Rajput Rekha Tarasingh et al / IJRAP 2011, 2 (6) 1798-1801

ISSN 2229-3566 Research Article www.ijrap.net

PHARMACOGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ALBIZIA ODORATISSIMA BARK POWDER Chandra Amrish1, Rajput Rekha Tarasingh2* 1Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, 2Anand College of Pharmacy, Keetham, Agra, India

Received on: 11/10/11 Revised on: 02/11/11 Accepted on: 23/11/11

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Pharmacognostic evaluation of the crude drugs powder is done by using the different botanical parameters in order to evaluate the quality and purity of drugs, based on the concentration of their active principles, physical and chemical standards. This article reports on pharmacognostic evaluation or standardization of the crude drug powder of Albizia odoratissima bark powder. Albizia odoratissima bark powder has been standardized on the basis of organoleptic properties, physical characteristics, and physico‐chemical properties and phytochemical investigation. In the phytochemical investigation flavonoids, tannin, carbohydrate, saponin, triterpenoids are found to be present. Key words: Pharmacognostic evaluation, Standardization, Organoleptic, Physico‐chemical.

INTRODUCTION The stem bark showed semen –coagulating activity in rabbits Albizia odoratissima (Linn) Benth is a large, woody, fast-growing, (Kamboj & Dhawan, Journal Ethano-pharmacology 1982, 6,216).5 deciduous, multipurpose tree reaching 15 to 25 m in heigh.1 A Machaerinic acid mp2660, characterized as 3β, 21β-dihydroxy-18β- medium sized tree about 20 m in height with dark colored young olean-12-en-28-oic acid and an acid genin isolated (Journal of shoots and grey, rough, irregularly cracked bark with dark patches; Pharmaceutical Science,1961,50,923): odoratissimin, mp2270 leaves abruptly pinnate, alternate, main rachis with a glands on the composed of echinocystic acid, glucose, rhamnose, arabinose and upper side near its basal part and often with similar glands at the xylose, from seeds(J. Sci.Ind.Res.1962,21B,30):compound A,mp850 bases of the first two pairs of pinnate, leaflets unequal sided, , B, mp1450 and a third compound which was methylated to give rounded, obtuse or rounded at the apex, dark green, slightly penta-O-methyl-dihydromelanoxetin,mp1460, isolated from the heart pubescent above; flowers white, fragrant, sessile, numerous, in small wood (Tetrahedron1963,19,1371): acacia acid, mp2670 globosely 5-10 or more flowered heads, in Cory biform spreading (Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn.1965,38,1214;Trans Bose Research Institute of panicles; fruits shortly stalked pods, brown, slightly reticulate Calcutta 1961,39,61).6 veined; seeds flat, yellow.2 Synonyms Sanskrit : Bhusirisah English : Black siris Hindi : Kala siris Kannada : Bilvara Telugu : Sirisi Tamil : Karuvakai, Sittilavakai Malayalam : Pulivaka, Nellivaka2 Scientific Classification Albizia odoratissima Kingdom: Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Rosidae Order : Family : Sub-family: Genus : Albizia: Durazz Synonym: Albizia Benth3 Chemical Constituents and Uses The tree yield a dark brown, insoluble gum in the form of round tears, similar to that of the Albizia lebbeck. The stem and leaves contain 6.09 and 5.14%of tannin respectively. The leaves boiled in the ghee and are used in the cough remedy. The juice of the leaves is applied to the eyes. The Powder of the bark, taken with butter is considered to be the tonic. It is used in leprosy and ulcers. The bark yields a brown dye. The leaves and twigs are lopped for the fodder Seeds showed marked hypoglycemic activity in normal rats but not (Daniel et al, Indian J For,1978,1,223: Chopra et al, 1958,493: Rama in alloxan diabetic rats (Indian J. Med. Res. 1976, 64,754) .7 Rao,153).4

International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy Rajput Rekha Tarasingh et al / IJRAP 2011, 2 (6) 1798-1801

MATERIALS AND METHODS 5. The solvent was evaporated to dryness on a water-bath and dried The barks of Albizia odoratissima were collected from the in an oven at 1050C for 6 hrs. Ayurvedic shop, Delhi and same were authenticated by Dr. Seema 6. It was cooled in desiccators for 30 min and weighed without Bhadhuaria, R.B.S. College, Agra, shade dried and powdered from delay. 80#size.This powder was used for standardization of material. 7. The content of extractable matter was calculated in mg/gm of The powder of Albizia odoratissima was macerate with different dried material (w/w). solvent like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol and chloroform 8. The percentage w/w of extractive was expressed with reference water. The extract was filtered using a muslin cloth and evaporate to to the air-dried drug9, 10. dryness to get the pure extract of the drugs. This extract or powder Total solid content of extract was used for preliminary phytochemical investigation of About 5-6 g of extract was accurately weighed in a Petri -dish and the extract. kept in a hot-air oven maintained at 1100C for four hours. After Parameter used for standardization of Albizia odoratissima bark cooling in desiccators, the loss in weight was recorded. This powder procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. Found out Organoleptic character total solid content8. Organoleptic evaluation refers to evaluation of the powder by color, Determination of pH odor, taste and texture etc.10 1% solution of powder was prepared in distilled water and pH was Physicochemical investigations determined using pH meter SYSTRONICS DIGITAL pH METER, Physico‐chemical studies like loss on drying at 105°C ,total ash, MK VI. water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water and alcohol soluble Fluorescence Analysis extract, and extractive values like petroleum extractive value, Many crude drugs show the fluorescence when the sample is benzene extractive values, alcohol extractive values and chloroform exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Evaluation of crude drugs based on water extractive values by maceration extraction method, fluorescence in daylight is not much used, as it is usually unreliable fluorescence analysis ,total solid content and determination of pH due to the weakness of the fluorescence effect. Fluorescence lamps were carried out as per the WHO guide lines.8,9 Physico‐chemical are fitted with suitable filters, which eliminate visible radiation from investigations of powder of was carried out were the the lamp and transmit ultraviolet radiation of definite wavelength. determination of Loss on Drying , extractive values and ash values.10 Several crude drugs show characteristic fluorescence useful for their Loss on Drying evaluation10. About 5 g of powder was accurately weighed, placed in Petri-dish Preliminary Phytochemical analysis and dried in hot-air oven at 1100C for four hours. After cooling, it Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed as per the standard was placed in desiccators, later the loss in weight was recorded, and methods. procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained8. Before the preliminary phytochemical investigation all the extracts Loss on Drying = Loss in weight x 100 of powder drug were carried out according to the Pandey et al. Eight W hundred grams bark of Albizia odoratissima was extracted W = Weight of the crude drug in grams individually with 1500 ml chloroform water, alcohol, petroleum Ash Value ether, benzene by the maceration process and evaporate to dryness. About 2g of crude drug powder was accurately weighed in a The extract was filtered using a muslin cloth and concentrated. The previously ignited silica crucible. Incinerated gradually by fine powder was stored in desiccators until use.11-13 Preliminary increasing the heat, not exceeding dull red heat, until free from qualitative phytochemical analysis of all the extracts was carried out carbon, cooled and weighed. The percentage of ash was calculated by employing standard conventional protocols 14, 15 with reference to the air dried drug9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a) Acid Insoluble Ash Organoleptic parameters or the external characteristic showed that The ash from the above step was boiled for 10 min with 25 ml of the drug is light skin or cream in color, with a characteristic odor, dilute hydrochloric acid, and the insoluble matter was collected in a astringent and sweet taste, and fibrous texture. That is shown in silica crucible (previously ignited and weighed). The percentage of (Table 1). acid-insoluble ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried Results of quantitative analysis showed that the percentage with drug. reference to the air dried drugs have Total ash (3.82%) , Acid b) Water Soluble Ash insoluble ash (1.90% ) , Water soluble ash (1.34 %), Alcohol soluble The total ash was boiled for 5 min with 25 ml of water. The extractives (13.50%), Water soluble extractive (10%), , Chloroform insoluble matter was collected in a crucible, washed with hot water, soluble extractive (1.28%), PET soluble extractive (1.50%), Loss on ignited and weighed. The percentage of water soluble ash was drying at 105º C was found to be (3.0%w/w) . Ash value is useful in calculated with reference to air-dried drug. determining purity and quality of the drug. Percent weight loss on Determination of Extractable Matter (Cold Maceration) drying or moisture content was found to be 3.0% w/w. The less 1. About 5 g of the powdered drug was weighed in a weighing value of moisture content could prevent bacterial, fungal or yeast bottle and transferred to a dry 250 ml conical flask. growth. (Table 1, 2).The results of preliminary phytochemical 2. 100 ml graduated flask was filled with the solvent 90% investigation are shown in (Table 3). alcohol/water. The contents of weighing bottle was treated with CONCLUSION solvent was transferred to a conical flasks and washed with the The powder of Albizia odoratissima was evaluated for various solvent. standardization parameters as per Pharmacopoeia standards. The 3. Cork the flask and set aside for 24 hr, shaking frequently. results and research out comings from the above studies may be 4. The contents were filtered into a 50 ml cylinder, when sufficient useful for evaluating the quality and purity of the bark powder drug filtrate was collected, then 25 ml of the filtrate was transferred to of Albizia odoratissima . a weighed thin porcelain dish.

International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy Rajput Rekha Tarasingh et al / IJRAP 2011, 2 (6) 1798-1801

Table 1: Results of physicochemical Evaluation of bark of Albizia odoratissima Sl. No. Name of the Test Result 1. Physical tests Nature Fibrous powder Color Light skin Odor Characteristic Taste Astringent & bitter 2. Loss on drying 3% w/w 3. Ash values Total ash 3.82% Acid insoluble ash 1.90% Water soluble ash 1.34% 4. Extractable Matter Petroleum ether 1.50% Chloroform extract 1.28% Alcohol soluble 13.50% extractive 10% Water soluble extractive 5. Fluorescence analysis Blackish-brown 6. Total solid content 90%

Table 2: Physical tests and quantity of Extract of bark of Albizia odoratissima Name of the Extract/ Sl. No. Nature Color Odor Taste Quantity in gm Percentage Yield Fraction 1. Petroleum ether Solid Yellowish brown Characteristic Tasteless 1.50 (100g) 1.50% 2. Chloroform Solid Blackish green Sweet Tasteless 1.28 (for 100g) 1.28% 3. Alcohol Solid Blackish brown Bitter Bitter 13.50 (for 100g) 13.50% 4. Chloroform water Semi-solid Dark brown Sweet Bitter 10 (for 100g) 10%

Table 3: Results of Phytochemical investigation of bark of Albizia odoratissima Sl. No. Name of the Test Water Extract Alcoholic Extract Chloroform Extract Petroleum ether Extract 1. Test for sterols a. Test solution + Sulphur (Sulphur powder - - + + test) b. Salkowisky - - + + b. Liebermann Reaction - - + + 2. Test for glycosides a. Keller – Killiani Test - + + - b. Baljet’s Test - - + - c. Liebermann’s test - + + - 3. Test for saponins a. Haemolytic test + + - - b. Foam test + + - - 4. Tests for proteins a. Xanthoprotein test - - - - b. Millon’s test - - - - c. Biuret test - - - - d. Ninhydrin test - - - - 5. Test for tannins a. Ferric chloride test + + - - b. Lead acetate test + + - - + + - - c. Dil HNO3 test 6. Test for alkaloids a. Dragendroff’s test - + - - b. Mayer’s test - + - - c. Hager’s test - + - - d. Wagner’s test - + + - 7. Test for carbohydrates a. Molisch’s test + + + - b. Barford’s test + + - - c. Benedict’s test + + - - International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy Rajput Rekha Tarasingh et al / IJRAP 2011, 2 (6) 1798-1801

8. Test for Triterpenoids a. Liebermann Burchard’s Test + + + + b. Salkowaski Test + + + + 9. Test for flavonoids a. Shinoda test + + + - b. Alkaline reagent test + + + - c. Lead acetate test + + + -

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Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared

International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy