DOCSLIB.ORG

Iraq: Medical and Healthcare Provision

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iraq: Medical and Healthcare Provision Country Policy and Information Note Iraq: Medical and healthcare provision Version 2.0 January 2021 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the Introduction section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis and assessment of COI and other evidence; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013. Namely, taking into account the COI’s relevance, reliability, accuracy, balance, currency, transparency and traceability. The structure and content of the country information section follows a terms of reference which sets out the general and specific topics relevant to this note. All information included in the note was published or made publicly available on or before the ‘cut-off’ date(s) in the country information section. Any event taking place or report/article published after these date(s) is not included. All information is publicly accessible or can be made publicly available, and is from generally reliable sources. Sources and the information they provide are carefully considered before inclusion. Factors relevant to the assessment of the reliability of sources and information include: • the motivation, purpose, knowledge and experience of the source • how the information was obtained, including specific methodologies used • the currency and detail of information, and • whether the COI is consistent with and/or corroborated by other sources. Multiple sourcing is used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, so that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided of the issues relevant to this note. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions. The inclusion of a source, however, is not an endorsement of it or any view(s) expressed. Each piece of information is referenced in a brief footnote; full details of all sources cited and consulted in compiling the note are listed alphabetically in the bibliography. Page 2 of 76 MedCOI Project MedCOI is an Asylum and Migration Integration Fund (AMIF) financed project to obtain medical country of origin information. The project currently allows 11 European Union member states plus the UK, Norway and Switzerland to make use of the services of the ‘MedCOI’ team in the Netherlands and Belgium. The MedCOI team makes enquiries with qualified doctors and other experts working in countries of origin. The information obtained is reviewed by the MedCOI team, which includes medical doctors, before it is forwarded to the relevant COI Service. The Belgian Desk on Accessibility (BDA) of the Immigration Office in Belgium forms part of Project MedCOI. Feedback Our goal is to continuously improve our material. Therefore, if you would like to comment on this note, please email the Country Policy and Information Team. Page 3 of 76 Contents Information ............................................................................................................... 5 Country information ................................................................................................. 6 1. Structure of the healthcare system .................................................................. 6 2. Statistics .......................................................................................................... 7 3. Cancer (oncology) ........................................................................................... 9 4. Cardiology (heart conditions) ......................................................................... 13 5. COVID-19 ...................................................................................................... 23 6. Dental treatment ............................................................................................ 24 7. Diabetes ........................................................................................................ 24 8. Eye conditions (including ophthalmology) ...................................................... 30 9. Geriatrics ....................................................................................................... 35 10. Haematology.................................................................................................. 35 11. Hepatitis ......................................................................................................... 38 12. HIV/AIDs ........................................................................................................ 39 13. Mental health ................................................................................................. 41 14. Nephrology (kidney diseases)........................................................................ 50 15. Neurological conditions .................................................................................. 53 16. Obstetrics and reproductive health ................................................................ 60 17. Paediatrics ..................................................................................................... 63 18. Palliative care ................................................................................................ 65 19. Tuberculosis (TB) and other lung diseases ................................................... 66 19.1 Tuberculosis ........................................................................................... 66 19.2 Other pulmonology conditions ................................................................ 67 Terms of Reference ................................................................................................ 72 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 74 Sources cited ........................................................................................................ 74 Sources consulted but not cited ............................................................................ 75 Version control ....................................................................................................... 76 Page 4 of 76 Information Updated: 12 January 2021 Guidance on medical claims For general guidance on considering cases where a person claims that to remove them from the UK would be a breach Articles 3 and / or 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) because of an ongoing health condition, see the instruction on Human rights claims on medical grounds. Back to Contents Page 5 of 76 Country information Section 1 updated: 12 January 2021 1. Structure of the healthcare system 1.1.1 The Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) Iraq country information report published on 17 August 2020 stated: ‘Article 31 (1) of the Constitution guarantees citizens the right to health care. It commits the State to maintaining public health, and providing the means of prevention and treatment by building different types of hospitals and health institutions. Article 31 (2) guarantees individuals and entities the right to build hospitals, clinics or private health care centres under State supervision. The Ministry of Health (MoH) is the primary health care provider.’1 1.1.2 A report produced by the World Bank Group (WBG) in February 2017 (the most recent of its kind to date) entitled ‘Iraq – Systematic Country Diagnostic’ stated: ‘Access to health services is limited, and geographical disparities are significant. In the public sector, health services are provided through a network of primary health care centers (PHCC) and public hospitals at very low charges. The PHCCs provide preventive and basic curative services. The main centers are located in urban areas with smaller centers in rural areas. Poor organization and shortages of staff and medications are significant impediments to delivering adequate services in the PHCCs. Despite this, the PHCCs are recognized as very important sources of health care provision, particularly for the poor. ‘For secondary and tertiary care, patients are referred from PHCCs to hospitals, although it is estimated that only about 40 percent of Iraqis have access to these referral services because of the inadequate number and uneven distribution of public hospitals. Secondary and tertiary care are also provided by small private hospitals. Since there are no health insurance schemes in Iraq, the costs of private health care must be met out-of-pocket, which is well beyond the reach of many Iraqis… Most of the health sector in Iraq is financed by the government with a small but growing private sector financed by out-of-pocket payments from patients.’2 1.1.3 In May 2019 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) published a report entitled ‘International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing the Republic of Iraq’. The report, citing various sources, stated: ‘Over the past decades, Iraq’s public health
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of Modern Healthcare and Health Education in Iraq Majeed Hamad Ameen 1 Aamir Jalal Al Mosawi 2 Adnan Anoze 3
    Review Article The Evolution of Modern Healthcare and Health Education In Iraq Majeed Hamad Ameen 1 Aamir Jalal Al Mosawi 2 Adnan Anoze 3 The N Iraqi J Med, April 2011; 7(1):72-80 he1 aim of this paper is to provide a mandate under British control with the name description of the evolution of modern "State of Iraq". Emir (Prince) Faisal, leader of Thealth care and medical and health the Arab revolt against the Ottoman sultan education in Iraq based largely on official during the Great War, and member of the governmental papers and documents. Hashemite family from Mecca, became the first king of the new state. He obtained the throne The healthcare and health services were partly by the influence of T. E. Lawrence. seriously bad during the Ottoman reign. The Although the monarch was legitimized and few hospitals established didn t meet the public proclaimed King by a plebiscite in 1921, nominal demands. After the World War I, Iraq passed independence was only achieved in 1932, when from the failing Ottoman Empire to the British the British Mandate officially ended.(1-3) control Many of these hospitals were damaged during the First World War. During the British occupation the British army directorate of The formation of National governance in health affairs provided health service to people Iraq with establishment of the Hashemite in Basra most probably in attempt to reduce the Kingdom in the 23rd of August 1921 was exposure of the British army to the diseases in associated with beginning of the evolution of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical and Healthcare Provision
    Country Policy and Information Note Iraq: Medical and healthcare provision Version 2.0 January 2021 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the Introduction section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis and assessment of COI and other evidence; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013. Namely, taking into account the COI’s relevance, reliability, accuracy, balance, currency, transparency and traceability. The structure and content of the country information section follows a terms of reference which sets out the general and specific topics relevant to this note. All information included in the note was published or made publicly available on or before the ‘cut-off’ date(s) in the country information section. Any event taking place or report/article published after these date(s) is not included. All information is publicly accessible or can be made publicly available, and is from generally reliable sources. Sources and the information they provide are carefully considered before inclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq Healthcare and Humanitarian Reports
    Iraq Healthcare and Humanitarian Reports: Compiled by Ben Meyer, June 2007 IRIN: Iraq: Educational standards plummet (16 May 2007) http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EVOD- 739HE6?OpenDocument&rc=3&emid=ACOS-635P5D An IRIN report on the educational situation in Iraq. It quotes a staff member at Baghdad University who states, "Violence and lack of resources have undermined the education sector in Iraq. No student will graduate this year with sufficient competence to perform his or her job, and pupils will end the year with less than 60 percent of the knowledge that was supposed to have been imparted to them." Additionally, he states, "Medics, pharmacists, biologists and dentists are desperately seeking training in hospitals because what they have learnt so far does not give them enough confidence to treat patients.” IRIN: Iraq: Child mortality soars because of violence, poor health care (15 May 2007) http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/TBRL- 738KPC?OpenDocument&rc=3&emid=ACOS-635P5D An IRIN report summarizing the findings of Save the Children report on the humanitarian situation in Iraq. The report states that, “50 Iraqi children died per 1,000 live births in 1990. Today, the rate is 125 per 1,000 births, more than double.” Additionally, “122,000 Iraqi children died in 2005 before reaching their fifth birthday. More than half of these deaths were among newborn babies in the first month of life.” The report states also that 30% of child deaths are caused by pneumonia and diarrhea, making them among the top killers of children in Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Promotion and Assistance for Migrants
    D E P A R T M E N T O F M I G R A T I O N M A N A G E M E N T Migration Health Division Annual Review 2016 Acknowledgement This report was produced by the Migration Health Division (MHD) of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The Division would like to thank the Publications Unit for their editing assistance, as well as the Online Communications Unit for Web dissemination. We would also like to acknowledge the important support of our governmental and non-governmental donors and other partners, without which the migration health activities highlighted in this report would not have been possible. For further information, please contact [email protected] and [email protected]. MHD 2 Migration Management © IOM 2016 MHD Annual Review 2016 3 List of Tables and Figures ........................................ 4 2016 in Numbers .................................................... 6 Foreword ................................................................ 8 List of Acronyms ................................................... 10 Part I: Emerging Themes in Migration and Health ............................................................ 12 Migrant Health and the Sustainable Development Goals ............................................................................... 13 Promoting Migration Health in the era of the global compacts for migration and refugees ............................ 16 Part II: The Migration Health Division’s Highlights of Activities, 2016 ................................ 20 1. Migration health assessments and travel
    [Show full text]
  • A Snapshot of Iraqi Psychiatry ECHOES Aws Sadik
    GLOBAL A snapshot of Iraqi psychiatry ECHOES Aws Sadik Core Psychiatry Trainee, Avon ‘Please admit my daughter.’ and Wiltshire Mental Health During a visit to Baghdad, I was able to visit Partnership NHS Trust, Bath, UK. several key centres in Iraqi psychiatry: the Email: [email protected] Although core principles are similar, service mod- Ministry of Health, Baghdad General Hospital, els differ considerably between the two nations. In Keywords. Transcultural psych- Ibn Rushd Hospital and Al Rashad Hospital. the UK, mental healthcare is mostly carried out iatry; low and middle income This was my first experience of mental countries; education and training. by general practitioners and community teams, healthcare outside England, and it left me both of which are essentially non-existent in First received 30 Jan 2020 with a range of discussions and experiences to Iraq. Instead, psychiatric services are limited to Accepted 2 Mar 2020 reflect on. I hope that this article offers a fair 34 out-patient clinics, 21 in-patient wards within flavour of Iraqi psychiatry from the doi:10.1192/bji.2020.19 general hospitals, and two Baghdad mental perspective of a UK-trained doctor. health hospitals. Iraq has approximately 100 psy- © The Author 2020. This is an chiatrists, so 0.34 per 100 000 population2 in com- Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative parison with 8 per 100 000 in the UK. This Commons Attribution licence disparity is of a higher ratio than that seen with (http://creativecommons.org/ ‘I feel like I am not really alive in this country.
    [Show full text]
  • Violent Conflict and Breastfeeding: the Case of Iraq
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10937 Violent Conflict and Breastfeeding: The Case of Iraq Vidya Diwakar Michael Malcolm George Naufal AUGUST 2017 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10937 Violent Conflict and Breastfeeding: The Case of Iraq Vidya Diwakar Overseas Development Institute Michael Malcolm West Chester University George Naufal Texas A&M University and IZA AUGUST 2017 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 10937 AUGUST 2017 ABSTRACT Violent Conflict and Breastfeeding: The Case of Iraq This study explores the relationship between armed conflict and breastfeeding practices of Iraqi mothers.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Maternal, Newborn and Adolescent Health Compilation and Design: Nabila Zaka, Angelika Preschitz CONTENTS
    Examples from the field 2017 Improving Maternal, Newborn and Adolescent Health Compilation and design: Nabila Zaka, Angelika Preschitz CONTENTS Examples from the field: Improving Maternal, Newborn and Adolescent Health ACRONYMS 4 AFGHANISTAN 5 ARGENTINA 6 BANGLADESH 7 BANGLADESH, GHANA, TANZANIA 10 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 11 DPR KOREA 12 EGYPT 13 ERITREA 14 ETHIOPIA 15 GAMBIA 17 GHANA 18 INDONESIA 19 IRAQ 21 KENYA 22 KYRGYZSTAN 26 MALAWI 27 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 28 MEXICO 29 MONGOLIA 30 MYANMAR 32 PAKISTAN 34 SOUTH SUDAN 35 TAJIKISTAN 36 TANZANIA 37 UGANDA 38 ZAMBIA 39 Maternal Newborn & Adolescent Health ACRONYMS ACRONYMS ALOS Average Length of Stay MoH Ministry of Health ANC Antenatal Care MoHSP Ministry of Health and Social Protection BMGF Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation MoPH Ministry of Public Health CHX Chlorhexidine MPDSR Maternal and Perinatal Death CME Mother and Child Center Surveillance and Response CRAP Country Programme Action Plan MPS Myanmar Paediatric Society ECA Europe and Central Asia MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and EENC Early Essential Newborn Care Development ENC Essential Newborn Care NBC Newborn Care EPCP Emergency Paediatric Care Programme NGO Non-Government Organization EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization NICU Newborn Intensive Care Unit ETAT+ WHO Emergency Triage Assessment & NMR Neonatal Mortality Rate Treatment Plus protocol ODCB One-Day Care Beds H6 Health partnerhsip between UNAIDS, ODCU One-Day Care Unit UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, UN Women, ORS Oral Rehydration Salts and World Bank PHC Primary Health
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Support Mission Report and MHPSS Situational Analysis IDP
    Support Mission Report and MHPSS Situational Analysis IDP and Refugee Crisis Kurdistan, Northern Iraq (KRG) and Mosul-response, Iraq Background to the support mission and overview of the crisis The violence between armed groups and government forces in Iraq has resulted in almost 3 million internally displaced people across Iraq. In addition, almost a quarter of a million Syrian refugees fled to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRG-Iraq). The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) estimates that the number of people impacted by the crisis may reach seven million by the end of 2017. According to the Federal Ministry of Health, about 90% of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and Refugees are in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. Now with the Mosul operations underway, more IDPs are seeking safety in KRG and in Ninewah Governorate of Iraq, which necessitates the scaling up of quality mental health and psychosocial support services, both in camp and out of camp settings. Objectives of the support mission 1. To enable MHPSS WG member agencies and donors to strategically plan for MHPSS programmes, through an updated situational analysis framework with recommendations. 2. Cluster and Sector leads, and Senior Managers from UN and INGO agencies are familiar with the IASC Guidelines and associated products, such as the Referral Form, Field Checklist, Protection/ Health/ CCCM Handbooks and the 2014 Guidelines Review. 3. MHPSS WG members are familiar with the IASC Common M&E Framework for MHPSS Programmes, and are able to apply it to their work. Methodology Data collection was primary through key informant interviews with MHPSS actors (Government officials, MHPSS WG Co-Chairs, INGOs, national NGOs, Iraqi Red Crescent, UNHCR, IOM and WHO Iraq based colleagues), direct observation through refugee and IDP camp visits and attendance at three monthly MHPSS WG meetings related to Mosul response (IDP only), Sulaymaniyah and Erbil (both IDP and refugee response).
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Primary Healthcare System in Iraq (D2-03) Phase-1
    EXTERNAL EVALUATION REPROT OF THE World Health Organization (WHO) For project: Strengthening Primary Healthcare System in Iraq (D2-03) Phase-1 Presented by: Stars Orbit Consultants and Management Development SOC April 2010 Executive Summary Project Name: Strengthening Primary Healthcare System in Iraq (SPHCS) Implementing Organization: World Health Organizations (WHO) Responsible Iraqi Ministry: Ministry of Health (MoH) Background Over the past two decades, Iraq has been ground down by war, conflict, sanctions, and rigid authoritarian governance. According to the UN/World Bank Joint Needs Assessment (2003), funding for healthcare was cut 90% resulting in the deterioration of healthcare facilities and quality of services due to lack of maintenance and supplies. The health of the Iraqi people declined along with their care structure, with some regions ranking among the least developed nations in the world in the quality of their healthcare. The United Nations/World Bank Joint Iraq Needs Assessment (2003) indicated that a significant obstacle to restoring the Iraqi healthcare system is the centralized, hospital-oriented healthcare framework. This system proved to be both expensive and logistically problematic, resulting in a distribution of services that was inefficient and provided inequitable access to low-income earners. Against this background, there was a need to increase the capacity of the Iraqi healthcare system and access to health services. WHO, in cooperation with the MoH implemented, the SPHCS project as “a response to identified priorities and the recommendations of the UN/WB Iraq Joint Needs Assessment and along with the global movement to shift into Primary Healthcare which was adopted by the Iraqi MoH.” The original start date of the project was June 20041 with projected completion by December 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Intricacies and Implications of Iraq's Health
    INTRICACIES AND IMPLICATIONS OF IRAQ’S HEALTH PREDICAMENT A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Arab Studies By Abbie C. Taylor, M.A. Washington, DC April 18, 2012 Copyright 2012 by Abbie C. Taylor All Rights Reserved ii INTRICACIES AND IMPLICATIONS OF IRAQ’S HEALTH PREDICAMENT Abbie C. Taylor, M.A. Thesis Advisors: Rochelle A. Davis , Ph.D. and Joseph Sassoon , Ph.D. ABSTRACT This thesis reveals how eleven years at war and thirteen years of economic sanctions followed by invasion and occupation led to the degeneration of Iraq’s health infrastructure and the health of a nation. It further argues that waves of internal and external displacement, omnipresent corruption, hollow state institutions, and the individual and collective trauma following years of exposure to extreme violence remain unaddressed. These trends have prolonged inertia and stifled attempts to rejuvenate Iraq’s health system - a keystone in the foundation for a country’s recovery and in its healing from the visible and invisible wounds of the past. iii PREFACE When making the connection between ‘Iraq’ and ‘health’, an academic search engine unearths numerous studies on the physical and mental scars endured by veterans of the Iraq wars - American, British and European veterans, that is. Conversely, literature on the state of Iraq’s health is scarce, and in the shadow of conflict and lingering security concerns, a number of disconnects and silences prevail. I started to make my own connections between Iraq and health after much time spent working with Iraqi refugees in Glasgow, Damascus, Washington DC and Amman.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq Health Update: Conflict Fuels Iraqi Health Crisis
    Iraq Health Update Conflict fuels Iraqi health crisis This Update, by Kingston Reif, contains new information about the state of health and healthcare in Iraq. It is the latest in a series of reports in which Medact has monitored the impact of the war and has reported on its continuing effects. “When we went there last week we would not leave the base, indeed walking from building to building in the base we had to put on full body-armour. The security situation has deteriorated, there is no doubt about that”. 1 Paul Keetch, Liberal Democrat member of the Foreign Affairs Committee Much has happened since Medact’s Iraq Health Update was published in July 2005. A nationwide constitutional referendum in October was followed by national elections in December to determine the makeup of Iraq’s new government. Yet despite these encouraging developments, a U.S. military report released on 23 January 2006, showed a 30% increase in insurgent attacks in 2005 compared to the previous year. 2 The rise in violence has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the number of kidnappings. According to the Iraq Index Project of the Brookings Institution, up to 30 Iraqis were kidnapped nationwide every day in December 2005. 3 The total number of international troops in Iraq is currently 157,000. 4 In a remarkably candid assessment that challenges optimistic accounts by the UK and US governments, USAID describes Iraq as a place of ‘social breakdown’ where ‘criminal elements within Iraqi society have had almost free reign.’5 Attached as an appendix to a paper calling on contractors to bid on its $1.3 billion Focused Stabilization in Strategic Cities Initiative (January 2006), the USAID document claims that ‘Baghdad is…divided into zones controlled by organized criminal groups/clans.'6 The disastrous security situation has paralysed the Iraqi health sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Iraq Through EU Cooperation
    Strengthening Iraq through EU cooperation International Cooperation and Development Legal notice: Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. Europe direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number*: 00800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you) More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (www.europa.eu) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015 Catalogue number: MN-01-15-864-EN-N ISBN: 978-92-79-52838-5 DOI: 10.2841/443866 © European Union, 2015 / Reproduction is authorised provided that the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium, 2015 Pictures: ©Massoud Shekhmus (cover); ©European Commission (P.04, 08, 20b); EU/ECHO (P.06, 24); ©Cpl Joel A Chaverri, US Marine Corps /CC BY (P.07); ©EU/ECHO/Jared Kohler (P.09); © UNICEF (P.10, 11b, 15); ©Kurdistani Nwê (P.10b, 12); ©Samantha Robinson/AptART (P.11, 46); ©Sicidominus (P.14, 15b); © Blood Transfusion Center/Erbil (P.17); ©EU/ECHO/ Caroline Gluck (P.18, 23, 23b, 27, 40); ©James Selesnick /CC BY (P.18b); ©GFA (P.20) ©UNDP (P.21, 21b); ©Delman Kareem (P.24b, 30b, 40b, 43); ©PAX (P.26); ©BBC Media Action (P.28); ©UNAMA (P.30); ©EU/ ECHO/Jamal Penjweny (P.33); ©Intel Free Press /CC BY (P.34); ©UNIDO (P.37); ©Dr. Ronald K. Chesser, Center for Environmental Radiation Studies, Texas Tech University /CC BY (P.38); ©IAEA IDP (P.38b); ©Khaled Sulaiman (P 44a); ©James Gordon, Los Angeles, CA /CC BY (P.44b); © Mohammad Abdallah (P.44c); ©Laith Al-Obeidi (P.45); © Aha-So/Shutterstock.com (P.12, 16, 18, 22, 25, 35, 41, 44, 45).
    [Show full text]