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ANALISIS TRANSPORT UAP AIR DI KUPANG SAAT TERJADI SIKLON TROPIS NARELLE (Studi Kasus Tanggal 6 Januari 2013)

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ANALISIS TRANSPORT UAP AIR DI KUPANG SAAT TERJADI SIKLON TROPIS NARELLE (Studi Kasus Tanggal 6 Januari 2013) Jurnal Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika Vol. 4 No.1, Maret 2017 ANALISIS TRANSPORT UAP AIR DI KUPANG SAAT TERJADI SIKLON TROPIS NARELLE (Studi Kasus Tanggal 6 Januari 2013) Aprilia Mustika Dewi1*, Aries Kristianto2 1Stasiun Meteorologi Selaparang BIL, Lombok 2Program Studi Meteorologi, Sekolah Tinggi Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, Jakarta *Email : [email protected] ABSTRAK Indonesia yang terletak di daerah ekuator antara 70 lintang Utara dan 100 lintang Selatan jarang dilewati oleh siklon tropis namun Indonesia terkena dampak saat siklon tropis terjadi baik di Belahan Bumi Selatan (BBS) dan Belahan Bumi Utara (BBU). Perairan selatan Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) merupakan lintasan dari siklon tropis Narelle yang berdampak langsung terhadap intensitas curah hujan. Salah satu unsur dari pembentukan awan dan hujan yaitu dipengaruhi oleh pergerakan transpor uap air. Saat siklon tropis Narelle bergerak mendekati wilayah NTT tercatat curah hujan di Kupang mencapai 193 mm. Analisis yang dilakukan yaitu meliputi distribusi uap air dihitung pada lapisan 1000-300 mb, 1000-700 mb, 700-500 mb dan 500 -300 mb, analisis total colom water, analisis suhu puncak awan secara spasial dan temporal, analisis vertikal velocity, relative humidity dan divergensi dari model reanalisis ECMWF. Berdasarkan analisis data-data yang dilakukan kenaikan curah hujan di Kupang terjadi saat siklon tropis Narelle tumbuh pada kategori tekanan rendah di laut Timor , dan saat kecepatan angin rata-rata maksimumnya sebesar 23 knot memberi dampak terhadap kenaikan intensitas curah hujan karena pusaran siklonik dengan intensitas uap air yang tinggi dan bergerak ke barat mendekati Kupang. Kata kunci: transpor uap air, siklon tropis ABSTRACT Indonesia is located in the equatorial region between 70 North and 100 South Latitude which is rarely passed by tropical cyclones, but Indonesia affected while tropical cyclones occured, both in Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere. The Southern Water of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is the trajectory of tropical cyclone Narelle that directly impact the intensity of rainfall. One the parameter of cloud developing and rain that influenced by the movement of water vapor transport. Topical cyclone Narelle moved closer to NTT that caused rainfall recorded 193 mm in Kupang. Model ECMWF used for analysing the distribution of water vapor at 1000- 300 mb, 1000-700 mb, 700-500 mb and 500–300 mb, and so analysed of the total column water analysis, top cloud temperatur, vertical velocity, relative humidity and divergence. The result showed, rainfall increased in Kupang when tropical cyclone Narelle developed since at low pressure category in Timor Sea , and when the average maximum wind speed is 23 knots that impacted of the rainfall instensity. It caused by cyclonic vortex with highly intensity of water vapor and its’ moving toward Kupang. Keywords : moisture transport, tropical cyclone 8 Jurnal Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika Vol. 4 No.1, Maret 2017 1. PENDAHULUAN Masih menurut Xu dkk. (2013) dalam penelitiannya menyimpulkan bahwa transpor uap Siklon tropis adalah sistem tekanan rendah yang air adalah proses penting dalam interaksi antara terbentuk diatas perairan tropis yang hangat, kedua siklon tropis tersebut. Initiasi yang memiliki pola angin siklonik dengan kecepatan digunakan yaitu dengan inisiasi vortex yaitu saat angin maksimum rata-rata didekat pusatnya terjadinya siklon Bopha. Dengan menggunakan mencapai sekurang-kurangnya 34 knot. Ketika model Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast terbentuk, siklon tropis bergerak ke barat atau System (HWRF) dengan data GFS yang barat laut (untuk siklon tropis yang tumbuh di dikembangkan oleh National Centers for belahan bumi utara) dan ke barat atau barat daya Environtmental Prediction (NCEP) dengan model (untuk siklon tropis tumbuh di belahan bumi skala meso non hidrostatik dengan resolusi 27 km selatan) selama beberapa hari sambil meningkat dan 9 km dengan 42 lapisan dengan inisiasi seiring pergerakannya menjauh dari ekuator. Saat berdasarkan posisi dan intensitas siklon Bopha siklon mencapai perairan dengan suhu yang lebih untuk prakiraan selama 90 jam. Untuk dingin siklon akan melemah dan perlahan punah memprakirakan transpor uap air dengan (Zakir dkk., 2009). mengitung dari lapisan permukaan hingga 100 Siklon tropis mengakibatkan dampak langsung mb. Model ini mampu menganalisis antara udara, dan tidak langsung, dampak langsung yaitu laut dan daratan. Hasil dari penelitian ini dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh siklon dapat menyebutkan bahwa naiknya intensitas siklon terjadi di daerah yang dilaluinya seperti terjadinya Bopha sangat berpengaruh terhadap transpor uap gelombang badai atau storm surge yang berupa air dibandingkan dengan siklon Saomai. naiknya tinggi muka laut seperti air pasang yang Penelitian yang dilakukan di Batam saat tiba-tiba dan hujan deras disertai angin kencang terjadinya hujan lebat menyebutkan bahwa sedangkan dampak tidak langsung yaitu daerah transpor uap air dilakukan untuk mengetahui yang tidak dilalui oleh siklon namun akan daerah sumber dari transpor uap air yang merubah pola cuaca di Indonesia. Dampak tidak merupakan unsur pembentukan awan (Prakoso, langsung saat terjadi siklon yaitu adanya daerah 2015). pumpunan angin, daerah belokan angin yang Siklon hidup siklon berpengaruh terhadap kondisi mengakibatkan terbentuknya awan-awan cuaca di Indonesia yang dapat diidentifikasikan konvektif penyebab hujan lebat dan daerah defisit oleh kecepatan rata-rata yang dikelompokkan kelembapan yang menyebabkan adanya cuaca menjadi beberapa kategori dengan kategori yang cerah dan tak berawan (BMKG, 2016). maksimum siklon tropis Narelle yaitu yaitu Menurut Lin (2007) parameter yang mendukung kategori 4. Keberadaan siklon tropis diwilayah terjadinya siklon tropis yaitu : suhu permukaan air Indonesia turut menentukan pola cuaca di laut dengan suhu 26.5 hingga kedalaman tertentu Indonesia. Dampak dari siklon tropis yaitu (sekitar 50 meter) sebagai energi panas terjadinya storm surge, tornado, angin kencang, pembangkit sikon tropis ; gangguan yang dekat rip current dan peningkatan curah hujan yang dengan permukaan telah muncul dengan adanya meluas (NOAA, 2015). Dampak terjadinya siklon vortisitas dan konvergensi yang cukup untuk tropis Narelle sebagian besar wilayah Indonesia menghasilkna konvergensi angin lapisan bawah terkena dampak diantaranya terjadi angin sehingga memicu terjadinta konveksi ; divergensi kencang, hujan lebat disertai kilat dan dilapisan atas yang telah melewati gangguan pertumbuhan awan-awan penyebab hujan. NTT siklonik pada lapisan bawah untuk meningkatkan yang terletak di daerah yang dekat terhadap laut dan mempertahankan gerak ke atas ; atmosfer Timor yaitu tempat daerah tumbuhnya siklon yang tidak stasbil untuk menaikkan panas yang tropis Narelle terkena dampak dari siklon tropis tersimpan di laut ; bagian atmosfer bagian tengah yang bergerak ke barat melewati perairan di yang relatif lembap dan gesekan angin vertikal selatan Kupang (Zakiya, 2013). Wilayah Kupang yang lemah kurang dari 10 m/s antara permukaan yang merupakan daerah dari pusaran siklon tropis laut dengan tropopause. dan hujan dari awan konvektif mendominasi Xu dkk. (2013) menyebutkan fenomena siklon wilayah Kupang karena ketersediaan uap air dan menyebabkan hujan lebat, storm surge, banjir dan didukung dengan adanya gerakan vertikal ke atas angin yang menimbulkan bencana. Intensitas dari menjadi media dalam pembentukan awan yang siklon Bopha dipengaruhi oleh intensitas, struktur memicu terjadinya hujan saat siklon tropis dalam dan lintasan dari siklon tropis Saomai. kategori pembentukan tekanan rendah. 9 Jurnal Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika Vol. 4 No.1, Maret 2017 2. DATA DAN METODE Dalam penelitian ini data yang digunakan antara lain: data pergerakan siklon tropis Narelle dari Jakarta Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (JTCWC) ; data hujan observasi dari stasiun meteorologi El Tari Kupang dan data angin gradient dari Bureau of Meteorology Australia. Data reanalisis model ECMWF angin komponen u, angin komponen v, kelembapan spesifik lapisan 1000-300mb, 1000-700 mb, 700-500 mb, 500-300 mb, total colom water surface level.Vertical Gambar 1. Pergerakan siklon tropis Narelle velocity, relative humidity, dan divergensi lapisan 1000-200 mb dengan resolusi 0.1250 x 0.1250. 3.2. Analisis Angin Gradien Data MT-SAT IR 1 dalam format netcdf (.nc) dan .Z. dengan resolusi 5 km. Pola angin gradien saat siklon tropis yang Narelle masih bertekanan rendah di laut Timor Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, menunjukkan tekanan sebesar 1002 mb. Siklon antara lain menganalisis pergerakan siklon tropis tropis Narelle yang terjadi pada bulan Januari Narelle, dan menganalisis angin gradien dan pola yang merupakan saat terjadinya monsoon Asia dan pergerakan transpor uap air dan jumlah total dimana angin dari daerah bertekanan tinggi coloum water yang dihitung dengan rumus bergerak menuju ke BBS melewati Indonesia (Webster dkk., 2003): menuju ke pusat tekanan rendah di laut Timor. tekanan pada jam 00.00 UTC menunjukkan 1003 퐵푞 = ...................... (1) ∫ mb sedangkan saat jam 06.00 UTC mengalami penurunan yaitu 1002 mb. terlihat adanya pola Dimana (Bq) adalah transpor uap air vertikal rata- siklonik di Kupang yang menunjukkan adanya rata, (Ṽ) adalah vektor kecepatan angin horizontal aktivitas pengangkatan massa udara (Gambar 2.). pada ketinggian (z), (q) adalah kelembapan spesifik (specific humidity) pada ketinggian (z) dengan satuan kg/ms-1. Transpor uap air merupakan jumlah
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