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Functional Characterization of NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 from the Metal Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi Caerulescens

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Functional Characterization of NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 from the Metal Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi Caerulescens Research FunctionalBlackwellOxford,NPHNew0028-646X1469-8137©269410.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02694.xNovember0637???650???OriginalXX The Phytologist Authors UK Article Publishing 2008 (2008). Ltd Journal compilation © New Phytologist (2008) characterization of XX NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 from the metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens Ronald J. F. J. Oomen1,7*, Jian Wu2,3*, Françoise Lelièvre1, Sandrine Blanchet1, Pierre Richaud4,5,6, Hélène Barbier-Brygoo1, Mark G. M. Aarts2 and Sébastien Thomine1 1Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; 2Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, NL–6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081, China; 4CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries & Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F–13108, France; 5CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F–13108, France; 6Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France; 7(current address) Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR5004, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM II, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France Summary Author for correspondence: • The ability of metal hyperaccumulating plants to tolerate and accumulate heavy Ronald J. F. J. Oomen metals results from adaptations of metal homeostasis. NRAMP metal transporters Tel: +33499613152 were found to be highly expressed in some hyperaccumulating plant species. Fax: +33467525737 TcNRAMP3 TcNRAMP4 Email: [email protected] • Here, we identified and , the closest homologues to AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 in Thlaspi caerulescens and characterized them by 29 August 2008 Received: expression analysis, confocal imaging and heterologous expression in yeast and Accepted: 21 October 2008 Arabidopsis thaliana. • TcNRAMP3 and TcNRAMP4 are expressed at higher levels than their A. thaliana New Phytologist (2009) 181: 637–650 homologues. When expressed in yeast TcNRAMP3 and TcNRAMP4 transport the doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02694.x same metals as their respective A. thaliana orthologues: iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd) but not zinc (Zn) for NRAMP3; Fe, Mn, Cd and Zn for NRAMP4. Key words: cadmium (Cd), They also localize at the vacuolar membrane in A. thaliana protoplasts. Inactivation of hyperaccumulator, metal transport, AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 in A. thaliana results in strong Cd and Zn hypersensitivity, NRAMP, Thlaspi caerulescens, zinc (Zn). which is fully rescued by TcNRAMP3 or TcNRAMP4 expression. However, metal tolerance conferred by TcNRAMP expression in nramp3nramp4 mutant does not exceed that of wild-type A. thaliana. • Our data indicate that the difference between TcNRAMP3 and TcNRAMP4 and their A. thaliana orthologues does not lie in a different protein function, but probably resides in a different expression level or expression pattern. Küpper et al., 2000; Lombi et al., 2000; Yang et al., 2003; Introduction Vogel-Mikus et al., 2006). Hyperaccumulation implies an Among the plant species adapted to environments containing adapted metal homeostasis allowing enhanced accumulation of high levels of transition metals, some species called hyperac- heavy metals and tolerance to both exposure and accumulation. cumulators have developed the exceptional ability to accumulate Therefore, functional and/or transcriptional modifications of metals to levels 10–100 times higher than other species. Among metal transporters, metal chelators and other proteins are these, only c. 15 species display zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulation needed to maintain a balance between plant metal uptake, (Baker et al., 1992; Brooks, 1994; Meerts & van Isacker, distribution and storage (reviewed by Clemens, 2001; Mäser 1997; Bert et al., 2000; Schat et al., 2000). Cadmium (Cd) et al., 2001; Cobbett & Goldsbrough, 2002). Elevated transcript hyperaccumulation is even less frequent and only identified in levels for some genes encoding metal transporters and some Thlaspi caerulescens and Arabidopsis halleri accessions, in chelators in T. caer ulescens and Thlaspi goesingense provided Thlaspi praecox and in Sedum alfredii (Brown et al., 1995; the first hints about their involvement in metal tolerance and accumulation (Pence et al., 2000; Assunção et al., 2001; *These authors contributed equally to this work. Persans et al., 2001). Further global transcriptomic studies, © The Authors (2008) New Phytologist (2009) 181: 637–650 637 Journal compilation © New Phytologist (2008) www.newphytologist.org 637 638 Research using A. thaliana microarrays to compare hyperaccumulating Materials and Methods species with A. thaliana, identified several candidate genes encoding metal transporters and chelators putatively involved Library screening in Zn and Cd tolerance and hyperaccumulation (Becher et al., 2004; Weber et al., 2004; Talke et al., 2006; van de Mortel cDNA libraries made from roots of T. caer ulescens J. & C. et al., 2006, 2008). Presl (accession La-Calamine), as described in Rigola et al. In particular, transcriptomic studies identified NRAMP as (2006), were used for full-length cDNA cloning. The partial one of the gene families highly expressed in hyperaccumulating cDNA clone RR23nr019 has been identified as an AtNRAMP3 plants. Weber et al. (2004) showed that NRAMP3 displays homologue (Rigola et al., 2006). A 1-kb cDNA fragment cut constitutively high expression in A. halleri compared with from the pAD-GAL4-2.1 vector plasmid using EcoRI and A. thaliana and micro-array data indicated that, in T. caerulescens, XhoI was used as probe in the cDNA library screening. The NRAMP3 expression is generally higher than in A. thaliana probe was labelled with [α-32P]dATP using the Hexalabel (van de Mortel et al., 2006). NRAMP genes have been DNA labelling kit (Fermentas; http://www.fermentas.de). identified in many organisms, from bacteria to man. They Eight positive clones were obtained. The three longest cDNA play important roles in metal ion homeostasis, especially clones were sequenced by ABI PRISM BigDye terminator iron uptake and recycling in mammals and manganese cycle sequencing technology v2.0, according to the manufacturer’s (Mn) uptake in yeast and bacteria. Most NRAMP proteins, instruction (Applied Biosystems; http://www3.appliedbiosystems. however, are able to transport multiple metal ions such as com), using an ABI3700 DNA analyser. Sequence analysis Mn, Zn, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), Cd, nickel (Ni) and cobalt was performed using standard blast method (http://www. (Co) (reviewed in Nevo & Nelson, 2006). NRAMP genes ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) and revealed that one of the three have been identified in many other plant species including positive clones, containing a 1539-bp open reading frame rice, tomato, soybean and Thlaspi japonicum (Belouchi et al., (ORF), was homologous to AtNRAMP3 and one, with a 1997; Bereczky et al., 2003; Kaiser et al., 2003; Mizuno 1494-bp ORF, was homologous to AtNRAMP4 and that both et al., 2005). The first studies on NRAMP functions in plants ORFs were full length. indicated a role in Fe homeostasis (Curie et al., 2000; Thomine et al., 2000, 2003; Lanquar et al., 2005). In addition, Southern blot analysis expression of AtNRAMP1, AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 in yeast showed that these proteins are able to transport Cd Genomic DNA was extracted from four T. caerulescens accessions and that AtNRAMP4 is able to transport Zn (Curie et al., (La Calamine, Monte Prinzera, Ganges and Austria) and four 2000; Thomine et al., 2000; Lanquar et al., 2004). A recent Thlaspi species (T. japonicum, T. praecox, T. minimum and study of a NRAMP3 homologue in T. caerulescens showed T. perfoliatum) using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide that TcNRAMP3 is also able to transport Fe and Cd (Wei (CTAB) method. One microgram of DNA, digested with et al., 2008). XbaI (TcNRAMP3) or EcoRI (TcNRAMP4) was separated by The role of NRAMP genes in metal homeostasis and their gel electrophoresis using a 1% agarose-TAE (Tris-Acetate strong expression in metal hyperaccumulators led us to 40 mm, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 1 mm) gel investigate the differences between the NRAMP genes in and vacuum blotted onto Hybond N+ nylon membrane (GE hyperaccumulating and nonaccumulating plants. At the Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp., Piscataway, NJ, USA) according moment it is unclear whether this is restricted to a difference to standard procedures. cDNA fragments from digested at the transcriptional level (plant, tissue or cell-type specific) full-length cDNA clones using XhoI for TcNRAMP3 (462 bp) or whether NRAMP proteins are functionally divergent and SalI for TcNRAMP4 (248 bp) were used as probes and between hyperaccumulating and nonhyperaccumulating plants. labelled as described earlier. Prehybridization and hybridization In this study, we investigated the function of NRAMP3 and were performed in hybridization solution (10% dextran sulphate, NRAMP4 proteins from the hyperaccumulator T. caerulescens. 1 m NaCl, 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)) supplemented TcNRAMP3 and TcNRAMP4 cDNAs (Rigola et al., 2006) with denatured calf thymus DNA (100 µg ml−1). After an highly similar to AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4, respectively, overnight incubation at 65°C the membranes were rinsed were isolated from T. caerulescens La Calamine. We have twice in 2 × standard saline citrate (SSC: 300 mm NaCl, confirmed that these two NRAMP genes are differently 30 mm Na citrate, pH 7.0) for 2 min at room temperature, expressed between A. thaliana and T. caerulescens
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