothall Road (2), Baldock Walls Field (11), Braughing A, Braughing Skeleton Green, St Albans Folly Lane (conquest), St Albans Folly Lane (Antonine), St Albans King Harry Lane (2), St Albans Lindum Place (2), St Albans St Stephens (6), St Albans William Old

Figure 7.22 Burial assemblages from Hertfordshire with three or more artefact types as grave furniture For description of assemblages see appendix 6.4

3-4 NAT Baldock Convent of Providence, Baldock Clothall Road, Baldock Walls Field (3), Braughing A, Braughing Skeleton Green (2), St Albans King Harry Lane (9), St Albans St Stephens (8) 5+ NAT Baldock Walls Field, Braughing Skeleton Green, Welwyn The Grange, St Albans Folly Lane (conquest), St Albans King Harry Lane, St Albans St Stephens, St Albans William Old,

Figure 7.23 The distribution of certain types of burial container from Hertfordshire For description of assemblages see appendix 6.4

Stone / tile cist Pickford Hill (tile), Harpenden (stone)

573 Wooden casket with lionhead studs Boxfield Farm, Baldock Clothall Road (3), Baldock Walls Field (4), Braughing A (2), Braughing Skeleton Green (4), St Albans Lindum Place, St Albans St Stephens (Niblett)

Wooden box with other fittings Baldock Clothall Road, Braughing Skeleton Green, Boxmoor, St Albans St Stephens (Davey) (2), St Albans St Stephens (Niblett)

Figure 7.24 The distribution of early Roman burial monuments in Hertfordshire For description of monuments see appendix 6.6

Non-barrow funerary monuments - Rothamsted, St Albans Folly Lane (conquest), St Albans St Stephens, St Albans Lindum Place, Welwyn Hall, Wood Lane End

Barrows of definite Roman period date - Pickford Hill, St Albans Folly Lane (conquest), Youngsbury

Barrows of possible Roman date - Hoddesdon

Sculpture and epigraphy - St Albans, bed of river Ver to north of north gate

Figure 7.25 The distribution of late Roman burial monuments, stone and lead-lined coffins and tile graves in Hertfordshire

Site/NGR Reference Description Ayot St Lawrence, nr Archaeologia 53, 1892: Stone coffin church (TL 191168) 253 Bishop's Stortford, CBA Group 10 Stone coffin N. side Dunmow Road Newsletter 10: 4 (TL 49852125) Bishops Stortford, Taylor 1957: 219 A 'gypsum' burial in a limestone coffin Seymour Estate, Cannon's Close (TL 49452211)

574 Braughing, Lark's Hill Page 1914: 150-51 Stone coffin (TL 3925) Park Street (TL 147032) Saunders 1961 Burial 1 Flint wall surrounds stone coffin with lead lining and containing 2 glass bottles Burial 2. A stone coffin with two silver pins. St Albans Kingsbury Wheeler and Wheeler Lead lined stone coffin Manor (TL 140080) 1936: 135 St Albans, St Stephens Frere 1990: 338-40; A lead lined coffin on the north side of and TL 14090614 Verulamium Museums adjacent to Watling Street, with its long axis at archive right angles to the road. St Albans; Verulam Hills Anthony 1968; Page Minimum of 4 tile tombs recorded at different Field, Hertfordshire (TL 1914: 137-8; Corder periods. 140066) 1941 Ware Allen and Frere 1977: 401 Lead linings for two of six wooden coffuts Hanbury's, Park Road (TL 352143) Ware, Buryfields (TL Gentlemen's Magazine Four stone coffins and a Roman coin 35361450) 1802 Welwyn Hall (TL McDonald forthcoming A penannular enclosure around a late 3rd or 232164) 4th century inhumation burial within a rural cemetery of twenty one burials.

Figure 7.27 Burial assemblages from the civitas of the Catuvellauni and neighbouring areas with six or more accessory ceramic vessels For description of assemblages see appendix 6.4

Astwick, Arbury Road, Arkesden, Baldock Convent of Providence, Baldock Clothall Road (2), Baldock Walls Field (10), Bancroft (2), Bartlow Hills (2), Birchanger, Braughing A, Braughing Skeleton Green, Eastlow, Great Dunmow (2), Hallaton, King's Hedges, Little Waltham, Radnage, Rochford, St Albans - Folly Lane (conquest), Folly Lane Antonine, St Albans King Harry Lane (2), St Albans Lindum Place (2), St Albans St Stephens (6), St Albans William Old, Snailwell, Stanfordbury (2), Stansted (4), Thornborough (Johnson), Weston Turville

Figure 7.28 Burial assemblages from the civitas of the Catuvellauni and neighbouring areas with glass and metal accessory vessels For description of assemblages see appendix 6.4

575 Bartlow Hills (4), Notley Place, Godmanchester Nun's Bridge, Hallaton, Priory Park, Rainage, St Albans William Old, Stansted, Takeley Street, Thornborough

Figure 7.29 Burial assemblages from the civitas of the Catuvellauni and neighbouring areas with three or more artefact types as grave furniture For description of assemblages see appendix 6.4

3-4 NAT Arbury Road, Baldock Convent of Providence, Baldock Clothall Road, Baldock Walls Field (3), Bancroft, Bartlow Hills (2), Notley Place, Braughing A, Braughing Skeleton Green (2), Dorchester on Thames, Gocimanchester Nun's Bridge, Hallaton, Little Walden, St Albans King Harry Lane (9), St Albans St Stephens (8), Stansted (2), Takeley Street, Toppesfield, Thomborough, West Thurrock 5+ NAT Baldock Walls Field, Bancroft, Bartlow Hills (5), Braughing Skeleton Green, Elsenham, Linton, Priory Park, Rougham, St Albans King Harry Lane, St Albans St Stephens, St Albans William Old, Folly Lane (conquest), Snailwell, Stanfordbury (2), Takeley, Welwyn Grange, Weston Turville

Figure 7.30 The distribution of first to third century funerary monuments within the civitas of the Catuvellauni For list and description of monuments see appendix 6.6

576 6.3 Burial assemblages of the 'East Hampshire Tradition' (Adapted from Millett 1987 but with Chichester graves added and some modifications to the rest of the sample)

NGR The NGR is sometimes only approximate because of the lack of published information on burial location

Number of ceramics The number of ceramics calculates the number of individual vessels.

* indicates a minimum number due to the incompleteness of the assemblage.

NAT NAT is calculated on the basis of different numbers of these categories. Ceramic, glass and metal vessels are each counted as a single category, other items individually. Since pyre goods were recorded with only a small number of burials, they are not included within the NAT total. The method is particularly suitable for the comparison between recently excavated burials and poorly recorded assemblages (note 5.2). * indicates a minimum number due to the incompleteness of the assemblage.

Assemblage contents. Burial no. - if more than one from site) Date - follows that in publication unless other information is available Age / sex - based on analysis of human remains only. ? indicates possible identification Burial type (cremation / inhumation) Cremation container Ceramics - form descriptions follow those in reports; there is some inconsistency therefore between the categories of cup and bowl, and bowl and dish / platter in the `Catuvellaunr group of burials. As there was insufficient detail from many sites it was not worthwhile to systematise the descriptions of this group. All members of the 'East Hampshire' group where possible have been classified using Millett's descriptions (1979b) although cups have been distinguished from bowls or dishes in some of the analyses. Fabrics are not generally alluded save for samian which is discussed in chapter 8. Samian forms have been systematised to follow the distinction drawn by Webster 1996 between cups and dishes). Glass vessels - forms follow published descriptions, especially where no illustration is given, but where further information is available descriptions have been standardised to follow terminology used by Cool and Price (1995).

577 Metal vessels - there is little consistency in the terminology used to describe this pairing formerly described as `patera and ewer'. The use ofpatera for the handled pan (e.g. Henig 1984: 131, 193) may be misleading. According to Boon (1988: 525) the Latin term for a handled dish is trulleus or trulleum; paterae seem to lack handles. Fitzpatrick (1989) prefers the term jug and pan, Toynbee (1964: 317-27) jug and pan (both for shallow and deep pans), Philpott (1991: 25, n.2) pan and ewer. The more neutral jug and pan is used here. With regard to metal vessels and ornaments bronze is used as shorthand for copper alloy. Personal ornament and items related to personal care Other artefacts - a miscellaneous category including coins, eating implements, tools, cult -related items Animal bone (where known burnt and unburnt animal remains are distinguished). If incomplete comments are made on the state of preservation of this assemblage and further description is offered if relevant to the text discussion.

Site/NGR No. NAT Assemblage cera mics Alton Kemps Yard, 16 3 1 Claudian Hampshire Cremation burial (SU 716390) Two flagons, four bowls, two jars, six dishes and two lids. (Millett 1986) Shears (basis for excavator's male sexing), knife. 31* 5* 2 Claudio-Neronian Adult cremation burial casket Three flagons, one bowl, three jars, twenty one dishes (including single Drag. 18R) and three lids. Two square glass bottles, gold ring with intaglio (basis for excavator's male sexing), gaming board and counters, dice, two bronze spoons, knife, bead (incomplete) 22 2 3 Claudio-Neronian Adult cremation burial Two flagons, two bowls, four jars, twelve dishes (Drag. 18) and two lids Cosmetic set (basis for excavator's female sexing), pyxis 14* 2* 4 E. Flavian Adult cremation burial Two flagons, one bowl, four jars, three dishes and four lids Cosmetic set (basis for excavator's female sexing), finger ring (incomplete) 13 + 4 5 E. Flavian 40 Adult (25+) cremation burial Upper fill One flagon, one bowl, nine jars, one dish and one lid, two sheep/goat lower molars, cow scapula frag. and scatter of cremated bone Lower fill (separated from upper by plank) Three flagons, one beaker, two bowls, four jars, twenty four dishes and six lids Horse skull, two brooches, two finger rings, iron knife, cosmetic set (basis for excavator's female sexing) 10 10 6 Flavian Probable cremation burial Three jars and seven dishes

578 5+ 7 Flavian 22 Adult (30+) female cremation burial in casket Upper fill Three jars and two dishes Lower fill One jar, eighteen dishes and three lids Brooch 2+22 1 8 Flavian-Trajanic Adult female (?)cremation burial in casket Upper fill One jar and one dish Lower fill Three flagons, two jars, fifteen dishes (right of which are very poorly fired) and two lids 32* 1* 9 Late Flavian Cremation burial Two flagons, one bowl, five jars, twenty two dishes and two lids (incomplete) Avisford, West 24 4 A five feet by two feet cist cover enclosing a wooden coffin. Sussex (c. SU 9705) In centre a cremation burial in square glass bottle, (Haverfield 1935: Three larger and one smaller flagons, twenty larger and 49; Roach Smith smaller dishes of 'coarse red ware', globular glass vessel and 1848: 123-4) handled oval dish with agate at centre, hobnailed footwear, two lamps, two candelabras, and lamps at each corner on some sort of corbel. Chichester St 11 2 14. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Pancras, West Cremation burial in two jars Sussex (SU 8604) Four flagons, beaker, three shallow bowls / cups with frilled (Down and Rule rims, plate, two bowls, lampholder 1971) 11? 1 90. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Cremation burial Flagon, two jars (possibly cremation containers), jar, two beakers, five dishes 12 2 127. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Cremation burial in jar Flagon, jar, beaker, four dishes, four imitation Drag. 27 cups and other cup. Oyster shells in cup, frags of rib and mussel shell on one dish. 16 2 199. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Cremation burial in wooden box Flagon, jar, two beakers, four plates (one including food bones), eight imitation Drag. 27 cups, in sets of two sizes. Ceramic lamp 13 4 201. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Cremation burial in two jars in wooden box Two flagons, beaker, two bowls, six dishes including two samian forms (Drag. 35 and Curie 15), two cups including imitation Drag. 27. Ceramic lamp, iron object (poss. lock of box) Animal bones in dishes, oyster and mussel shells strewn around. 15 1 207. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Cremation burial in jar beneath wooden box Two flagons, jar, nine dishes including seven of same size, three small beakers 11 4 213. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD

579 Cremation burial in wooden box Two jars, six bowls including two lots of two same size bowls, two dishes including Drag. 35/36, lid. Slate tablet, bronze object, iron object 16 3 214. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Cremation burial in wooden box Two flagons, jar, four beakers, two bowls, two dishes, and five cups (four Drag. 27, one Drag. 33). Lead lamp holder, hobnailed footwear 13 5 217. Late 1st to early 3rd century AD Cremation burial in jar in wooden box Two flagons, three beakers, four bowls, four dishes including one Drag. 35 and one Drag. 36. Glass bottle, lead lampholder, iron knife, bronze coin Daneshill, 20 1 1. Late 2nd to 3rd century AD Hampshire Cremation burial in jar (SU 657541) Three flagons, two beakers, three bowls, three jars, eight (Millett and Schadla dishes and one vessel Hall 1992 11 1 2. Late 2nd to 3rd century AD Adult female (?) cremation burial in jar One flagon, one beaker, one bowl, four jars, one dish and three vessels Haslemere, Surrey 15* 1* 1903.1 60-80 AD (SU 907335) Urned cremation burial (Holmes 1949: 2-9) One flagon, three bowls, two jars, two dishes, three cups and four vessels (incomplete) 15* 1* 1905. 1. AD 70-80 Cremation burial in jar One flagon, three beakers, one bowl, four jars, two dishes, one cup and three vessels Burnt brooch (incomplete) 14* 1* 1905.2. Cremation burial in jar Two beakers, three bowls, four jars, two dishes, one cup and two vessels (incomplete) Neatham, 65* 1* 1. AD 50-75 Hampshire Cremation burial in jar (SU 744413) Two flagons, nineteen bowls, one jar, forty dishes, one lid and (Millett and Graham two vessels (many vessels underfired) (incomplete) 1986) 48 1 2. AD 50-75 Cremation burial in jar Two flagons, fourteen bowls, two jars, twenty six dishes, two lids and two vessels (many vessels underfired) 14* 2* 3. AD 100-120 Probable cremation burial? Two flagons, two jars (including one Drag. 67), two small Drag. 42 dishes, two larger Drag. 42 dishes and two Drag. 42 cups and four vessels Oyster and mussel shells. Arranged in crescent (incomplete) 11 3 4. Mid 1st century AD Cremation burial in wooden box Two flagons, two bowls, two jars, three dishes, and two lids - Hobnailed footwear, brooch, bracelet 33 1 5. AD 130-165 Double cremation burial split into three deposits (urned

580 cremation burials in A and B) Pit A. Six dishes (including single Drag. 15/31 and Drag. 36), five bowls, one jar, two lids Pit B. One flagon, one beaker, one jar, two bowls, six dishes (including single Drag. 18/31R) Main pit Four dishes (including single Drag. 18/31 and Drag. 31R), two bowls, one jar and one lid Neatham, 13* U 2nd century AD Hampshire Cremation burial (SU 742410) Two flagons, one jar, three bowls, two dishes, five lids (HCMS Acc. No. 304.1/21-32) .. Owslebury, 33 U 1st-2nd century AD Hampshire Cremation burial (SU 522244) (Schadla-Hall 1977: 131) Owslebury, >36* 2* 1. Second century AD Hampshire Adult male and female cremation burial in jar (Damaged) (SU 522247) (Collis A full grave inventory was not available. Ceramics included 1977b) flagons, bowls, dishes and a set of cup forms imitating Drag. 27 in a very crumbly buff fabric. Ceramic lamp, 'frying pan', Bone pin, Worked bone inlay carved in diamond, triangle and crescent shapes with bone pegs,

Burnt sheep, pig and bird (check) 4 10 1* 10. First century AD Young adult cremation burial in jar (Damaged) One jar, four bowls, one cup and four other vessels 11 1 11. First century AD Young adult female (?) unumed cremation burial Three beakers, two bowls, three dishes and three cups >12 41. First century AD Adult male unumed cremation burial(Damaged) One flagon, three beakers, two bowls, six dishes and other sherds Bronze strips and fi-ags, iron razor/knife, one whetstone and a further whetstone possibly associated, pig's jaw Sparsholt, 20* 1* Late 1st century AD Hampshire Probable cremation burial (SU 4239) (Collis Four Drag. 18 dishes, seven other dishes, three Drag. 35/36 1977a) and one Drag. 42 larger cups and five Drag. 27 smaller cups .. (Incomplete) Tilford, Surrey 22* 1* Late 1st century AD (SU 879442) Probable cremation burial (Millett 1974) Four flagons, one beaker, two bowls, three jars, eight dishes and four cups (Incomplete) Winchester Grange 12* 5* 1. Flavian Road, Hampshire Adult male (?) cremation burial in flagon (SU 473273) One samian dish (Drag. 36) and five imitation Drag. 18, six (Biddle 1967) imitation cups (four Drag. 27, two Drag. 35/36).

Unbumt bone frags of dog(?), bronze disc brooch, part of shale bracelet, five nails and iron and bronze box fittings (incomplete)

581 15 16 2. Flavian Unurned immature (?) female (?) cremation burial Flagon, beaker, larger Drag. 18R dish, four Drag. 18 dishes, four larger and four smaller Drag. 27 cups Glass jug, metal jug, shale tray, bronze spoon, two iron knives, bronze pin, bronze finger ring, iron finger ring, seal box lid, two iron styli, twelve white, four black and two blue glass gaming pieces, iron tool, bell, eight melon beads, fossil, five iron nails, pig r. hind limb, 1. skull and maxilla, bird ulna Winchester 21* 1* Late 1st century AD Highcliffe, Adult (19-30) cremation burial in jar Hampshire One larger Drag. 18R dish, four Drag. 36 and three Drag. (SU 494287) (Collis 35/36 small dishes / bowls, one Drag. 46 and eight Drag. 1978: 103-5) 35/36 bowls, four Drag. 27 cups (incomplete) Winchester Hyde 9 4 438 later Cl AD Street, Hampshire Child / subadult cremation burial in beaker (SU 479130) (BrandschUttungsgrab) (Winchester Burnt ceramics - one flagon Burnt samian two Drag. 18 Museums VR Tr. dishes, four Drag. 15/17 dishes and two Drag. 24/25 cups Pyre goods - melted unguent jar, molten frags, charcoal Grave goods Nail fragments, copper alloy con of Claudius 22 4 566 c. AD 70 Adult cremation burial in jar Four flagons, one beaker, three bowls, two jars, five Drag. 18 dishes, five Drag. 35 and Drag. 27 cups and two lids Two Dragonesque brooches, cockerel furculum, sheep/goat radius and ulna, 2 burnt bone discs 10 3 622 LC1/EC2 AD Cremation burial in jar One beaker, two dishes, seven cups including Drag. 27 imitations Eight iron nails, iron plate and frag. Winchester Milland, 40* 3* 1st century AD Hampshire Urned cremation burial (SU 489288) (Collis Thirteen jars, seven bowls, one larger Curie 11 bowl, five 1978: 93-103) Drag. 15/17 and one Drag. 36 dishes, two other dishes including one in terra nigra, four Drag. 33 larger cups, four Drag. 35 and 1 Drag. 27 smaller cups/bowls, a lid and other vessel One glass unguent bottle pig left forelimb, whole chicken and woodcock on dish, possible whetstone (incomplete)

Assemblages possibly of the East Hampshire Tradition Site / County / NGR No. NAT Assemblage / Reference cera mics Alton Westbrooke 1st century AD House, Hampshire Cremation burial (SU 716390) (HCMS Acc. No. 304.1/36-50) Aylesfield, 16 3rd century AD / Hampshire Cremation burial

582 (SU 715432) (HCMS Acc. No. A1938.196) Basingstoke, U U 1st? century AD Hampshire (SU Cremation burial 646527) (Franks 1852: 9) Basingstoke U U 1st? century AD Worting, Hampshire Cremation burial (SU 6151) (Ellaway and Willis 1932: 88 Winchester Nun's 10 2 Flavian-Hadrianic Walk, Hampshire Adult male (<35) and female (40-50?) cremation burial in (SU 448305) (Collis separate jars 1978: 149-55) Two bowls, one jar, six dishes and one cup Burnt sheep and unburnt pig with female burial (incomplete) Winchester Winnall, 43 2 AD 55-65 Hampshire Unurned adult cremation burial (SU 491301) (Collis Three flagons, two beakers, eight bowls (including four terra 1978: 65-74) nigra), ten jars, eleven dishes (including nine terra nigra and single samian Drag. 36) six samian cups (three Ritterling 8, one Drag. 27, one Ritterling 8 or Drag. 27, one Drag. 35) one lid and one other vessel. Two cow teeth, pig skull frags, chicken - two femurs, ulna, humerus The artefacts listed here derived from a series of separate discoveries close together which may derive from a single burial but may represent the amalgamation of separate burial deposits

583 6.4. Burial assemblages in and in the environs of the civitas of the Catuvellauni

Site / County / NGR No. NAT Assemblage / Reference cera mics Astwick, 10* 1* Early second century Bedfordshire Forms identified from photograph include a Drag. 37 (TL 2138) (Page decorated bowl, and nine plain forms, two medium sized and Keate 1908: 4) dishes including one Drag. 38, one larger dish, four small and two large Drag. 33 cups Perfect condition and composition of ten undamaged samian vessels suggests that they derive from grave group. The vessels were possibly found with other artefacts including further ceramics and a spearhead but the association is not clear. Arbury Road, 8 3 Antonine Cambridge, Cremated bone in Drag. 37 decorated samian bowl Cambridgeshire Flagon, three Drag. 36 and one Curle 15 dishes, two Drag. 35 (TL 45226049) and one Drag. 46 cups (samian vessels in tiers), (Frend 1956) Four rectangular glass bottles and one glass jug, iron lamp and lamp hanger Arkesden, Essex 7 2* Later than AD 150 (TL 4834) (Hull Flagon, Castor ware beaker, large samian bowl (poss. Drag. 1963b: 39) 78), poss. imitation Drag. 78, toy platter, Lud. Tg dish and Drag. 35 cup. Pipeclay figurine of mother goddess with infants Arrington, 2 Mid 2nd century Cambridgeshire Nine month old infant inhumation in lead coffin (ri, 36295409) Ten pipe clay figurines, mother goddess, bald infant, child, (Taylor 1993) seated and cloaked figures, up to four rams, bull / ox. Wrappings and aromatic resin Baldock Convent of 7 3 Early 2nd century. Boxed cremated bone of unsexed adult Providence, Flagon, two poppy head beakers, Drag. 18, Drag. 18/31, Drag. Hertfordshire 36 dishes and Drag. 27 cup. (TL 248332) Two silvered bronze dishes, a piece of mineralised narwhal (Westaway 1976) tusk. The samian dishes were located to the south of the box, to north the flagons and beakers. Baldock Clothall 9 4 6 Mid 1st century AD Road, Hertfordshire Cremation of unsexed adult with cremated glass fragments, in (TL 248340) (Stead wooden box (fittings) and Rigby 1986: Flagon, one decorated Drag. 29 bowl, five Drag. 18 dishes, 63-73) two Drag. 27 cups Trumpet brooch, spring and pin from other brooch, bronze pin, unburnt pig right hind leg, unburnt domestic fowl (some bones), unburnt sheep right shoulder and fore-leg on wooden tray, burnt domestic fowl and red deer radius. 10 2 7 Mid 1st century AD Unurned cremation of unsexed adult Flagon, Drag. 15/17 and Drag. 18 dishes, two Drag. 24 cups, five dishes. Burnt pig bones, unburnt domestic fowl, calf scapula, sheep vertebrae and ribs. Unburnt bones in different pots Baldock Walls 8 1 8

584 Field, Hertfordshire Cremation burial in two jars (TL 248340) Flagon, bowl, dish, 'vase', one Drag. 35 and one Drag. 33 (Westell 1930) cups and one Drag. 18 and one Drag. 18 dishes 6 2 9 Cremation burial in jar Flagon, beaker, two 'vases', Drag. 27 cup and Drag. 18 dish Glass bottle 10 3 10 Cremation burial in jar Flagon, jar, four beakers (including one castor ware hunt scene), two Drag. 35 cups and two Drag. 42 dishes Glass bottle, casket fittings 6 2 12 Cremation burial in jar Flagon, jar, one Drag. 36, one Drag. 18/31 and one.Drag. 42 dishes, one Drag. 27 cup Iron lampholder 3 5 32 Unurned cremation burial, Flagon , beaker, Drag. 18/31 dish, Glass bottle, mirror, brooch, tweezers-ear pick-nail cleaner set 6 3 60 Unurned cremation burial Flagon, two 'vases', Drag. 31 dish, Drag. 35 and Drag. 46 cups Glass square bottle, casket fittings 6 1 69 Cremation burial in jar Two flagons, two beakers, Drag. 33 and Drag. 35 cups 6 1 70 Cremation burial in two jars Flagon, two beakers, two 'vases', Drag. 18131 dish 9 1 72 Cremation burial in two jars Two flagons, two 'vases', three vessels, two Drag. 18/31 dishes 4 3 87 Urned cremation burial Flagon, 'vase', two Drag. 31 dishes Casket fittings, coin 4 3 94 Cremation burial in two jars Flagon, beaker, bowl, 'vase' Iron lamp, casket fittings 3 2 102 Cremation burial in jar Beaker, dish, Drag. 36 dish, Two square glass bottles, glass decanter 5 2 104 Cremation burial in jar Flagon, two beakers, Drag. 18/31 dish and Drag. 34 Glass bowl 7 1 283 Cremation burial in jar, Flagon, two beakers, 'vase', dish, Drag. 36 dish and Drag. 27 ... cup Bancroft, 8 6 4 Mid 1st century

585 Buckinghamshire Unurned cremation (age / sex). (SP 82524058) Flagon sherd, two beakers (one sherds only), one bowl, cup, (Williams and three platters Zeepvat 1994) Unburnt sheep left elbow and part of spine, 5 brooches, Cu alloy rivet, Cu alloy nail cleaner, iron key, iron frag., two glass beads. 9 3 9 mid 1st century Adult male cremation in pedestal urn. Jar, beaker, three bowls, three cups, platter Unburnt pig tibia (left) and unidentified bone, two brooches Bartlow Hills, Essex 11 4 I AD 80-100 (samian stamps) (TL 58614490) Wooden chest with unurned cremation, (Gage 1834; 1836; Flagon, two beakers, eight samian cups and dishes 1840; 1842; Hull Glass flagon, glass bottle, bronze lock, iron lamp 1963b: 39-45) 6 H Hadrianic-Antonine Tile chamber, adult cremation in glass jar, with many fragments of molten glass fused to bone. Glass vessel and cup, basket work in shape of bottle with resinous gum (possibly myrrh or frankincense), wooden tankard with bronze hoops, wooden and iron chest, gold ring with carnelian intaglio, coin of Hadrian 1 5 III 2nd century Chest, cremation (adult) in glass bottle, Pottery fragments Two glass bottles, bronze jug and pan, iron lamp holder, iron casket fittings 1 5 IV Wooden chamber, cremation (adult) in glass bottle Beaker Two glass unguent bottles, two glass bottles, silver inlaid bronze jug, pan, enamelled bronze bowl, bronze lamp and can, two strigils, folding iron chair with Cu alloy ornament, Outside wooden chamber a globular amphora with earth, ashes and cremated bone 5 5 V Antonine Wooden chest, cremation (adult) in glass bottle Three ceramics, samian cup and dish Two glass bottles, three other glass vessels, silver and copper decorated bronze jug, silver ornamented pan, iron lamp holder, fowl bones (on platter), box leaves U 4* VI Cremation burial? Ceramics, lamp holder, bronze pan and knife. Many finds dispersed 10 5 VII Wooden chest, cremation in glass bottle Two pottery flagons, four beakers, late C2 beaker, three samian vessels Glass unguent bottle and beaker, silver ornamented bronze jug, bronze bowl, iron lamp, flower petals Birchanger Lane 8 2 Mid-Claudian (Essex) Cremated bone and cremation container not mentioned in (TL 50652189) report. (Medlycott 1994) Flagon, beaker /jar, with two beakers (Gallo-Belgic), two cups, two platters, pig skull without mandibles and right forelimb Notley Place, Black U 3* 1st century Notley, Braintree, Unknown number of samian and two lead glazed vessels

586 Essex (TL 7620) Two glass vessels, bronze pan handle with ram's head, other (Drury 1976: 113; bronze vessel Hull 1963b: 163) Recovered in 1763. Braughing A, 5 4 3 Mid to late 2nd century Hertfordshire (TL Adult female cremation in decorated casket 38542412) Flagon, beaker, incense cup (broken and re-used as lid), two (Partridge 1977) samian dishes (Drag. 36) Glass flask and vessel, lamp, hobnails, cremated bird Braughing Skeleton 6 2 Burial 49, Antonine Green, Joint urned cremation of adult and young adult, Hertfordshire (TL Two flagons, two beakers, samian cup and Drag. 18/31 dish 38662384) Mirror fragment (Partridge 1981) 1 4 Burial 33 2nd century Joint adult and child cremation in jar and glass bowl, Beaker Eleven glass vessels (minimum), three bowls, flask, beaker, 'wine glass', vessel, two beaker / flasks and two square bottles, female pipeclay figurine, two pairs of hobnailed footwear It is doubtful that the published vessels represent the full assemblage (J. Price pers. comm.) 1 5 Burial 35 Cremation burial (adult) in casket One Drag. 46 cup, glass jug and bowl, coin, intaglio, hobnails Dorchester-on- 1 3* AD 200-250 Thames Vicarage, Probable cremation burial but no cremated bone referred to Oxfordshire (SU Jar 5794) (Taylor and Glass bottle, jug and vase and 'lead' cup (probably pewter). Harden 1939: 293) Sheep bones. Elsenham, Essex 6* AD 150 (TL 5525) (Frere Lead glazed vessel imitating Drag. 29 decorated bowl, samian 1992: 289) Drag. 18/31R, Drag. 23 and Drag. 36 dishes Bronze cup, iron lamp, three denarii of Nero (?), Trajan and Antoninus Pius, nineteen gaming counters ofjet, glass and stone, a small bronze pyxis with enamelled millefiori decoration, buried in a wooden box. Almost certainly burial, excavated by metal detectorist. Girton, 2* Mid 2nd century) Cambridgeshire (TL Cremation burial 425608) (Livers idge Two Drag. 18/31 dishes and other pottery 1977) Glass bottle and bowl / beaker 5 2* Mid 2nd century (?) Cremation burial in glass jug Flagon, bowl, two Drag. 18/31 samian dishes and Drag. 33 cup Glass beaker, flask, unguent bottle, bowl with incised Nilotic setting (imported), lion head casket fittings Godmanchester, 3 4 Mid 2nd century Cambridgeshire (TL Child cremation in samian jar 2470) (Taylor 1997) Ceramic jar and two dishes Horse and bull pipe clay figurines, two bronze bangles and bronze and gold fittings from possible casket Godmanchester, 4 2nd century Nun's Bridge, Rubble platform 3V2 ft x 12 ft covering stone packed grave Hinchingbrooke, with adult inhumation burial. Cambridgeshire (TL Three glass jugs, pot and bronze hanging bowl (?) with three 223716) (Harden masks in high relief and hammer, tongs and trident in low

587 1968; Liversidge relief, coin in mouth 1977: 24-25; Discrepancies Wilson 1968: 191) 1. Date of burial - according to Wilson coin of AD 180, according to Harden coin of Hadrian 2. Bronze vessel - according to Liversidge bronze flask ornamented with satyr's heads, according to others and illustration bowl with masks. (Location and other elements of description however ensure , that both refer to the same burial) Great Dunmow, 8 2 2. Late Antonine Chequers Lane, Cremation in casket Essex (TL 626219) Flagon, three jars, two beakers, two samian dishes (Curle 15, (Wickenden 1988) Drag. 31) Two fired clay balls 7* 1* 14. Hadrianic / Antonine Probable cremation burial Mortarium, five jars, one beaker (assemblage incomplete) Hallaton, U 3* Late 1st century Leicestershire (SP Cremation burial in wooden box 7896) (Page and Several unstamped samian cups and dishes Keate 1907: 212) Glass ribbed bowl and jug, four unguent bottles, bronze ladle, . . an, several handles, jug ( King's Hedges, 9 1* Early 2nd century cremation Milton, Nine vessels Cambridgeshire (TL 457618) (Frere 1991: 256) Linton, 2 8 2nd century Cambridgeshire (TL Child inhumation burial 557469) Grey ware jar and bowl (Lethbridge 1937) Neck of glass bottle, five bronze bracelets, three finger rings, 148 jet beads from necklace, silver ring fragment, bone pin, . half shale armlet Little Walden, n. of 4 4* Cremation burial in jar Saffron Walden, Curie 15 and Drag. 36 dishes and Drag. 35 cup, other pot Essex (TL 5442) Glass unguent bottle, bottle and rim of third vessel, iron (Hull 1963b: 195) lampholder, spear head and shaft (incomplete), fittings for chest and lion head studs Little Waltham, 8 2 Ad 50-60 Essex (TL 705126) Unumed cremation burial (Drury 1978) Two flagons, two cups (one in terra nigra), two butt beakers, jar, terra nigra platter Unbumt pig's skull, sheep rib, complete domestic fowl and foetal piglet, ox skull fragment . a North Marston, U 2* 1st century cremation Buckinghamshire Cist lined with limestone slabs 1.5m x 1.2m. (SP 758230) (Farley Parts of 3 1st century bowls 1971; Wilson 1974: Cattle tibia, patella, radius and limb, vertebra, pig/sheep 436) femur, pig axis vertebrae and ?long bones, sheep incisors, foot - bones, tail bone, and femur, lamb?, razor shell Priory Park, 2* 5* Cremation burials in two urns Prittlewell, Essex Two flagons (TQ 8787) (Hull Two glass bottles, bronze vessel, bronze lampholder and 1963b: 167) strigil. Radnage, 10 2 Mid 1st century AD Buckinghamshire Cremation burial probably in lion-head casket (SU 7897) Pottery flagon and nine samian dishes of at least two different

588 (Skilbeck 1923; forms (one of which is Drag. 18/31R; the illustration is not Harden et al. 1987: adequate to identify the other) arranged in three rows, of 51) which the fabric was 'soft as putty', glass jug and dark blue and opaque white mosaic pillar moulded bowl, imported possibly from northern Italy Rochford (Cherry 8 2* AD 120-140 Orchard Brickfield, Flagon, beaker, two Drag. 18/31 plates, two Drag. 33 and one Eastwood), Essex Drag. 35 cups, and Drag. 67 decorated beaker, sherds (TQ 85758950) Glass flagon, iron lampholder, animal bone, nails (Taylor 1954: 98; Hull 1963b: 127) Rougham, Suffolk + 8 5 2. 1st to early third century AD (TL 9061) (Dunning Cremation burial in glass jar in tile cist and Jessup 1936: Two jars, two flagons, four samian dishes, . 51; Fox 1911: 294- Glass unguent bottle in cremation container, coin, ox bones 95, 315-16) (on samian dish), iron lamp and lamp hanger which still projected from the wall of the cist, iron rods possibly from casket St Albans Folly 8* 2* 27 Antonine Lane, Hertfordshire Probable cremation burial (TL 143077) Three flagons, jar, three samian dishes, one other dish, (Niblett 1992; Iron strigil. forthcoming; Damage by later pit may account for absence of human archive) 4. remains. St Albans Folly 35* 7* AD 45-55 Lane, Hertfordshire Cremation burial in pit (adult) (TL 143077) (Mays Shaft back fill. Flagon and four amphorae, ten platters (five and Steele 1995; samian, five Gallo-Belgic), ten cups (five samian, one butt Niblett 1992; beaker, one terra nigra cup and three Gallo-Belgic imitation forthcoming) vessels) and ten dishes (five samian, four imitation Gallo- Belgic and one grog-tempered). All thirty five vessels were broken and scattered. A burial pit containing a single adult cremation with the following cremated items, Burnt amphorae, imitation terra nigra and imitation Gallo- Belgic wares, from a carnyx, from a cart or chariot, bridle bit and cheek piece, iron chain mail, molten bronze, four kilos of molten silver, fragments from an ivory-inlaid chair or couch, bear claws, sheep, pig cattle and hare or cat bones, and much pyre debris. Vessel and NAT numbers are not directly comparable to other assemblages because they represent pyre rather than grave goods. St Albans King 7 5 9 Mid 1st century AD Harry Lane (Phases Unurned adult cremation burial 3 and 4 only), Two flagons, two cups, bowl, jar, platter, Hertfordshire Two brooches, mirror, nails from wooden board, bone (TL 131067) (Stead 'handle' and Rigby 1989) pig jaw, left radius, calcaneum, ?pig atlas, mammal occipital, vertebra, unknown rib 6 3 27 Mid 1st century AD Unurned adult cremation burial Two platters, two cups, bowl, lid, Iron spoon, seventeen nails from wooden board, mammal ., .. occipital and femur, ?pig tibia 4 3 28 Mid 1st century AD Unurned adult cremation burial

589 Beaker, two platters, samian cup (Drag. 27) Brooch, iron knife 4 3 37 Mid 1st century AD Unurned adolescent cremation burial Flagon, platter, cup, beaker Three brooches, bronze cup 1 4 86 Mid 1st century AD Urned adult cremation burial in beaker Beaker Four brooches, bronze tweezers, part of toilet set 3* 3* 117 Mid 1st century AD Unurned adult cremation burial Amphora sherds, honeypot, platter Two brooches, bronze fittings from wooden board (disturbed) 4 3* 118 Mid 1st century AD Unumed (?) cremation burial Two platters, bowl, jar, brooch, bone 'box', bronze fragments from wooden object (disturbed) 3 134 Mid 1st century AD Urned adult cremation burial in bowl Brooch, iron needle, iron punch 3 182 Mid 1st century AD Urned adult cremation in beaker Brooch, ring, triangular iron knife (razor?) 0 4 203 Mid 1st century AD Urned male adult cremation burial in flagon Iron toilet set, bronze cosmetic set, brooch, skull frags, pig left mandible fragments, pig left calcaneum 3 3 316 Mid 1st century AD Unurned adult (?) cremation burial Flagon, beaker, platter, brooch Iron knife, triangular iron knife (razor?), pig skull and left mandible 2 3 370 Mid 1st century AD Unurned child cremation burial beneath wooden board, Beaker, platter Spindle-whorl, four brooches, mammal skull, pig left mandible St Albans Lindum 6 2 1. AD 150-250 Place (King Harry Cremation burial in lion-head casket Lane), Hertfordshire Flagon, six samian bowls (TL 133065) Glass bottle (Freeman 1971; At centre of burial enclosure Wilson 1972: 329) 6 1 2. AD 150-250 Cremation burial Three imitation Drag. 37 decorated bowls, three Drag. 36 dishes Bronze vessel St Albans St 12 1* 2 (Davey) Stephens, Urned cremation burial Hertfordshire (TL Three flagons, nine other vessels 14090614) (Davey 1935) 6 1* 40 (Davey) Umed cremation burial Flagon, jar, dish, three cups (samian)

590 St Albans St 6 3 11 Late 1st century Stephens, Child cremation burial in wooden box Hertfordshire (TL Three flagons, two beakers, one vessel 14090614) (Frere Four glass bottles, burnt animal bone, three coins 1990: 338-40) Beneath six post structure 6 2 17 late 1st! early 2nd century Adult female cremation burial in jar Two flagons, two beakers, dish, cup Burnt animal bone, two coins 6 3 71 Early-mid 2nd century Child cremation burial in jar Two flagons, one beaker, one lid, two vessels Glass vessel, bone pyxis, burnt animal bone 5 4 246 early 2nd century Adult male cremation burial in jar Flagon, beaker, bowl, dish, lid Three glass vessels, coin, lampholder, burnt animal bone 1 4 298 late 1st century Adult cremation burial in jar Ceramic lid Glass vessel, casket fittings, bronze mortar and pestle 10 2 334 Date not known Adult female (?) cremation burial in jar Flagon, bowl, two jars, two dishes, two cups, lid, vessel Two glass vessels 2 3 226 Late 1st century Adult female cremation burial in jar in wooden box Two beakers Bone spoon, brooch, burnt animal bone 3 3 240 Late 1st century Adult cremation burial in casket Three flagons Mirror, worked bone object, burnt animal bone 3 3 196 Adult female (??) cremation burial in jar Two beakers, lid Brooch, intaglio 2 5 92 Mid-late 2nd century Child cremation burial in jar Beaker and lid Coin, beads, bronze ring, bronze bell St Albans 13 6 AD 80-90 'William Old', Adult cremation in glass jar Hertfordshire One large Dr. 18 dish, four Dr. 18 dishes, four larger Dr.27 (TL 131067) cups, four smaller Dr.27 cups (Niblett and Reeves Glass flask, bronze bowl, four ceramic lamps, pair of strigils 1990) held together by iron hook, folding tripod probably deliberately bent before deposition. The tripod is suggested by the excavators to have a similar function to the folding chairs from Holborough and Bartlow Hills but other examples of this artefact type probably served for placing food (cf. Nuber 1984; Strong 1966: 159). Snailwell, 16* 9* AD 10-50 Cambridgeshire (TL Cremation burial 645675) (Stead Three amphorae, thirteen ceramics including Gallo-Belgic 1967: 57) imports Bronze bowl, bronze plate, bronze bracelet, wooden tray

591 indicated by hinges, bronze buckle, five bone toggles, two iron hooks, iron triangular knife (razor?), iron boss, pig, ox and bird bones Stanfordbury, U 8* A. Conquest period Bedfordshire (TL Cremation burial, possibly scattered 148412) (Stead Floor paved with tesserae, six amphorae, three samian cups, 'a 1967; Page and great quantity of ordinary red, grey and black ware, bronze jug Keate 1908: 13-14) and pan, shield boss, two fire dogs, two iron spits, iron tripod, iron fragments, bone 'flute', five gaming pieces

U 9* B. Late 1st century AD? Cremation burial in glass vessel Two amphorae, 'some samian', Two glass bottles, a pillar-moulded bowl, silver buckle and strap end, four glass and three amber beads, two bronze brooches, coin of ?Titus, shale bracelet, bronze handle, bronze box fittings, two iron bars Stansted Duckend 10 1* 9 Pre-Flavian Farm Essex (TL No information on age / sex and container 521221) (Frere Two flagons, beaker, jar, bowl /jar, three dishes, two cups 1988: 459; 1989: Other grave goods 305-05; Garland, N. 1990; Wallace in prep.) 7 1* 13 Pre-Flavian No information on age / sex and container Two platters, two beakers, cup, two miniature jars Other grave goods 6 1* 18 Later 1st century AD No information on age / sex and container Flagon, jar, miniature jar, bowl, Drag. 33 cup, platter Duckend Car Park, 10 4* 25 Early to mid 2nd century Essex (TL 521222) Cremation on pewter tray possibly in box (Frere 1988: 459; Carrot amphora, beaker, one Drag. 18 and two Drag. 42 1989: 305-05; dishes, four Drag. 35 and one Drag. 33 cups Garland, N. 1990; Six glass vessels (pillar moulded bowl, two cups, flask, small Wallace in prep.) bottle and large bottle), bronze bath saucer, amphora shaped jug, bowl, vessel foot and rim 8 3* Burial 26 Early to mid 2nd century No information on age / sex Cremation burial in casket Flagon, beaker, Drag. 37 decorated bowl, one Drag. 18/31 dish, two Drag. 35 and one Drag. 27 cups, vessel, glass bowl, bottle and fragmentary and molten pieces, mirror + 4 Takeley, west of U 5* AD 80-120 Great Dunmow, Cremation burial in 'urn' Essex Two samian vessels (TL 57 22) (Hull Two glass vessels, coin of Vespasian and Domitian, four brass 1963b: 185) rings (not finger rings, probably in chest), wooden chest and lamp fragments ... Takeley Street, U 4* Probable burial Essex (TL 554215) Decorated samian bowl, dish and inkwell, (Hull 1963b: 1850 Two glass vessels, bronze lamp and frags of four bronze vessels, recovered from mound when tree lifted out. Thornborough, 6 1 9-12 AD 70-75 Buckinghamshire Unurned cremation burial (SP 7333) (Johnson Flagon, bowl, three Drag. 36 dishes and Drag. 35 cup

592 1975) Thornborough, 8 3* Late 2nd century Buckinghamshire Cremation burial in large glass square bottle (SP 7333) Two small amphorae, two beakers, two samian dishes, samian (Liversidge 1960) vessel and other vessel Handle of glass bottle and part of bottle, bronze pan, two jugs, dish and lamp Toppesfield, Essex 3 3* 1st century AD (TL 726365) (Hull Inhumation burial 1963b: 192-93) Drag. 22 small dish, Drag. 27 and Drag. 35 cups Bronze jug and pan, coin, iron sword laid on chest Welwyn Grange, U 6* Cremation burial in wooden box (?) Hertfordshire Ceramics, three glass vessels, pipeclay statuette, bronze (TL 23121640) Dragonesque brooch, bronze ring and blue enamelled finger (Kindersley 1922; ring, lamp Westell 1930) Weston Turville, 7* 7* Cremation burial in amphora or jar Buckinghamshire Two samian cups and one bowl, four other ceramics (SP 8510) (Smith Three glass bottles and one rectangular base, iron box fittings, 1908: 15-16; one trumpet brooch, one enamelled fly brooch, two bone pins, Waugh 1961) nailed leather possibly from shoes, frankincense and leaves in one dish, poss. mirror fragment and possibly other brooches. Incomplete. West Thurrock, 2 3 Cremation in amphora Essex (TQ 5877) Imitation Black Burnished ware jar, imitation samian cup Hull 1963b: 189; Three bronze bracelets, bronze spoon Philpott 1991: 252, 257

593 6.5 Other burial assemblages from southern Roman Britain

The descriptions follow the criteria given in appendix 6.2

Site / County / NGR No. NAT Assemblage / Reference cera mics Bayford, 11 6 1. Cremated bone in and around glass bottle Sittingbourne, Kent Six samian dishes and three cups, two miniature jars, glass jug, (c. TQ 9063) (Payne two glass vessels, bronze 'goblet', bronze lamp, jug and pan, 1877; 1886; Smith bronze oil flask to which iron strigil fragments were attached 1922: 97) by a chain, animal bones 19 5 2. Cremated bone in square glass bottle. Flagon, two jars, cream coloured bowl, six samian dishes and nine cups of AD 200, glass jug, bottle and two 'vases', three bronze strigils, iron lampstand, bronze jug (handle of latter depicts nude male with sword, scabbard and cloak, with a decapitated goat or ram, an ox between the man's legs, outside the left leg a boar's head with snout uplifted, above the man a galloping goat, two animals above this and at the top a seated figure with a crook. Toynbee (1964: 325) interpreted the scene as the madness of Ajax but did not note that the animal combination associated with the nude male is the same as the suovetaurilia). Birdlip, 6 Early 1st century AD Gloucestershire Adult female extended inhumation in stone cist (SO 9214) (Staelens Mirror, a large bronze bowl (over the face) and smaller bronze 1982) bowl, a brooch, tweezers, four bronze rings, a bead necklace, a bronze knife handle, a bronze drop handle and finial loop. Brighton 11 7 Late second century Springfield Road, Cremation burial in wooden box (1962 /63 excavation) West Sussex (TQ Flagon, jar, five 'saucers' (which were possibly burnt), Drag. 3104) (Kelly and 33 and Drag. 46 cups, Drag. 31 and Drag. 36 dishes, glass Dudley 1981) flask and 'hat-shaped' container, wooden disc, box fittings, trumpet brooch, bronze wire and cylinder, iron lampholder and hook Colchester St Clare 10 4 Claudian Drive, Essex (TL Cremation burial in flagon 975255) (Hull Flagon, butt beaker and terra rubra beaker, one samian (Drag. 1942) 17), terra rubra and three terra nigra dishes, a samian (Loeschke 8) and terra rubra cup, frags of glass flask, ten brooches, one or more bracelets, strap possibly from wooden box Colchester Joslin 14 1 AD 40-70 Collection 8/68, Cremation burial Essex (TL 975255) 'Honey pot', grey 'vase' (and another in the illustration), two (May 1930) Drag. 18 and two Drag. 15 (i.e. 15/17) dishes, four large Drag. .. 27 cups and four Drag. 24/25 cups Crabtree Lane, 10 7 Mid or late 2nd century North Lancing, Cremation burial in square glass bottle West Sussex (TQ Flagon, flask with hole bored in side, miniature flagon, beaker, 18180499) (Kelly dish (possibly burnt), Drag. 18 and Drag. 36 dish, Drag. 27 and Dudley 1981) cup and samian flagon, unguent bottle, ceramic lamp holder,

594 two gilt bronze disc brooches, ring of agate or chalcedony, gaming counter, cosmetic palette, lock plate and key from chest Ho lborough, 12* 4 Within central area the following features: Snodland, Kent (TQ Stakeholes define a square open at northern end of 15ft by 16ft 7061) (Jessup 1954) around the primary burial. Primary burial 7ft 8 inches x 2ft 6 inches and lft 6 inches deep. Wooden coffin indicated by nails and nail impressions, with oak ash, calcined adult male human and fowl bone. Mound of puddled chalk over burial. 14 stakeholes which form an almost square enclosure around the grave open at the east end probably supported the structure during funerary ritual. On north side of grave a mass of broken pottery from five amphorae, spread of rusted nails, glass fragments and molten glass. Pit 1. with wicker lining and folding chair which had been deliberately broken before burial. Pit 2. Wood ash, cremated sheep, fowl and smaller bird, two broken and burnt plates and whole beaker Pit 3. Burnt and broken part beaker and six or seven plates. Burnt coin of Antoninus Pius with pyre type. Secondary burial in south-east quadrant, one year old child inhumation accompanied by possible purse and rabbit bones, in lead-lined wooden coffin with Dionysiac figures. Ditch fill excavated but very little artefactual material. Jordan Hill, 9 2 1st century AD Weymouth, Dorset Inhumation burial with shale trencher by its shoulder, on (SY 699823) which was a small black ware cup, a black imitation of samian (Biddle 1967; Drag. 37, a plain samian dish, five small black bowls around RCHME 1970: 11.3. the trencher and ceramic bottle by knees 617) Knob's Crook, 7* 5* AD 70-85 Woodland, Dorset Brandgrubengrab with cremated adult bone. All artefacts had (SU 05520733) been placed on pyre and were recovered from main burial and (Fowler 1965) two other pits beneath barrow. Minimum vessel count of five Drag. 18 and one Drag. 18/31 dishes and one small decorated bowl (Knorr 78). 750 bronze frags and many more minute pieces. Recognisable pieces comprised the base of a vessel, head of a small, rectangular sectioned object, possible head of T-shaped brooch, four bosses or studs, part of a bronze plaque with champleve decoration, possibly from a harness mount, thirty five iron objects including twenty eight nails, thirty four frags of glass of which the diagnostic pieces came from a triangular glass flask, burnt frags of soapstone including two frags of a possible bracelet, and other curved frags, button and bead. Marquis of Granby, 10 2 Late 2nd century Sompting, West Elderly adult male cremation burial in jar. Sussex Flagon, bowl and folded beaker, two Walters 79 and one Drag. (TQ 1612 0521) 31 dishes, two Drag. 33 and two Drag. 39 cups, glass flask (Ainsworth and Ratcliffe-Densham 1974) Old Newton, 1 8* A cremation burial discovered in 1875 at the sinking of a Suffolk (TM 0562) narrow shaft. , (Low 1909) Glass bottle with cremated bone

595 Ceramic jar, handled glass jar (omega handles), jug and unguent bottle, three glass beads, bronze spear head, pair of bronze handles and ten glass counters, five bronze rings and two lamps. Most of the assemblage was not kept from the 'charcoal and .. ashes'. Portesham, Dorset 2 5 Mid 1st century AD (SY 611861) Adult female crouched inhumation burial, oriented north-east (Fitzpatrick 1996) south-west, disturbed by metal detectors. Iron Age tradition mirror, imported bronze pan, most of body of pig over and in front of body, traces of jointing, lamb shoulder at waist, two brooches at shoulders and one attached to mirror, iron knife in sheath, one bowl by heels, one bowl - behind the back and possibly also ajar in unknown position Sheepen, Essex U U Neronian (Niblett 1985: mf Five separate artefact deposits but only one deposit of 1/5: A3-Al2) cremated bone were recovered from a small period cemetery 50m south of site 1, perhaps surrounded by a ditch. According to Niblett it is possible that all artefacts derive from a single burial. Group 1. Ceramic jar Group 2. Ceramic jar with cremated bone fragments Group 3. Three butt beakers, a ceramic flask imitating glass, two terra nigra cups, two Drag. 27 cups, a shallow glass dish, hemispherical bowl and pillar-moulded bowl Group 4. Top of glass flagon, part of two glass flasks, coin Group 5. Two ceramic flagons, three samian dishes (Ritterling 9, 17R, 15/17R), a glass bath flask and the fittings from a casket, lock plate, hasp, rings and bronze lion head studs. Sheepen, Essex 6 9* 302 (Hull 1963a: 193- Late 2nd century 95) An urned cremation burial in a 'honey pot' within an amphora Four small flagons, samian dish (18/31), bowl with a hunt scene, part of glass flask, mirror, beads, two brooches, bone needle, bone pin, two bone terminals, bone ring, bronze spatula handle, bronze ring, four bronze studs, two bronze W tacks and bronze nail head, bone handled iron knife, two beads, lamp Shefford, U 9* Late 1st century Bedfordshire Cremation burial with blue glass jug, an amber coloured bowl, (TL 1439) (Fox. a square glass bottle, two glass funnels, two pans (wrongly 1923: 213; Page and reconstructed as a waisted incense pan in Fox's account), a Keate 1908: 11-12; bronze jug, an iron lamp, an ivory pipe, a knife, a short iron Kennett 1971) chain, a hook and other bronze items. Thirty one samian vessels were kept but cannot now be distinguished from those derived from other contexts. This number from a single burial is unparalleled. According to Page and Keate the artefacts were recovered from a walled cemetery with several burials but Kennett suggests that a single burial accounts for the artefact assemblage. However the original account does record several cremation urns 'containing ashes'. The glass and metal vessels were reliably recorded in association with one another and the burial is therefore included on Fig. 7.28 and 7.29 but not in the plot of large ceramic assemblages (Fig. 7.27). Stanway, Essex (TL 20* U c. AD 40-85. 956226) (Crummy Enclosure 4 wooden burial chamber (Brandgrubengrab?)

596 1993; 1997a) The chamber backfill contain cremated bone, smashed pottery from a minimum of twenty plates, cups and bowls, a glass flask and glass and paste beads. 14 12 The 'warrior' burial, Enclosure 3 50s AD Unurned cremation burial in centre of rectangular pit, 2 x 2.6 x lm deep. Amphora, beaker, two flagons (one from central Gaul), samian cup and bowl, eight terra rubra cups and bowls. Two glass unguent bottles and one glass bowl, a bronze pan and jug, wooden object, a grid iron, a bent iron spearhead and shield boss, a wooden box, a probable gaming board with ten dark blue and nine opaque white gaming pieces, two brooches, bronze armlet and glass bead and woollen textiles. 14 6 The 'doctor's' or 'game' burial, Enclosure 5 . Post-conquest Unurned cremation burial in heap on gaming board (perhaps originally in bag), in rectangular pit with ledge on one side. In deeper part of grave a wooden box containing iron fittings from gaming board with thirteen white and thirteen blue glass gaming pieces, set out as if a game had already started. Above wooden box a surgical kit including two scalpels, saw, three handled needles, forceps, a double ended hook, probe and blunt hook. Eight rods, four of iron and four of bronze, each with one flattened end and the other a triangular blade were also recovered in association with bronze rings. Two brooches, a bead and textiles were also recovered in the same area. In the corner of the burial was a fish sauce amphora, and on the other side a flagon and above it a decorated samian bowl and a bronze handled pan and strainer. In the centre of the grave were eleven pottery dishes and cups, probably terra rubra and terra nigra. Stebbing, Essex U U A Romano-British cemetery in a ditched enclosure with three (TL 6426) (Going 'rich cremations' with 'fine glass vessels'. Full account of 1978; Goodburn assemblages not available but one grave with glass urn, glass 1978: 452; Rodwell jug, two south Gaulish samian vessels and poppy head beaker 1976) in iron bound chest. One other burial also had two glass vessels. A further burial had 2 Republican denarii, Cu alloy box, gilt silver brooch, and an unspecified number of glass and ceramic vessels. Thatcham Butter U U Burnt fragments of thirty samian vessels, mostly undecorated, Cross, Berkshire part of a 'Hunt-cup', 'Belgic' vessels and part of an amphora, (SU 5167) molten glass, nails and wood had been 'buried in a small hole (Collingwood and dug in the gravel'. Collingwood and Taylor offer no Taylor 1928: 207) interpretation but the description suggests that the assemblage is likely to represent either a Brandgrubengrab or a deposit of pyre debris. The general context of recovery is surface evidence of Roman occupation at Thatcham. The possible burial was located half a mile west of Thatcham Butter Cross Welshpool, Powys U 6* Probable cremation burial - no human bone was recovered by (SJ 229075) (Boon workmen. Later small scale excavations in the environs of the 1961) deposit recovered scattered evidence of burning Base of ceramic costrel, frags of jar, frags of glass jar and mould-blown bottle, three bronze shallow pans and one jug packed in cloth and leaves within bronze cauldron (metal objects worn and one crudely repaired), yew bucket with handle, binding and bucranion escutcheon, fire dog and two

597 iron standards which were possible candelabra. Wotton Hillfield 11 U 2nd century Lodge, Denmark Cremation burial in flagon Road, Eleven samian vessels, coin of Domitian Gloucestershire (SO 844191) (Frere 1992: 345; A. P. Garrod pers. comm.)

598 6.6 Burial monuments in and in the environs of the civitas of the Catuvellauni

The appendix is subdivided into the following four categories:

1. Non-barrow funerary monuments of defmitely 1st to mid-3rd century AD date

2. Barrows of definitely 1st to mid-3rd century AD date The most recent distribution map plots some monuments with slight evidence of Roman date (e.g. Six Hills, Stevenage) and omits others with reliable evidence (e.g. Borough Hill) (Ordnance Survey 1991). The primary data from Roman barrows was therefore re-examined. All barrows with evidence of Roman period date of the primary burial within the study area are listed here. In all the instances where more precise dating evidence is available the monuments date from the late 1st to early 3rd centuries.

3. Barrows of probable Roman date. This probability is based on the presence of Roman period material of which the context is poorly documented or those suggested by the criteria of form to be of possible Roman date (e.g. Six Hills Stevenage). The barrows listed by Dunning and Jessup (1936) as of presumed Roman date but lacking any supporting evidence have not been included. One of the main criteria used in the past, the association with a Roman road, is not employed here unless supported by other evidence. Most of the examples included here are hypothesised to be dated to the early Roman period, by the general date for barrow building in Britain between the 1st and mid-3rd century AD (Struck forthcoming a)

4. Artistic and epigraphic evidence for funerary monuments The selection of monuments as burial related is based on recovery from a funerary context (Towcester, Bedford Purlieus, Girton) or attribution made on basis of monument type (Stanwick, Water Newton). None of the monuments are securely dated, save at Stanwick where there is a terminus ante quem and at Bedford Purlieus where the associated cremation burial may indicate an early Roman date. Dated Roman period burials from the Girton cemetery are early rather than late. There are a small number of further sculptures not included in this list of which a funerary provenance is possible (Huskinson 1994: 15, No. 7, a fragment of relief of standing man, and Huskinson 1994: 17, No. 33, fragment of head of man recovered from C2 / C3 aisled building, Arbury Road). The funerary derivation of RIB 233 and 234 is undisputed but that of RIB 232 is more open to doubt. There is no dating evidence for the epigraphy save the general dating of inscriptions to between the 1st century and the first half of the 3rd centuries AD. The DM formula is evidence that RIB 233 dates from the second century onwards. The imprecision of the dating of this body of material must however be stressed.

599 1. Non-barrow funerary monuments Site / County / Reference Description / NGR Bancroft, See appendix 5.2 for description Buckinghamshire (Williams and Zeepvat 1994) (SP 82524058)

Hampstead Norris, Arched vault 8ft long, 2ft wide and 2ft high, formed of flint and brick Berkshire (SU 5276) bonding courses, cremation in Upchurch ware jar and a coin of

(Page and Calthrop Commodus, also pyre debris, charcoal, animal bone and nails on floor 1906: 210) Litlington, Walls of flint and brick 81ft by 114ft surround cemetery with c.80 Cambridgeshire (Kempe cremations and two hundred and fifty inhumations. Probably.used from 1845; Liversidge 1977: 2nd to 4th century. Cemetery fronts onto the road. 30m to north an 29-30) (TL 314420) undated probable Roman period stone burial chamber containing two inhumation burials. Rothamsted A probable mausoleum of circular form, with 2 square buttresses, possibly Experimental station, the base of a tower tomb. It lay within a 30m square `temenos' enclosure Harpenden, within which lay 2 cremations. The very limited area investigated within Hertfordshire (Lowther the temenos revealed two cremation burials. 1937) (TL 120137) St Albans St Stephens, Ditched enclosure in cemetery on both sides of Watling Street, although Hertfordshire (Davey without central burials. 1935; Frere 1984; 1988; Six post structure over cremation burial on north side of Watling Street 1989) Eight cremation burials to the south of Watling Street surrounded by four (TL 140061) post settings from older and recent excavations. One burial to the south of Watling Street from recent excavations was surrounded with a circular flint foundation c.1 m in diameter St Albans Lindum Place, Burial enclosure 8m square with post holes in the two excavated corners Hertfordshire (Freeman 1971; Wilson 1972: 329) (TL 133065) Southfleet, Kent A stone walled burial enclosure 50ft square with 3ft thick buttressed walls, (Rashleigh 1803; Jessup possibly of flint and tiles, facing the cardinal points. There was a central 1959: 29-30) cremation burial under a ragstone pavement, including two glass jars with (TQ 6171) omega handles (Isings 51) with cremated bone, a pair of leather shoes, one with gold thread, and also two ceramic jars also containing cremated bone. In a cist under the pavement were two flagons, two Drag. 31 dishes one with animal ribs on it and a wooden casket beneath represented by bronze fittings. Midway between the central burial and the east wall was a stone coffin containing two lead coffms each with a child burial. One contained only the skeleton, the other an assemblage of jewellery comprising a gold necklace, gold ring and two gold serpent headed bracelets of late Roman date. Welwyn Hall The structure was built at some point in the third century and during the Mausoleum, Welwyn, 4th and 4th centuries was heavily robbed. The suggested shape is of a Hertfordshire (Rook et rectangular building oriented roughly north-south of which the flint raft al. 1984; McDonald foundations formed a rectangle 16.2m x 14m. The outer wall footings forthcoming) (TL described a rectangular building 10.8m x 6.8m (inner measurements). The 232164) inner wall footing for the cella, was almost square in plan, 4.8m east west by 4.6m north-south. The southern half of the cella was subdivided into two rooms. The entrance probably lay in the east wall. There was a very narrow ambulatory. Outside the east outer wall was a possible paved area. Sections of a ditch tentatively interpreted as the temenos for the structure

600 were excavated c.30 m to the north-west of the building and c.8 m to the east.

Some impression can be given of the cella interior and of the external appearance. The cella walls and ceiling were lined with white plaster. The mid-late third century sarcophagus, of which fragments were recovered, was probably set with its plain back against the wall within the ambulatory. The pieces recovered from the different excavations were cut in a slightly different style, which may be evidence for not only a sarcophagus but also a mythological frieze. The cella was up to 10m in height, with the tower raised above the pitched roof of the ambulatory. There is some evidence that the building's exterior was rendered in white. Wood Lane End, Hemel Building 1. A cella 11 x 12.25m in its external measurement, with walls Hempstead, 1.5m thick. Within the cella on its north-western side was a tiled vault 5.5 Hertfordshire (Neal x 3.75m. Neal suggests that the size of the vault is similar to that of better 1984) (TL 082078) preserved mausolea at Lullingstone or Bancroft. The superstructure is suggested to be a tower with pediment at front and rear, of a height of up to 15.5m. The building had possibly been rendered white. Building 6. a 6m square construction, with a robbed out central pit which may have been the foundation for a g2itzth, gossihIy ta scipssart z..s?wisvt. cist. The structure was later than and aligned on building 1, from which its construction materials possibly derived. These structures, both oriented with their corners on the cardinal points, lay within a larger enclosure within which a small bath-house also lay. Outside were a possible schola building and other structures. The main period of use of the complex was the 2nd century, at the end of which it was demolished. No 'votive' material was recovered from the site.

2. Roman period barrows

Site / County / Reference Description / NGR Bartlow Hills, Essex Seven barrows of which IV-VII survive. (TL 58614490) (Hull I AD 80-100 Wooden chest 1963: 39-45) II Hadrianic-Antonine, tile chamber III 2nd century, wooden chest IV Barrow 45ft high and 145ft diameter, wooden chamber V Antonine Barrow 35ft high and 100ft diameter, wooden chest VI Barrow VII Late 2nd century, wooden chest Railway cutting between barrows produced 15 skeletons. Between barrows II and IV a rectangular flint foundation 30ft x 10ft, possible further monumental tomb, though only dating evidence a possibly associated coin of Valens Foundations of building 100 yards from burials was possibly associated, but also other buildings nearby. Borough Hill, Daventry, 18 barrows recorded in eighteenth century, 14 in early nineteenth from Northamptonshire which recorded excavations date. No longer extant. Barrows aligned on (Brown 1977) long axis of hillfort enclosure within which they stand. Roman period stone structure at western extremity of hillfort within separate enclosure.

Details are summarised by Brown from G. Baker's excavation notes and from re-examination of material remaining. Quotations follow Brown's transcription of Baker. Barrows 1, 2, 4, 7 no information Barrow 3 Charcoal, bones, cist with covering stone, no cremation vessel

601 recorded Barrow 5 Largest example of 32 feet diameter and 5ft height. Already emptied Barrow 6 Four urned cremation burials, cremation vessels are 2nd century jars and three were accompanied by flagons which when dated were also 2nd century Barrow 8 Size similar to 5. Probable in-situ cremation on floor of small stones represented by a 2 inch layer of cremated human bone, charcoal and burnt earth. Also a 'brass buckle' and many other fragments of the 'same metal'. Possible cairn of stones above burial Barrow 9 Pyre site similar to 8 noted Barrows 10, 11 and 12 'traces of cremation' Barrow 13 Urned cremation in 2nd century jar in stone cist and covered with further stones. Pyre debris had also been deposited. Barrow 14 I foot high. A cist lined with small stones within which were an urned cremation in a jar, nails, a flagon and a 2nd century Central Gaulish samian dish (Drag. 18 / 31) with an illegible stamp. Many of the burial ceramics are poorly made. Further complete Roman vessels and also evidence of possible intrusive Anglo-Saxon inhumation. Bourn, Moulton Hills Possibly mid 2nd century (aka Arms Hills), A 20m diameter, 3m high. At centre black earth with animal bone, bronze Cambridgeshire (TL scraps from ornaments, schist hones, millstone fragments, coin of Marcus 326571) (Taylor 1993: Aurelius and pottery including base of Antonine samian 224; Liversidge 1977: B 25m diameter, 4m high. Modified in post Roman period but also black 23) earth with human bone fragments, whetstone, bronze fragments and part of colour coated beaker C 5m diameter (NB the measurements of Taylor and Liversidge are in disagreement) Emmanuel Knoll, Single barrow, 10m diameter, 2m high, flattened top. Cremation burial in Godmanchester, jar, box indicated by decayed wood and nails, black earth in fill probably Cambridgeshire (TL pyre debris 26597012) (Green 1973) Hildersham, Maypole A 60m diameter cone shaped barrow. Already robbed when excavated. Hill, Cambridgeshire (TL Roman sherds, tile and a cremation burial were recovered. 543488) (Dunning and Jessup 1936: 49; Taylor 1993: 224) Pickford Hill, In one of two barrows a circular stone cist with base and cover slabs one Harpenden, foot thick, total height 64 inches, urned cremation probably in square glass Hertfordshire (Page bottle and four samian (Drag. 33) cups from Central Gaul of which the 1914: 153; Smith 1922) stamps date to the 2nd half of the 2nd century AD. (TL 1415) Rougham, Suffolk Four barrows in line north-east south-west, excavated from north (Dunning and Jessup 1. Barrow, at centre tile cist, a 'cube of 2 feet' 1936: 51; Fox 1911: 2. Barrow 54ft diameter, 6ft high, tile cist 2ft square and 2ft 3 inches high 294-95, 315-16) (TL 3. Barrow heavily damaged by modern road 8961) 4. Eastlow Hill. elliptical form, 17 ft high and 'four times larger' than 2. Floor of flints, chamber of flint rubble and tiles, ridged tile roof St Albans Folly Lane, Mid-first century AD Hertfordshire (Mays and A rectilinear ditched enclosure enclosing two hectares, at the centre of Steele 1995; Niblett which were an 8m2 and 3m deep revetted shaft with the remains of a 1992) (TL 143077) wooden chamber at it base, deliberately demolished before the shaft was backfilled, and a Brandgrubengrab to its side. A barrow was raised over the pyre site and in the late 1st century AD a Romano-Celtic temple was constructed over the barrow. Thornborough, Barrow over late second cemetery cremation burial. The barrows were Buckinghamshire across the river from the temple site at Bourton Grounds.

602 (Liversidge 1960) (SP 7333) Youngsbury, Ware, One of two barrows contained cremated bone in a square glass bottle and a Hertfordshire (Evans ceramic jar. Globular glass bottle also associated. 1890) (TL 3717)

3. Possible Roman period barrows

Site / County / Reference Description / NGR Barton, Deadman's Hill, Barrow with Roman pottery, nails and iron fragments Cambridgeshire (Dunning and Jessup 1936: 48; Taylor 1993: 224) (TL 41485586) Barton, Lord's Bridge, Barrow, confused account of stone coffin with female burial, 2 bone pins, Cambridgeshire hobnails, pot, on same site where cremation with slave chain, fire dogs and (Dunning and Jessup amphora had also been found. 1936: 49; Stead 1967; Taylor 1993: 224) (TL 394545) Hoddesdon, Barrow, built over a 'saucer-shaped depression' contained Roman Hertfordshire (Dunning material. Perhaps these are Roman deposits in an earlier barrow an Jessup 1936: 50) (c. TL 3708) Kibworth Harcourt, Roman ceramics recovered in barrow fill. At centre a stone pavement, Leicestershire (SP 6894) possibly a cist, from which a bone bodkin' and iron object were recovered. (Page and Keate 1907: 213)

Primary Roman cremation and secondary Anglo-Saxon inhumations in Linton, Cambridgeshire (Taylor 1993: 222) (TL barrow. 5847) Litlington, Litnlow Hill, Rectangular area 210 ft across demarcated by ditched enclosure. ditch 21- Cambridgeshire (Clark 24 ft wide and 51/4 to 61/2 feet deep, of which first fill includes 2nd century 1938; Taylor 1993: 225) ceramics. Hypothesised by Clarke to be quarry ditch for barrow in centre pi 32254172) of enclosure, 18 ft high and 42 ft diameter flattened in 1888. Skeletons with 1st and 2nd century coins reported near the mound Meldreth, Mettle Hill, Barrow, Lead coffin with five unguent bottles, Cu alloy armlet and bone

Cambridgeshire pin, found when mound destroyed (Taylor 1993: 225) (TL 32254172) Six Hills, Stevenage, Six barrows possibly of Roman date, no recent excavation, average 15-

Hertfordshire (Dunning 20m diameter and 5m in height when recorded in 1930s and Jessup 1936: 50) (TL 2323)

Watford, Hertfordshire Barrow on bank of river Collie levelled in 1860 with a 'Roman interment'

(Dunning an Jessup in a probable tile cist with "several gold things and copper coins and a lot

1936: 50; Page 1914: of pickle jars with burnt bones in them.' Radlett kilns half a mile to east 165) (TQ 1395)

603 4. Sculpture and epigraphy

Site / County / Reference Description NGR Bedford Purlieus, Haverfield 1902; Two headless and legless torsos, one 0.59m high, other two miles west of Huskinson 1994: 0.705m high, Barnack rag, youths in short tunics, each with Wansford bridge, 18, No. 35, whip, pair of hunters or charioteers, found in association Thornhaugh and with large ceramic urn (32 inches in height) containing Wansford human bones, glass, a minimum of three samian vessels and parishes, large fragments of a hunt cup. Northamptonshire (c. TF 0701) Girton, Huskinson 1994: Torso of draped male figure, limestone, 0.35m high, found Cambridge, 20-21, No. 41; in rubbish pit in Roman and Anglo-Saxon cemetery. Cambridgeshire Liversidge 1977: (TL 425608) 19 Girton, Huskinson 1994: Head, paws and tail of lion, fragments of prey and base, Cambridge, 31-32, No. 66; limestone, probably from funerary monument, found in Cambridgeshire Liversidge 1977: rubbish pit in Roman and Anglo-Saxon cemetery. (TL 425608) 19 Irchester, RIB 233 43 x 20 inches slab from monumental tomb in context of re- Northamptonshire use over robbed out later burial on intra-mural site. (SP 9265) D(is) M(anibus) S(acnun) I Anicius Satur(ninus) I strator cons(ularis) m(onumentwn) s(ibi) f(ecit) St Albans, bed of Blagg and Hunn A comer stone with scale decoration, possibly derived from river Ver to north 1984 a tower tomb. The dimensions are similar to fragments from of north gate the same part of the Poblicius mausoleum, Cologne, 13m (TL 1408) high. A stone of similar dimensions but with all decoration eroded recovered from same area. Similar tombs in Gallia Belgica (Hatt 1986) date from the 1st to first half of the 3rd centuries AD. Stanwick, Dix et al. 1987; Re-use of fragmentary material probably from funerary Northamptonshire Frere 1990: 253; monuments in hypocaust flues of 4th century building. (SP 972717) 1991: 285 Fragments from statues of Minerva, river god, slave girl, barbarian head trampled by horse feet. Towcester, Huskinson 1994: Female head 0.53m in height, limestone, possibly originally Northamptonshire 31-2, no. 67 set directly on a base, portrait or deity, probably from (SP 6948) funerary monument Thomhaugh, RIB 234 12 x 11 inches portion from right hand side of tombstone Wansford, 'found near Roman buildings' Northamptonshire , 41/4 miles south- ...]no xxv I `...] flay 1---] east of Stamford (TL 075985)

Water Newton, RIB 232 Possibly part of monumental inscription from tomb found in

Cambridgeshire context of re-use in Roman period wall (TL 1097) ...]marto[...

Water Newton, Huskinson 1994: Lion 0.6m high, 0.77m long, limestone, standing to right Cambridgeshire 31-2, No. 65 with head bent down, probably from funerary monument (TL 1097)

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