ACRONYMS

AFMIS Agriculture and Fisheries Market Information System AMAS Agriculture Marketing Assistance Service

Public Disclosure Authorized AMD Acid Mine Drainage ANR Agriculture and Natural Resources ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration APL1 Adaptable Program Lending 1 ATI Agriculture Training Institute BAR Bureau of Agriculture Research BMS Biodiversity Monitoring System BPI Bureau of Plant Industry CCA Climate Change Adaptation CC Climate Change CFAD Community Fund for Agriculture Development CIDF Communal Irrigation Development Fund

Public Disclosure Authorized CIS Communal irrigation System CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan DA Department of Agriculture DA RFU Department of Agriculture Regional Field Units DCC Disaster Coordination Councils DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DENR-CENRO Department of Environment and Natural Resources Community Environment and Natural Resources Office DEWBFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research DFIMDP Diversified Farm Income and Market Development Project DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction Public Disclosure Authorized EA Environmental Assessment EAF Environmental Assessment Framework EIA Environmental Management Assessment ENR Environment and Natural Resources EMB Environmental Management Bureau EMF Environmental Management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan EMSS Environmental Management and Safeguard Specialist FMS Forest Management Services FMR Farm to Market Road FPA Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority

Public Disclosure Authorized GEF Global Environment Facility HH Households IEC Information, Education and Communication IEE Initial Environmental Examination IEM Integrated Ecosystem Management IMT Irrigation Management Transfer IPM Integrated Pesticide Management ITCAF Information Technology Center for Agriculture and Fisheries IWM Integrated Watershed Management LGU Local Government Unit LGU-ENRO Local Government Unit Environment and natural Resources Office MAO Municipal Agriculture Office M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MENRO Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office MFO Major Final Output MRDP2 Mindanao Rural Development Project NDCC National Disaster Coordinating Council NGO Non-Government Organization NIA National Irrigation Administration NIMF National Irrigation System Management Fund NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System NIS National irrigation System NPS-ENRMP National Program Support – Environment and Natural Resources Management Project NRM Natural Resources Management OCD Office of Civil Defense O&M Operation and Maintenance PAs Protected Areas PAB Project Advisory Board PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Sciences Administration PAMB Protected Area Management Board PASu Protected Areas Superintendent PAWS Protected Areas and Wildlife Services PCO Program Coordinating Office PIDP Participatory Irrigation Development Project PhilCCAP1 Philippine Climate Change Adaptation Program Phase 1 PO Peoples Organization SAFDZ Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones SIGA Sustainable Income Generating Activities SIL Sector Investment Loan SIM Sector Investment and Maintenance Loan SLM Sustainable Land Management SWIP Small Water Impounding Project WB World Bank WFR Watershed Forest Reservation WRDP Water Resources Development Project

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION SUBPROJECTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Section Title Page ACRONYMS 1.0 OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND OUTPUTS OF THE 1 STUDY 1.1 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment 1 1.2 Scope of the Environmental Assessment 2 1.3 Outputs of the EA and their Uses 2 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 2 FRAMEWORK 2.1 Description of the EA Framework 3 2.2 Application of the EA Framework to PhilCCAP1 4 Adaptation Subprojects 3.0 PROPOSED PHILCC AP1 SUBPROJECTS AND 7 COMPONENTS TO CLIMATE PROOF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS OF THE WORLD BANK 3.1 Proposed Climate Change Adaptation 7 Subprojects and Components for the PhilCCAP1 3.2 Environmental Screening of Proposed 8 PhilCCAP1 Subprojects/Components According to World Bank Categories 3.3 Safeguard Policies Triggered by PhilCCAP1 13 Proposed Adaptation Subprojects and Components 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF 18 CATEGORY B PHILCCAP1 ADAPTATION SUBPROJECTS 4.1 Environmental Profile of Lantapan/Manupali 19 Watershed 4.1.1 Project Location and Area 19 4.1.2 Land Uses 20 4.1.3 Geo-Morphological Features 20 4.1.4 Mean Slope 21 4.1.5 Geology 22 4.1.6 Soils 22 4.1.7 Climate 23 4.1.8 Hydrology 24 4.1.9 Soil Erosion 26

4.1.10 Natural Hazards 26 4.1.11 Vegetation 27 4.1.12 Fauna 27 4.2 Environmental Assessment of the Subproject on 28 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity- Safe Highland Farming Systems 4.2.1 Project Component Description 28 4.2.2 Analysis of Potential Negative Impacts 30 4.2.3 Environmental Management Framework/ 31 Environmental Management Plan 4.3 Environmental Assessment of the Subproject on 38 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry- Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas 4.3.1 Project Component Description 38 4.3.2 Brief Description of the Site for the Pilot 39 Project 4.3.3 Analysis of Potential Negative Impacts 40 4.3.4 Environmental Management Framework/ 41 Environmental Management Plan 4.4 Environmental Assessment of the Subproject on 51 Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support Infrastructures 4.4.1 Description of the Subproject on Climate- 51 Proofing of Agri-support Infrastructures (NIS, FMR and Trading Post) 4.4.2 Environmental Profile of Project Site - 52 Jalaur Watershed 4.4.3 Pilot Climate Proofed Farm-to-Market 55 Roads 4.4.4 Pilot Climate Proofed National Irrigation 65 System 4.4.5 Pilot Climate Proofed Trading Post 78 REFERENCES 85

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page 1 Proposed Climate Change Adaptation Subprojects and 9 Activities for PhilCCAP1 2 Category of Proposed Climate Change Adaptation 12 Subprojects and Components for PhilCCAP1 3 Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Proposed 16 PhilCCAP1 Pilot Adaptation Subprojects and Components (Category B) Requiring Environmental Impact Analysis 4 General Land Use and Distribution 20 5 Slope Category and Area 22 6 Comparisons of the Songco & Kulasihan Weather 23 Stations: Rainfall Measurements in mm 7 Temperature range taken for 15 months 23 8 Potential Negative Impacts of Pilot Climate Change 31 Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming Systems 9 Environmental Monitoring Framework for the Adaptation 36 Subprojects and Components on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System 10 Potential Negative Impacts of Agroforestry in Buffer Zone 41 of Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park 11 Environmental Monitoring Framework for the Adaptation 48 Subproject and Components on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park 12 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Implementing Agencies 49 in the Implementation of the Environmental Safeguard Instrument for the Component Activities on Agroforestry in Buffer Zone of Mt. Kitanglad and Watershed Reforestation 13 Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the 50 Subproject on Agroforestry Management and Watershed Reforestation 14 List of Municipalities and Barangays within the Jalaur 53 Watershed 15 Potential Negative Impacts of Pilot Climate-Proofed 57 Farm-to-Market Roads 16 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Pilot Climate-Proofed 63 Farm-to-Market Road 17 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Implementing Agencies 64 in the Implementation of the Environmental Safeguard Instrument for the Component Activities on Pilot Climate- Proofed Farm-to-Market Road 18 Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the 65 Subproject on Pilot Climate-Proofed Farm-to-Market Road 19 Potential Negative Impacts of Climate-proofed National 67 Irrigation System 20 Environmental Management Plan for Climate-proofed NIS 69 21 Environmental Monitoring Framework for Pilot Climate- 73 Proofed National Irrigation System 22 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities of Implementing 76 Agencies and Organizations in the Implementation of the EMP and EMoP 23 Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the 78 Subproject on Pilot Climate-Proofed National Irrigation System 24 Potential Negative Impacts of Climate-proofed Trading 79 Post 25 Environmental Management Plan for Climate-proofed 81 Trading Post 26 Environmental Monitoring Framework for Pilot Climate- 83 Proofed Trading Post 27 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Implementing Agencies 83 in the Implementation of the Environmental Safeguard Instrument for the Component Activities on Pilot Climate- Proofed Trading Post 28 Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the 84 Subproject on Pilot Climate-Proofed Trading Post

Final Report v4 June 10, 2009

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION SUBPROJECTS

1.0 OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND OUTPUTS OF THE STUDY

1.1 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment

All the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects are designed to make the agriculture and natural resources (ANR) development projects of the World Bank, namely: MRDP2, PIDP, NPS-ENRMP and DFIMDP resilient to the impacts of climate change. Hence, the PhilCCAP1 subprojects are expected to bring about positive impacts not only to the projects but to the environmental conditions of the project sites as well, because they are designed according to the ecological sensitivities and community vulnerabilities of the project sites.

Even though most of the PhilCCAP1 pilot demonstration field subprojects are intended to enhance present environmental conditions in the project sites, an environmental screening is still conducted to isolate certain components or activities of the adaptation subprojects, which may possibly cause some negative impacts on the environment. Those projects which are screened to have potential negative impacts on the environment are further evaluated so that the necessary management measures could be determined and the environmental safeguard instruments are integrated in the design and operations of the adaptation subprojects. Thus, this environmental assessment (EA) study focuses on the identification, analysis and mitigation of the potential negative impacts of the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects, components and activities.

In brief, the main objectives of the environmental assessment study are 1) to assess the potential negative impacts of the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects and components that are proposed to make the selected World Bank’s development projects on agriculture and natural resources (ANR), namely: MRDP2, PIDP, DFIMDP, NPS-ENRMP climate change resilient; and 2) to recommend various measures to manage the adaptation subprojects’ potential negative impacts on the environment. Although the study focuses on the assessment of the potential negative environmental impacts, it will also underscore the positive impacts of the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects to emphasize on their value added in conserving and protecting the environment and natural resources.

1 1.2 Scope of the Environmental Assessment

The environmental assessment (EA) study involves the assessment of the potential positive and negative environmental impacts of the climate change adaptation subprojects proposed by the PhilCCAP1 sectoral specialists, and the formulation of safeguard measures that will mitigate, offset or reduce negative environmental impacts.

The EA study is limited to the analysis of potential environmental impacts on the physical and biological environments inasmuch as the socioeconomic aspects of impact assessment are covered under the Social Assessment report of the Social Assessment and Safeguard Specialist of the PhilCCAP1 project.

1.3 Outputs of the EA and Their Uses

The main outputs of this EA study are as follows:

1) Assessment report on the environmental impacts of proposed PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects; and 2) Environmental Management Plan or Environmental Management Framework (EMF), whichever is appropriate, for the Proposed PhilCCAP1 Climate Change Adaptation Subprojects.

The results/outputs of the study will serve to improve the design and implementation of the agriculture and natural resources (ANR) development and management projects (i.e., MDRP2, PIDP, NPS-ENRMP and DFIMDP) of the World Bank in terms of making them resilient to the impacts of climate change. The climate change adaptation subprojects identified by the PhilCCAP1 sectoral specialists are meant to be integrated in the current implementation of ANR project package while the environmental management measures proposed under the EA would be mainstreamed in the activities of the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects during their pilot implementation and subsequently included in the ANR project components in the form of additionality to enhance and firm-up their existing safeguard measures. The EMP or EMF will be included in the Operations Manual for the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects.

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK

To provide a systematic approach in the environmental assessment of the proposed PhilCCAP1 climate change adaptation subprojects, an Environmental Assessment Framework (EAF) was formulated and adopted in this study (Figure 1).

2 2.1 Description of the EA Framework

The EA Framework depicts the major activities and outputs of this study (Figure 1). The first step in the EA process is the screening of the proposed adaptation subprojects and their components/activities and categorizing them in accordance with the World Bank’s three (3) environmental classification (A, B, and C) to determine whether they would require a full environmental assessment; just an environmental analysis; or none at all, particularly, for “soft types” of projects. The second step is to identify the World Bank’s safeguard policies that are triggered by the adaptation subprojects so that the necessary management measures are anticipated and integrated in the design and implementation of the subprojects.

The project description and the project site’s environmental profile are compiled from the sectoral specialists’ reports and analyzed for their potential environmental impacts on the environment. The next step is to assess the potential negative impacts on the biophysical environment (if any) of the proposed PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects as a precautionary step and as a means to disclose any hidden negative impacts that they might bring. For any adverse environmental impacts that the adaptation subprojects may create, the appropriate mitigation and/or preventive measures are identified and recommended. If the subprojects’ activities and locations are not defined and are still tentative, a set of environmental management guidelines are formulated to safeguard against their potential negative impacts.

The mitigation measures, impact monitoring framework or plan, institutional arrangements and capability building of institutions tasked to carry out environmental management are formulated and recommended to be part of the design of the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects to climate proof the World Bank ANR projects currently being implemented. The five components of the EA, namely: environmental impact analysis, mitigation and safeguard measures, environmental monitoring framework, institutional arrangements, and capability building comprise the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for those subprojects with detailed activities and specifications including specific sites or locations. An Environmental Management Framework (EMF) is prepared for the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects that have no detailed activities and specifications. The EMF contains the analysis of negative environmental impacts, the proposed environmental management guidelines, environmental monitoring framework/plan, institutional arrangements, and capability building.

Inasmuch as the on-going ANR projects (MRDP2, PIDP, NPS-ENRMP and DFIMDP) had already prepared their safeguard instruments and EMPs or EMFs as part of their EAs, these will be reviewed to determine whether they are sufficient to address the negative impacts of the PhilCCAP1 pilot adaptation subprojects. If they are found adequate, these existing safeguard instruments and EMPs/EMFs will be adopted and just enhanced, whenever necessary.

3 Based on the review of their EAs, it was found that the three ANR projects (MRDP2, NPS-ENRMP and DFIMDP) do not have EMPs but prepared EMFs instead. Specifically, those subprojects or components of these 4 ANR projects that are directly related to the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects have only EMFs. However, the environmental management guidelines provided in their EMFs are also applicable and would suffice to address the environmental management concerns of the PhilCCAP1 subprojects.

2.2 Application of EA Framework to PhilCCAP1 Adaptation Subprojects

After the PhilCCAP1 sectoral specialists have identified and formulated their proposed adaptation subprojects, the next step in the EA process is the environmental screening of these projects to classify them into World Bank’s category: A, B or C. Those classified as Category A would require a full blown EIA preparation because they are anticipated to have significant negative environmental impacts while those in Category B may or may not require an Environmental Assessment (EA) depending on the magnitude and significance of their negative impacts. For Category B projects whose negative impacts are insignificant and localized, an environmental impact analysis would suffice instead of a full blown EA Report. Category C projects pose no harm on the environment and society, thus they do not require environmental actions to be taken.

For those adaptation subprojects that are known and anticipated to have adverse environmental impacts, an initial assessment of their potential negative impacts is undertaken. The adaptation subprojects are also screened to determine the safeguard policies that they may trigger. The needed safeguards and mitigation measures for the adaptation subprojects are identified and together with the impact monitoring framework and institutional arrangements for impact management, they are made part of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). It should be emphasized that for this environmental assessment study, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) is produced for those proposed PhilCCAP1 subprojects and components, which detailed activities and specifications have not been established or firmed-up.

4 FIGURE 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK -Agriculture and Natural Resources Development Projects and PhilCCAP1 Interventions-

Proposed PhilCCAP1 Adap tation Interventions Project Profile Matrix

Environmental Screening and Categorization

Environmental Safeguard Policies Triggered

Adaptation Subproject/Component Description and Area Environmental Profile

Environmental Impact Analysis of Proposed Adaptation Subprojects

Environmental Management Plan/ Environmental Management Framework -Summary of Environmental Impacts -Env. Mgt Guidelines/ Mitigation Measures -Monitoring Plan -Institutional Arrangements -Capability building

5 The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) presents the highlights of the following findings of the EA study:

1) Summary of impacts

The potential environmental impacts, highlighting the negative ones, of the proposed climate change adaptation subprojects are identified and summarized and the critical ones are recommended for further analysis under the EIA that may have to be prepared during the PhilCCAP1 project’s feasibility study. The summary of impacts serves as the basis for the formulation of necessary environmental management guidelines or mitigation measures for the climate change adaptation subprojects.

2) Identification of mitigation measures

Mitigation measures are identified and proposed under the EMP. For each impact, one or a combination of mitigation measures are recommended, which should be included in the pilot implementation of the PhilCCAP subprojects. For subprojects that have no detailed design and adequate environmental profiling of specific locations, environmental safeguard guidelines are formulated instead. In this case, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) is prepared in lieu of an EMP.

3) Environmental Monitoring Plan

The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) provides the parameters and indicators to be monitored, source(s) of samples, frequency of monitoring, method of analysis and responsible Institution(s) for each of the proposed climate change adaptation subprojects. The monitoring plan will serve to guide the project implementers and stakeholders in monitoring the performance and effects or impacts of the mitigation measures. It is a means of tracking the level of success of the mitigation measures implemented during project construction and operation. By monitoring the predicted impact parameters, the institutions responsible will be able to determine whether such negative impacts have been controlled, prevented, avoided, eliminated or reduced with the implementation of proposed individual or group of mitigation measures. When a predicted negative impact, for example, occurred extensively, it means that the mitigation measures are either not effective or not properly implemented or were not even put in place at all.

4) Institutional arrangements and capability building

The institutions responsible for implementing the mitigation measures and for monitoring their impacts are identified under the EMP. Their roles and responsibilities are also described during the implementation of the PhilCCAP1 subprojects. The institutions identified need to coordinate their

6 monitoring activities and jointly allot resources for their joint activities so that their collective efforts would realize targeted outcomes in a synergistic way.

A capability building program is proposed to strengthen and enhance the environmental management capability of responsible agencies, which are tasked to implement and monitor the PhilCCAP’s adaptation subprojects.

3.0 PROPOSED PHILCCAP1 SUBPROJECTS AND COMPONENTS TO CLIMATE PROOF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS OF THE WORLD BANK

3.1 Proposed Climate Change Adaptation Subprojects and Components for the PhilCCAP1

The PhilCCAP1 sectoral specialists identified several subprojects to climate proof the Bank supported ANR projects and components (i.e., MRDP2, NPS-ENRMP, DFIMDP and PIDP). The subprojects proposed (Table 1) are intended to make some of the ANR components more resilient to climate change impacts. Four components comprise the proposed PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects as follows:

Component 1. Strengthening the Enabling Environment for Climate Change Adaptation and Related Disaster Risk Reduction Component 2. Pilot Projects to Demonstrate Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Component 3. Enhanced Provision of Scientific Information for Climate Risk Management Component 4. Project Management

Table 1 provides the list of the four components of the climate change adaptation projects including their specific subprojects and activities. Three out of the four adaptation subprojects of the PhilCCAP1 listed in Table 1 are of the “soft types” involving policy and planning system improvement, information generation and data base development, institutional capacity development and related concerns. These types of project do not require an environmental assessment. On the other hand, only three of the six subprojects under Component 2 (Pilot implementation of climate proofing subprojects) would require an environmental analysis and the preparation of EMPs or EMFs. These subprojects are further discussed in the next chapters.

7 3.2 Environmental Screening of Proposed PhilCCAP1 Subprojects/ Components According to World Bank Categories

After reviewing the brief profiles of the proposed climate change adaptation subprojects and activities provided by the PhilCCAP1 sectoral specialists, these subprojects were screened and categorized according to the World Bank’s Environmental Category.

The environmental categorization of the proposed adaptation subprojects revealed that only three of them belong to Category B and 11 to Category C. No project was categorized as Type A (Table 2). Subprojects belonging to Category B do not require a full EA but only an environmental analysis so that any hidden significant negative impacts of the subprojects may be unraveled and/or specific negative environmental impacts are identified or predicted. For Category C projects, the conduct of environmental analysis is normally unnecessary as the project is unlikely to have significant environmental impacts.

The three proposed adaptation subprojects under Component 2 (Table 2) that were evaluated to require an environmental analysis so that their potential negative environmental impacts can be identified and the necessary mitigation measures can be formulated, are as follows:

• Component 2.1 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity- Safe Highland Farming System • Component 2.2 Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support and Environmental Infrastructures • Component 2.6 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry- Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas

These Category B PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects are sustainable highland agriculture development, agriculture support infrastructures such as farm-to- market roads, national irrigation system and trading post, and agro-forestry and biodiversity resources management types of projects. All these subprojects are environmentally-enhancing and designed to make the on-going Bank supported ANR projects more climate resilient.

8 Table 1. Proposed Climate Change Adaptation Subprojects and Activities for PhilCCAP1

Components and Activities Locations Lead Sector 2 Implementing Key Features and Deliverables Additionality Value Cost 1 Partners (million $ ) Component 1: Strengthening the Enab ling Environment for Climate Change Adaptation and Related Disaster Risk Reduction Support the establishment of “focal points” for CCA Use as model for other in key national agencies; develop capacity of agencies in other sectors 1.1 Internalization of CCA Institutional DA, DENR, DENR to support PhilCCAP activities; promote N, 2,6,10 0.100 within DA and other agencies strengthening LGUs coordination and mainstreaming for CCA within LGUs (DA extension, ENROs). Strengthen LGUs on PhilCCAP implementation DENR, IACCC, Media campaign; website; production of site - Provides foundation for 1.2 Awareness Raising and Institutional N,2,6,10 DA, NGOs, specific documentary materials; training program sustainable integration of CCA 0.250 Training strengthening academe through ATI DENR, DA, CCA integrated within CLUPs; CCA integrated Strengthens legal basis for DILG, NAMRIA, within other local sectoral plans, as appropriate CCA mainstreaming 1.3 Supporting Adaptation at PAGASA, (e.g., Sustainable Agriculture and Fisheries the Local Level 2,6,10 AG/ENR/IRR 0.250 LGUs, NGOs, Development Zone (SAFDZ) and Forest Land Use

POs, private Plan (FLUP) preparation sector 1.4 CCA Screening Tool for CC risk assessment checklist; utilization of Provides a structure for DENR, IACCC, Sectoral and Local N, 2, 6, 10 AG/ENR/IRR checklist in standard project screening processes practical CCA mainstreaming 0.050 DA, NIA Adaptation and EIA system’s procedural guidelines 1.5 Documentation of Knowledge data base and clearing house on CCA Basis for creating feedback Lessons Learned and Good good practices mechanism to strengthen CCA PMO, DENR, Practices in Adaptation in the N, 2, 6, 10 AG/ENR/IRR interventions and practices to 0.100 DA Agricultural and Natural improve mainstreaming Resources Sectors Total Cost, Component 1: 0. 750

9 Components and Activities Locations 1 Lead Sector 2 Implementing Key Features and Deliverables Additionality Value Cost Partners (million $ ) Component 2. Pilot Projects to Demonstrate Climate Change Adap tation and Disaster Risk Reduction Establishment of demonstration farms showcasing Permits improved resiliency climate resilient cultivars and cultivation practices among farming communities 2.1 Pilot Climate Change 10, Songco , that serve as models for training highland farmers. while protecting adjacent Adaptive and Biodiversity- Lantapan, DA, DENR, DA, LGUs, Demonstration on crop diversification, crop forest and watershed AG/ENR 0.450 Safe Highland Farming Manupali POs, IP groups rotation, climate resilient cultivation practices (IPM, System watershed soil moisture and water conservation etc); establishment nurseries on biodiversity-safe seeds. Stabilization of river banks of rivers tapped for Reduces costs for 2, 6,10 irrigation water (Jalaur RIS) rehabilitation of NIS in the Bgy Larian-Bajo, Engineering design and pilot testing of climate event of climate-related 2.2 Pilot Climate Change Tuguegarao, DA, NIA, IAs, change resilient agri-support infrastructure projects disasters. Resilient Agri-support and AG/IRR/ENR 0.800 Cagayan LGUs (National irrigation system, FMR, and trading Reduces river bank erosion Environmental Infrastructures Janiuay, Pototan post). and scouring and siltation and Iloilo (Jalaur RIS)* debris deposition in irrigation dams 2.3 Integrating Rainfed and Consensus -building; FGDs; irrigation zonation Maximizes production and DA, NIA, POs, Irrigated Rice Production and 2,6 AG/IRR plans increases resiliency in poor 0.400 NGOs, LGUs Crop Diversification farming communities PCIC, DA, NIA, Development and testing of weather index; Increases resiliency t hrough 2.4 Pilot-Testing the PAGASA, incentive program for farmer participation; risk transfer Feasibility of Weather Index- 2,6 AG 0.600 NAMRIA, LGUs, evaluation and replication Based Crop Insurance POs Compilation of biophysical indicator database Facilitates community based on traditional and local knowledge; participation; creates PAGASA, 2.5 Pilot Scientific and correlation with data from technical and scientific complementarity between NAMRIA, DA, Indigenous Early Warning AG/informa- sources; integration into GIS system; stations grass-roots traditional 2,6,10 LGUs, RDCCs, 0.700 Systems for Climate Change tion systems established at sites for early warning of climate- information acquisition and Gawad Saka Risk Reduction related hazards and risks scientific data-gathering; awardees improves site-specific resiliency Piloting of Agro -forestry based management in Mainstreams CCA within NRM 2.6 Pilot Climate Change 10 buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad National Park, best practices; improves PA Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Songco, Lantapan, DENR/PAWB, ENR watershed rehabilitation and protection, capability management 0.250 Management in Buffer Zone Manupali FMB, LGUs building and livelihood training, Agro-forestry of Protected Areas Watershed research and institutional arrangements. Total Cost, Component 2: 3. 200 *Pototan Municipality – Barangays Guiboangan, Pulotan, Callan, Tuburan, Cauyan; Janiuay Municipality – Barangays Barasalan, Carauilan, Caraoidan, Calsagan

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Components and Activities Locations 1 Lead Sector 2 Implementing Key Features and Deliverables Additionality Value Cost Partners (million $ ) Component 3: Enhanced Provision of Scientific Information for Climate Risk Management 3.1 Mainstreaming multi - Vertically -integrated data acquisition program; Completes the linkages NAMRIA, MO, scale adaptation through risk information training; data sharing and dissemination required for effective N,2,6,10 PAGASA, DENR, 0.400 mapping towards food and systems application of weather and DA, NDCC water security climate data in CCA Capacity strengthening of PAGASA/UP Regional Completes the linkages Meteorological Training Centers; awareness required for effective 3.2 Strengthening Capacity raising regarding application of weather/climate application of weather and for Generation, PAGASA, UP, information data for sectoral planning, preparedness etc.; climate data in CCA Dissemination, and Utilization N MO, sectoral 0.450 systems customized climate info for various end-users; of Climate Information for agencies training manual for end-users; site-specific climate Effective Risk Management info to support adaptation activities at PhilCCAP project sites Total Cost, Component 3: 0.8 50 Component 4: Project Management

• Establish PMO • Follow PIP and operations manual • Meet regular reporting DENR (FASPO),

requirements consultants • Monitoring and evaluation • Adjust operations to ensure project efficiency Total Cost, Compone nt 4: 0. 200 TOTAL PROJECT COST: 5. 000 1KEY TO LOCATIONS : N = Non-site-specific, National-level activities; 2 = Region 2 activities—CAGAYAN: Pinakanawan Watershed: Penablanca, Tuguegarao ( linkage: PIDP ); 6 = Region 6 activities—ILOILO: Jalaur Watershed: Calinog (Upstream); Janiuay, Pototan (Midstream); Barotac Nuevo, B. Viejo, Dumangas (Downstream) ( linkage: DFIMDP ); 10 = Region 10 activities—BUKIDNON: Manupali Watershed: Valencia, Lantapan, Malaybalay (linkage: MRDP2, DFIMDP ). 2 KEY TO SECTOR ABBREVIATIONS : AG=agriculture; DRM=disaster risk management; ENR= environment and natural resources; IRR=irrigation.

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Table 2. Category of Proposed Climate Change Adaptation Subprojects and Components for PhilCCAP1 Subprojects/ Components Environmental Cat egory A B C Component 1: Strengthening the Enabling Environment for C limate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction 1.1 Internalization of CCA within DA and other agencies X 1.2 Awareness Raising and Training X 1.3 Supporting Adaptation at the Local Level X 1.4 CCA Screening Tool for Sectoral and Local Adaptation X 1.5 Documentation of Lessons Learned and Good Practices in Adaptation in the X Agricultural and Natural Resources Sectors Component 2: Pilot Projects to Demonstrate Cl imate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction 2.1 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity -Safe Highland Farming X System 2.2 Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri -support and Environmental X Infrastructures 2.3 Integrating Rainfed and Irrigated Rice Production and Crop Diversification X 2.4 Pilot -Testing the Feasibility of Weather Index -Based Crop Insurance X 2.5 Pilot Scientific and Indigenous Early Warning Systems for Climate Change X Risk Reduction 2.6 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry -Based Management in Buffer X Zone of Protected Areas Component 3: Enhanced Provision of Scientific Information for Climate Risk Management 3.1 Mainstreaming multi -scale adaptation through risk mapping towards food and X water security 3.2 Strengthening Capacity for Generation, Dissemination, and Utilization of X Climate Information for Effective Risk Management Component 4: Project Management • establish PMO X • follow PIP and operations manual • meet regular reporting requirements • monitoring and evaluation adjust operations to ensure project efficiency Categories: A - Full EA is required, as the project may have diverse and significant environmental impacts. B - Full EA is not required but environmental analysis is appropriate, as the project may have specific environmental impacts C - Environmental analysis is normally unnecessary, as the project is unlikely to have significant environmental impacts.

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3.3 Safeguard Policies Triggered by PhilCCAP1 Proposed Adaptation Subprojects and Components

All the “soft types” of projects involving policy and planning system improvement, institutional capacity development and related concerns apparently do not have negative impacts on the environment; thus, they do not necessarily trigger safeguard policies. The three pilot subprojects under PhilCCAP1 Component 2, namely: 2.1 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System; 2.2 Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support Infrastructure ; and 2.6 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas are identified to produce negative environmental impacts although these impacts are small in scale, reversible, localized and manageable. These three pilot adaptation subprojects would trigger the safeguard policies shown in Table 3 and further discussed below.

The proposed adaptation subprojects involving field piloting and demonstration such as Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System; Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support Infrastructure ; and Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas are actually environmentally enhancing projects and would bring about more positive environmental impacts and create just a few and minor negative impacts that are highly manageable.

The on-going Bank-supported ANR projects (MRDP2, PIDP and NPS-ENRMP) have existing environmental safeguard instruments as part of their EA documents. Inasmuch as the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects are linked to the Bank’s ongoing projects, the EA for PhilCCAP1 had evaluated whether these existing EMPs/EMFs are sufficient to address the negative impacts of its proposed pilot adaptation subprojects. In cases where the existing safeguard instruments (i.e., EMPs/EMFs) are lacking in substance, the EA for PhilCCAP1 provided additional environmental management measures and guidelines to enhance them.

The identified negative impacts of the three adaptation subprojects/ component activities are addressed through the formulation of either an EMP or EMF. Mitigation measures or environmental management guidelines are formulated to ensure that the negative impacts of the pilot subprojects are properly addressed.

A summary explanation of the safeguard policies triggered and the actions that need to be undertaken are provided below for each of the three pilot adaptation subprojects of the PhilCCAP1.

Component 2.1 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System

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The adaptation subproject on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity- Safe Highland Farming System, which involves the establishment of a demonstration farm to showcase climate change resilient farming systems such as crop diversification, crop rotation, soil and water conservation, IPM, organic farming and others would require an Environmental Assessment (EA - OP/BP 4.01) to be able to identify their negative impacts on the environment so that the necessary management measures can be made part of the subproject’s design.

The subproject would also need to avoid locating in natural habitats (OP/BP 4.04) and encroaching on natural forest areas. Movement of upland farmers inside forest areas may result to clearing of sites for establishment of Agroforestry plots; thus, the necessary safeguards on forest protection (OP/BP 4.36) have to be put in place. Environmental guidelines to address this concern and other concerns regarding proper farming and Agroforestry practices will be included in the EMP or EMF of the subproject for strict implementation of DENR and DA. The EMF/EMP safeguard instrument prepared under the EA for this subproject will be included in the Operations Manual for the PhilCCAP1.

Integrated pest management (PM - OP 4.09) has to be adopted in the highland agriculture activities of farmers to avoid or minimize their use of chemical pesticides. The Kasakalikasan IPM program of the DA, which has been proven to be successful, will be adopted in the pilot subproject. As a safeguard policy, the pilot adaptation subproject will not encourage nor finance the purchase of pesticides.

Component 2.2 Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support Infrastructure

The activity component involving the engineering design of National Irrigation System (NIS), Farm-to-Market Road (FMR) and Trading Post (warehouse) to make them structurally more resistant to typhoon, flooding and heavy and prolonged rainfall would not trigger any safeguard policy. However, the implementation of the design through pilot construction of climate-proofed NIS, FMR and trading post would trigger the conduct of Environmental Assessment (EA - OP/BP 4.01). The DA as the lead implementing agency will prepare the IEE of EIA, whichever is required by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), and secure the Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) for the construction of pilot projects on climate-proofed FMR, NIS and Trading Post/Warehouse.

The river bank stabilization component activity of the Climate Proofing of NIS does not pose any significant negative impact on the biophysical environment inasmuch as it is an environmentally-enhancing activity that would reduce river bank erosion and scouring and likewise minimize the siltation of irrigation dams. Moreover, the construction of climate-proofed agri-infrastructure support, given their small scale and size, will only have localized and short-term environmental impacts, which will be limited to the construction stage. The negative

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environmental impacts will mainly arise from civil works activities that will include increase in noise and dust levels during construction that could affect the health of construction workers and nearby settlements. The temporary degradation of the quality of nearby bodies of water may also occur during the construction phase of the pilot project.

The adverse environmental impacts of construction are manageable through the adoption of several mitigation measures and environmental management guidelines that have been already established in similar projects (EA reports of PIDP and MRDP2) and these are also found to be appropriate for this adaptation subprojects. These mitigation measures are defined in the EMP/EMF prepared for this adaptation subproject.

As a safeguard policy, the adaptation subproject will not fund agri-support infrastructure that will encroach on ecologically- and/or culturally-sensitive areas, critical watersheds and protected areas. Furthermore, each agri-support infrastructure subproject will be required to secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the DENR as part of the subproject’s approval process.

Component 2.6 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas

Three safeguard policies are identified to be triggered by this pilot subproject, which key activities include: 1) Agro-forestry based buffer zone management (Agro-forestry demonstration farm in the buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad), and 2) Watershed rehabilitation and protection (reforestation using indigenous species). The safeguard policies that need to be established as parts of the design and operations of this subproject are: 1) Environmental Assessment (EA - OP/BP 4.01) , 2) Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) , and 3) Forest (OP/BP 4.36) .

Preparation of an Environmental Assessment is needed for this subproject since Mt. Kitanglad is a Protected Area and any activity in its buffer zone, particularly Agroforestry and reforestation should be accompanied by the strictest safeguard measures. The project sites for Agroforestry may possibly encroach on natural habitats and natural forest areas; hence it will be monitored very closely by the implementing agencies such as DENR. It is important that the pilot subproject be located far away from natural habitats and natural forest areas harboring biodiversity resources (plants and animals). Furthermore, the necessary management measures must be put in place to control the expansion of Agroforestry uses into biodiversity-rich areas and critical environments.

As a safeguard policy, the pilot adaptation subproject will not undertake perverse reforestation activities such as monoculture of species, introduction of exotic species in conservation areas and non-sustainable Agro-forestry practices. Environmental guidelines on sustainable Agroforestry and reforestation will be

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part of the EMF for this pilot adaptation subproject to ensure that biodiversity resources and Protected Areas are preserved and properly protected.

Table 3. Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Proposed PhilCCAP1 Pilot Adaptation Subprojects and Components (Category B) Requiring Environmental Impact Analysis Proposed Climate Change Safeguard Policies Triggered Yes No To Be Pilot Adaptation Subprojects Determined* Component 2: Pilot Projects to Demonstrate Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction 2.1 Pilot Climate Change Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) X Adaptive and Biodiversity- Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) X Safe Highland Farming Forests (OP/BP 4.36) X System Pest Management (OP 4.09) X Key activities: Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP X -Establishment of 4.11) demonstration farm on Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) X climate resilient highland Projects on International Waterways X farming system (OP/BP 7.50) -Institutionalization of Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X clearing house for biodiversity-safe seed and establishment of nurseries

2. 2 Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-Support Infrastructure -Design and Pilot Testing of Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) X Climate Proofed Farm-to- Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) X Market Roads Forests (OP/BP 4.36) X Pest Management (OP 4.09) X Physical Cultural Res ources (OP/BP X 4.11) Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) X Projects on International Waterways X (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X

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Proposed Climate Change Safeguard Policies Trig gered Yes No To Be Pilot Adaptation Subprojects Determined* -Stabilization of river banks Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) X of rivers tapped for irrigation Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) X water (Jalaur RIS) Forests (OP/BP 4.36) X Pest Management (OP 4.09) X - Design and Pilot Testing of Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP X Climate Proofed National 4.11) Irrigation System Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) X Projects on International Waterways X (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X - Design and Pilot Testing of Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) X Climate Proofed Trading Post Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) X Forests (OP/BP 4.36) X Pest Management (OP 4.09) Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP X 4.11) Safety of Dam s (OP/BP 4.37) Projects on International Waterways X (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X 2.6 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas Key activities: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) X - Establishment of pilot Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) X Agroforestry based buffer Forests (OP/BP 4.36) X zone management Pest Management (OP 4.09) X -Watershed reforestation Physical Cu ltural Resources (OP/BP X using indigenous species 4.11) Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) X Projects on International Waterways X (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) X *To be determined during project preparation

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4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CATEGORY B PHILCCAP1 ADAPTATION SUBPROJECTS

The PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects requiring the preparation of Environmental Assessment (EA) includes the following components: 2.1 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System; 2.2 Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support Infrastructure; and 2.6 Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas. These projects are assessed in terms of their potential negative impacts so that the necessary safeguard instruments such as Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental Framework (EMF) plan could be formulated and incorporated in the PhilCCAP1 project package for GEF funding.

The PhilCCAP1 pilot adaptation subprojects are projected not to cause significant environmental impacts because of the fact that they are designed to be environmentally safe and their scales, including the infrastructures and agriculture and Agroforestry subprojects, are relatively small. Hence their negative impacts are very much localized and manageable.

For those proposed PhilCCAP1 subprojects with detailed activities and locations, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared in this EA study. However, for those projects proposed by sectoral specialists without specific activities and location, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) is prepared instead of an EMP.

Inasmuch as the pilot interventions of the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects that have negative impacts on the environment are linked to the on-going Bank- supported projects such as MRDP2, PIDP, NPS-ENRMP and DFIMDP, the existing safeguard instruments (EMFs and EMPs) prepared for these Bank’s projects, which were found to be adequate in addressing the negative impacts of the PhilCCAP1 subprojects, were adopted. Additional mitigation measures and environmental guidelines were also added to further enhance the existing environmental safeguard instruments.

Also part of the EA study is the preparation of the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP). The EMoP is an instrument that will determine whether the potential negative impacts of adaptation subprojects are reduced, if not eliminated, through the mitigation measures instituted or put in place during the design and implementation of the project. To carry out this instrument, it has to identify the impact parameters that need to be monitored to see their status against the baseline or benchmark during construction and operation. Through the EMoP, the implementing organizations will know whether the status of the environment is improving or worsening so that they can act immediately to remedy the situation.

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For the PhilCCAP1’s EMoP, the monitoring parameters, sources of samples, frequency of monitoring, methods of analysis and the responsible implementing institutions are defined for every adaptation subproject and its components.

The activities under Component 2 (Pilot Projects to Demonstrate Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction) of PhilCCAP are targeted toward pilot-testing of interventions to reduce climate change-associated risks and improve resiliency in agriculture and natural resources, together with the infrastructure that supports activities in these sectors (especially national irrigation system and farm-to-market road).

The brief description of the three proposed pilot adaptation subprojects and their components belonging to Category B was summarized from the PhilCCAP1 Midterm Report (2009), revised PhilCCAP1 Project Profile Matrix, and updated profile of the sectoral specialists. Only the three pilot adaptation subprojects, namely: 1) Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System; 2) Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support Infrastructure; and 3) Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas that would require an environmental analysis and the preparation of EMPs/EMFs are covered in the Environmental Assessment (EA) provided below.

The project area for both the Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity- Safe Highland Farming System Subproject (Component 2.1) and the Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas Subproject (Component 2.6) is in Lantapan, Manupali Watershed. An environmental profile of the Manupali Watershed is presented below. The environmental profile of the Manupali watershed was sourced from the Environmental Management Plan prepared by the Forest Management Bureau (FMB).

4.1 Environmental Profile of Lantapan/Manupali Watershed

4.1.1 Project Location and Area The Manupali River Watershed covers an area of thirty eight thousand five hundred (38,500) hectares and is one of the major watershed of Pulangui River which supports Maramag Hydro-electric plant and National Irrigation Administration projects. It is located at coordinates 7o 57’30” and 8 o 7’ 30”, latitudes 124 o degrees 48’ 00” and 125 o degrees 07’00” longitudes.

The Manupali Watershed in Bukidnon traverses the upper part of the Pulangui water basin. Several water tributaries are located in the Municipality of Lantapan and City of Valencia all in the Province of Bukidnon that emanates from Mt. Kalatungan and Mt. Kitanglad Range

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The Manupali River Watershed is accessible only by land transportation via Lantapan and Talakag and it is about 24 kms. from Malaybalay City.

4.1.2 Land Uses

The land use configuration of the Manupali Watershed is provided in Table 4.

Table 4. General Land Use and Distribution Existing Use Land Use Category Area (has.) % to Total Agriculture (including Banana Plantation) 17,640.04 49.74 Built-up 3,574.96 10.08 Forest a. Production 99.00 0.28 b. Protection 14,151.00 39.90 Special Land Use a. Tourism 0 0 TOTAL 34,465 100.00

4.1.3 Geo-Morphological Features

Manupali River Watershed straddles the municipality of Lantapan in the northern portion while the southern section is bounded by the City of Valencia. Lantapan covers about 60% of the watershed area and the remaining 40% is in Valencia. The watershed has four (4) physiographic units, namely:

• Residual terrace • Lower foot slopes • Upper foot slopes • Mountain and miscellaneous land types

The residual terrace or volcanic plain is described as level to gently sloping with slopes ranging from 0-3%. This residual terrace was built by ash fall and later on by alluvium derived from the adjacent uplands. Soils on the terrace are highly valuable for use in agriculture.

The lower foot slopes are built by the accumulation of gravity and water transported volcanic sediments of varying sizes. Boulders of basaltic and andesitic rocks are very common. This physiographic unit was characterized as level to gently sloping near the base, to generally undulating and rolling which is adjacent to upper foot slopes. Slope ranges from 5-18%.

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The upper foot slopes represent the arc between lower foot slopes and mountain summit slope and ranges from 0-18%. In the steep stream sides, slopes up to 40% may be observed. The upper foot slopes was built by colluvial sediments overlying solid walls of basalt and andesitic rocks. Soils at the upper foot slopes are usually deep, yellowish brown clay with occasional boulders especially in steeper areas. Chemically, these soils are strongly acidic with low to medium N, P & K.

Lower foot slopes soils are well drained with moderate infiltration rate moderately slow permeability. They are classified as Adtuyon series (Badayos and Dorado, 1997). It is estimated to have occupied 50% of the total land area. The upper foot slope soils with 8-18% slopes are deep, yellowish brown clay, strongly acidic and medium to high in N, K and low to medium P. They exhibit rapid infiltration rate, moderately slow permeability and are generally well drained. They are classified as Kidapawan series. Volcanic mountain soils are deep to moderately deep and moderate to slightly acidic, high in N and K but low in P. These soils are excessively drained externally and well drained internally. Soils reported at very steep slopes of canyons and gorges are shallow, strong acidic and well drained. (Badayos and Dorado, 1997).

The drainage systems in the study generally flow towards north and south and the Manupali River and drains toward east to Pulangui River.

The Manupali River is a deeply incised east-trending drainage system within a mountain range type of physiography. Its head waters at the north reach the peaks of Mt. Nalluyaw, Mt. Maagnao, the Kitanglad Mountains, Mt. Alanib, and Mt. Kaatoan up to elevations of about 2,938 meters above sea level. At the south, similar heights are attained as it approaches the peaks of Mt. Kalatungan and Mt. Kilakron.

The Manupali River watershed has 68 streams that drains to, and joins the Pulangui River at the east. Above the steep banks of the drainage system are elevated plateaus. These are found at elevations varying very easily between 600 to 1,100 meters. The alluvial plain constitutes the eastern part of the drainage area. It is located at elevations 300-540 meters above sea level.

4.1.4 Mean Slope

Land surface affects the velocity and erosive capability of overflowing water in which slopes dictate the watercourse and the degree of erosion. The mean slope of the land within the watershed area is 38.21% (Table 5).

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Table 5. Slope Category and Area Percent (%) Slope Average Mean Slope Area (Has.) Average Mean slope Category *area 0-3 1.5 1,636 2,454 3-8 5.5 6,992 38,456 8-18 13 2,804 36,452 18-30 24 2,630 63,120 30-50 40 6,402 256,080 50-70 60 17,686 1,061,160 TOTAL 38,150 1,457,722

4.1.5 Geology

The bigger part of Lantapan is known to be generally underlain by the Quaternary, Volcanics and Pyroclastics. This formation covers the slopes of the Mt. Kitanglad mountain ranges. It is composed of andesitic to basaltic flows with pyroclastics. The basalt flow varies from porphyritic plagioclase to pyroxene basalts. It is brittle and is sometimes vesicular in alternating layers, suggesting different time of deposition. Mt. Kitanglad’s cone and those of Mt. Kaatoan, Alanib and Maagnaw, on the other hand are made up of porphyritic andesite, the core of these mountain ranges.

4.1.6 Soils

There are two (2) major types of soil in the Manupali Watershed, namely: Adtuyon Clay and Kidapawan Clay. These soils are highly suitable for agriculture. The Kidapawan clay is a type of soil that is moderately suitable to the production of tea but marginal to banana, cashew, oil palm, mango, pineapple, potato, upland rice, Robusta coffee, rubber sugarcane and sweet potato. The rest of the crops tested were not suitable because of steep slopes including severe infertility problem. Crops grown in this soil require high level of fertilization.

The Adtuyon Clay especially on 0-8% slopes is moderately suitable to cashew, cassava, pineapple, rubber and tea. It is marginally suitable to banana, beans, carrots, citrus, cocoa, corn, oil palm, mango, papaya, potato, rice, Robusta, coffee, soy bean, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet potato, tomato and watermelon. The major limitations of this soil group are related to fertility management. Attention must be given to maintenance of organic matter and rising of soil pH. Phosphorus limitation will be critical to many crops including possible aluminum toxicity. Moreover, the soil within 8-15% slopes is moderately suitable to cashew, rubber and tea. It is marginally suitable to banana, cassava, oil palm, mango, pineapple, potato, upland rice, Robusta coffee, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet potato, tomato and watermelon. Steep slopes will render this soil highly susceptible to soil erosion especially when planted to row crops.

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4.1.7 Climate

4.1.7.1 Rainfall

The climate of Manupali Watershed is characterized under type IV based on the Modified Corona Classification where wet dominates with no pronounced dry seasons. Normally, the wet months occurred from May to October and the least wet months are from November to April (Table 6). The average rainfall has constantly changed throughout the years depending on global weather condition. The maximum rainfall occurs during September.

The rainy season generally starts within the month of May until October. Nevertheless, in some other areas, rainy season occurs until December.

Table 6. Comparisons of the Songco & Kulasihan Weather Stations: Rainfall Measurements in mm SONGCO Kulasihan Year Weather Weather Difference Station Station 1999 Annual 3216.66 Monthly Average 268.01 2000 Annual 3501.58 Monthly Average 291.80 2001 Annual 2499.05 2093.46 405.59 Monthly Average 208.25 174.46 33.79 2002 Annual 2216.66 1487.35 729.31 Monthly Average 184.72 123.99 60.73 2003 Annual 2779.29 2352.47 426.82 Monthly Average 231.61 196.04 35.57

4.1.7.2 Temperature The air temperature is 21.84 degree centigrade where a difference between the coldest and warmest months is only 2 degrees centigrade, which is hardly felt by the inhabitants of Lantapan. The temperature may reach its peak in April at 20.5 degrees while the lowest temperature occurs in January of each year at 14 degrees centigrade (Table 7).

Table 7. Temperature range taken for 15 months

Month Mean Rainfall Temperature (mm) Minimum Maximum Mean

May 452.7 16.2 27.1 20.4 June 449.8 15.5 27.2 20.0 July 180.7 14.9 27.5 20.1 August 371.1 15.3 26.6 19.8 September 135.0 15.6 27.1 20.5 October 341.0 16.1 27.2 20.2

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Month Mean Rainfall Temperature (mm) Minimum Maximum Mean

November 186.8 15.5 26.6 19.8 December 135.3 14.7 27.0 20.0 January 135.0 13.9 27.1 19.4 February 164.5 12.5 27.6 19.6 March 344.9 13.0 27.6 20.1 April 218.0 14.5 28.5 20.5 May 349.7 14.9 27.4 20.3 June 190.2 15.1 26.9 20.2 July 342.7 14.9 28.9 19.7

4.1.7.3 Relative Humidity

High land areas of Lantapan are characterized by high relative humidity which is even prevailing during dry months. Average humidity in the watershed areas is 84.27%.

4.1.7.4 Major Wind Streams

The prevailing wind direction is north and with an average speed of 1.61 mm/second. On rainy months wind speeds are generally lower compared to the dry months.

4.1.7.5 Frequency of Tropical Cyclone

Tropical cyclone and its occurrence in the watershed during a 47-year period from 1948 to 1995 averaged 0.04 per year. The passage of tropical cyclone is very minimal and it had no direct effects due to the watershed’s geographical location.

4.1.8 Hydrology

The hydro-geological units in the province may be divided into three (3) major groups based primarily on the modes of occurrence and movement of groundwater. These groupings are: 1) roles in which flow is inter-granular, 2) rocks in which flows are through fractures and/or solution openings, and 3) impermeable rocks with local or no groundwater.

Considered to be the more productive aquifers are those rock units in the first group, which generally consist of granular deposits wherein groundwater occurs and moves through pore opening between individual grains. Previous studies

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show that the geologic formations with the highest potential for groundwater development are Bukidnon formation or Quaternary Volcanoes of Pyro and recent alluvium.

Based on the hydro-geologic formation that underlies the spatial positions of the wells and springs, significant volume of groundwater is stored in the alluvial deposits directly beneath the plains.

The third major group generally occupies the extremely rugged ground, which are underlain by lava flows. Here, groundwater is highly restricted to the leached overburden and locally fractured zones; thus they are only locally productive.

On the western part, groundwater is mainly stored in slightly to moderately weathered volcanic rocks that exhibit secondary permeability due to the criss- crossing fractures and even faults. When the degree of weathering reaches advance stages, permeability is further enhanced, with an increase in interconnected pore spaces due to deterioration of minerals and other components.

The eastern part of the watershed is made up of limestone units that have good potentials as recharge areas for the alluvial aquifer which are important groundwater storage areas. The recharge of the groundwater comes from the volcanic area in the west and limestone-topped plains mountains on the east. In the alluvial plains not covered by extensively thick clayed soils, recharge occurs through direct infiltration from rainwater. Other minor recharge points include those coming from surface water and water from riverbeds and irrigated fields.

4.1.8.1 Surface Run-off

The highest stream flow of 9.099m3/sec was observed during the month of June. The lowest stream flow was measured at 6.024m3/sec as a result of the lack of precipitation in the watershed.

4.1.8.2 Sediment Load

Sediment load measurements in terms of total suspended solids (TSS) in the water bodies showed that TSS is higher in sub-watersheds where the forest cover falls below 30% of the land area and the agricultural land covers more than 50% of the area. TSS was likewise higher in Tugasan and Maagnao on the western side of the Manupali Watershed which have steeper slopes that are more vulnerable to severe erosion due to deforestation and therefore the siltation of the water bodies therein is higher.

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4.1.8.3 Groundwater Resources a) Wells

Experiences of the farmers in the area using shallow tube wells revealed that that groundwater depth in the area is about 8.00 meters more or less below ground surface (mbgs). b) Spring Water Resources

The composition of spring water varies with the character of surrounding soil or rocks. Also, volume of flow of any given spring may vary with the season and amount of rainfall. Seepage springs often fail in periods of drought or little rainfall. Nevertheless, some springs have a fairly constant and even large volume of flow and may serve as sources of domestic or municipal water supply. Good examples of such springs are those that are located in Barangay Bangcud where Nasuli or Napalit and Matinaw spring in the municipality of Lantapan.

4.1.9 Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is highly evident in relatively steep shoulder and side waterways. Because of the steep slopes, soil erosion may range from moderate to severe especially when planted to row crops. Areas within the watershed with slight erosion cover about 20.5%; moderate erosion about 39.36%, and severe erosion about 40.41%.

4.1.10 Natural Hazards Natural hazards include floods, earthquakes, landslides and droughts. However, the geographic location of Bukidnon makes it free from typhoons since the province is not within the pathway of tropical cyclones originating from the Pacific Ocean. Also, typhoons, tsunami, storm surge and volcanic eruption hazards are not prevalent in the province. Also, Bukidnon seldom experiences earthquakes of tectonic origin.

4.1.10.1 Flooding Flooding is the most frequent hazard threatening some sections of Bukidnon. The cities of Malaybalay and Valencia are among the areas considered prone to flooding because of its topographic and hydrologic conditions aggravated by inadequate drainage system. The denudation of watershed areas of Sawaga and Manupali rivers and the Kitanglad and Kalatungan mountains further aggravates the threat of flooding in the provinces. The lack of forest vegetation in these areas likewise causes soil erosion and the consequent siltation of the water bodies like the Pulangui River, which adversely affects the Lumbayao irrigation and Maramag Hydro-electric Dams. The existence of structures alongside human settlements on river banks and the indiscriminate throwing of wastes into

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the stream channels decrease the drainage capability of rivers that further contribute to the flooding events in the area.

4.1.10.2 Mass Movement Areas prone to mass movement are those areas within the watershed with steep slopes and could be aggravated if the rocks are fractured, jointed, highly weathered and steeply dipping. The absence of vegetation further contributes to the threat of mass movements.

4.1.11 Vegetation

4.1.11.1 Structure The denudation of the forest cover of the Manupali Watershed was the result of wanton logging activities in the early sixties and was only halted during the implementation of the total log in the 1980s. Today, the remaining forest cover is largely limited to a small portion of the watershed area. In 1983, during the “El Nino” phenomenon, a huge forest fire razed a substantial portion of the areas with forest cover. This further inundated the watershed’s forest vegetation with the remaining forest cover seen only on the higher elevation of the Kitanglad range and Kalatungan Mountains. The lower portion of Mt. Kitanglad has limited forest cover of minor forest species. The remaining forested areas are comprised of residual dipterocarp stands mixed with other tree species of the families Fabaceae, Lauracea, Myrtaceae, Podocarpaceae and Clusiaceae.

4.1.11.2 Species Dominance The dominant species in the forested areas Lauan also known as Philippine mahogany. These species are now protected and preserved through the supervision of NIPAS with the support from PAMB and KIN-LGU.

4.1.11.3 Grass Vegetation The grassland areas are generally covered by cogon grass. Ferns also thrive especially along banks of creeks, streams and rivers and on steep slopes. The grassland area increased in size after the forest fire in 1982 and 1983. The burned areas were subsequently planted with exotic tree species through the then Muleta-Manupali Watershed Development Project (MMWDP).

4.1.12 Fauna Manupali Watershed is host to a wide array of fauna species, many of which are considered rare and endemic. However, a study of the group of Dr. Laurence Heaney revealed that that 20 species of birds documented in the 1960’s and 70’ could no longer be sighted in the watershed area. This indicates the decreasing biodiversity resources in the area. In the 1990s, a project funded under the World Bank-CPPAP was initiated with the purpose of this protecting the flora and fauna resources of the Mt. Kitanglad Range which includes the Manupali Watershed while providing opportunities for the enlistment of the livelihood of the

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people living within the head water source. Several sightings of monkey-eating eagle in Mt. Kitanglad were reported by PAWB staff. The areas where the habitat of the eagle is believed to be located are now being monitored and protected.

4.2 Environmental Assessment of the Subproject on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming Systems

4.2.1 Project Component Description

Interviews with farmers in Lantapan conducted by the Agriculture Sector Specialist revealed that during the last four years, increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns (i.e., frequent and high intensity rainfalls) were beginning to be experienced by them. These climate changes have reportedly resulted in the shifting of flowering and fruiting schedules of cash crops grown in the area like durian, rambutan, lanzones, and mangosteen. These cash crops have also been exposed to increasing occurrence of pests and disease.

The changing climate patterns and the farmers’ increased use of pesticides to combat spreading pests and diseases are among the factors that may threaten the existence of minor forest products and wildlife that form part of food and livelihood of indigenous communities in the area. Similarly, freshwater fishes in the project sites may suffer from insecticide poisoning. Furthermore, the farming methods employed by some farmers in Lantapan, who were reported to be migrants from Benguet province in the Cordillera Highlands in Northern Luzon, have caused accelerated soil erosion in the sloping portions of their cultivated plots.

The proposed adaptation subproject is a type of intervention that aims to promote highland farming systems that are adaptive to climate change phenomena such as increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. The pilot demonstration subproject on highland agriculture farming systems will be undertaken in Barangay Songco, Lantapan Municipality in Manupali watershed in Bukidnon Province.

The climate change adaptive farming system will be introduced for adoption to about 100 small farm cultivators of diversified crops covering approximately 200 hectares. These farmer-beneficiaries already received various training on crop diversification under DFIMDP.

The highland agriculture adaptation intervention will establish a pilot demonstration subproject that show cases various climate resilient cultivation practices such as crop diversification, crop rotation, soil conservation and erosion control, IPM, soil moisture and water conservation and the use of non-invasive species or biodiversity-safe agricultural crops. The adaptive farming systems will be demonstrated in a selected farm (e.g., Binahon farm) in the area that will serve as a learning center for the upland farmers. Farmer-cooperators who are

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trained and willing to adopt the model farming systems will be provided technical assistance and biodiversity and climate tolerant seeds for their cultivation.

The Agriculture Sector Specialist identified the Binahon farm as the specific site for pilot demonstration on crop diversification with an estimated size of 8.5 hectares. The diversified crops include vegetables (cabbage and squash), corn and banana. The adaptation subproject will also propose the adoption of climate resilient and biodiversity-safe crops and fruit trees for planting by the farmers.

Moreover, the intervention will delineate inviolable watershed boundaries that will need to be maintained to protect a sustainable water supply. It will adopt community-based participatory mapping and the establishment of seed nurseries for non-invasive and climate change tolerant species of crops and fruit trees.

In summary, the adaptation subproject will involve the following components and key activities:

1) Science-base screening and selection of biodiversity-safe plant materials for planting. The science-based screening, selection, quarantine and evaluation for transfer of existing but safe plant materials will be undertaken. Those planting materials that are found to be unsafe for planting will be replaced. The screening will be done by the Northern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural Research and Development Center (NOMIAR). In addition, nurseries on biodiversity-safe plant species will be established under the project. This component and its identified activities do not pose adverse impacts on the environment. 2) Training of farmers and LGU technicians on climate resilient farming practices such as crop diversification, crop rotation, soil conservation and erosion control, IPM, soil moisture and water conservation, nursery operations and management, plant propagation and seed production, and organic-based balanced fertilization (compost preparation, management and application). The hands-on training will be done in the 8.5 hectare Binahon farm and later on, in the farmers’ own farms. The outreach training program will also include awareness and training on bell pepper production by the members of Songco Farmers Multi-purpose Cooperative and Atsal producers of Paglambu-Sonco, Landcare Association who have applied for MRDP2 CFAD credit assistance. This activity has no adverse impacts on the environment. 3) Adoption and establishment by the trained farmers in their own farms of the highland farming practices that have been demonstrated to be climate change resilient and biodiversity-safe. The farmers are expected to adopt the following farming practices: IPM, crop rotation, crop diversification, planting of climate tolerant crop cultivars, soil moisture and water conservation. These activities mostly have positive and enhancing impacts on the environment and have very few negative impacts, which are quite manageable. The negative impacts will be fully assessed in the EA study so that the necessary management measures can be instituted..

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The subproject will also support the delineation of the boundaries of the forest line which will strictly be off-limits to the establishment of highland farms. Enforcement of forest and protected areas’ laws and regulations will also be supported by the subproject.

4.2.2 Analysis of Potential Negative Impacts

The highland climate change resilient farming systems are designed to improve the environmental conditions in the project site by reducing soil erosion, improving land productivity, keeping under control the potential spread of pests and diseases, and increasing the yield and income of upland farmers. Thus, the adaptation subproject is an environmental enhancement type of project and is not seen to produce significant negative impacts when the prescribed activities are properly implemented. The adverse impacts of the project will only materialize if the upland farmers deviate from the prescribed farming systems and adopt species of plants that are alien and invasive. Nonetheless, these negative impacts are localized, non-significant, reversible and quite manageable.

The potential negative impacts of the subproject that have already been identified in the MRDP2 REA and NPS-ENRMP reports are also adopted in this EA. The negative environmental impacts of the subproject are summarized in Table 8.

Most common impact of highland agriculture on the physical environment is the erosion and loss of topsoil during the cultivation stage, which correspondingly reduce soil fertility of eroded sites. The eroded soil particles are carried by surface runoff and end up in river channels causing siltation.

Agriculture crops may also harbor and spread pests and diseases in neighboring forest areas and affect vulnerable plant species. Increase in pest and diseases incidence in areas cultivated to crops will drive farmers to use pesticides in crops and fruit trees and this will contaminate surface and groundwater and kill non- target species. Farmers may also use fertilizers in their crops and fruit trees so that the excess fertilizer is carried by surface runoff downstream causing possible pollution of water bodies.

Habitats of wildlife located in grasslands and brushlands may be disturbed and eventually destroyed when these shrublands and grassland areas are cleared for farm lots or when farm lots are established near them. When farm lots become marginal, they are abandoned and taken over by weeds, and different kinds of grasses and shrubs, which may not be suitable for certain wildlife animals to settle.

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Table 8. Potential Negative Impacts of Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming Systems Component 2. Environmental Key Potential Negative Impacts Significance of Duration & Pilot Projects to Sectors Negative Impact Reversibility Demonstrate Climate High Short Change Adaptation Medium Medium and Disaster Risk Low Long Uncertain Reversible Reduction Irreversible 2.1 Pilot Climate Physical Soil erosion and loss of topsoil in Low impact and Short term and Change Adaptive sloping upland cropping areas will localized reversible and Biodiversity- reduce soil fertility and cause siltation Safe Highland of streams and water bodies Farming Systems Biological Use of agricultural crops not properly Low impact and Short term and screened may spread pests and localized reversible Key activities: diseases --Establishment of Expansion of cultivated areas will Low impact and Short term and result in the clearing of grasses, localized reversible demonstration farm shrubs forest trees. on climate resilient Increase in pest and diseases Low impact and Short term and highland farming incidence in cultivated areas will drive localized reversible system (crop farmers to use pesticides in crops diversification, crop and fruit trees and this will rotation, IPM, soil contaminate surface and moisture and water groundwater and kill non-target conservation etc) species -screening of Use of fertilizers in crops and fruit Low impact and Medium term biodiversity-safe plant trees will cause pollution of water localized and reversible bodies species for Disturbance and dislocation of wildlife Low impact and Short term and propagation habitat in grasslands and brushlands localized reversible cleared for farming

4.2.3 Environmental Management Framework/ Environmental Management Plan

4.2.3.1 Summary of Impacts

Adoption by the farmers in Songco, Lantapan of the prescribed highland farming systems will make their cropping system more resilient to climate change impacts, such as increase in temperature and erratic pattern of rainfall, while at the same time preventing or reducing the encroachment of farms into biodiversity-rich areas in Mt. Kitanglad. Crop diversification, crop rotation, use of IPM and organic fertilizers in the planting of agricultural crops will tend to lessen the use of chemical inputs such as pesticides inasmuch as these farming systems lessen the susceptibility of crops to pests and diseases. However, just like in any cropping practices in sloping areas, the erosion of topsoil cannot be discounted and its severity will depend on the effectivity of soil conservation measures already being adopted or will be adopted by the farmers. Similarly, poor monitoring and regulation of land use may result in the clearing of grasslands, brushlands and forest trees that would affect the habitat and survival of wildlife in the area.

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The aforementioned negative impacts are localized, short-term, insignificant and manageable. The adaptation subproject is expected to bring more positive impacts that would enhance the environmental farming conditions and improve the income of the highland farmers who will adopt the prescribed farming systems.

4.2.3.2 Environmental Management Guidelines/ Mitigation Measures

A number of environmental guidelines and mitigation measures are identified in this EA to address the potential negative impacts of the adaptation subproject on Highland Agriculture Farming Systems. These management measures will be an integral part of the safeguard instrument for implementation by concerned agencies such as the DENR, DA and the LGUs. The environmental management guidelines cited in the DFIMDP EA also apply to the case of the PhilCCAP1 subproject on climate change adaptive highland farming systems.

The potential negative impacts of the Highland Farming Systems subproject can be avoided if the implementing agencies and organizations such as the DA, LGU-MAO and NOMIAR will closely supervise and monitor the adoption by the farmer beneficiaries of the following prescribed environmental management measures, many of which are already showcased in the demonstration farm and built-in in the project design:

1) Establish soil conservation and soil erosion control measures in sloping areas being cultivated. These measures include contour plowing, strip or alley cropping, and terracing. With technical support from resource persons from NOMIAR, LGU-MAO and DENR-CENRO, the farmers will be assisted in establishing the soil erosion control measures suited to the environmental conditions of their farms. 2) Practice crop rotation to supplement crop diversification as demonstrated in the learning center of the project. The learning center will demonstrate the positive effects of these two cropping systems on the productivity of land and on the reduction of pests and diseases. 3) The subproject will not provide funds for the use of chemical pesticides. Rather, it would launch information and education campaign in partnership with NOMIAR for the farmers to know the hazards and risks of pesticides on their health and the environment. The IPM program (Kasakalikasan) will be promoted in this information and education campaign. 4) Apply DA’s Kasakalikasan IPM Program and other supplemental measures such as mechanical traps and bacterial methods to control and reduce pests and diseases in the highland farms. The DA’s Kasakalikasan IPM program and other supplementary measures will be introduced through extension work in the agricultural areas in Lantapan. 5) Promote the use of organic fertilizers to the upland farmers of Lantapan by providing them training and demonstration on compost making. Technical

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assistance in compost making and proper application of organic fertilizers will be provided by DA field technicians and LGU-MAO.

To enhance the above environmental management guidelines, the following environmental management measures are also included for implementation by the DENR to ensure that the upland farmers comply with existing environmental laws and regulations concerning land use:

1) Clearly delineate the boundaries of the forest areas that are strictly off- limits to the establishment of farm plots and conduct information drive for farmers concerning compliance with existing forestry laws and protected areas’ rules and regulations including the punitive measures involved. The DENR-CENRO will strictly enforce the laws on the protection of ecologically sensitive and biodiversity-rich forest areas to prevent the Lantapan farmers from encroaching on the protected areas in Mt. Kitanglad. 2) Locate crop farming areas away from identified important wildlife habitats and corridors. Information on the location of the habitat of wildlife will be provided by DENR-PAWB through the PAWS of DENR Region 10 Office to upland farmers cultivating near forest areas and within the buffer zone of protected areas such as Mt. Kitanglad. Close monitoring of these identified habitats will be undertaken by DENR and the LGU. Clearing of vegetation such as grasslands, brushlands and wooded areas that are identified to be wildlife habitats or corridors will not be allowed.

The following environmental management guidelines should be implemented in the establishment of nurseries on biodiversity-safe plant species:

Design of Nurseries and Selection of Planting Materials Supply

1) The nursery site should be well ventilated. 2) The nursery should be well-structured synchronized movement of people (potting area, sterilization area, etc.) 3) Use of appropriate and carefully selected local materials to provide shade 4) Consider the establishment of low-cost greenhouse designs for germination purposes.

Site Selection

1) The nursery should be easily accessible 2) The site should be receiving adequate sunlight and is not exposed to drastic change in temperature. 3) Good planting medium should be available 4) Sources of good planting materials are accessible

Implementation

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1) The nursery should be regularly maintained and the plants receive enough water. 2) Soil media should be sterilized. 3) Organic fertilizers should be used. 4) Appropriate disease control and prevention measures should be practiced

4.2.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The impact parameters that need to be monitored for the adaptation subproject on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System include the following (Table 9):

1) Soil erosion. The occurrence of erosion will be monitored monthly in sloping areas planted to crops and fruit trees. Monitoring will be done through ocular observation to detect signs of soil loss as manifested by sheet, rill and gully erosion types. Farmers will be trained by the LGU- MAO or DA extension worker for this purpose. Another way to detect soil erosion is to set up sediment traps and erosion plots along downstream adjacent to the cultivated plots. The rate of erosion in inches per month can be measured through this method to determine improvement in soil conservation measures adopted in the Agroforestry areas.

2) Soil fertility. Continuous cultivation in upland areas results in the exhaustion of soil fertility when organic inputs or fallow period are not practiced by upland farmers. Monitoring of the fertility status of the soils utilized for crop diversification will be done every 3-4 months at the least using portable soil test kits or by sending soil samples for testing to qualified laboratories nearest to the farm sites such as agricultural state universities or DA-RFU laboratories. The results of the soil fertility test will be used to advice farmers on proper means of improving fertility of the soil such as the balanced use of organic and inorganic fertilizers. In addition, the increase of the number of farmers practicing composting and applying compost in their farms is a good indicator of the success of the subproject’s information campaign and training. A survey to this effect will be done by the LGU-MAO with assistance from the farmers’ association.

3) Use of pesticide. The level of success of the measures to encourage farmers to apply IPM and abandon their use of pesticides will be measured by knowing the present status in the use of pesticides, including brand and volume, by farmers in the project sites. This can be done twice a year through ocular observations and interviews of selected farmers in random. Likewise, a survey on the number of farmer-beneficiaries adopting the DA’s IPM Program on Kasakalikasan will also be undertaken to chart the rate in increase of IPM users. The LGU-MAO, DA and farmer cooperatives will undertake this type of monitoring.

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4) Expansion of agricultural plots into forest areas. The effectiveness of the enforcement of forestry and protected areas laws and regulations and the compliance of upland farmers will be measured in terms of the number of farmers encroaching beyond the off-limits forest boundaries established through the subproject. Also, the area of shrublands and wooded lands identified to be wildlife habitats or corridors that are cleared to farm plots would indicate the failure of monitoring and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations and the violations or non-compliance of upland farmers. Indirectly the level of non-compliance would also indicate failure of the information and education drive on environmental laws and regulations. Monitoring of results will be done at least every six months so that immediate and urgent remedial measures can be instituted before the situation worsens even more.

5) Incidence of pests and diseases in crops and fruit trees. The presence of pests and diseases brought in to the highland farms by cultivated crops and fruit trees needs to be closely monitored for their spread and infestation of natural forest vegetation. Monitoring will be done quarterly or even monthly, if resources would permit, by DA and LGU-MAO with the cooperation of the farmers. The farmers are the best informers if pest and diseases infestation threaten not only their crops but also the native vegetation in the forest. Uncontrolled and intensified infestation of crops will compel farmers to use pesticides to the detriment of the forest environment. Also, the reports of the extension workers of DA and LGU- MAO can be used to monitor the presence of pests and diseases. Periodic ocular inspection by LGU-MAO and DENR CENRO of selected farm plots will be undertaken to detect the presence of brewing pests and diseases outbreak. This indicator would assess the effectivity of the subproject’s component on the screening of crops and fruit trees done by NOMIAR and DA, which seedlings are disseminated to the farmers.

4.2.3.4 Institutional Arrangements

Implementation of the environmental safeguards’ instrument in the form of Environmental Management Guidelines including the monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of highland farming systems is the main responsibility of DA, LGU and DENR. These agencies should see to it that the beneficiaries implement the subprojects according to design specifications and that they follow the basic environmental management guidelines that are prescribed. In this regard, a coordination mechanism should be established among these agencies in their implementation of the subproject and its environmental safeguard instrument. These agencies would also have to provide information, technical assistance and financial counterpart support in the implementation of the safeguards’ instrument.

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Table 9. Environmental Monitoring Framework for the Adaptation Subprojects and Components on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive and Biodiversity-Safe Highland Farming System Subproject and Monitoring Source of Frequency Method of Analysis Responsible Components Parameters Samples of Institution Monitoring Component 2: Pilot Projects to Demonstrate Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction 2.1 Pilot Climate Soil erosion in Plots planted to Monthly Ocular observation Trained farmers Change Adaptive cropping areas diversified crops Establishment of and LGU-MAO and Biodiversity- and fruit trees sediment traps and Safe Highland erosion plots Farming System Soil fertility in crop Soil samples in Annually Soil fertility analysis DA -RFUs , diversification areas plots planted to using soil test kits or academic - Establishment of diversified crops bringing soil samples institutions & demonstration and fruit trees to DA-RFU Trained farmers farm on climate laboratories or state (portable resilient highland university laboratories testing kits) farming systems Use of pesticides Selected farm lots Bi -annually Interview of farmers DA, LGU -MAO (crop diversi- in random who use pesticides and farmers’ fication, crop cooperative rotation, soil Application of IPM Selected farm lots Bi -annually Interview of farmers DA, LGU -MAO erosion control, in random who use IPM and farmers’ IPM, soil moisture cooperative Incidence of pests Selected farm lots Quarterly Ocular observation DA, MAO and and water conser- and diseases in in random Reports or records of farmers vation, etc.) crops and fruit trees MAO and DA organizations - screening of Use of organic Selected farm lots Bi -annually Interview of farmers Farmers’ biodiversity-safe fertilizers in random who use fertilizers cooperative, DA plant species for and academic propagation institutions Expansion of farm Number of farms Bi -annually Number of farm plots DENR - Region plots into forest inside natural inside forest boundary PAWS and FMS areas forest areas line or beyond the buffer zone of PAs Clearing of the Grassland, Annually Loc ation of identified DENR -CENRO habitat of shrublands and wildlife habitat area and LGU-MAO endangered and wooded lands Former vegetation endemic species of near farms cover map/data and wildlife report on wildlife found Interview with farmers and DENR personnel

In particular, the DA will partner with the Municipal Agriculture Officer (MAO) of the LGU in monitoring crop diversification with reference to the application of IPM, soil conservation, soil fertility management and the incidence of pests and diseases in the project sites. Due to the lack of manpower of the DENR Region in monitoring development projects at the municipal level, they will tap their CENRO or deputize NGOs, and farmers’ organizations in monitoring the environmental impacts of the highland farming systems.

The subproject will involve the NOMIAR in screening biodiversity-safe agricultural crops and fruit trees that can be propagated in the area to replace those that threaten biodiversity and are known to be carrier or cause the outbreak of pests and diseases. The demonstration of climate change resilient highland farming systems will be established in the Binahon farm that will also serve as the

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learning centre for target farmer-adopters. Both these institutions will be involved in the evaluation of the level of adoption and success of the adaptation subproject.

The DA RFU through its IPM Program on Kasakalikasan will train target beneficiaries and also assist in the monitoring and evaluation of the IPM program. In partnership with the LGU-MAO, they will conduct training on composting and organic fertilizer application. Monitoring and evaluation of the adoption rate and success of the intervention will also be undertaken by these organizations.

The DENR through its CENRO will closely monitor the enforcement of forestry laws to ensure that the highland farmers will not encroach on the natural forest and beyond the buffer zone of the Mt. Kitanglad Protected Area in establishing their farm plots and orchards.

4.2.3.5 Capability Building

The work of DA field technicians and LGU-MAO staff focuses on the promotion of crops and introduction of farming systems. A number of them have limited knowledge and skills on establishing soil erosion control measures and they also seldom relate with the DENR field personnel in the enforcement of environmental laws and in the monitoring of illegal activities of upland farmers, which are destructive to the environment and forest resources. They also may have limited knowledge about climate change and its impacts on agriculture and the adaptation measures to address these impacts. It is therefore important that the DA personnel, who will be involved in the implementation of the subproject and its environmental safeguard instruments, should be trained on the following subjects that are very much needed in their work:

1) Concepts, principles and practices on climate change impacts and adaptation measures; 2) Soil conservation, erosion control and biodiversity resources protection; 3) Environmental laws and regulations (forest and protected areas’ laws and regulations); 4) Environmental management and safeguards instrument implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Some of the DA field technicians and LGU-MAO staff are not familiar with IPM and organic farming. Hence, a capability assessment will be undertaken during the implementation of the subproject to determine the training needs of implementers so that the necessary competencies can be developed in them. A hands-on training program on the DA’s Kasakalikasan IPM methods and composting and organic farming will be given to the DA field technicians and the LGU-MAO staff who do not have competencies on these. The training will be undertaken in the Binahon demonstration farm.

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4.3 Environmental Assessment of the Subproject on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Protected Areas

4.3.1 Project Component Description

The adaptation subproject on adaptive Agroforestry-based management will be piloted in a selected site in Barangay Songco, Municipality of Lantapan. The project aims to promote sustainable land management among the upland farmers with the end in view of improving land productivity while at the same time conserving soil and water resources and protecting biodiversity in the Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park. To be able to realize its main objectives, the subproject will undertake the following activities: 1) introduce climate change-adaptive Agroforestry practices in the buffer zone and rehabilitate and protect the watershed; 2) enhance the capacity of local communities and local government units on climate change-adaptive and sustainable protected area and watershed resources management; 3) undertake research on the impacts of climate change on protected areas and watershed and determine the effectiveness of innovative Agroforestry practices; and 4) institutionalize climate change-adaptive Agroforestry-based buffer zone management at the grassroots level.

The pilot subproject has both “hard” and “soft” component activities. Its “hard” component activities that require the preparation of environmental safeguard instrument include: 1) the establishment of a demonstration farm on climate change adaptive Agroforestry in the Manupali watershed inside the buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad; and 2) watershed reforestation using indigenous species. The “soft” component activities of the subprojects are: 1) capability building; 2) livelihood training; and 3) Agro-forestry research and institutional arrangements. This subproject will be tied-up with the NPS-ENRMP.

The specific activities that will be undertaken under the Agroforestry demonstration farm and the watershed rehabilitation/reforestation include the following:

1) Establishment and management of forest nursery for the propagation and mass production of indigenous species for watershed rehabilitation. This component activity is not expected to bring any negative impacts on the environment. 2) Rainforestation using indigenous species such as (lauan, bagtikan, toog, hagimit, kaong; wild food plants- bika-bika, susong dalaga, talisay, banawak, rattan, nito, other vines, staghorn fern). This component activity may have a few hidden negative impacts on the environment and would therefore require environmental analysis.

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3) Agroforestry establishment and management using (mango, rambutan, cacao, coffee, citrus, calamansi). This component activity is expected to produce some negative impacts on the environment and would therefore require thorough environmental analysis. 4) Reforestation using indigenous pioneer species (narra, anubing/bayoko, tabuyog/tibig, antipolo, raintree, lemon grass). Reforestation activities are known to bring about some negative impacts on the environment. 5) Erosion control/slope and streambank stabilization using bamboo- kawayan tinik, boho, bayog; creepers, Vetiver grass. Being an environmental enhancement measure, this component activity is not projected to produce significant negative impacts on the biophysical environment.

The environmental impacts of the Agroforestry demonstration and watershed reforestation component activities are analyzed in this EA study and the necessary measures to mitigate or offset the negative impacts are made part of the safeguard instrument for the implementation of concerned agencies such as the DENR and the LGU.

This proposed adaptation subproject will be linked to the on-going project on NPS-ENRMP.

4.3.2 Brief Description of the Site for the Pilot Project

The project site is located about 15 kilometers from the municipality of Lantapan, Bukidnon. It covers an area of about 750 hectares. The area is prone to erosion and landslides due to declining forest cover and its rugged topography. The lower portion of the watershed is occupied predominantly by grasslands and cultivated areas while the upper portion is dominated by brushlands and secondary forest. Several patches of old growth and secondary forests are found mostly in mountain ridges and gullies and expanding towards Mts. Kitanglad and Kalatungan. Mt. Kitanglad is a proclaimed Natural Park and one of the priority protected areas identified under NIPAS. Its buffer zone is a good site to showcase the adoption of climate-adaptive Agroforestry management strategies.

Agroforestry farms and tree plantations are already established in Lantapan, Bukidnon. Majority of local residents are engaged in upland agriculture, tree farming and Agroforestry. Crops commonly planted are corn, pineapple, cabbage, potato, and beans and the tree crops planted include fruit trees such as lanzones, rambutan and durian. The common forest trees planted in tree farms include Gmelina, acacia and mahogany.

The proposed adaptation subproject on Agroforestry will promote environmentally sound schemes such as multi-story and multiple cropping, contour farming, and growing of high value crops. The pilot Agroforestry scheme will be demonstrated in Songco, Lantapan, which is reported to be experiencing climate change manifestations such as changing precipitation pattern and

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temperature regime. It is projected that future worsening of the adverse impacts of climate change to the livelihood of local communities could further aggravate their movement inside natural forest and encroachment into Mt. Kitanglad. The need of the people to survive may lead them to illegal activities such as timber poaching, illegal gathering of forest products and opening up of farming areas in forested sites. These illegal activities are already occurring in Manupali watershed and may even intensify in the future if alternative livelihood and sound Agroforestry practices are not provided to upland farmers.

4.3.3 Analysis of Potential Negative Impacts

Analysis of environmental impacts will focus on the “hard” component activities of the project inasmuch as the “soft” components do not pose any threat or harm on the biophysical environment.

The subproject is designed to demonstrate various ways of improving the environmental conditions in the buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad. It introduces an Agroforestry scheme that would enhance the environment while at the same time providing livelihood and better income for upland farmers so that they would no longer encroached on the natural forest located inside the protected areas of Mt. Kitanglad. The subproject will also undertake reforestation of denuded areas in Mt. Kitanglad using indigenous species. The methods that will be adopted by the subproject in rehabilitating denuded portions of the watershed are proven to be environmentally-safe and enhancing methods such as rainforestation and assisted-natural regeneration (ANR). Thus, overall, the subproject is expected to bring positive impacts on the environment .

The negative impacts identified in the analysis conducted are localized, insignificant, reversible and manageable. The only significant negative impact that the project could possibly create may arise from the practice of perverse reforestation or the use of exotic and invasive species of forest in rehabilitating denuded portions of the Manupali watershed. As reported in the EA report of NPS-ENRMP, the “reforestation of forest lands with exotic and invasive species on an accumulated scale could lead to irreversible damage to unique forest and wetland ecosystems.” When fast growing alien species are used in the reforestation of denuded watershed, they may affect biodiversity in the upland forest areas by competing with the natural dispersal of indigenous forest species. The forest area planted to exotic and invasive forest species may expand rapidly and block the ability of nearby or adjacent native forest species from establishing their wildlings. Environmental guidelines and measures will therefore have to be put in place to avoid such negative impact from happening.

The other potential negative impacts of the Agroforestry establishment in the buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad are as follows (Table 10):

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1) Cultivation of sloping areas for Agroforestry will cause some degree of soil erosion and loss of topsoil. The act of crop cultivation itself will result in the loss of topsoil in upland cropping areas during the rainy season. Loss of topsoil will eventually reduce soil fertility and create siltation of streams and water bodies. 2) Clearing of grasslands and shrublands for Agroforestry and crop cultivation may reduce the habitat of some wildlife species thriving in the area. 3) Use of pesticides in crops and fruit trees in Agroforestry areas and nearby orchards will contaminate surface and groundwater and kill non-target species in the area.

There are no foreseen significant negative impacts on physical and biological environment by the activities on rainforestation and ANR.

Table 10. Potential Negative Impacts of Agroforestry in Buffer Zone of Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park Main Component Environmental Key Potential Negative Impacts Significance Duration & Activities Sectors of Negative Reversibility Impact High Short Medium Medium Low Long Uncertain Reversible Irreversible Physical Soil erosion in sloping areas during cultivation Low Short term and reversible -Adoption of Agro- Biological Use of exotic and alien species in watershed High impact Long -term forestry in the buffer reforestation and localized but zone of Mt. reversible Kitanglad Use of pesticides in crops and fruit trees will Medium Medium term -Reforestation of contaminate surface and groundwater and kill impact and and watershed non-target species localized reversible Clearing of wildlife habitat in grasslands and Low impact Medium term shrublands for Agroforestry and crop cultivation and localized and reversible -Rainforestation & Physical No significant negative impacts on physical None None assisted natural environment by rainforestation and ANR regeneration in rehabilitating Biological No significant negative impacts on physical None None denuded environment by rainforestation and ANR

watersheds

4.3.4 Environmental Management Framework/ Environmental Management Plan

4.3.4.1 Summary of Impacts

The subproject on climate change adaptive Agroforestry-based management in the buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad, which also involves the reforestation of denuded

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portions of the Manupali watershed, are environmentally-enhancing activities. The subproject’s component activities are designed to improve the conservation and protection of the forest resources and biodiversity in the project site. Thus, they are expected to bring about positive impacts on the environment and have only minor, localized and manageable negative impacts, based on the environmental analysis conducted in the EA study.

Agroforestry is an effective system of conserving the soils and maintaining a balance between the area occupied by farm plots and forest trees. However, some environmental problems arise when upland farmers do not follow the prescribed cultivation methods and proper crop management. Environmental problems such as the erosion of topsoil and the ill-effects of chemical pesticide use result from improper Agroforestry schemes and management system.

The use of alien or exotic species in the reforestation of denuded portions of the Manupali watershed will bring about significant adverse impact on the forest environment and this may be carried over for sometime until corrective measures are undertaken. The negative impact commonly experienced is the spread into and invasion of natural forest areas by alien species, thereby affecting the ecological integrity and biodiversity of natural forest. The other common experience in Agroforestry areas is their expansion that results in the clearing of shrubs, woody plants and forest trees that may serve as habitats of certain wildlife species. It is important that the Agroforestry demonstration farm does not encroach into the habitat of the monkey-eating eagle that was sighted in the vicinity of the buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad.

4.3.4.2 Environmental Management Guidelines/ Mitigation Measures

The EMF provided under the NPS-ENRMP EA Report (2006) is also applicable to this PhilCCAP1 adaptation subproject. The environmental management guidelines of the NPS-ENRMP’s EMF that are adopted for this adaptation subproject are presented below.

General Environmental Management Guidelines for Agroforestry and Watershed Reforestation

1) The PhilCCAP1 project will not fund reforestation with fast-growing, exotic species. Irreversible ecological damages to unique forest and wetland ecosystems may result from this perverse reforestation scheme. 2) Funds for the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subprojects will not be used for reforestation activities within natural forest and wetlands. 3) The rehabilitation or reforestation planned under the PhilCCAP1 will be made to conform to the PA management plan of Mt. Kitanglad. 4) PhilCCAP1 will use only diverse local native species unique to the site in the rehabilitation of natural forest.

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5) The principle of rainforestation with local, native species unique to the area will be applied. 6) Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) will not be used in old growth forest (primary and secondary). 7) In degraded forest, ANR will be applied only where natural regeneration will be inefficient on its own. 8) The cost-effective natural re-vegetation on steep slopes is to be preferred to reforestation. 9) All stream banks starting from 100 masl up to the highest tributary should maintain a 50-meter vegetative riparian buffer; for river banks the buffer should be 20 meters.

Design for Agroforestry and Small plantations.

1) Design should conform to the indigenous knowledge systems, particularly of IPs in areas where there are IPs 2) Sequential planting of tree crops and short-rotation crops should be carried out 3) Soil and water conservation should be promoted by establishing vegetative strips and/or hedgerows along contour lines 4) Alley cropping should be carried out in sloping or erodible areas 5) The choice of Agroforestry system (agro-silvi-pastoral or aqua-agro- silvipastoral) should be compatible with the area in question 6) The same consideration should apply to the choice of plant species for hedgerows (multi-purpose), shrubs and agricultural crops 7) There should be a sufficient water supply in the project sites 8) A combination of vegetative measures and the use of organic/indigenous/local materials should be employed for erosion control purposes. 9) Agroforestry farms should be in multi-storey designs to increase habitat niches of wildlife and increase biodiversity of the farm. 10) Rainforestation strategy is encouraged in Agroforestry areas wherein most of the tree species are indigenous rather than exotic species. 11) Establish biological corridors between patches of forested areas (forest ecosystems) to ensure movement of wildlife and exchange of genetic materials. The corridors provide protection, shelter and conditions for reproduction in a secure habitat.

Design for Reforestation

1) Reference should be made to the PA management plan or existing DENR watershed management plan. 2) The reforestation plan should provide for adequate zoning of protection areas and for sustainable use. 3) The use of native Philippine species unique to the biogeographic zone should be maximized.

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4) The tree species to be used for reforestation should be diverse. 5) The use of natural re-vegetation on steep slopes rather than reforestation is preferred as a cost-effective measure. 6) Where vegetative cover does not regenerate, lower cost options should be availed of, including the establishment of coco coir/fiber processing plants supplemented by direct seeding and the use of cuttings and bare-root planting stock. 7) Protection measures against forest fires (fire lines, fire breaks, look-out towers) and pest and diseases should be put in place. 8) Planting should be carried out along contour lines, particularly on erodible soils and sloping areas. 9) Planting should be carried out by blocks for easy management and monitoring. 10) Permanent nurseries and satellite nurseries should be strategically located in areas with a stable and adequate water supply. 11) Existing roads and trail systems should be used for transporting seedlings from nursery to planting sites.

Site Selection for Reforestation

1) Reference should be made to the PA management plan or DENR watershed management plan. 2) Survey and mapping activities should be carried out. 3) The assessment of site suitability should also cover soil and water conditions. 4) Site-species matching should be undertaken to identify suitable species for planting. 5) Nurse trees should be present for use as cover crop and to give shade.

Site Selection for Agroforestry and Small-scale Plantations

1) Reference should be made to the PA management plan or DENR watershed management plan. 2) Agroforestry should be located in production, buffer and multiple-use zones. 3) Small-scale high value crop plantations should be established primarily in open forestlands outside the critical watershed forest. 4) Nurse trees should be present to provide shade and to act as cover crops. 5) The soil condition should match specific tree crops and agricultural crops. 6) The site should be accessible, i.e., it should have existing roads and trails. 7) Site characterization should be conducted prior to the design and establishment of plantations. 8) High-potential and disease-free native planting materials should be available and accessible. 9) There should be an adequate and reliable water supply (ground and surface water).

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Implementation for Reforestation

1) Bunk houses, permanent nursery and satellite nurseries should be established in strategic locations. 2) Indigenous, local species should be planted to enhance species diversity 3) Dead plants should be replaced immediately. 4) Infested plants should be removed and burned to prevent the spread of infestation. 5) Regular monitoring and seedlings management should be carried out. 6) Silvicultural operations/treatments should be undertaken to improve reforestation results. 7) No new roads and trails should be established for seedling transport. 8) Trails for seedling transport and management may be improved. 9) Assisted natural regeneration activities should take place to augment planting stocks. 10) All stream banks starting from 100masl up to highest tributary should maintain a 50-meter vegetative riparian buffer; for river banks the buffer is 20 meters. 11) It is essential to comply with EMP formulated under the EIS. 12) Regular monitoring should be carried out in accordance with EMP. 13) Compliance monitoring (multi-sectoral) should be undertaken.

Implementation for Agroforestry and Small Scale Plantations

1) Contour lines/hedgerows should be laid out in sloping areas. 2) Multiple tree crops and agricultural crops should be planted. 3) Compartmentalization or cut-and-carry should be undertaken for livestock feeding. 4) Organic fertilizers should be used. 5) Field activities should be clustered or regulated to minimize disturbance of critical wildlife species and their habitats. 6) The bench method of soil erosion control should be used to stabilize the slope (SLM practices, including contour farming, wattling and natural vegetation strips). 7) Slopes should be stabilized through re-vegetation or the establishment of plant species on open areas. 8) Compliance with the EMP formulated by EIS should be ensured. 9) Regular monitoring according to EMP should be carried out. 10) Compliance monitoring (multi-sectoral) should be undertaken.

To enhance the environmental guidelines provided under the NPS-ENRMP EA report, some additional mitigation measures are identified in the EA study to prevent or minimize the negative impacts of the subproject involving Agroforestry and livelihood activities. The additional guidelines provided below should be undertaken by the implementing agencies (DENR, LGU and DA) in partnership with the farmer-beneficiaries.

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1) Use native species of forest for Agroforestry to avoid the proliferation and encroachment of exotic or alien species into nearby natural forest. 2) Allow the establishment of Agroforestry plots in designated areas where biodiversity of flora and fauna is not threatened. 3) Maintain a buffer zone around biodiversity-rich areas beyond which no Agroforestry or livelihood activities would be allowed. 4) Do not allow any cutting of indigenous trees to support livelihood activities. 5) Regulate and limit the harvesting of non-timber forest products that are used for livelihood projects. 6) Monitor regularly the buffer zones of natural forest to cull out weeds, grass, shrubs and seedling of exotic plant species and prevent them from occupying open patches of forest lands and displacing or blocking the natural regeneration of indigenous forest species. 7) Promote the use of IPM program of DA (Kasakalikasan) to wean away the farmers from using chemical pesticides in the Agroforestry plots. 8) Educate and inform the farmers on the proper application and balanced use of organic and inorganic fertilizers. 9) Adopt soil conservation measures and install soil erosion control structures such as hedgerows, bench terraces, fascines, and wattles in cultivated areas along slopes. 10) Do not allow livelihood activities such as grazing of goats on highly erodible soils and pure crop cultivation in sloping areas. 11) Prohibit or regulate the clearing of grasses and shrubs in areas identified as habitats of endangered or endemic species of wildlife. 12) Fast track reforestation of denuded natural forest using indigenous species of forest to prevent invasion of open forest lands by grasses and exotic forest species.

4.3.4.3 Environmental Monitoring Framework Plan

It is important that the implementers of the subproject, in partnership with the farmer-beneficiaries, closely monitor and evaluate the implementation of the environmental management guidelines prepared herein. As such, each item in the guidelines (see Section b) above) will serve as the success indicators that would measure the performance of the subproject and its implementing agencies. Monitoring of the implementation of the environmental management guidelines should be done during the design, site selection and component activities’ implementation stages as provided for in the preceding section of this EA report.

On the other hand, the minimum critical impact parameters that need to be monitored for the component activities on Agroforestry demonstration and watershed reforestation are discussed below and summarized in Table 11:

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1) Soil erosion. The occurrence of erosion will be monitored monthly in sloping areas developed for Agroforestry. Monitoring of erosion will be done through visual examination by trained DENR field personnel or upland farmers. Erosion plots will also be established in selected sloping areas to measure the rate and volume of erosion and topsoil lost in Agroforestry areas. Farmers and LGU-MAO will be trained by DENR field technicians or their partner implementing academic institutions on the monitoring of soil erosion. Monitoring soil erosion is a means to determine the effectiveness of Agroforestry in conserving soils and minimizing the loss of precious topsoil in the project site.

2) Expansion of Agroforestry in natural forest areas. Encroachment of Agroforestry in nearby natural forest areas may possibly occur if the necessary monitoring and regulatory measures are not properly instituted. Farmers may expand their operations in natural forest areas by clearing plots. In another way, exotic Agroforestry species may naturally propagate in canopy breaks or open spaces inside natural forest areas much faster than the establishment of wildlings of native species resulting in the displacement of the latter. To avoid any of these types of encroachment, monitoring of the open spaces or denuded portions in natural forest areas adjacent to Agroforestry plots will be done quarterly by the DENR-CENRO in coordination with the LGU-MAO. Monitoring will be done through ocular inspection and observation of the presence of seedlings and young growing trees of Agroforestry species inside natural forest areas. The presence of plots cleared for cultivation is also strong evidence that encroachment is beginning to take place in the project sites. Ocular monitoring will be done every quarter.

3) Clearing of endangered and endemic wildlife habitat. If site suitability assessment for Agroforestry is not carefully done, it is possible that a substantial portion of the habitat of endemic and endangered wildlife species may accidentally be cleared for crop and Agroforestry plots. Likewise, nearby habitats may be encroached upon by the expansion of Agroforestry areas. Grasslands and shrublands serving as wildlife habitat of endangered species will be mapped and monitored annually to protect them from being cleared. Monitoring through ocular inspection and getting feedback from NGOs will be done by DENR-CENRO in partnership with the LGU MAO.

4) Adoption of IPM. Monitoring the rate of adoption of prescribed IPM method to farmers is a measure of the level of success of the program. It also indicates the reduction in the use of chemical pesticides in Agroforestry plots by the farmers who adopted the IPM method. The conduct of farmers’ survey using the IPM method will be done twice a year to determine the progress in the adoption of the IPM program. LGU-MAO, DA and farmer cooperatives will undertake this type of monitoring.

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Table 11. Environmental Monitoring Framework for the Adaptation Subproject and Components on Pilot Climate Change Adaptive Agroforestry-Based Management in Buffer Zone of Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park Subproject and Monitoring Parameters Source of Frequency Method of Analysis Responsible Components Samples of Institution Monitoring Component 2.6: Pilot C limate Change Adaptive Agroforestry -Based Management in Buffer Zone of Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park - Agroforestry Soil erosion in sloping Agroforestry Monthly Ocular observation DENR - demonstration areas developed for plots planted to Establishment of CENRO, farm in the buffer Agroforestry diversified sediment traps and Trained zone of Mt. crops, fruit trees erosion plots farmers and and forest LGU-MAO Kitanglad species Expansion of grass, shrubs Natural forest Quarterly Ocular observation of DENR - -Watershed and exotic reforestation nearest the natural forest regarding CENRO, rehabilitation/ species inside natural forest Agroforestry and the presence of PASu, LGU reforestation cropping areas seedlings of and upland Agroforestry species. farmers’ Report on land use – cooperative area occupied by grass and shrubs before and after the project Adoption of IPM Program Agroforestry Bi -annually Interview of farmers DENR - (Kasakalikasan) areas who adopted IPM CENRO, LGU- MAO, farmers’ cooperative Clearing of w ildlife habitat Agroforestry Bi -annually Location of identified DENR -PAWS, plots and areas wildlife habitat area PASu, around them Former vegetation CENRO and cover map/data and LGU-MAO report on wildlife found Interview with farmers and DENR personnel Expansion of Agroforestry Natural forest Quarterly -Ocular observation of LGU -MAO, in natural forest areas or sites natural forest regarding DENR- adjacent or the presence of CENRO, nearest to seedlings of PAWS, PASU Agroforestry Agroforestry species in areas open spaces -Presence of plots cleared for cultivation

4.3.4.4 Institutional Arrangements

The main responsible agency for the implementation of the environmental safeguards’ instrument in the form of Environmental Management Guidelines is the DENR through its Regional Office and PENRO/CENRO. Likewise, the DENR-CENRO in partnership with the LGU-MENRO is tasked with the implementation of the monitoring and evaluation plan for the subproject on Agroforestry and Watershed Rehabilitation. These agencies should see to it that the beneficiaries implement the subprojects according to design specifications and that they follow the basic environmental management guidelines that are

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prescribed. In this regard, a coordination mechanism should be established among these agencies in their implementation of the subproject and its environmental safeguard instrument. These agencies would also have to provide information, technical assistance and financial counterpart support in the implementation of the safeguards’ instrument.

The roles and responsibilities of the key implementing agencies in the implementation of the environmental management guidelines and environmental monitoring plan for the subproject are given in Table 12.

Table 12. Roles and Responsibilities of Key Implementing Agencies in the Implementation of the Environmental Safeguard Instrument for the Component Activities on Agroforestry in Buffer Zone of Mt. Kitanglad and Watershed Reforestation Organization Roles/Functions DENR -PAWB Provide information (da ta and maps) on the buffer zone of Mt. Kitanglad Provide information on the location of critical wildlife habitat including the monkey-eating eagle in Mt. Kitanglad Provide technical assistance, in coordination with the PASu, in reviewing the monitoring and evaluation reports of the subproject and extend technical assistance and advice to resolve issues and problems DENR Regional PAWS and PASu - Provide information on the location of buffer zone boundaries and strict Office – PAWS, protection zone to implementing agencies to guide them in preventing the encroachment of FMS and PASu Agroforestry areas into critical zones Provide technical guidance in the implementation of watershed reforestation and ANR component activities of the subproject to safeguard biodiversity composition of protected areas. PENRO/CENRO Oversee and monitor the implementation of the environmental management guidelines for Agroforestry and watershed reforestation Strictly enforce forest laws, in partnership with the PASu, to prevent encroachment of farmers into natural forest and protected areas Provide technical assistance in the establishment of soil erosion control measures including the monitoring of soil erosion in the areas developed for Agroforestry Train upland farmers on the establishment of Agroforestry and nurseries for watershed reforestation Implement the watershed reforestation component of the subproject under the guidance of DENR Regional Office and in collaboration with the Farmers’ Organizations LGU - Municipal Train upland farmers on the DA’s IPM Program on Kasakalikasan . Agriculture Office Assist the DENR agencies in the implementation of the environmental safeguard instrument (MAO) particularly the environmental guidelines and environmental monitoring plan Upl and Farmers Implement the EMP or environmental guidelines provided in the implementation of pilot Organizations adaptation subprojects Participate in the reforestation activities of the subproject Provide information to DENR for monitoring the performance of the subproject and its implementing agencies NGOs and Assist the DENR in the implementation and monitoring of environmental management guidelines NOMIAR and environmental monitoring plan Provide technical assistance to farmers in establishing Agroforestry and reforesting denuded portions of watershed

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4.3.4.5 Capability Building

A training needs assessment should be conducted to determine the implementing agencies’ capability to implement the component activities of the subproject. In the case of the DENR Regional Office personnel from PAWS, FMS and PASu and the staff from PENRO/CENRO, who will be involved in the implementation of the subproject on Agroforestry system and watershed reforestation, it is presumed that they have already the basic competencies to undertake the activities of the subproject considering their training and experience. However, some of the DENR personnel may not yet be knowledgeable on the rudiments of climate change impacts and adaptation measures and will need to be educated on these subjects.

Involvement of the DENR field personnel in the implementation of the subproject will give them the hands-on training to build up their knowledge and skills in mainstreaming climate change concerns and adaptation strategies on what they are currently doing in managing the environment and natural resources.

As far as the implementation of the EMF and EMoP, the DENR field personnel are deemed quite capable of performing their assigned tasks, perhaps with some orientation seminars or refresher courses. A capability building program is more appropriate to be directed to other implementing agencies such as the LGU MAO, MENRO (if existing) and Farmers’ Organizations. Table 13 provides the training program needed by the implementing agencies to properly equip them in doing their assigned tasks in the subproject.

Table 13. Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the Subproject on Agroforestry Management and Watershed Reforestation Implementing Agencies Training Program DENR – PAWS, PASu, FMS, -Seminar on the Subproject Design and Implementation PENRO and CENRO -Implementation Schemes for the Environmental Safeguard Instrument (EMF and EMoP) -Seminar of Environmental Monitoring of Subproject’s Component Activities -Seminar on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Measures for Environment and Natural Resources Development Projects LGU MAO and MENRO -Environmental Management Guidelines: Implementation and Monitoring -Making Agroforestry Climate Change Resilient -Watershed Reforestation Methods, Assisted Natural Regeneration and Nursery Establishment -IPM Program (DA’s Kasakalikasan) Farmers’ Organizations and NGOs -Implementation of EMF and EMoP -Agroforestry, Watershed Rehabilitation and ANR Methods -Laws and Regulations on Forestry and Protected Areas -Monitoring of EMF Implementation -IPM Program (DA’s Kasakalikasan)

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4.4 Environmental Assessment of the Subproject on Pilot Climate Change Resilient Agri-support Infrastructure

4.4.1 Description of the Subproject on Climate-Proofing of Agri-support Infrastructures (NIS, FMR and Trading Post)

This adaptation subproject will work out to demonstrate appropriate design, retro- fit and/or modify operations to climate-proof vulnerable agri-infrastructure being developed under World Bank-funded projects such as MRDP2, PIDP and DFIMDP. The climate-proofing of agri-support infrastructures (irrigation, FMR and trading post) will all together be piloted in the Province of Iloilo (Dumangas, Pototan and Janiuay municipalities in Jalaur watershed). In addition, the FMR will also be piloted in one selected barangay in Tuguegarao City in Cagayan Province, and in Lantapan Municipality in Bukidnon Province.

The Jalaur River Irrigation System (RIS) will be used as the pilot irrigation system to demonstrate climate-proofing of NIS. This adaptation subproject will be integrated in the irrigation infrastructures that will be implemented under the Bank’s on-going project on PIDP.

Investment in agricultural support infrastructures is exposed to the impacts of extreme climate events. Thus, these support infrastructures need climate proofing by making their engineering design more resilient. This subproject will undertake the following actions: 1) in consultation with technical experts, the design, construction, and operation of selected infrastructure will be evaluated as to their climate resiliency; 2) options for improving the sustainability of the infrastructure through climate-proofing will be considered; 3) economic cost- benefit of the project will be evaluated; 4) consultations with community members and LGUs will be conducted to validate the social acceptability of recommended climate-proofing actions, and to explore the capacity of LGUs to provide co- financing (if required); and 5) climate-proofing interventions will be implemented for the most socially-acceptable and cost-effective examples analyzed, within the budgetary capabilities of the PhilCCAP1 project and the Bank’s on-going projects (MRDP2, PIDP, DFIMDP) and any identified co-financiers such as the LGUs. The first four component activities do not require environmental analysis and preparation of safeguard instrument; only the fifth component activity that involves pilot construction would require an environmental assessment.

The most innovative, technologically-appropriate, and cost-effective mechanisms for addressing climate change will be the bases for climate proofing agri-support infrastructures such as NIS, FMR and trading post. Climate proofing of FMRs, for example, will involve the concreting of road segments and improving drainage for those frequently washed-out by floods. High grade and quality materials will be used in the construction to withstand prolonged heavy rainfalls and typhoons.

Climate proofing of national irrigation system will involve improvement in design making it sturdier and by concreting earthen embankments that are highly prone

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to scouring, heavy siltation and collapsed. Trading post will be designed to be resistant to damages caused by typhoons by building strong and solid foundation and sturdy roofing materials using high grade and quality materials.

The subproject will prepare the design to make NIS, FMR and Trading Post climate change resilient, particularly to flooding, prolonged and high intensity rainfall and typhoons. The design will be applied in the construction of pilot FMR, NIS and Trading Post under the Bank’s on-going projects on MRDP2, PIDP and DFIMDP. With climate change resilient agri-support infrastructures, it is expected that the costly repair and rebuilding of agri-infrastructures will be very much reduced.

The technical design for the climate-proofed agri-support infrastructures will be prepared by contracted engineering consultant and will be reviewed and approved by the implementing agencies such as the DA-RFU, LGU and DPWH.

The major component activities of the subproject are as follows:

1) Design preparation by Engineering Consultants and review and approval by implementing agencies. This component activity is not seen to produce negative impacts on the environment being just a “soft-type” of activity. 2) Construction of pilot climate resilient agri-support infrastructures. This component activity of the subproject, which involves civil works and earth movement, will bring about some negative impacts on the environment, 3) Monitoring, evaluation and reporting of performance of the infrastructures using as benchmarks existing FMR, NISs and Trading Posts constructed under PIDP and MRDP2. Being just a monitoring and evaluation type of activity, this component is not expected to cause any negative impacts on the environment.

4.4.2 Environmental Profile of Project Site - Jalaur Watershed

4.4.2.1 Location and Area Jalaur River is one of the major rivers in the province of Iloilo which is the source of irrigation water for 11,756 hectares of rice lands within the Municipalities of Pototan, Dingle, Barotac Nuevo, Zarraga, Leganes and part of Iloilo City. The National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with its existing dam at Moroboro, Dingle, Iloilo has the capacity to irrigate approximately 22,000 has. of rice lands with 10, 580 farmers-beneficiaries benefited. Jalaur River also is the source of water both for domestic and Industrial uses of the downstream municipalities traversed by Jalaur River.

The Jalaur Watershed covers 15 municipalities with a total area of 157,355.7502 hectares. It is situated in the whole Barangays of the Municipality of Calinog, Passi, Janiuay, San Enrique, Lambunao, Dueñas, Pototan, Badionagn and dingle and in some portion of the Barangays covered by the Municipality of Aninao, Barotac Nuevo, Dumangao and Mina.

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Table 14 shows the municipalities and number of barangays and their corresponding area of coverage within the Jalaur Watershed.

Table 14. List of Municipalities and Barangays within the Jalaur Watershed Municipalities No. of Barangays Area (Has.) Anilao 10 4,468 Barotac Nuevo 7 2,2190 Bingawan 14 8,500 Badiangan 31 7,750 Calinog 57 23,280 Dingle 33 7,750 Dueñas 46 9,052 Dumangas 6 2,090 Janiuay 60 17,910 Lambunao 68 24,692 Pototan 50 9,131 Passi City 49 25,068 San Enrique 28 8,772 Nina 22 4,335 Zarraga 13 2,337 Total 494 157,355

4.4.2.2 Legal/Regulatory Status Jalaur River Watershed was declared a critical watershed and Forest Reserve under Proclamation No.601 dated June 28, 1990 by President Corazon C. Aquino.

4.4.2.3 Climate The watershed area is under climatic type 3 (characterized by pronounced dry and wet season, dry from December to April and wet during the rest of the year). Records from the nearest PAG-ASA station shows that the average rainfall is 800 mm while the recorded temperature ranges from 22.6 C to 30.3 C. Typhoons frequently occur in the area.

4.4.2.4 Drainage Pattern and Hydrology Within the Jalaur watershed are a number of tributaries with varying sizes that drain to Jalaur River, the main channel with its headwaters emanating from Mount Baloy in the west flowing eastward and passing through the municipality of Calanog and merging with the Lamunan River in the City of Passi. It then flows south towards San Enrique merging with Jagdong River in the Municipality of Dueñas, Ulian, Magapa and Suaga rivers. The headwaters in the municipalities of Lambunao, and Janiuay also merged with the Jalaur River.

The main river that drains the watershed is Jalaur River. Its tributaries include the water channels of Marari, Hagakhak, Manugpa, Agbilid, Tumagsik, Marandig, Agtugas, Inanuran, Supanga, Igbatual, Lumanan, Guinbonyugan, Alibunan small and Alibunan big.

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4.4.2.5 Flora and Fauna

The Jalaur Watershed has a very diverse ecosystem. The most common wildlife found in the area are the Philippine Monkey, Python snakes, wild cat, rats, grass owls, fruit doves hawks and crows, woodpecker, hornbill (tariktik), fruit bats, lizards, insects, as well as freshwater fishes such as eel, engga, hito, dalupingan, ubog, and others including tilapia, and fresh water snakes.

According to reports and accounts of local residents, the Jalaur Watershed was home to some endangered species such as the Philippine spotted deer, Philippine parrot and wild pigs are a common sight in the area particularly during the 1950s. However, hunting for food and commercial purposes and the diminution of their habitat due to destructive activities like kaingin and illegal cutting have reduced the population and deprived these important wildlife resources of their natural habitat. The result was the upward migration of these species into the higher slopes of the watersheds. Today, Mount Baloy, which is part of the headwaters of Jalaur River, serves as the only stable habitat for these wildlife species. The local residents have revealed sightings of these animals particularly the deer in the adjacent dipterocarp forest northwest of the watershed area. Wild pigs and monkeys occasionally visit the farm lots of upland farmers in search for food.

The Jalaur Watershed still posses patches of natural grown Dipterocarp forests. Forest stands with large individual trees can still be found in the area. This indicates that the watershed was once covered with old growth dipterocarp forests. There is also the possibility of the existence of valuable minor species such as orchids and other ornamental plants as well as miscellaneous species essential for medicinal purpose within this watershed.

4.4.2.6 Soil Erosion

Because of illegal cutting/slash and burn farming, soil erosion in the area ranges from moderate to heavy.

4.4.2.7 Water uses The National irrigation Administration (NIA) depends on the Jalaur River for the irrigation needs of the central towns of the Province of Iloilo. The NIA has an existing irrigation dam at Moroboro, Dingle, Iloilo, which has the capacity to irrigate approximately 11,550 hectares of ricefield serving 7,795 farmers. However, about 25% of the total service area is not effectively irrigated due to the increasing demands for irrigation water during the third cropping season. There is also the problem of low water yield during summer months which decreases the available supply of water for irrigation.

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4.4.3 Pilot Climate Proofed Farm-to-Market Roads

4.4.3.1 Project Component Description

This climate-proofing adaptation subproject will be designed to address the perennial problem of high cost of maintenance and repair of farm-to-market roads due to damages caused by flooding, prolonged heavy rainfall and typhoons. Gravel and sand roads become impassable when flooded, aside from being washed out and with their sediments clogging up drainage canals and carried to nearby rivers. Concrete roads built with poor quality materials and substandard design are easily destroyed after being soaked in rains and floods for sometime. FMR portions in sloping areas are the most vulnerable to the strong erosive forces of surface runoff from heavy precipitation and storms. These portions should not only be concreted but should also be designed to withstand scouring caused by large volumes of cascading rainwater carrying debris materials.

The subproject will design and construct a pilot climate-proofed FMR with a length of about 3 kilometers in areas with undulating slopes to demonstrate the effectiveness of climate resilient roads. One demonstration project will be located in the following sites: Barangay Larian-Bajo in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Province; Barangay Guibu-angan in Pototan Municipality in Iloilo Province; and Barangay Caatoan, Lantapan Municipality in Bukidnon Province. The pilot projects will be linked to the Bank’s on-going MRDP2 and DFIMDP project.

4.4.3.2 Analysis of Potential Environmental Impacts of the Adaptation Subproject on FMR

The proposed agri-infrastructure climate-proofing subproject is expected to cut down the cost of maintaining and repairing FMRs caused by typhoons, heavy and prolonged precipitation and their consequential flooding effects. Although this subproject is expected to bring positive socioeconomic impacts, the pilot construction of FMR will involve land clearing, earth movement and civil works that are expected to bring about some negative impacts on the environment. However, due to the small size and scale of the pilot FMR projects, their projected impacts are localized, short-term, reversible and insignificant. Nonetheless, the potential negative impacts of the pilot climate-proofed FMR are analyzed in this EA so that the necessary management measures can be put in place and integrated into the design and construction phases of the pilot projects.

The environmental impact analysis of the proposed pilot FMR adaptation subproject covered their construction and operation phases. Their potential negative impacts on both the physical and biological environments in the project sites are given in Table 15 and summarized below.

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The MRDP2 REA report, which has a subproject component on FMR concluded that the project has no significant adverse impacts on the environment. A thorough analysis of the potential negative impacts of the proposed pilot FMR adaptation subproject under the PhilCCAP1 revealed the following key findings:

The negative impacts on the biophysical environment are mostly localized and insignificant with short term duration. Moreover, most of the negative impacts of FMR on the physical and biological environments are preventable and mitigatable. However, the FMR is projected to produce a significant and long- term social impact, which is the concern of the Social Impact Assessment and Safeguard Specialist of the PhilCCAP1 Project. This significant impact involves the build-up of human settlements along the FMR, which is seen to fragment the prime irrigated lands in the area leading later on to mass conversion of these lands to urban uses such as housing subdivision or mixed housing and commercial uses.

The potential negative impacts of the climate-proofed FMR on the biophysical environment are briefly summarized below.

During its construction phase, erosion results from road cuts and fills and the eroded materials cause the sedimentation of natural drainage and streams. Construction of FMR sometimes alters or modifies natural drainage system such as streams. Oil and grease from vehicles and equipment used in the construction are spilled and these contaminate surface and groundwater. Dust particles are generated during the construction, which cause air pollution in the project sites affecting nearby residents. Noise pollution is also generated by construction equipment causing discomfort to nearby residents and occupational health hazards to workers. Debris from construction and garbage generated from the living quarters of construction workers clogs drainage canals and pollute nearby streams and rivers.

Most prominent of the potential negative impacts of road construction on the biological environment is the clearing of vegetation particularly trees. If not properly sited, the FMRs may interfere with the movement of wildlife and livestock.

When the construction of FMRs is completed, activities involved in their operation and maintenance also generate some negative environmental impacts that must be mitigated or prevented.

Poorly designed and constructed FMRs may suffer from road bank erosion and collapse in road portions located in sloping areas or hillsides. The collapsed portions will cause debris fall and landslides that may interrupt traffic or cause direct damages to vehicles.

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Dust pollution will continuously be generated by sand and gravel road affecting residents living near the road. The growth and production of crops and trees are affected when dusts heavily settle on their leaves. During heavy rains, sand and gravel may be washed-out and clog drainage canals and cause sedimentation of nearby streams and rivers.

For residents living near the road, they will continue to experience noise pollution emitted by passing cars, trucks and tricycles. Wildlife in the area, especially those endemic and endangered species, may be disturbed and their growth, feeding and reproduction functions may be affected. Affected wildlife may be driven away and expose themselves to unsuitable conditions.

Table 15. Potential Negative Impacts of Pilot Climate-Proofed Farm-to- Market Roads Main Component Environmental Key Potential Negative Impacts Significance Duration & Activities Sectors of Negative Reversibility Impact High , Medium , Short , Medium Low, Uncertain Long, Reversible Irreversible Physical Construction Phase Erosion from road cuts and fills and Low impact Short term and sedimentation of natural drainage and and localized reversible streams Modification of natural drainage patterns Medium impact Short t erm and and localized reversible Oil and grease contamination of surface Low impact Short term and and groundwater and localized reversible Trash and garbage and construction debris Low impact Short term and and localized reversible Sedimentation of nearby wate r bodies Low impact Short term and (e.g., rivers and lakes) and localized reversible Dust and noise pollution from construction Low impact Short term and equipment and localized reversible Operation and Maintenance Phase Road bank erosion and c ollapse in road Medium impact Short term and -Pilot Climate Proofed portions located in sloping areas or and localized reversible Farm-to-Market Roads hillsides will cause debris fall and landslides Build -up of settlements along the road will High impact Long term and fragment and convert irrigated lands to and localized irreversible housing subdivisions Noise pollution Low impact Long term and and localized reversible Dust pollution in sand and gravel roads Low impact Medium term Sedimentation of drainage canals and and localized and reversible streams Biological Construction Phase Clearing of areas will result in the l oss of Low impact Short term and vegetative cover and localized reversible Interference with the movements of Low impact Short term and wildlife, livestock and local residence and localized reversible Operation and Maintenance Phase Interruption of wildlife movement Low impact Short term and and localized reversible

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4.4.3.3 Environmental Management Framework/ Environmental Management Plan

4.4.3.3.1 Summary of Impacts

Overall, the climate-proofed FMR is expected to bring about substantial savings to implementing government agencies in terms of cutting down repair and maintenance costs. Transport of agricultural produce to their markets will also be less disrupted even during the rainy season and typhoon months.

The foreseen negative impacts of the pilot FMR on the biophysical environment will be brought about by land preparation and civil works activities. However, these negative impacts are small in scale, localized, reversible and manageable.

One significant negative impact of the pilot FMR project concerns the social aspects of settlements’ occupation and expansion into prime irrigated agricultural lands serviced by the FMR. It is a common trend in many areas in the country that the agricultural lands located adjacent or parallel to FMR are occupied by settlers and later on converted to urban uses such as housing subdivision.

4.4.3.3.2 Environmental Management Guidelines/ Mitigation Measures

Although the MRDP2 REA does not have an EMP for FMR subproject, it provided a set of guidelines to safeguard the environment from the negative impacts of FMR subprojects. The environmental safeguard guidelines proposed for FMR under the MRDP2, which are also applicable to the proposed PhilCCAP1 adaptation subproject on climate-proofed FMR are presented below.

Design of FMR

1) Adoption of cut and load method. 2) Provide the following for control and disposal of water: a) provide proper side and cross drainage to prevent future overflow and soil erosion; b) protection measures for newly cut slopes and embankments; and c) provide sediment traps on side canals during construction. 3) Put in place soil erosion control measures: a) provide drainage control facilities as soon as possible; finishing at the same time of construction; b) roadside channels, cross drains, and drainage structure inlets and outlets shall be designed. If protection is needed, riprap or other similar strategies/materials shall be used. 4) Watercourses and water quality shall be protected during and after construction by erosion control facilities and maintenance. Filter strips, water and sediment control basins and other conservation practices shall be used and maintained as needed.

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5) Follow natural contours when possible by avoiding deep cuts of soil surfaces and steep slopes. 6) Consider safety entry on public roads.

Site selection

1) No encroachment in protected areas. 2) No construction in critical slopes.

Implementation

1) Trees, stumps, roots, brush, weeds, and other objectionable material shall be removed from the work area. 2) Grading, sub-grade preparation, and compaction shall be done as needed. 3) Measures must be in place to limit the generation of particulate matter during construction. 4) Considerations for erosion control: a) effects on downstream flows or aquifers that would affect other water uses or users; b) effects on the volume and timing of downstream flow to prohibit undesirable environmental, social or economic effects; c) short-term and construction- related effects of this practice on the quality of on-site downstream water courses; d) overall effects on erosion and the movement of sediment, pathogens, and soluble and sediment-attached substances that would be carried by runoff from construction activities; and e) effects on wetlands and water-related wildlife habitats that would be associated with the practice. 5) Inspect culverts, roadside ditches, water bars and outlets after each major runoff event and restore flow capacity as needed. 6) Minimize the damage to vegetative buffers adjacent to the road when it is necessary to chemically treat the road surface to maintain erosion protection. 7) Fill low areas in travel treads and regrade, as needed, to maintain road cross section. 8) Inspect roads with water-bars periodically to insure proper cross section is available and outlets are stable.

To enhance the MRDP2’s proposed environmental management guidelines, additional mitigation measures to manage the negative impacts of the construction and operation of FMR on the physical and biological environments are also proposed below. These proposed mitigation measures also identify the roles and responsibilities of various concerned government agencies and other organizations in their implementation. These environmental management guidelines and mitigation measures comprise part of the EMP for this adaptation subproject.

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Additional Environmental Management Guidelines/Mitigation Measures

Construction Phase (Mitigation Measures for Physical impacts) 1) Conduct earth moving activities during the summer months. 2) Stabilize immediately road cuts with vegetative cover and structural measures such as ripraps. 3) Collect and properly dispose or recycle used lubricants. 4) Collect and dispose properly trash and garbage generated in the construction site. 5) Use construction debris as fill materials. 6) Clean regularly construction debris after road completion. 7) Plant trees and shrubs along the roadsides as noise barriers. 8) Control dusts by application of water. 9) Limit speed of vehicles using roads adjacent to houses. 10) Require trucks and construction equipment used in construction to use mufflers or silencers.

Operation and Maintenance Phase (Mitigation Measures for Physical Impacts) 1) Route alignment of FMRs to avoid sensitive and unstable areas. 2) Control erosion of road banks with riprap or mulch, gabions, concrete wall and masonry. 3) Clear regularly and desilt road drainage canals during operations. 4) Monitor closely and strictly enforce the laws and regulations on land conversion of prime agricultural lands adjacent to the FMR. 5) Zone areas in the barangays for housing and at the same time strictly enforce zoning. 6) Provide noise barriers along the road (vegetative strip buffer) to absorb or deflect noise. 7) Limit speed of vehicles using roads adjacent to houses. 8) Convert sand and gravel roads to asphalt or cement road to avoid dust pollution.

Construction Phase (Mitigation Measures for Biological Impacts)

1) Compensate owners of cleared plants (coconut trees, forest trees, other plants). 2) Avoid FMR encroachment into wildlife habitat. 3) Provide warning signs for wildlife conservation. 4) Put up signages and barriers in rerouting traffic.

Operation and Maintenance Phase (Mitigation Measures for Biological Impacts) 1) Site properly and align FMRs avoiding sensitive environments such as wildlife corridors.

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2) Plant trees along roadside and put up proper signages for wildlife protection and conservation.

4.4.3.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Framework Plan

The Environmental Monitoring Framework (EMoP) for the Climate-Proofed FMR is provided in Table 16 and briefly described below. The EMoP provides the source of impacts to be monitored, monitoring parameters, source of samples, frequency of monitoring, method of analysis and responsible institution for monitoring the given indicators.

Construction Phase

1) Road bank erosion. Common environmental problem in road construction that will be monitored by the contractor and the LGU is the erosion caused by land leveling and excavation and the erosion in unstabilized road banks. During construction, soil erosion in construction sites will be monitored weekly through ocular observation.

2) Construction garbage and debris. The proper collection and disposal of garbage in the living quarters of construction workers and the material debris generated in construction sites will be monitored twice a week by the contractor and LGU. The practical method of monitoring garbage and construction debris is through ocular inspection.

3) Sedimentation and turbidity. Water bodies downstream of the construction site will be monitored on a monthly basis to determine whether the construction activities are causing sedimentation in them. Monitoring will be done jointly by the contractor, DENR CENRO and the LGU through ocular observation combined with sedimentation analysis.

4) Dust pollution. Earth movement creates a lot of dusts that affect nearby residents, crops and trees. Dusts and total suspended particulates emanating from the road construction sites will be monitored weekly by the contractor, EMB’s deputized local residents and LGU-ENRO using simple gravimetric methods.

5) Noise pollution. Noise pollution from construction activities will be monitored by the contractor and LGU-ENRO on a weekly basis using sound meter (sonometer). Worsening noise can then be determined and the proper measures to mitigate it can be done.

6) Loss of vegetation. The number of trees cut will be monitored by the LGU, DA and DENR to properly compensate those farmer-owners who are affected. Likewise, the number of forest trees cut will be inventoried to determine how many trees will be planted by the contractor to compensate

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for those that were cut. Monitoring will be done weekly during the construction period through ocular inspection comparing the baseline report of DA and DENR with inspection reports.

Operation Phase

1) Noise pollution. Noise levels in settlement areas near the road will be monitored by LGU ENRO on a monthly basis using sound meter to determine whether standards are exceeded and the comfort and health of communities are affected.

2) Dust pollution. TSP level along the road and in areas near it will be monitored on a monthly basis to determine the level of health risk exposure of commuters and local residents. Monitoring will be done by trained LGU ENRO or EMB’s deputized NGOs or local residents using simple equipment like dust jar and related practical methods.

3) Build-up of houses along the roadside. When roads are built, the adjacent lots are usually occupied by informal settlers and their numbers grow through time creating sanitary and safety problems in the area. Monitoring of squatting in the area will be done by the LGU on a regular basis, at least weekly to prevent illegal settlers from colonizing the roadsides.

4) Conversion of agricultural lands to settlements. Improving access to farmlands trigger the conversion of farm lots into residential uses because of the increasing prices of lots making it attractive to landowners to sell their lands. Such phenomenon fragments the prime agricultural lands until the farm lands are fully converted to housing subdivision. Agricultural lands need to be monitored quarterly by DAR and the LGU through ocular inspection and by checking land conversion application at the local DAR office or MARO.

5) Number of persons, livestock and wildlife killed on the road. Monitoring of the number of accidents on the road provides vital information on accident prone areas and the effectiveness of traffic management measures. The LGU (Barangay Police), DA-RFU, DENR and PNP will monitor on a monthly basis and report the number of livestock, wildlife and persons killed, respectively in the road.

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Table 16. Environmental Monitoring Plan for Pilot Climate-Proofed Farm-to- Market Road Source of Monitoring Source of Frequency Method o f Analysis Responsible Impact Parameters Samples of Institution Monitoring Construction Construction sites Weekly Ocular observation Contractor and Phase Road bank erosion Report or contractor LGU and LGU Construction garbage Construction sites Twice a Ocular observation Contractor and and debris and around living week Report of LGU LGU quarters of workers Sedimentation and Water bodies Monthly Ocular observation Contractor, turbidity of nearest along downstream Sedimentation DENR CENRO streams and rivers section of analysis and LGU construction site Dust / Total Construction sites Weekly Measurement of TSP Contractor, EMB suspended – Gravimetric method deputized local particulates residents and LGU-ENRO Noise Construction sites Weekly Sound meter Contractor, and (sonometer ) readings LGU-ENRO in sampling sites Number of trees cut Construction sites Weekly Report of contractor, Contractor, LGU, and planted LGU and the land DENR and DA owner (if private) and nearby residents. Environmental profile before project Operation and Dust /TSP Roads and Monthly Measurement of TSP EMB deputized Maintenance surrounding areas – Gravimetric method local residents and LGU-ENRO Noise Roads and Monthly Sound meter LGU -ENRO surrounding areas (sonometer ) readings in sampling sites Build -up of hou ses Along the roads Weekly Ocular observation LGU along roadside and nearest Report of LGU adjacent areas Conversion of agri Along the roads Quarterly Report of DAR and LGU and DAR lands to settlements and nearest LGU adjacent areas Ocular observation No. of persons, Statistics compiled Monthly Report of LGU, DA, LGU, DA, DENR livestock and wildlife by barangay or DENR and the police and PNP killed in the road municipality

4.4.3.3.4 Institutional Arrangements

It is important to define the responsibilities of various institutional stakeholders in the monitoring of the environmental impacts and in the implementation of mitigating measures for the adaptation subprojects. Moreover, their coordination arrangements should be established for more efficient and effective implementation of the subprojects on climate change adaptation.

Monitoring the compliance to environmental management guidelines or environmental safeguard instrument of the pilot adaptation subproject on farm-to- market roads is the main responsibility of the DA-RFU, LGU-ENRO/MAO or LGU

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Engineering Office, and DENR (CENRO and EMB-RO) (Table 17). The contractor has the responsibility to implement the environmental management guidelines and to monitor and report environmental impacts during the construction phase to DENR’s EMB-RO and CENRO and LGU-ENRO or MAO. A tripartite monitoring team consisting of representatives from the DENR, LGU and stakeholders should also be organized and authorized to monitor environmental impacts of the project during construction and operation phases to determine the compliance of project contractor in implementing the environmental management plan or mitigation measures required by DENR. The tripartite monitoring and evaluation team should use the EMoP for this task.

The contractor will prepare the required IEE or EIA prior to the construction of the pilot project. It shall also abide by the conditionalities set by EMB under its ECC.

Table 17. Roles and Responsibilities of Key Implementing Agencies in the Implementation of the Environmental Safeguard Instrument for the Component Activities on Pilot Climate-Proofed Farm-to-Market Road Organization Roles/Functions DENR – CENRO -Monitor compliance of contractor to environmental managem ent guidelines and EMoP and EMB requirements EMB Deputized -Review the IEE or EIA submitted by the contractor; issue and monitor ECC compliance by Monitoring Team contractor -Tripartite Monitoring Team conducts monitoring regularly of construction and operation of FMR and submits reports to EMB for review and action Contractor -Implement environmental safeguard instrument (environmental management guidelines, EMoP, institutional coordination mechanisms and capability building program) -Conduct and submit IEE or EIA, whichever is required by EMB LGU – MAO, -Monitor compliance of contractor to design specifications of FMR and to the implementation of Engineering environmental management guidelines in site selection, design and implementation of FMR. Office, MENRO (if -Monitor, record and report to DENR (EMB and CENRO) any) DA RFU -Coordinate with DENR and LGU -MAO the monitoring of the FMR’s impacts on the environment and assist in the implementation of EMF. DAR -Monitor land conversion and occupation by illegal settlers of roadside agricultu ral lands -Enforce laws and regulations on land conversion and illegal settlements in coordination with DA- RFU and LGU DPWH - RO -Assist the LGU Engineering Office in reviewing and approving the engineering design for climate-proofed FMR

4.4.3.3.5 Capability Building

Capacity building on the monitoring and management of climate change adaptation subproject on FMR is needed for the staff of DA-RFU, DENR (CENRO and EMB-RO), LGU-ENRO, MAO and their partner NGOs and deputized farmers who will be involved in the implementation of the environmental safeguard instrument. Those personnel who will be involved in the monitoring of impacts and in the implementation of mitigation or environmental management plan should be provided classroom and field hands-on training to make them effective agents. Table 18 provides a summary of the training programs needed by the implementing agencies to improve their capability in

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environmental management and in monitoring the impacts of the subproject and the compliance and performance of contractors.

Table 18. Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the Subproject on Pilot Climate-Proofed Farm-to-Market Road Implementing Agencies Training Program DENR – CENRO and EMB -Implementation Schemes fo r the Environmental Safeguard Instrument (EMF EMB Deputized Monitoring Team and EMoP) -Seminar of Environmental Monitoring of Subproject’s Component Activities -Seminar on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Measures for Environment and Natural Resources Development Projects Contrac tor -Environmental Management Guidelines: Implementation and Monitoring -Coordination and reporting system for the implementation of EMF and EMoP LGU – MAO, Engineering Office, -Implementation of EMF and EMoP MENRO (if any) DA RFU -Implementation of EMF and EMoP

DAR -Monitoring and reporting of illegal conversion and illegal occupation of prime agricultural lands

4.4.4 Pilot Climate Proofed National Irrigation System

4.4.4.1 Project Component Description

Climate proofing of NIS becomes warranted as erratic weather behavior puts a lot of pressure on the infrastructure causing damages and affecting its water delivery performance. Typhoons and prolonged heavy precipitation in the headwaters of NIS often resulted in excessive river loads that caused scouring and changing of river courses, stream bank erosion, siltation and debris deposition in irrigation dam such as in the case of the Jalaur dam. Excess waters are released from the irrigation dam to avoid damaging the infrastructure, but the sudden surge of large volume of water weakened and damaged main canal and networks of irrigation distribution systems. These climate change impacts will be addressed in the subproject on “Climate-proofing of NIS” by improving the design, structural stability and operation of the irrigation infrastructure. The main objective of the subproject is to demonstrate climate-proofed NIS that can serve as a model for replication in the construction of NISs under the Bank’s funded PIDP project.

The location of the pilot sites for the subproject are in Dumangas, Pototan and Janiuay of the Jalaur River irrigation System (RIS); and Penablanca and Tuguegarao East of the Pinacanawan River Irrigation System. This adaptation subproject will be integrated in the irrigation infrastructures that will be implemented under the Bank’s on-going project on PIDP.

The technical design for the climate-proofed agri-support infrastructures will be prepared by the contracted engineering consultant and will be reviewed and approved by the implementing agencies such as the DA-RFU, LGU and DPWH.

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The subproject’s major component activities include: 1) Establishment of vegetative and mechanical measures to stabilize river banks of rivers tapped for irrigation water; 2) Preparation of climate change resilient engineering design of NIS; 3) Construction of pilot or prototype climate resilient NIS or the retrofitting of existing ones for demonstration purposes; and 4) Monitoring, evaluation and reporting of performance of the infrastructures using as benchmarks existing NISs already constructed under PIDP and MRDP2. Preparation of the design will be covered under the PhilCCAP1 funds while the construction of pilot climate- proofed NIS will be undertaken under the PIDP project.

4.4.4.2 Analysis of Potential Negative Impacts of the Adaptation Subproject on NIS

Construction or retrofitting of NIS to make it resilient to climate change such as frequent and prolonged heavy precipitation and stronger storms and typhoons will greatly reduce its repair and maintenance costs while improving delivery of water to irrigated farms. Climate-proofing of NIS involves the stabilization of river banks to minimize their erosion, reduce siltation of dams, and the concreting of earth embankments of irrigation canals making them sturdier. Thus, this subproject is expected to bring positive environmental and socioeconomic impacts to the irrigated farms. The negative impacts of the subproject are mostly brought about by earth movement and civil works. However, these impacts are localized and manageable.

Part of the subproject is the component activity on river bank stabilization. This activity will involve the establishment of vegetative and mechanical or structural measures to control river bank erosion, which is prevalent in rivers tapped for irrigation such the Jalaur RIS. The vegetative stabilization measures will involve the planting of shrubs and trees along river banks while the mechanical or structural measures will involve the installation of fascines, groynes, and gabions or ripraps in erosion and landslide prone river bank segments. These stabilization measures are environmentally-enhancing measures and therefore, they are not expected to cause any significant negative impacts on the environment.

The environmental impact analysis provided in the PIDP EA report (2006) was found to be adequately applicable for this adaptation subproject of PhilCCAP1 on climate-proofing of NIS. Hence, the impact assessment given in Table 19 was adopted from the PIDP EA (2006) report and was further enhanced in this EA report.

The Environmental impact analysis of the proposed pilot NIS adaptation subproject covered their construction and operation phases. Their potential negative impacts on both the physical and biological environments in the project sites are given in Table 19 and summarized below.

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Civil works during construction stage will involve site clearing, use of equipment and labor, earth moving, excavation and leveling, establishment of temporary quarters and facilities, earthworks and others. These civil work activities will generate impacts on the environment in terms of soil erosion, dust pollution, noise disturbances and water contamination by oil and grease, sediments, and solid wastes. The construction of the irrigation system may also involve the clearing of some vegetation and the disturbance of wildlife in the area.

During the operation phase, the climate-proofed NIS will bring more positive impacts on the environment such as reduced soil erosion, flooding and siltation because of the stabilization of canal banks, improved drainage, and dredging and desilting works. Water quality will also improve and become less turbid due to the concreting of the canal and the regular removal of solid wastes from the canal. The use of agro-chemicals will also be reduced due to the introduction of IPM among farmers in the area.

Table 19. Potential Negative Impacts of Climate-proofed National Irrigation System Potential Negative Impacts of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Subproj ects Proposed Environ - Key Potential Negative Impacts Significance Duration & Subprojects/Compo- mental of Negative Reversibi- nent Activities Sectors Impact lity Climate -proofed High Short National Irrigation Medium Medium System Low Long Uncertain Reversible Irreversible Stabilization of River Physical No significant negative impacts on the Low Short Banks (Jalaur NIS) biophysical environment. Reversible Positive impacts – reduced erosion and siltation. Construction of Pilot Climate Proofed NIS Construction Phase Construction activities Physical Exca vation and earthmoving will alter Low Short term for site development and topography; disturb soil surface; increase reversible other facilities (site erosion rates and increase siltation rates clearing, mobilization of in canals and rivers equipment and labor Potential increase in turbidity in surface Low Short term forces, excavation, water reversible establishment of temporary quarters and Water quality problems for downstream Low Short term facilities, earthworks and users reversible other civil works) Potential contamination of surface and Low Short term groundwater with oil and grease and/or reversible from construction and human wastes Increase in TSP concentrations in civil Medium Short term work areas and access roads reversible

Increase in noise levels Low Short term reversible

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Biological Loss/damage to vegetation Low Long -term Reversible Disturbance and/or loss of wildlife due to Low Long -term noise and other construction activities Reversible Operation Phase Physical No significant negative impacts. More NA NA positive impacts Adopted from PIDP EA (2006).

4.4.4.3 Environmental Management Framework/ Environmental Management Plan

4.4.4.3.1 Summary of Impacts

Overall, the subproject on climate proofing of NIS is projected to bring about positive impacts on the environment by reducing river bank erosion and siltation of irrigation dam and canals, and by improving water quality and water delivery. From the economic standpoint, the subproject will reduce the coast of repair and maintenance of irrigation structures.

The design aspect of the subproject does not have any negative impacts on the environment. Also, the component activity on river bank stabilization using vegetative measures such as shrubs and trees planted along river banks and mechanical or structural measures such as fascines, groynes, and gabions or ripraps are not expected to cause any significant negative impacts on the environment. However, the pilot construction or retrofitting component of the NIS is projected to bring about some negative impacts on the environment. The negative environmental impacts of the subproject would arise mainly from land preparation and civil works. Construction stage impacts include soil erosion, siltation of streams and rivers, dust and noise pollution, oil and grease contamination of ground and surface water, and clearing of vegetation and possible disturbance of wildlife and their movement. Impacts arising from the operation phase are few and manageable. Several measures to prevent, mitigate, and offset these negative impacts have been identified in the PIDP EA (2006) and this EA for implementation by implementing agencies such as NIA, DENR-EMB and Irrigators’ Association.

4.4.4.3.2 Environmental Management Guidelines/ Mitigation Measures

The PIDP EA report (2006) provides the EMP for NIS, which is also applicable to this PhilCCAP1 subproject. The PIDP EMP instrument is therefore adopted for the PhilCCAP1 adaptation subproject on pilot climate proofing of NIS located in the proposed pilot sites in the Jalaur RIS in Iloilo Province and the Pinacanawan RIS in Cagayan Province.

The proposed environmental management measures to mitigate the negative impacts of the construction of pilot climate-proofed NIS and the implementing mechanisms and guarantees are provided in Table 20.

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Table 20. Environmental Management Plan for Climate-proofed NIS Potential Negative Impacts, Mitigation/Enhancement Measures and Implementing Mechanisms Propos ed Environ - Impact Description Mitigation/ Enhancement Implementing Subprojects/Com- mental Measures mechanisms/ ponent Sectors Guarantees Activities Stabilization of Physical Establishment of No significant negative impacts on -Include in the River Banks (Jalaur vegetative and the biophysical environment. design and RIS) mechanical measures Positive impacts – reduced erosion implementation of to stabilize river banks and siltation. the pilot climate- proofed NIS Construction of Pilot Climate Proofed NIS Construction Phase Construction Physical Exc avation and -Effective drainage system and silt -Include in the activities for site earthmoving will alter traps/ponds and sand bagging in detailed development and topography; disturb civil works engineering design other facilities (site soil surface; increase -Proper disposal of spoils, and program of clearing, erosion rates and schedule earthwork activities works mobilization of increase siltation rates during the dry season -Contractor to equipment and in canals and rivers -Immediate stabilization of exposed prepare and labor forces, surfaces and slopes implement EMP excavation, -Proper stockpiling of spoils on flat and Environmental establishment of areas and away from drainage Monitoring (EMoP) temporary quarters routes plan as part of TOR and facilities, -Spoils generated from civil works of contract earthworks and be disposed as filling materials -Contractor to other civil works prepare and implement a waste management plan Potential increase in -Control flow of sediments from civil -Specify in the EMP turbidity in surface work areas by drainage canals, and EMoP and water sandbagging and silt traps include in DED -Restriction of irrigation canals to -LGU ordinance or Carabao wallowing thru policy and IA resolution provide wallowing zones banning and penalizing Carabao wallowing Water quality -Monitor quality of irrigation water -Part of EMoP problems for -Restrict irrigation canals against -LGU ordinance or downstream users Carabao wallowing thru policy and IA resolution provide wallowing zones banning and penalizing Carabao wallowing Potential -Proper handling of fuel and -Include in the contamination of lubricants and disposal of oil; waste management surface and -Set-up temporary disposal plan and EMoP groundwater with oil mechanism within the construction -LGU ordinance or and grease and/or area and properly dispose the IA resolution from construction and generated solid wastes banning and human wastes -Set-up proper and adequate toilet penalizing Carabao facilities wallowing -Strictly require the contractor and its workers to observe proper waste disposal and proper sanitation

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-Restrict irrigation canals against Carabao wallowing thru policy and provide wallowing zones Increase in TSP -Sprinkle water over access -Specify in the EMP concentrations in civil roads/or exposed soils/ground and EMoP work areas and during the dry days access roads -Set maximum speed limits to vehicles passing through populated areas -Wash mud from wheels of vehicles before entering paved roads -Cover truck loads containing fine materials to prevent fugitive emissions Increase in noise -Use silencers to control excessive -Specify in the EMP levels noise emissions from construction and EMoP equipment -Maintain vehicle mufflers and set speed limits in populated areas -Proper maintenance of equipment and vehicles Biologi - Loss/damage to -Limit land clearing as much as -Specify in the EMP cal vegetation possible and EMoP -Provide temporary fencing around existing vegetation -Use of markers and fences to direct heavy equipment traffic in the construction site and avoid damage to plants -Re-plant/plant indigenous tree species and ornamental plants Disturbance and/or -Schedule noisy construction -Stipulate in the loss of wildlife due to activities during the day time EMP noise and other -Undertake proper maintenance of -Include in the construction activities equipment and use mufflers waste management -Proper disposal of construction plan wastes Operation Phase Ph ysical No significant negative -Provide drainage and discharge -Include in the DED impacts. More positive facilities with proper engineering -Include in the impacts design monitoring plan -Regular monitoring of sediment -LGU ordinance or content of water IA resolution -Regular desilting and cleaning of banning and canals, drainage canals and penalizing Carabao waterways wallowing -Adoption of organic fertilizer use -Part of O and M and IPM technology plan -Regular water chemical analysis -Proper maintenance of canals Adopted from PIDP EA (2006).

4.4.4.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) for the two major component activities of the subproject on Climate-Proofed FMR is provided in Table 21 and

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briefly described below. The EMoP provides the source of impacts to be monitored, monitoring parameters, source of samples, frequency of monitoring, method of analysis and responsible institution for monitoring the given indicators. Table 21 presents the EMoP for the two component activities, namely: 1) Stabilization of River Banks (Jalaur RIS) and 2) Pilot Construction of Climate- Proofed NIS.

Component Activity on Stabilization of River Banks (Jalaur RIS)

The two monitoring parameters for the activity on the establishment of vegetative erosion control measures are discussed below.

1) Survival and stability of planted vegetation. To determine the success of the revegetation of stream bank to reduce erosion and siltation, the DENR-CENRO and IAs will conduct ocular inspection on a quarterly basis to determine whether the shrubs and trees planted were able to survive and grow. The survival and growth rate will be measured and recorded to keep chart of the necessity to replant the area.

2) River bank erosion. The river banks where vegetative erosion control measures were established will be regularly monitored by DENR-CENRO in collaboration with the IA. Monitoring will be done through ocular inspection on a quarterly basis to determine the vegetation’s effectiveness in reducing stream bank erosion. Sediment traps will be installed in selected sampling sites along the edge of the vegetation strips to measure the rate of erosion or volume of topsoil loss per month.

Two monitoring parameters are also found appropriate for the activity on the establishment of mechanical or structural erosion control measures for river banks. These are as follows:

1) Stability of structural measures installed. The structures (e.g., fascines, groynes, ripraps, and gabions) installed in the eroded portions of the river banks will be monitored quarterly by the DENR-CENRO and IA to determine whether they are washed out or damaged by the strong river currents and the surge of floodwaters caused by typhoons or heavy rainfall. Temporary structures such as fascines and groynes will regularly be replaced whenever they are destroyed or washed out. The strategic positioning of these structures is critical in lengthening their lifespan in a hostile river environment. It is important to conduct ocular inspection of the structures during the rainy season especially after storms and typhoons.

2) Scouring of river banks. The effectiveness of structural measures installed along critical banks of the river is measured in terms of their ability to reduce and stop scouring of river banks. The DENR-CENRO and IA will conduct ocular inspection of areas where these structural measures are installed to determine and record the presence and progress of scouring in

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the river banks. Continuous and progressive scouring indicates that the structural measures are not effective or simply lacking.

Component Activity on the Construction of Pilot Climate Proofed NIS

Construction Phase

1) Soil erosion and sedimentation. Detection of early occurrence of soil erosion from the construction site including irrigation canals and embankments is crucial to prevent worsening of the situation. Monitoring through ocular inspection will be done by the NIA and contractor on a periodic basis (weekly). Erosion plots will be established to measure the rate of erosion in the construction site.

2) Water quality. Monitoring of suspended solids, residues from pesticides and oil and grease in the downstream creeks during the construction stage of the NIS is important to determine their level of contamination by the project activities. Proper mitigation measures can then be put in place to avoid further contamination of the creeks in the project site. Monitoring will be done on by NIA by collecting water samples and having them examined in government accredited laboratories. Monitoring will be done prior to start of the construction to establish the benchmark and during the actual construction on a quarterly basis.

3) Dust generation. Dust creates health problems among the nearby residents during the peak of construction. This pollutant will be closely monitored using the Gravimetric method. Selected sampling sites will be established and dust or TSP will be monitored on a weekly basis by the NIA, LGU-MENRO and the contractor. One-hour and 24-hour samples will be collected in the sampling sites.

4) Noise generation. Monitoring the level of noise during the peak of construction will serve to determine if the sound level becomes annoying or harmful to the residents or disturbing to wildlife. Sampling points will be selected based on the sites where the level of noise is highest. Measurement of sound level using sonometer will be done in the early morning, mid-day and night time. Monitoring will be conducted on a monthly or quarterly basis by the LGU-MENRO and the contractor.

5) Flora and fauna. Project activities, especially the civil works, will be monitored in terms of how they will affect the existing vegetation and wildlife in the area so that the necessary mitigation measures could be put in place to minimize the clearing of trees and disturbance to wildlife. Monitoring through ocular inspection and estimation will be done monthly throughout the construction phase by the NIA and LGU-MENRO.

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6) Solid wastes. The disposal of solid wastes will be monitored through ocular inspection every other day covering the construction sites and irrigation canals to determine whether the contractor complies with the requirements of proper collection and disposal of solid wastes. Monitoring will be done by the LGU-MENRO in partnership with the NIA.

Operation and Maintenance Phase

1) Soil nutrient and chemical quality. Soil quality will be monitored annually every after two cropping seasons for rice to determine the fertility status of the soils. The nutrient content of the soil in terms of N, P, and K level will be used to indicate any deficiency. The chemical residues in the soil from pesticides will also be monitored so that the necessary amelioration can be made. Soil samples will be analyzed in the DA laboratory or other laboratories of colleges and universities and private laboratories with capability to do soil chemical analysis. Monitoring will be done by the DA- RFU at least on a yearly basis.

2) Water quality. Water quality of irrigation waters will be monitored in terms of turbidity and chemical contents to determine the level of siltation and chemical pollution. The monitoring results will determine whether water quality is improving because of the project interventions. Monitoring will be done by the NIA at least on a quarterly basis by collecting water samples and having these examined in government accredited laboratories.

3) Solid waste pollution of irrigation canals and streams. Monitoring of the garbage and trash that end up polluting the irrigation canals and streams/creeks will be monitored daily or twice a week through ocular inspection by the IAs in partnership with the LGU ENRO and deputized local residents so that these solid wastes can be regularly removed and properly disposed. The areas or households where the solid wastes emanate will also be identified to be able to institute long-term solution to solid waste pollution. Monitoring will be done on a daily basis by the LGU- MENRO in partnership with IAs and NIA.

Table 21. Environmental Monitoring Framework for Pilot Climate-Proofed National Irrigation System Source of Monitoring Source of Frequency of Method of Responsible Impact Parameters Samples Monitoring Analysis Institution Stabilization of River Banks (Jalaur RIS) Establishment Survival and Areas where Quarterly Ocular inspection DENR -CENRO of vegetative stability of planted vegetation and measurement and IA erosion control vegetation measures were of survival rate and measures established growth rate

River bank erosion River banks Quart erly Ocular inspection DENR -CENRO where for signs and and IA

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vegetation progress of erosion measures were (rill, sheet or gully established erosion). Use sediment traps to measure rate of erosion. Establishment Stability of River banks Quarterly Ocular inspection DENR -CENRO of mechanical structural measures where structural and recording of and IA or structural installed measures were the number of erosion control installed structures measures destroyed Scouring of river River banks Quarterly Ocular inspection DENR -CENRO banks where structural and recording of and IA measures were the presence and installed progress of scouring of river banks EMoP formulated by PhilCCAP1 EMSS Source of Monitoring Source of Frequency of Method of Responsible Impact Parameters Samples Monitoring Analysis Institution Construction of Pilot Climate Proofed NIS Construction Phase Earthworks, Soil erosion, TSS, Construct ion Ocular Ocular inspection Contractor, NIA, land Turbidity areas, canal inspection and sedimentation IAs development, and should be analysis infrastructure embankments done as often construction as possible. (land clearing Sedimentation and analysis - preparation, quarterly equipment and Water quality, TSS, Water bodies Prior to start Ocular observation. Contractor, NIA, vehicles, Chemical analysis along and frequent Sedimentation LGU-MENRO entry/exit of downstream observation analysis/chemical construction section of during actual analysis vehicles) construction site civil work and Quarterly downstream portion of the system Air quality dust, Within the Prior to Gravimetric Contractor, NIA , TSP vicinity of the operation – method LGU-MENRO work area weekly Noise/vibration Within the Prior to Use of sound level Contractor, NIA , vicinity of the operation - meter LGU-MENRO work area quarterly Flor a and fauna Within the Monthly Ocular inspection/ NIA, Contractor, vicinity of the estimation IAs work area and downstream water bodies Solid wastes Along the Twice a week Ocular estimation LGU -MENRO, irrigation canals Contractor and waterways, work area and workshop area

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Operation phase Irrigation Soil erosion, TSS, Along irrigation Quarterly Sedimentation IA/NIA operation and Turbidity canals and analysis/Ocular maintenance, waterways inspection vehicles Soil qua lity Per sampling Yearly Chemical analysis IA/LGUs/DA entering and site exiting the Water quality, TSS, Intake of Quarterly Sedimentation NIA/LGUs system area Chemical analysis irrigation system analysis, chemical and analysis, ocular downstream inspection Solid waste Along irrigation Daily Ocular estimation IAs/LGUs , NIA canals within the whole service area Adopted from PIDP EA (2006).

4.4.4.3.4 Institutional Arrangements

The key agencies responsible for the implementation of the EMP and EMoP for the NIS include NIA, LGU (MAO and MENRO), DENR (RO and CENRO), DA- RFU and the Irrigators’ Association (IA). The roles and responsibilities of these implementing agencies are provided in Table 22.

The DENR RO and CENRO, assisted by the Engineering Consultants and NIA, will undertake the preparation of the design of vegetative and structural measures for river bank stabilization in Jalaur River. These key players will also oversee the implementation of the EMP and EMoP by cooperating agencies and organizations such as the LGUs (MAO and MENRO), DA-RFU and IAs.

Should the construction or retrofitting of pilot NIS require an EIA or IEE, the NIA, with technical advice from DENR, will commission the preparation of these documents. The NIA together with the IAs and LGU (MAO and MENRO) will monitor the environmental impacts of the construction or retrofitting component activity of the subproject and submit reports to DENR/EMB.

The DA-RFU shall conduct training on the application of IPM and organic fertilizer. It shall also conduct the monitoring of the use of chemical pesticides by the farmers to determine the success of the IPM technology dissemination.

The contractor will also be tasked to conduct monitoring of the environmental impacts of their construction activities and to implement the environmental safeguards for NIS.

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Table 22. Institutional Roles and Responsibilities of Implementing Agencies and Organizations in the Implementation of the EMP and EMoP Institutional Roles and Responsibilities Stakeholders NIA -Formulate and implement impact mitig ation/enhancement plans -Coordinate with LGU and DENR on various concerns on environment -Prepare IEE and EMP plans and ECC applications -Prepare and review monitoring reports -Assist DENR in the establishment or river bank stabilization measures/structures Irrigators’ -Conduct operations and maintenance works along canals Associations -Provide data and information -Participate in environmental monitoring of project -Conduct conflict resolution among the members of IAs on environmentally-related matters -Assist DENR in the establishment or river bank stabilization measures/structures LGUs – MAOs and -Incorporate the environmental management needs of the irrigation sector in the local investment MENROs program -Provide data/information for IEE preparation and ECC application -Provide technical advice on IPM, organic fertilizers, and other environmentally-sound agricultural practices -Provide training on environmental management -Assist in environmental monitoring activities DENR (RO, -Pro vide technical support on IEE preparation CENRO) and EMB -Provide technical support on environmental monitoring RO -Review, validate and approve the ECC -Provide training on environmental management -Oversee that mitigation measures are undertaken by implementing agencies -Establishment or river bank stabilization measures/structures DA -Provide technological training and support programs on IPM and organic fertilizer use -Provide data and information on environment -Assist in monitoring the use of chemical pesticides Co ntractor -Conduct monitoring and submit reports to DENR and NIA on a regular interval. -Implement the EMP prepared for the subproject and report progress to DENR and NIA Adopted from PIDP EA (2006)

4.4.4.5 Capability Building

Training programs will be conducted to enhance the knowledge and skills of NIA staff who are assigned to implement the EMP and EMoP of the adaptation subproject (Table 23). They will also be educated about climate change impacts and the adaptation measures needed to make irrigation system resilient.

The training programs appropriate for the NIA environmental management personnel are as follows:

1) Implementation of environmental management guidelines or mitigation measures. This training will provide NIA environmental staff the knowledge and skills on the implementation of the environmental safeguards on NIS and the measures to make the project climate resilient.

2) Environmental monitoring and evaluation. The training will equip the NIA environmental staff on the tools and methods for monitoring the

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environmental impacts and the effectiveness of the safeguard or mitigation measures for NIS climate-proofed PhilCCAP1 subproject.

3) Establishment of river bank stabilization measures. The designated NIA environmental management staff and the DENR CENRO staff who are assigned to implement the river bank stabilization component will be made to undergo a hands-on training on the establishment of vegetative measures (planting of shrubs and trees along river banks) and the installation of mechanical or structural measures (fascines, groynes, gabions and stone ripraps).

The training program that will be conducted for LGUs (MAOs and MENROs) to provide them the necessary competency to perform well their designated responsibilities in the implementation of the EMP and EMoP are as follows:

1) Watershed management for irrigation projects. The training will deal with concepts and practices on watershed management and the role of LGUs and NIA.

2) Solid waste management. An orientation on the Ecological Solid waste Management Act and the roles, responsibilities and programs for the proper collection and disposal of solid wastes will be provided to LGU MENRO staff.

3) Environmental monitoring and evaluation. The training will equip the LGU- MENRO or designated environmental management staff on the tools and methods for monitoring the environmental impacts and the effectiveness of the safeguard or mitigation measures for NIS climate-proofed PhilCCAP1 subproject.

The Irrigators’ Associations will be given hands-on training and field application on the following subjects to provide them the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to perform their roles and responsibilities in conserving and protecting environmental resources:

1) IPM and DA’s Kasakalikasan program. 2) Organic farming and the proper handling and use of organic fertilizers 3) Ecological Solid Waste Management particularly on waste segregation, reuse, recycling and composting 4) Reforestation and watershed management. 5) Establishment of river bank stabilization measures – vegetative measures (planting of shrubs and trees along river banks) and mechanical or structural measures (fascines, groynes, gabions and stone ripraps)

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Table 23. Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the Subproject on Pilot Climate-Proofed National Irrigation System Implementing Agencies Training Program NIA -Implementation of environmental management guidelines or mitigation measures. - Environmental monitoring and evaluation - Establishment of river bank stabilization measures LGU ( MAO and MENRO) -Watershed management for irrigation projects - Solid waste management - Environmental monitoring and evaluation IA -IPM and DA’s Kasakalikasan program. -Organic farming and the proper handling and use of organic fertilizers -Ecological Solid Waste Management particularly on waste segregation, reuse, recycling and composting -Reforestation and watershed management. -Establishment of river bank stabilization measures – vegetative measures (planting of shrubs and trees along river banks) and mechanical or structural measures (fascines, groynes, gabions and stone ripraps)

4.4.5 Pilot Climate Proofed Trading Post

4.4.5.1 Project Component Description

Trading posts and warehouses are oftentimes damaged or destroyed by frequent typhoons accompanied by strong winds and heavy rainfall. As a consequence, their operations are halted for sometime until costly repairs are undertaken. In anticipation of more typhoons to batter the country because of the climate change phenomenon, agri- support infrastructures such as Trading Post need to be designed and constructed in such a way that they can withstand strong typhoons with minimal damage.

This proposed adaptation project will involve the construction of climate resilient trading posts in suitable sites. Climate-resistant type of warehouse buildings, occupying less than one hectare, will be built using good quality construction materials to withstand frequent and heavy rainfalls and strong typhoons. The trading post will not have any processing facilities that may affect the environment with the large volume of wastes that it could generate and dispose.

The pilot climate-proofed Trading Post will be constructed in Barangay Casalsagan in Pototan Municipality, and Barangay Caraoidan in Janiuay, Iloilo Province.

The major component activities of the subproject are as follows:

1) Selection of suitable sites for the Trading Post. Site selection would employ the following criteria: accessibility; topography (must be located in level land); non-forest land with no or minimal vegetation to be cleared;

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with source of water; and conforms to the land use plan and zoning ordinance of the municipality. 2) Preparation of climate change resilient engineering design for Trading Post. 3) Construction of pilot or prototype climate resilient Trading Post or the retrofitting of existing ones for demonstration purposes. 4) Monitoring, evaluation and reporting of performance of the climate resilient infrastructures using as benchmarks existing Trading Posts already constructed under DFIMDP and/or MRDP2.

4.4.5.2 Analysis of Potential Negative Impacts of the Adaptation Subproject

Construction of the pilot Trading Post is projected to generate minor, localized and reversible adverse impacts on the biophysical environment. These impacts are manageable through the adoption of appropriate environmental management guidelines and mitigation measures during its construction and operation stages.

Environmental impact analysis of the proposed pilot Trading Post adaptation subproject covered both their construction and operation phases. Their potential negative impacts on the physical and biological environments in the project sites are given in Table 24 and summarized below.

Because of its small size, the Trading Post is not projected to bring about any serious negative impacts on the environment. The construction of the building will involve site clearing, land leveling, minimal use of construction equipment, and setting of temporary shelters for workers and civil works. The construction activities will bring about short term and reversible dust pollution and noise creation that may disturb nearby residents and/or the wildlife thriving in the area. Existing vegetation will also be cleared for the construction of the building but this can easily be minimized by selecting sites devoid of or with little vegetation to be affected. These foregoing construction activities will take place in a small area and can easily be contained because of its small scale nature.

There is no significant negative impact projected during the operation phase of the trading post, except the generation of solid wastes that can easily be managed through the provision of waste disposal facility in the trading post.

Table 24. Potential Negative Impacts of Climate-proofed Trading Post Potential Negative Impacts of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Subprojects Proposed Environmental Key Potential Negative Impacts Significance Duration & Subprojects/Components Sectors of Negative Reversibility Impact Climate -proofed Trading High , M edium , Short , Medium Post Low, Uncertain Long, Reversible Irreversible Engineering design of Physical and Positive impact. NA NA climate-resilient Trading Biological No negative impact is projected. Post

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Construction Pha se Construction of building Phys ical Excavation and earthmoving will Low Short term Construction activities for alter topography; disturb soil Reversible site development and other surface; increase erosion rates facilities (site clearing, and increase siltation rates in mobilization of equipment canals and rivers. and labor forces, Generation of dust Low Short term excavation, establishment Reversible of temporary quarters and Increase in noise levels Low Short term facilities, earthworks and Reversible other civil works Biological Clearing of vegetation Low Short term Reversible Operation Phase Operation of Trading post Physical Generation of solid wastes Low Short term Reversible

4.4.5.3 Environmental Management Framework/ Environmental Management Plan

4.4.5.3.1 Summary of Impacts

The construction of climate-proofed trading post will not bring about any significant negative impact on the physical and biological environment because of its small size. Construction activities are confined to a small area only and will not affect so much the adjacent areas. The identified minor negative impacts will be caused by land preparation and civil works. However, these impacts are very much localized and highly manageable. The minor adverse impacts brought about during the construction phase are as follows: 1) dust and noise creation; 2) soil erosion in the construction site; and 3) clearing of some vegetation in the area where the building will be constructed. The only adverse impact of the project during its operation is the generation of solid wastes in the Trading Post.

a) Environmental Management Guidelines/ Mitigation Measures

Environmental Management Framework

The environmental management guidelines that are necessary to avoid and mitigate the negative impacts of the construction and operation of the trading post are provided below. These guidelines were adopted and enhanced from those proposed under the MRDP2 REA (2004).

Environmental Management Guidelines in the Construction of Trading Posts

1) Construction of trading post should not be located in ecologically-sensitive or critical environments including protected areas. 2) Location of trading post should conform with the municipality’s land use plan and zoning ordinance.

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3) Site of trading post should be away from wildlife habitats. 4) As much as possible, the site for the construction of the building should be devoid or have less vegetation to be cleared. Old growth and natural forest trees will not be cut down. 5) The Trading Post should be provided with water and sanitation facilities (sanitary toilets) and solid waste disposal facilities. 6) Laborers should be provided bunker house equipped with water, sanitary toilets and solid waste disposal bins. 7) Construction spoils should be disposed properly or used as fill material. 8) The implementing agency would be required to submit IEE and secure ECC for the construction of the trading post. 9) Immediate landscaping or revegetation of the land surrounding the trading post should be undertaken to provide green cover to the land previously cleared for construction.

The proposed mitigation measures for the identified potential negative impacts of the adaptation subproject on trading post are given in Table 25.

Table 25. Environmental Management Plan for Climate-proofed Trading Post Potential Negative Impacts, Mitigation/Enhancement Measures and Implementing Mechanisms Proposed Environ Impact Description Mitigation/ Implementing Subprojects/Compo- mental Enhancement mechanisms/ nents Sectors Measures Guarantees Activities Co nstruction Phase Excavation and Physical Generation of dust Schedule earthwork Contractor t o follow earthmoving will alter activities during the dry schedule of construction topography; disturb soil season LGU-MAO to monitor surface; increase construction activities erosion rates and Increase in noise Schedule excavation and Contractor to follow increase siltation rates in levels construction during the schedule of construction canals and rivers. day time LGU-MAO to monitor construction activities Bio logical Clearing of vegetation Avoid cutting down of Contractor to comply trees outside of the with EMP or ECC construction site LGU-MAO to monitor Select sites with less or construction activities no trees to cut Operation Phase Physical Generation of s olid Install waste disposal Contractor to include wastes facilities – large bins waste disposal facilities in the building design Farmers organization to comply with solid waste management rules

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4.4.5.3.2 Environmental Monitoring Framework Plan

Inasmuch as the construction of the pilot Trading Post would only involve a small area and short period of time to finish, environmental monitoring is very much simplified and would focus on just four indicators. The potential adverse impacts that may be experienced during construction are soil erosion, dust generation, noise creation and clearing of vegetation. During its operation, the only issue anticipated is the generation and proper disposal of solid wastes from the warehousing and trading activities in the Trading Post. Table 26 shows the Environmental Monitoring Framework for the construction of the Pilot Climate- proofed Trading Post.

The monitoring parameters, sources of samples, frequency of monitoring, methods of analysis and responsible institutions for the EMoP of the subproject are summarized below.

1) Soil erosion. Occurrence of soil erosion will be monitored on a weekly basis in the site during the construction of building through ocular inspection. Detection of the signs of sheet, rill or gully erosion will be recorded by the contractor and LGU-MAO so that the necessary measure can be put in place to stop or minimize the erosion process.

2) Dust generation. Dust generation cannot be avoided during construction when land is leveled, excavated and prepared for civil works. The dust generated will only be experienced during the short period of construction of the building. Monitoring of dust will be done on a weekly basis by the contractor and LGU-MAO to determine whether nearby households are inconvenience or the growth of adjacent crops and plants are adversely affected.

3) Noise creation. A lot of noise during construction will be generated and the constant noise will disturb and cause annoyance to nearby residents. Monitoring of noise level will be conducted by the Contractor and LGU- MAO every week so that the necessary measures to minimize loud noise can be undertaken.

4) Clearing of vegetation. Clearing of vegetation within the construction site and adjacent areas will be monitored by the LGU-MENRO and DENR- CENRO to determine compliance of the contractor to its ECC. Monitoring will be done through ocular inspection and detection of any signs of tree cutting in the vicinity of the project site.

5) Solid wastes disposal. The issue on proper solid waste disposal is expected to arise during the operation stage of the Trading Post. Monitoring of the proper disposal of solid wastes in the Trading Post will be monitored daily by its building administrator and LGU-MENRO.

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Table 26. Environmental Monitoring Framework for Pilot Climate-Proofed Trading Post Source of Monitoring Source of Frequency of Method of Responsible Impact Parameters Samples Monitoring Analysis Institution Construction of Pilot Climate Proofed Trading Post Construction Phase Earthworks, Soil erosion Construction Ocular Ocular inspection Building land areas inspection Contractor, development should be LGU-MAO and building done as often construction as possible. (land clearing Weekly and Dust generation Within the Prior to Gravimetric Building preparation) vicinity of the operation – method Contractor, work area weekly LGU-MAO Noise creation Within the Prior to Use of sound level Building vicinity of the operation - meter Contractor, work area weekly LGU-MAO Vegetation cover Within and Prior to Ocular inspection LGU -MAO , around the operation – and estimation of DENR CENRO construction Weekly trees present area Detection of signs of tree cutting Operation phase Use of Trading Solid waste s Inside and Daily Ocular inspection Building Post to market outside within administrator agricultural the periphery of and LGU- produce the building MENRO

4.4.5.3.3 Institutional Arrangements

Implementation of the safeguard instrument for the subproject is assigned to the LGU MAO and MENRO under supervision and technical advice from DENR- CENRO and DA-RFU. The roles and responsibilities of the agencies tasked to implement the EMF and EMoP are briefly described in Table 27.

Table 27. Roles and Responsibilities of Key Implementing Agencies in the Implementation of the Environmental Safeguard Instrument for the Component Activities on Pilot Climate-Proofed Trading Post Organization Roles/Functions LGU - MAO and -Monitor compliance of contractor to environmental management guidelines and EMoP MENRO requirements -Review the IEE or EIA submitted by the contractor and monitor ECC compliance by contractor -Install solid waste disposal in the Trading Post Contractor -Implement environmental safeguard instrument (envi ronmental management guidelines and EMoP) -Conduct and submit IEE or EIA, whichever is required by EMB -Regularly reports to LGU-MAO/MENRO in the implementation of its ECC DA RFU -Coordinate with DENR and LGU -MAO /MENRO in the monitoring and implementation of EMF. DENR -CENRO -Provide technical assistance an d supervision to LGU in the implementation of the EMF and EMoP -Assist in the analysis of monitoring reports and recommends appropriate measures to address issues arising from the implementation of the subproject.

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4.4.5.3.4 Capability Building

A training program will be conducted for the LGU MAO and MENRO and DA- RFU staff who will be assigned to implement the EMF and EMoP of the adaptation subproject (Table 28). The training program for the LGU- MAO/MENRO will consist of short seminar courses and hands-on training on the following subjects: 1) Climate change impacts and adaptation measures, 2) Air and Water Quality Monitoring, 3) IEE Preparation and ECC Compliance Monitoring, and 4) Solid Waste Management. On the other hand, DA-RFU staff will be given hands-on training focusing on the implementation of EMF and EMoP.

Table 28. Training Program for the Implementing Agencies of the Subproject on Pilot Climate-Proofed Trading Post Implementing Agencies Training Program LGU (MAO and MENRO) -Seminar on Climate Change and Adaptation Measures -Air and Water Quality Monitoring -IEE Preparation and ECC Compliance Monitoring -Solid Waste Management DA -RFU staff -Monitoring and implementation of EMF -Implementation and reporting for EMoP

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