Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407 Available online http://www.irjponline.com Review Article

BUTEA MONOSPERMA (LAM.) KUNTZE: A REVIEW Rai Geeta*1, Rajak Prakash2, Sandhu Navgeet3, Vasudeva Neeru4, Jindal Sumit3 1United Institute of Pharmacy, Naini, Allahabad-211010, U.P., India 2Institute of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology, Makhnumajra, Baddi-173 205, H.P., India 3Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 13611, Haryana, India 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GJUS&T, Hissar-125001, Haryana, India

Article Received on: 21/04/11 Revised on: 29/05/11 Approved for publication: 20/06/11

*Geeta Rai, United Institute of Pharmacy, Naini, Allahabad-211010, U.P., India

ABSTRACT The traditional systems of medicine together with homoeopathy and folklore medicine continue to play a significant role largely in the health care system of the population. monosperma (Palas) belonging to the family leguminaceae grown wildly in many parts of India. The is highly used by the rural and tribal people in curing various disorders. The present paper enumerates various traditional and medicinal utility of the plant and attempt was made to gather information about the chemical composition and pharmacological aspects of the plant. KEYWORDS: , Palas, Phytochemistry, Medicinal uses

INTRODUCTION on the wood, and forming very large racemose panicles Butea monosperma (Palas) is a medium-sized deciduous and two very small ones immediately beneath the tree belongs to family Leguminosae- Papilioneae. This flowers. Fruits are pods with a single seed in each. Pods tree is also called ‘Flame of the Forest’ and Bastard ripen in May-June. Fruit pods are velvety brown, base Teak. It is said that the tree is a form of Agnidev, God of wing like. Pods 4-6 inches long, pendulous, shortly Fire. It was a punishment given to him by Goddess stalked, oblong, blunt, very much laterally compressed, Parvati for disturbing her and Lord Shiva's privacy1. It is flat, thickened at the sutures, leathery, thinly downy a of Butea native to tropical southern Asia, especially towards the end and on the margins, the lower from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, ¾ indehiscent and with out seeds, the terminal ¼ Srilanka, Myanmar, Thialand, Laos, Cambodia, containing a single seed and splitting along the Vietnam, Malaysia and western Indonesia. It is a edge.Seeds flat, very much compressed, brownish, about medium sized deciduous tree, trunk crooked and ¼ inch long, very broadly oval, smooth with a small irregular branches and rough, very conspicuous during hilum. The other vernacular names for Butea periods of flowering, 12-15m in height with gray flaky monosperma are Dhak, Palas, Chichra, Kakria, Kankeri, bark. The bark provides a gum. Leaves are alternate, Tesu (Hindi), Flame of forest (English), Palasha, spreading, large, pinnately trifoliate, long stalked and Bijasneha, Bramhapadapa, Kamalasana, Karaka, petiolate. Petiole slender, cylindrical, thickened at the Kashtadru (Sanskrit), Khakra, Khakda, Khakhado, base, downy when young. Stipules small, deciduous, Palassoo (Gujarati), Nim, Palas (Bengali and Marathi), linear-lanceolate. Leaflets are 3-8 inches long, Mutthuga (Kannada), Palas in samatha, Chamatha, coriaceous, margin entire, obtuse and glabrous above Kimshukam, Brahmavriksham (Malyalam), Parasu, when old, finely silky and conspicuously veined Palashamaram, Puppa-lasu, Purasu, Sira, Tikkuru underneath, lateral leaflets rhomboid, terminal leaflets (Tamil), Moduga, Tellamoduga, Palasamu, Kimsukamu, ovate. Flowers are large, bright orange red and produced Togarumo- duga (Telgu), Polas, Porasur (Oriya), Dhak, in rigid racemes. Flower buds appear in January and Palas, Chichra (Punjabi) Palashpapra (Urdu), Palasa flaming scarlet or orange coloured blossoms appear (Tulu), Parasu (Singhalese)2-6. B. monosperma is a during February-April, when the tree is leafless. Flowers medium sized deciduous tree, with a somewhat crooked are numerous, on twisted or pendulous stalk about ¾ trunk (10-15 feet) in height and 5-6 feet in girth. This inch long, arranged in threes on the sides of long rigid tree is common throughout the greater part of India and peduncles a foot long which come off from tuberosities Burma, up to 3,000 feet and higher in the outer IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108

Himalaya, Khandesh Akrani up to 3,700 feet, hills of S. harmandii, Butea laotica, Butea listeri, Butea littoralis, India up to 4,000 feet, Ceylon. It also grows in the Butea loureirii, Butea macroptera, Butea maingayi, forests of Oudh and Bundelkhand, Chotanagpur, Central Butea merguensis, Butea minor, Butea oblong folia, and Southern India3, 7. Palasa has been referred in Butea parviflora, Butea pellita, Butea peltata, Butea Brhatrayi (three big compendia) of Ayurveda by Caraka, philippinensis, Butea potting, Butea pulchra, Butea Sustra and Vagbhata approximately at 54 places, 42 purpurea, Butea ridleyi, Butea riparia, Butea rosea, places and 37 places respectively. Butea sanguinea, Butea sericophylla, Butea spirei, Scientific Classification Butea squirmier, Butea suberecta, , Butea Kingdom: Plantae varians, Butea volubilis. Division: Magnoliophyta PHYTOCHEMISTRY Class: Magnoliopsida A number of constituents have been reported from the Order: various species of Butea and they belong to imides, Family: lactone, flavonoids, sterols and alkaloids. : B.monospermous Imide Butea Species Palasimide (1) has been isolated from the pods of B. Butea acuminata, Butea affinis, Butea Africana, Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze and palasonin (2) from the apoensis, Butea balansae, Butea braamiana, Butea seeds of B. monosperma along with nitrogenous acidic bracteolate, Butea cuneiforms, Butea crass folia, Butea compound (3) and its methyl ester (4)8-9. dubia, Butea ferruginous, Butea gyrocarpa, Butea

(1) Palasimide (2) Palasonin

(3) R = H, Nitrogenous acidic compound (4) R= Me, Methyl ester of nitrogenous acidic compound

Flavonoids β-D-galactopyranoside (8) have shown to posses the A potential flavone glycoside isolated from the seeds of antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium B. monosperma O. Kuntze has been identified as 5, 2´- oxysporum, Tricoderma viride, Penicillium digitatum11. dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxy flavone -5-O-β-D- A number of flavonoids and their glycosides have been xylopyransyl-(1-4)-O-β-D-glyc- opyranoside (5). It isolated and identified from the flowers of B. possesses the antiviral activity10. Two flavonoids butrin monosperma. They include butin (9), butein (10), (6) and isobutrin (7) have been isolated from the flower palsitrin (11), coreopsin (12), isocoreopsin (13) and of B. monosperma. A flavone glycoside identified as 5,7- sulphurein (14) monospermoside (15) and dihydroxy-3,6,4’trimethoxy flavone-7-O-α-L- isomonospermoside (16). A flavone, quercetin (17) has xylopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-α-L-arabinopyranos-y1-(1-4)-O- been isolated from stem bark of B. frondosa12. Two

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108 isoflavanoid isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of B. 5-methoxygenistein (18) and prunetin (19). monosperma stem bark have been identified as

(5) 5,2’-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (6) Butrin; R=R’= Glucosyl -5-O-β-D-xylopyransyl-(1-4)-O-β- D-glycopyranoside

(7) Isobutrin; R=R’= Glucosyl

(8) 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4’trimethoxyflavone-7-O-α-L-xylopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-α-L-arabinopyranosy1-(1-4)-o-β-D- galactopyranoside

(9) Butin; R=R’= H (10) Butein; R=R’= H

(11) Palasitrin; R=R’= Glucosyl (12) Coreopsin; R= Glucosyl, R’= H

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108

(13) Isocoreopsin; R= Glucosyl, R’= H (14) Sulphurein; R= Glucosyl, R’= H

(15) Monospermoside; (16) Isomonospermoside; R= H, R’= Glucosyl R= H, R’= Glucosyl

(17) Quercetin (18) 5-methoxygenistein; R=H, R’= CH3

(19) Prunetein; R=CH3, R’= H

Aliphatic Compounds enylcyclohexane (23) have been isolated from the stem Two aliphatic long chain hydroxy acids and a derivative of B. monosperma13. Aliphatic compounds identified as of hydrazine have been isolated from the ethanolic 2-hydroxy-w-a methyl allophanic acid (24) has been extract of B. monosoerma seed coat and identified as 15- isolated from the seeds of B. monosperma (Lam.) hydroxy pentacosanoic acid (20) and 1-carbomethoxy-2- Kuntze24. Nonacosanoic acid (25) has been isolated from carbomethydrazine (21). Two aliphatic compounds the stem of B. monosperma13. identified as 3-α-hydroxy-euph-25-ene (22) and 2, 14- dihydroxy-11, 12-dimethyl-8-oxo-octadec-11-

(20) 15-hydroxy pentacosanoic (21) 1-carbomethoxy-2- acid carbomethydrazine

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108

(22) 3-α-hydroxy-euph-25-ene (23) 2,14-dihydroxy-11,12-dimethyl-8- oxo octadec-11-enylcyclohexane

(24) 2-hydroxy-w-methyl allophanic acids

(25) Nonacosanoic acid

Lactone A d-lactone of heneicosanoic (26) acid has been isolated from the seeds of B. fronodosa.

(26) d-lactone of heneicosanoic

Alkaloids seeds (28)15. Medicarpin (29) isolated from petroleum Palasonin (27) isolated from the seeds of B. monosperma ether and ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of B. have shown to possess anthelmintic activity. monosperma has shown antifungal activity against Monospermin has been isolated from B. monosperma Cladosporium cladosporioides .

(27) Palasonin (28) Monospermin (29) Medicarpin

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108

Sterols from the stem of B. monosperma13. β –sitosterol (32) The petroleum ether extract of B. monosperma stem bark has also been isolated from the flowers and seeds yielded Lupenone (30), lupeol (31) and β sitosterol (32). of B. monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. Which possess Three compounds identified as stigmasterol (33), estrogenic activity16. β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (35) has stigmasterol- β-D-glucopyranoside (34) has been isolated been isolated from the seeds of B. frondosa16.

CH 2

CH3 CH 3

H3C

H H CH3

CH CH 3 CH 3 H CH 3 CH3 3

H H H CH 3 CH3

O H HO CH3 CH3 H C CH 3 3 (30) Lupenone (31) Lupeol

H

H

H H

OH (32) β-Sitosterol (33) Stigmasterol

(34) Stigmasterol- β-D-glucopyranoside (35) β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside

Miscellaneous glucopyranoside (39) have been isolated from the stem Four compounds identified as 3-methoxy-8,9-methylene of B. monosperma. α-amyrin (40) and sucrose (41) dioxypterocarp-6-ene (36), 21-methylene-22- have been isolated from the seeds of B. frondosa16. hydroxy-24-oxooctasanoic acid methyl ester Proanthocyanidin (43) has been isolated from the bark (37), 4-pentacosanylphenol (38) and pentacosanyl- β- and gum of B. monosperma31.

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108

(36) 3-methoxy-8,9-methylene (37) 21-methylene-22-hydroxy-24- dioxypterocarp-6-ene oxooctasanoic acid methyl ester O H

(38) 4-pentacosanylphenol (39) Pentacosanyl- β-glucopyranoside

(40) α-amyrin (41) Sucrose

(42) Proanthocyanidin

MEDICINAL USES “vata”; cure “kapha”, leprosy, strangury, gout, skin The root cures night blindness and other defects of sight; diseases, thirst, burning sensation. A decoction of useful in elephanthiasis3. The bark is hot, acrid, bitter, flowers is given in diarrhoea and haematuria. The juice is oily, appetiser, aphrodisiac, laxative, anthelmintic; useful useful in eye disease. The fruit and seed are hot, dry, in fracture of bones, diseases of anus, dysentery, piles, digestible, anthelmintic, aperients; used in urinary hydrocele, cures ulcer and tumours6. The leaves are good discharges, piles; cure “vata”; and “kapha”, skin for diseases of the eye, used as strong astringent, diseases, tumours, abdominal troubles; given for antibacterial, tonic, and cure for pimples, antibacterial3. scorpion-sting. The stem bark is used as antifungal6. The gum is astringent to the bowels, used in treatment of PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITES dysentery, stomatitis, cough, pterygium, corneal, Different parts of Butea have been reported to possess opacities; cures excessive perspiration and flowers are various biological activities viz. antimicrobial, sweet, bitter, hot, acrid; astringent to bowels; increase antifertility, anticonvulsive, anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108 wound healing, antigiardiasis and hepatoprotective. obtained from ammoniacal alcoholic extract of B. Antimicrobial Activity frondosa seeds have toxic effect on earthworms26-27. A steroidal compound isolated from the methanolic extract Water extract of the B. frondosa seeds possesses the of the leaves of B. monosperma Linn. have shown anthelmintic activity against Ascaris lumbricoides. The antibacterial activity against Bacilus pumilus18 and the alcoholic and aqueous extract of the leaves of B. methanolic extract possess antimicrobial activity against monosperma showed significant anthelmintic activity Salmonella typhi MTCC531. The methanolic extract of B. against adult earthworms (Phertima prosthuma) when monosperma Taub. (Papilionaceae) flowers and B. superba compared with standard Albendazole. It was found that Roxb. (Papilionaceae) roots have shown antifungal activity the aqueous extract activity is higher than alcoholic against Helminthosporium sativum19. The petroleum and extract28. The crude extracts of leaves of B. monosperma ethyl acetate extracts of stem bark from B. monosperma Lam were investigated for anthelmintic activity against have shown antifungal activity against Cladosporium earthworms (pheretima phostuma), roundworms cladosporioides. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of (Ascardia galli) and tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis). It petroleum ether and alcoholic axtract of B. monosperma was found that alcohol and ethylacetate extracts showed gum was evaluated against various microbial strains. Both significant activity at concentration of 100mg/ml against extracts showed significant inhibition against garm-positive Albendazole as a reference29. Crude powder of seeds of bacteria and fungal strains. The alcoholic extract of B. Butea monosperma administered at doses of 1, 2 and 3 monosperma (lamk.) Taub. showed significant results g/kg to sheep naturally infected with mixed species of against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Butea gastrointestinal nematodes. The maximum reduction of monosperma (L) bark ethanolic and aqueous extract 78.4% in eggs per gram of feces (EPG) was recorded on showed good efficacy against Bacillus cereus, day 10 after treatment with 3 g/kg. Levamisole (7.5 Pseudomonas aerugenosa and Escherichia Coli in mg/kg), a standard anthelmintic agent, exhibited 99.1% concentration dependent manner which were grown on reduction in EPG30. The methanol extract of Butea MH- Agar medium20. monosperma seeds, tested in vitro, showed significant Antifertility Activity anthelmintic activity31. Alcoholic extracts of petals of B. frondosa flowers and Antidiarrhoeal Activity seeds have shown the antiestrogenic, antiimplantation Ethanolic extract of stem bark of B. monosperma and antifertility activity21-22. Flavonoid constituents from inhibited castor oil induced diarrhoea and PGE (2) the ether, aqueous and alcoholic extract of B. frondosa induced enteropooling in albino rats; it also reduced Roxb. flowers have shown antiestrogenic activity.The gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal petroleum ether, alcoholic and aqueous extract of B. administration. monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze flowers have shown Wound Healing antiestrogenic and anti-implantation activity. Alcoholic Alcoholic extract of B. monosperma possess wound extract of B. parveflora seed and petroleum ether healing by different phases of wound healing, including extract of B. monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze seeds and collagen synthesis and maturation, wound contraction flowers have shown the antifertility activity in female and epithelialization. albino rats23. Alcoholic extract of B. monosperma Hepatoprotective (Lam.) Kuntze flowers, seeds, leaves and the petroleum Flavonoid from methanolic and aqueous extract of B. ether and benzene extract of B. monosperma (Lam.) frondosa Koen ex. Roxb. flowers possesses Kuntze seeds possess the anti-implantation activity in antihepatotoxic activity on albino rats32. Methanolic female rats22. A flavonoid compound butin isolated extract of powdered B. monosperma has shown activity from the ethanolic extract of fresh B. monosperma against tumor promotion related events of carcinogenesis seed possess antiimplantation and anti-conceptive in rat liver. At different doses it restored the level of activity in female rats. malondialdehyde formation (MDA), hydrogen peroxide Anticonvulsive Activity (H2O2) generation, ornithine decarboxylase activity Petroleum ether extract of B. monosperma flowers have (ODC) and unscheduled DNA synthesis. It also shown the anticonvulsive activity24-25. maintained the structural integrity of hepatic cells on the Anthelmintic Activity basis of dose dependence and possesses hepatoprotective Palasonin a compound obtained from seeds have shown activity. Recently oral administration of flowers of B. the anthelmintic activity against Ascaris lumbricoids monosperma effectively inhibited the paracetamol (human) and Toxicara canis (dogs). Alkaloids induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits. Aqueous extract of

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108 flowers of B. monosperma (Fabaceae) was found to significantly lowered blood glucose level thereby possess hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced preventing steep onset of hyperglycemia which was acute liver damage in rats. Treatment with the aqueous observed after alloxan administration and maintained extract of flowers of B. monosperma inhibited cell body weight and blood glucose level close to the values proliferation and accumulation of cells in G1 phase. This observed in normal control and glibenclamide-treated was accompanied by a marked reduction in the levels of diabetic mice37. activated Erk1/2 and SAPK/JNK and induction of Anti-Inflammatory Activity apoptotic cell death. Oral administration of the extract in The antinflammatory activity of methanolic extract of transgenic mice conferred hepatoprotection as its evident Butea monosperma evaluated by carrageenin induced from normal serum ALT levels and improved liver paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma. In carrageenin histopathology and lowered serum VEGF level33. induced paw edema at oral doses of 600 and 800 mg/kg Antihypertensive Activity inhibition of paw edema, by 26 and 35% and in cotton Water extract of the B. frondosa seeds possesses the pellet granuloma inhibition of granuloma tissue antihypertensive activity in dogs27. On oral formation, by 22 and 28%. administration for 4 days of composite mixture Thyroid Inhibitory, Antiperoxidative and containing crude drug powder like Mallotus Hypoglycemic Effects philippinesis, Embelia ribes and Butea frondosa to the Stigmasterol, isolated from the bark of Butea proportion of 2:2:1 then hymenolepis ova was monosperma was evaluated for thyroid hormone and completely disappeared. Butein (3, 4, 2’, 4’- glucose regulatory efficacy in mice. The administration tetrahydroxychalcone) isolated from flowers of B. at 2.6 mg/kg/d for 20 days reduced serum frondosa have shown the antinephritic activity. triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and glucose Antitumor Activity concentrations as well as the activity of hepatic glucose- Intraperitoneal administration of the aqueous extract of 6-phophatase (G-6-Pase) with a increase in insulin flowers of B. monosperma in the X15-myc oncomice showed its thyroid inhibiting and hypoglycemic showed antitumorgenic activity by maintaining liver properties. Antioxidative potential due to decrease in the architecture and nuclear morphometry but also down- hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and an increase in the regulated the serum VEGF levels. Immunohistochemical activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase staining of liver sections with anti-Ribosomal protein (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). The highest concentration S27a antibody showed post-treatment abolition of this tested (5.2 mg/kg) evoked pro-oxidative activity38. proliferation marker from the tumor tissue34. Free Radical Scavenging Activity Antidiabetic Activity Free radical scavenging activity of various fractions The ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma (BMEE) was derived from total methanol extract of flowers of B. studied in glucose-loaded and alloxan-induced diabetic monosperma were evaluated by using different in-vitro rats. Single dose treatment of BMEE (200 mg/kg, p.o.) models like reducing power assay, scavenging of 2,2 significantly improved glucose tolerance and caused diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radial, nitric oxide reduction in blood glucose level in alloxan-induced radical, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and diabetic rats. Repeated oral treatment with BMEE (200 inhibition of erythrocytes hemolysis using 2,2’ azo-bis mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks significantly reduced blood (amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Methanolic glucose, serum cholesterol and improved HDL- extract along with its ethyl acetate and butanol fractions cholesterol and albumin as compared to diabetic control showed potent free radical scavenging activity. The group35. Significant hypoglycemic and anti-oxidant activity could be due to the higher phenolic contents in activity in ethanolic extract of B. monosperma leaves the extracts39. (BMEE) was found when tested on diabetes and CONCLUSION diabetes-induced oxidative stress in alloxan (ALXN)- Herbs are the natural drugs used to regain the alterations induced diabetic male adult mice36. The ethanolic extract made in normal physiological system by foreign of the Butea monosperma seeds (300 mg/kg b.w.) when organisms or by any malfunctioning of the body. It is administered orally exhibited significant antidiabetic, very essential to have a proper documentation of hypolipaemic and antiperoxidative effects in non-insulin medicinal and to know their potential for the dependent diabetes mellitus rats. Daily treatment of improvement of health and hygiene through an eco alloxan-induced diabetic animals with 50% ethanolic friendly system. Thus importance should be given to the extract of B. monosperma flowers (BMEE) for 45 days potentiality of ethnomedicinal studies as these can

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108 provide a very effective strategy for the discovery of 18. Zafar R, Singh P, Siddiqui AA. Antimicrobial and preliminary medicinally active identity. The present review reveals studies on leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. Indian Journal of Forestry 1989; 12(4): 328-329. that the plant Butea monospora is used for treating 19. Bhatnagar SS, Santapau H, Desa JDH, Maniar AC, Ghadially various ailments. The tree is of immense medicinal NC, Soloman MJ et al.Biological activity of Indian medicinal value. The root traditionally used as antifertility agent, plants. Antibacterial, antitubercular, and antifungal action. Ind J cures night blindness and other defects of sight; useful in Med Res 1961; 49 (5): 799-812. elephanthiasis. It elicits on all aspects of the herb and 20. Pattari L, Ravi KV, Mohan BKR, Nataraj K, Alankritha RP. Madhavi N et al. Phytochemical screening and in vitro throws the attention to set the mind of the researchers to antimicrobial activity of butea monosperma (l) bark ethanolic carry out the work for developing its various and aqueous extract, IJPSR 2010; 1(10): 150-155. formulations, which can ultimately be beneficial for the 21. Laumas KR, Uniyal JP. A preliminary report on the human beings as well as animals. antiestrogenic activity of the petals of Butea frondosa flowers. REFERENCES Indian J Exp Biol 1966; 4: 246. 1. Murti P, Bhaskara R, Krishnaswamy H. Proceedings Indian 22. Kamboj VP, Dhawan BN. Research on plants for fertility Academy of Sciences, 1940; Section A 12A , 472-476. regulation in India. J Ethnopharmacol 1982; 6: 191-226. 2. Farooq S. Medicinal Plants: Field and Laboratory Manual, 23. Garg SK, Mathur VS, Chaudhary RR. Screening of Indian (Identification with its Phytochemical and In vitro studies data.). Plants for antifertility activity. Ind J Exp Biol 1978; 16: 1077- International Book Distributors, Uttaranchal; 2005, p. 202. 1079. 3. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol 1, 24. Kasture VS, Chopde CT, Deshmukh VK. Anticonvulsive LalitMohan Basu Prakashan, Allahabad; 1991, p. 785-789. activity of Albizzia lebbeck, Hibiscus rosa sinesis, Butea 4. Jain SK. Medicinal Plants 1st edition. National Book Trust, monosperma in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; New Delhi; 1968, p. 42-43. 71: 65-75. 5. Annonymous. The Wealth of India, Raw Materials Vol 2B. 25. Kasture VS, Kasture SB, Chopde CT. Anticonvulsive activity Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi; Butea monosperma flowers in laboratory animals. 1988, p.341-347. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 2002; 72: 965-972. 6. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants, 1st edition. Springer (India) 26. Kaleysaraj R, Kurup PA. Investigation on the anthelmintic Pvt. Ltd; 2007, p. 105-106. principle of Butea frondosa seeds. The Indian Journal of 7. Chopra RN, Chopra IC. Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Pharmacy 1961; 24 (3): 63-65. Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi; 1955, p. 90. 27. Kaleysaraj R, Kurup PA. Anthelmintic activity, toxicity and 8. Barua AK, Chakarbarti P, Das KG, Nair SB. A new imide from other pharmacological properties of palasonin, the active Butea frondosa.Chemistry and Industry 1970; 1376 principle of Butea frondosa seeds and its piperazine salt. Ind J 9. Bochis RJ, Fisher MH. The structure of Palasonin. Tetrahedron Med Res 1968; 56: 1818-1825. Letters 1968; 16: 1971-1974. 28. Bibhilesh B. Mendhe, Umesh Nema, Piyush Gupta and 10. Yadava RN, Tiwari L. A potential antiviral flavone glycosides Bhushan R. Gandhare. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of leaf from the seeds of Butea monosperma O. Kuntze. Journal of extracts of butea monosperma, IJPSR 2010; 1(3): 69-72. Asian Natural Products Research 2005; 7 (2): 185-188. 29. Borkar VS, Gangurde HH, Gulecha VS, Bhoyar PK, Mundada 11. Yadava RN, Tiwari L. New antifungal flavones glycoside from AS. M. Evaluation of in vitro antihelmintic activity of leaves of Butea monosperma O. Kuntze. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Butea monosperma, International Journal of Phytomedicine Medicinal Chemistry 2007; 22 (4): 497-500. 2010; 2: 31-35. 12. Dutta NK, Mazumdar K, Mishra US, Dastidar SG, Park JH. 30. Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Jabbar A, Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. In vivo Isolation and identification of flavones (Quercetin) from Butea anthelmintic activity of Butea monosperma against frondosa bark. Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2007; 41 Trichostrongylid nematodes in sheep, Fitoterapia 2006; 77(2): (5): 37-39. 137-40. 13. Mishra M, Shukla YN, Kumar S. Euphane triterpenoids and 31. Prashanth D, Asha MK, Amit A, Padmaja R. Anthelmintic lipid constituents from Butea monosperma.Phytochemistry 2000; activity of Butea monosperma, , Fitoterpia 2001; 72(4): 421-422. 54: 835-838. 32. Rane A, Gramurohit ND. Hepatoprotective activity of 14. Porwal M, Sharma S, Mehta BK. Isolation and identification of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. and Butea frondosa Koen. ex. a new derivative of allophonic acid from the seed coat of Butea Roxb. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences 1998; 60; 182- monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze. Indian Journal of Chemistry 1988; 184. 27B: 281-282. 33. Choedon T, Shukla SK, Kumar V. Chemopreventive and anti- 15. Mehta B, Bokadia MM. Monospermin: a new alkaloid of Butea cancer properties of the aqueous extract of flowers of Butea monosperma seeds. Chemistry and Industry 1981; 98. monosperma, J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 27;129(2):208-13. 16. Chandra S, Lal J, Sabir M. Phytochemical investigation of 34. Mathan G, Fatima G, Saxena AK, Chandan BK, Jaggi Butea frondosa seeds. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy 1977; 39; BS, Gupta BD et al. Chemoprevention with Aqueous Extract 79-80. of Butea monosperma flowers results in normalization of nuclear 17. Seshadri, TR, Trikha RK. Proanthocyanidins from the bark and morphometry and inhibition of a proliferation marker in liver gum of Butea monosperma , Indian Journal of Chemistry 1971; tumors, Phytoyherapy Research(in press); 2010. 9, 1201-1203. 35. Somani R, Kasture S, Singhai AK. Antidiabetic potential of Butea monosperma in rats, Fitoterapia 2006; 77(2): 86-90.

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108 Rai Geeta et al. IRJP 2 (7) 2011 98-108

36. Sharma N, Garg V. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of 38. Panda S, Kar M, Mehta BK. Thyroid inhibitory, ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma leaves in alloxan-induced antiperoxidative and hypoglycemic effects of stigmasterol diabetic mice, 2009; 46(1): 99-105. isolated from Butea monosperma. Fitoterapia 2009; 80(2): 123- 37. Sharma N, Garg V. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative 126. potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Butea monosperma Lam 39. Lavhale MS, Mishra SH. Evaluation of free radical scavenging flowers in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, Indian J Exp Biol activity of Butea monosperma (Lam.). Ind J Exp Biol 2007; 45: 2009; 47(7): 571-576. 376-384.

IRJP 2 (7) 2011 Page 98-108