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Queer Logics: from Homonationalism to Homopopulism

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Queer Logics: from Homonationalism to Homopopulism Queer Logics: From Homonationalism to Homopopulism By James Keith Lotter Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Studies) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisors: Prof. Amanda Gouws & Prof. Pieter Fourie December 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. James Keith Lotter December 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i | P a g e Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT (English) In 2016 and 2017 Europe and North America witnessed the coming out of a rumoured backlash against the liberal democratic internationalist post-WWII world order. This led to and intensified a resurgence of populist-nationalist politics that manifested through an array of consecutive presidential and national elections that took place in some of the world’s most prominent liberal democracies, namely the USA, Holland, France and Germany. As such, each instance represents a unique set of circumstances and contexts that influenced their internal political climates; however, a shared hegemonic positioning within the global order, along with a history of multilateral relationships, makes the consequences of these (2016/2017) populist-nationalist electoral results far-reaching and inherently global. The populist-nationalist rhetoric of the 21st century remains closely aligned with notions of exclusionary and respectability politics, and the majority of marginalised communities remain resistant to this. However, shifting geopolitical dynamics have demonstrated new global political outcomes. With a specific focus on LGBTQ politics, this study notes that the rise of populist-nationalism in historically mature liberal democracies in Europe and North America poses a significant threat to the broader LGBTQ community across the globe. Rights advancement remains low (if present at all) on the domestic and foreign agendas of (right- wing) political entities. This study is particularly interested in the increasing public support for populist-nationalist groups coming from segments of the LGBTQ community itself. As such, it argues that in contrast to previous decades, the 21st century is presenting a new type of LGBTQ politics. Through employing the lenses of Queer IR, Cynthia Weber’s (2016a) “queer logics of statecraft” and Jasbir Puar’s (2007b) Homonationalism, this study seeks to expose what it calls “queer collusions” by understanding what seems to be an unconventional and counterintuitive political phenomenon. Through bringing these theories and concepts into conversation, this study conceptualises what it calls a “political and historical shift in European and North American LGBTQ politics,” that is, from Homonationalism (post-9/11) to Homopopulism (post-Orlando/ISIS). The theorisation of Homopopulism thus assists in understanding the dynamics associated with this shift, particularly the inclusion of the politics of fear against the backdrop of a declining (neo)liberal world order. Homopopulism therefore reveals the queer logics of populism, the fearful queer sovereign subjects that authorise it, and the fear-based sovereign leaders who deploy it. ii | P a g e Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT (isiXhosa) Ngo-2016 nango-2017, iYurophu noMntla Melika zangqina ukuphuma kwamarhe embuyekezo achasane ne-Liberal Democratic-Internationalist emva kommiselo wehlabathi weMfazwe yesiBini (WWII). Oku kwenze iziphumo nemivuka yendumo-zwe zepolitiki eyathi yabonakaliswa kwintlaninge yonyulo jikelele elandelelanayo yamazwe neyeenkulumbuso eyathatyathwa kwezinye zezizwe ezihlonitshiweyo zeNkululeko yeDemokrasi, ezinjenge- US, iFransi neJamani. Kungoko ke, isehlo ngasinye sahlukile ngemeko nangesimo-ntlalo esiphembelela isimo sezepolitiki, nangona, ubunkokheli obabelanayo kwezezwe lonke kunye nembali yamacala amaninzi obudlelwane enza iziphumo (2016/2017) zohlaselo ezingalindelekanga zonyulo yendumo-zwe zingafikeleleki kwaye zayanyaniswe kwihlabathi jikelele. Ubuciko bendumo-zwe yenkulungwane yama-21 ihleli isondele izayamanise nembono yezopolitiki yokwahlula neyokuhlonela kwaye noninzi loluntu olukumda wentlupheko ongagqithekiyo luhleli lungagungi. Kodwa ke, inthsukumo yomhlaba yezopolitiki ibonakalise iziphumo ezintsha kwezopolitiki lwehlabathi jikelele. Kujoliswe ngokukodwa kwezopolitiki ze- LGBTQ, esi sifundo siqaphela ukuba ukukhula kwendumo-zwe kwimbali kukhulise iiNkululeko zeDemokrasi eYurophu naseMntla Melika kwenza isisongelo esibalulekileyo kuluntu lwe-LGBTQ ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukuphuhliswa kwamalungelo kusahleli kusezantsi kwezekhaya nakwezangaphandla ii-agenda ezinxulunyaniswa nemibutho yezopolitiki yasekunene. Esi sifundo sibonakalisa umdla ekwandeni kwenkxaso yoluntu yamaqela endumo-zwe avela kwizintsu ze-LGBTQ ubuqu. Kungoko ke, sixoxa ngokuchasene nezimvo zeshumi leminyaka edlulileyo, inkulungwane yama-21 idandalazisa uhlobo olutsha lwezepolitiki lwe-LGBTQ. Ngokusebenzisa imbono ka-Queer IR, Cynthia Weber’s (2016a) “queer logics of statecraft” no-Jasbir Paur’s (2007b) Homonationalism, esi sifundo sefuna ukudandalazisa oko ikubiza ngokuba yi-“queer collusions” ngokuqonda imeko yezopoitiki ekhangeleka ngathi ayiqhelekanga nechasaneyo nokuqonda izinto ngokuziva (intuitive). Ngokudibanisa ezithiyori zingentla nesigama kwincoko, esisifundo sivelisa isigama esibizwa ngokuba yi- “lutshintsho kwezopolitiki nembali lwe- LGBTQ e-Yurophu naseMntla Melika” okuthi, ukususela kwi- Homonationalism (emva ko-9/11) ukuya ku- Homopopulism (emva kwe- Orlando/ISIS). Ukubhalwa kwethiyori ye-Homopopulism kuncedisa ekuqondeni ubucukubhede obunxulanyaniswe notshintsho, ingakumbi ukufakwa kwepolitiki zoloyiko (fear-politics) omva kokuhla (neo) kommiselo komgaqo wehlabathi. I -Homopopulism ke ngoko ityhila ingqiqo engaqhelekanga yendumo, abalawuli aboyikekayo abanika imvume yoko, neenkokheli ezisekelwe-kuloyiko ezilumiselayo. iii | P a g e Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgments I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who supported me with this project. My supervisors Prof. Pieter Fourie and Prof. Amanda Gouws for the friendship and exceptional supervision. To Pieter for being so readily available, for always listening, and for sharing your expertise and wisdom. To Amanda, for your knowledge, experience, and material support as SARChi Chair in Gender Politics. To the South African Research Chairs Initiative and the National Research Foundation for funding my studies. To my colleagues in the Department of Political Science, who all offered valuable insights and contributions to me personally and towards my research. To my key informants, Prof. Judge, Prof. Bouchard, Dr Coleman Chavez and Dr Fransch for sharing their thoughts, and to Edwin Hees for editing. To my family and friends for all their unconditional support. To my partner Luke Akal for all the love you’ve shared; you were at the frontline from the start and I owe much of this to you. Finally, to the many members of the LGBTQ community, past, present and future who continue to fight, often under trying circumstances, for freedom and justice. iv | P a g e Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za List of Acronyms AFD Alternative for Germany AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BREXIT British Exit (from the European Union) EU European Union FN Front National GFC Global Financial Crisis GLF Gay Liberation Front GQS Global Queer Studies HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRC Human Rights Campaign IR International Relations ISA International Studies Association ISI Import Substitution Industrialisation ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender LGBTI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex LGBTQ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer LGBTQIAP Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual, and Pansexual MEDA Middle East and North Africa MSM Men Who have Sex with Men NGO Non-governmental Organisation NYC New York City REC Research Ethics Committee UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNSC United Nations Security Council v | P a g e Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za US United States USA United States of America WWI World War I WWII World War II vi | P a g e Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ I ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ....................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT (ISIXHOSA) ................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................... IV LIST OF ACRONYMS ...............................................................................................................V INTERVIEW QUESTIONS .........................................................................................................X
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