DOCSLIB.ORG

Shining a Light to Spur Action on Nutrition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shining a Light to Spur Action on Nutrition 2018 Global Nutrition Report Shining a light to spur action on nutrition EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 ENDORSEMENTS Danny Sriskandarajah, Secretary General, CIVICUS: World Alliance For Citizen Participation and SUN Movement Lead Group member This report underlines two priorities that I see as key: breaking down silos and investing in new data. We are not going to make progress on nutrition or indeed wider sustainable development goals unless we address these two issues. I hope that those of us involved in the SUN Movement, especially the civil society networks, will use this valuable data and analysis in the report. Dominic MacSorley, Chief Executive Officer, Concern Worldwide Malnutrition is one of the biggest threats to human and economic progress, but it is both preventable and treatable. While the recent rise in global hunger is extremely worrying, evidence of its concentration in fragile and conflict-affected states motivates us to work harder in these contexts. Understanding the problem better equips us to identify more solutions and to improve our learning. Concern values the Global Nutrition Report as a unique resource that synthesises data from a vast range of sources and at multiple levels to guide us towards evidence-based action, and enables greater accountability for efforts undertaken by donors, governments and ourselves as civil society. The report shows us that even though progress against malnutrition has been slow, it is very much possible. Dr Gunhild Stordalen, Founder and Executive Chair, EAT and SUN Movement Lead Group member The 2018 Global Nutrition Report reminds us why taking action against malnutrition is of immense urgency. The report offers a sobering overview of the global situation, but more importantly, it offers the necessary measures needed to speed up progress. Providing healthy and sustainable food is key to ending global hunger and transforming the global food systems is necessary to do so. José Graziano da Silva, Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The world is witnessing a significant rise in overweight, obesity and other forms of malnutrition. The 2018 Global Nutrition Report shows that poor diets are driving the current nutrition situation. Under the umbrella of the Sustainable Development Goals and the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016–2025, there is an urgent call to reform our food systems from just feeding people to nourishing people. This requires action on all fronts. FAO is keen to work effectively with all stakeholders to ensure everyone has access to adequate, diverse, healthy and safe diets. Lawrence Haddad, Executive Director, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) Ending malnutrition is a choice. The 2018 Global Nutrition Report supports all of us – whether in government, business, civil society or international organisations – to make bold and informed decisions. Even more importantly the report makes it uncomfortable to persist with indifference, complacency and inaction when it comes to ending malnutrition. The fostering of dissatisfaction with the status quo and the generation of a flow of solutions for the future are the fuels of change. The 2018 Global Nutrition Report provides both of these in abundance. Read it, share it – and act on it. Dr Beatriz Marcet Champagne, Director, InterAmerican Heart Foundation and Healthy Latin America Coalition (CLAS) The region of Latin America has been at the forefront in efforts to enact policies to reduce obesity in childhood and adolescence. With support from the Pan American Health Organization, academics and civil society, governments have made strides forward to reduce obesogenic environments. The effective sugar-sweetened beverage tax in Mexico; the strong front-of- package labeling in processed foods in Chile, Peru and Uruguay; the Nutrition Guidelines in Brazil that encouraged other countries to follow suit; the restrictions to advertising and promotion of processed foods in Chile and Brazil. 2018 GLOBAL NUTRITION REPORT 3 In spite of these hard-won advances, the magnitude of the problem, as shown in the 2018 Global Nutrition Report, requires a persistent and consistent effort in all countries to apply specific, cost-effective measures, in the face of powerful headwinds from the unhealthy products industry. With about 360 million people overweight and 140 million obese in Latin America, with 3.9 million obese children facing diabetes, heart disease and other non-communicable diseases, it is not the moment to be timid. Shinichi Kitaoka, President, Japan International Cooperation Agency Malnutrition is far more diverse and complex than originally believed; the challenges faced by each country demonstrate this complexity. For example, many African and South Asian countries continue to suffer from multiple forms of malnutrition, including undernutrition, significant micronutrient deficiencies and rising levels of obesity. While Japan is overcoming undernutrition and striving to increase longevity by addressing the key issues, it also faces new challenges in ensuring its citizens lead healthier lives. This year’s edition of the Global Nutrition Report gives an in-depth analysis into malnutrition in all its forms and calls for action from a multitude of stakeholders. In light of the complicated nature of malnutrition, Japan calls for a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach to improving nutrition in developing countries, focusing specifically on agriculture and food systems. Japan will work with countries that are committed to confronting the challenges of overcoming malnutrition. I have no doubt that the report will benefit all stakeholders who intend to proactively address all forms of malnutrition. Henrietta H Fore, Executive Director, UNICEF The 2018 Global Nutrition Report offers forward-looking steps to strengthen the ability of global and national food systems to deliver nutritious, safe, affordable and sustainable diets for children. This paradigm shift – food systems that contribute to prevent malnutrition in all its forms – will be critical for children’s growth and development, the growth of national economies, and the development of nations. Paul Polman, Chief Executive Officer, Unilever The 2018 Global Nutrition Report provides a stark reminder that progress in tackling malnutrition remains unacceptably slow. Companies must take the learnings from the report and redouble efforts to support food system transformation. Applying business expertise to nutrition challenges – in areas such as data collection, product reformulation and behaviour change communications – can contribute to positive outcomes. Here, organisations such as the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Business Network and Food Reform for Sustainability and Health (FReSH) provide a useful entry point for corporate engagement in delivering the 2030 nutrition targets. David Beasley, Executive Director, World Food Programme The information in the Global Nutrition Report goes far beyond facts and figures. What is really behind these tables and graphs are stories of potential: the potential of more babies seeing their first birthday, of children achieving their potential in school, and of adults able to live healthy and productive lives – all on the foundation of good nutrition. The information collected, analysed and shared in the Global Nutrition Report is never an end in itself, but a means that allows us to save lives, change lives and ensure that nobody is left behind. Endorsements do not indicate financial support for the Global Nutrition Report from the institution represented. 4 2018 GLOBAL NUTRITION REPORT This report was produced by the Independent Expert Additional authors: Zulfiqar Bhutta, Center for Group of the Global Nutrition Report, supported Global Child Health, Canada and the Center of by the Global Nutrition Report Stakeholder Group Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga and the Secretariat at Development Initiatives. Khan University, Pakistan, and Zohra Kamran The writing was led by the co-chairs Jessica Fanzo and Lassi, Center for Global Child Health, Canada, Corinna Hawkes, supported by group members and contributed to the section ‘Burden of malnutrition supplemented by additional analysts and contributors. in adolescence’ in Chapter 3; Carmel Dolan, Emergency Nutrition Network, UK, Jessica Fanzo, Members of the Independent Expert Group: co-chair of the Global Nutrition Report and Jessica Fanzo (co-chair) Johns Hopkins Darana Souza, FAO, Italy, authored ‘Building University, US; Corinna Hawkes (co-chair), City, nutrition resilience by increasing humanitarian University of London, UK; Emorn Udomkesmalee and development links’ in Chapter 3; (co-chair), Mahidol University, Thailand; Klaus Kraemer, Sight and Life, Switzerland, Ashkan Afshin, University of Washington, US; authored ‘More and better data needed about Lorena Allemandi, Fundacion InterAmericana the burden of micronutrient malnutrition’ in Del Corazon, Argentina; Obey Assery, Chapter 3; Emily Mates, Emergency Nutrition Government of Tanzania, Tanzania; Network, UK, contributed to the section ‘Critical Phillip Baker, Deakin University, Australia; need to take a new approach to addressing Jane Battersby, University of Cape Town, South malnutrition in all its forms during crises’ in Africa; Zulfiqar Bhutta, Center for Global Child Chapter 3; Mary Arimond, FHI 360, US, Health, Canada and the Center of Excellence in Jennifer Coates, Tufts University, US, and Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Anna Herforth, independent consultant, US, Pakistan; Kevin
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Challenge of Obesity in the WHO European Region and the Strategies for Response
    The WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1948 with the primary respon- sibility for international health matters and public health. The WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe is one of six regional offi ces throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health conditions of the countries it serves. In response to the obesity epidemic, the WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe held Member States a conference in November 2006, at which all Member States adopted the Albania Andorra European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, which lists guiding principles and Armenia Austria clear action areas at the local, regional, national and international levels for a Azerbaijan wide range of stakeholders. This book comprises the fi rst of two publications Belarus Belgium from the conference. It includes the Charter and summarizes the concepts Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria and conclusions of the many technical papers written for the conference by a Croatia large group of experts in public health, nutrition and medicine. These papers Cyprus The challenge of obesity Czech Republic comprise the second conference publication. Denmark Estonia Finland France In a brief, clear and easily accessible way, the summary illustrates the dynamics Georgia of the epidemic and its impact on public health throughout the WHO in the WHO European Region and the Germany Greece European Region, particularly in eastern countries. It describes how factors Hungary Iceland that increase the risk of obesity are shaped in diff erent settings, such as the Ireland Israel family, school, community and workplace.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges Associated with Improving the Nutritional Quality of Foods
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Winter 12-16-2016 CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVING THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOODS AVAILABLE IN SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF SAN FRANCISCO UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT Marianne Hoeidal [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Recommended Citation Hoeidal, Marianne, "CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVING THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOODS AVAILABLE IN SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF SAN FRANCISCO UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT" (2016). Master's Theses. 199. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/199 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVING THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOODS AVAILABLE IN SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF SAN FRANCISCO UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS in INTERNATIONAL STUDIES by Marianne Høidal November 23, 2016 UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Under the guidance and approval of the committee, and approval by all the members, this thesis project has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
    [Show full text]
  • A Food Systems Approach to Policy for Health and Sustainability
    THINK PIECE A food systems approach to policy for health and sustainability This think piece was written from the outputs of an academic workshop that was organised by the Global Food Security programme, in partnership with the Centre for Food Policy, City, University of London. It will help to inform policy and practice, which is based on a wide variety of factors, including evidence from research. This think piece does not necessarily reflect the policy positions of individual programme partners. Author: Riaz Bhunnoo, Director of the Global Food Security programme Workshop participants: Professor Corinna Hawkes (Chair) (City, University of London) Dr Ana Moragues Faus (Cardiff University) Dr Kelly Parsons (City, University of London) Dr Rebecca Wells (City, University of London) Dr Adrian Williams (Cranfield University) Professor Michael Winter (University of Exeter) Professor Guy Poppy (Food Standards Agency) Professor David Barling (University of Hertfordshire) Professor Tim Benton (University of Leeds) Professor Andy Haines (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) Dr Adrian Morley (Manchester Metropolitan University) Professor Mike Rayner (University of Oxford) Professor Susan Jebb (University of Oxford) THINK PIECE Executive summary A food systems approach would have significant • End-to-end data approaches and the use of smart benefits in policy-making, whether in businesses labels that provide information on health and or governments. Thinking systemically and at an sustainability of products interdisciplinary level can help ensure that challenges • Better labelling with overall indicators for health and are tackled from multiple perspectives and in a holistic sustainability respectively way, which more closely matches the on-the-ground • True cost accounting to drive systemic behaviour reality of policy-making.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenge of Obesity Strategies for Response
    The challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategies for response for Regionandthestrategies WHO European challengeof obesity inthe The The WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1948 with the primary respon- sibility for international health matters and public health. The WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe is one of six regional offi ces throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health conditions of the countries it serves. In response to the obesity epidemic, the WHO Regional Offi ce for Europe held Member States a conference in November 2006, at which all Member States adopted the Albania Andorra European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, which lists guiding principles and Armenia Austria clear action areas at the local, regional, national and international levels for a Azerbaijan wide range of stakeholders. This book comprises the second of two publications Belarus Belgium resulting from the conference. It presents the many technical papers written Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria for the conference and updated for publication by a large group of experts in Croatia public health, nutrition and medicine. Cyprus The Czech Republic challenge of obesity Denmark Estonia Using a wide range of evidence drawn from countries across and beyond the Finland France WHO European Region, this book illustrates the dynamics of the epidemic Georgia and its impact on public health throughout the Region, particularly in eastern in the WHO European Region and the Germany Greece countries. It describes how factors that increase the risk of obesity are shaped Hungary Iceland in diff erent settings, such as the family, school, community and workplace.
    [Show full text]
  • Can the Sustainable Development Goals Reduce the Burden of Nutrition-Related Non-Communicable Diseases Without Truly Addressing Major Food System Reforms?
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Hawkes, C. and Popkin, B. (2015). Can the sustainable development goals reduce the burden of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases without truly addressing major food system reforms?. BMC Medicine, 13(143), doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0383-7 This is the published version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/14587/ Link to published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0383-7 Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Hawkes and Popkin BMC Medicine (2015) 13:143 DOI 10.1186/s12916-015-0383-7 Medicine for Global Health COMMENTARY Open Access Can the sustainable development goals reduce the burden of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases without truly addressing major food system reforms? Corinna Hawkes1 and Barry M. Popkin2* Abstract While the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs; 2000–2015) focused primarily on poverty reduction, hunger and infectious diseases, the proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets pay more attention to nutrition and non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
    [Show full text]
  • Value Chains for Nutrition
    2020 CONFERENCE BRIEF 4 · FEBRUARY 2011 VALUE CHAINS FOR NUTRITION Corinna Hawkes and Marie T. Ruel urrently, close to 1 billion people suffer from hunger and Limited availability, economic constraints, lack of food insecurity, defined as not having enough calories to knowledge and information, and related lack of demand Clive a healthy life. While this number is staggering, the for nutritious foods are critical factors that limit poor number of people with poor access to nutritious foods rich in people’s access to such foods. In theory, the agriculture essential micronutrients—such as fruits and vegetables, meat, sector could help address this problem by helping at-risk fish, dairy products, and biofortified staple foods—is even more groups generate more income and by making nutritious daunting. Deficiencies in micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron, foods more available, affordable, acceptable, and of higher and zinc affect the survival, health, development, and well- quality. Agriculture-based development programs that aim being of billions of people; low fruit and vegetable consumption to improve nutrition have tended to focus on agricultural is also associated with increased risk of chronic diseases. production and consumption by producer households. Increasing poor people’s consumption of nutritious foods is Yet the links among what is produced on the farm, the therefore essential to solving malnutrition in all its forms. consumer, and the income received by the producer do not stop at the farm gate. Far from it: Figure 1— A simplified representation of a food supply chain food is stored, distributed, processed, retailed, prepared, and consumed in a Activities Actors range of ways that affect the availability, Crop breeders; extension services; seed, affordability, acceptability, and nutritional Inputs into production agrochemical, and farm machinery companies quality of foods for the consumer.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketing, Distribution, and Food Policy - Corinna Hawkes
    HNP DISCUSSION PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized Food Policy Options Preventing and Controlling Nutrition Related Non- Communicable Diseases About this series... Public Disclosure Authorized This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and Report of a World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper Consultation are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor in Chief Alexander S. Preker ([email protected]) or HNP Advisory Service ([email protected], tel 202 473-2256, Public Disclosure Authorized fax 202 522-3234). For more information, see also www.worldbank.org/hnppublications. THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC USA 20433 Telephone: 202 477 1234 Facsimile: 202 477 6391 Public Disclosure Authorized Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] November 20-21, 2002 FOOD POLICY OPTIONS Preventing and Controlling Nutrition Related Non-Communicable Diseases Report of a World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank Consultation November 20-21, 2002 Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper This serie s is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network (HNP Discussion Paper).
    [Show full text]
  • Policy and Practice
    Policy and Practice The links between agriculture and health: an intersectoral opportunity to improve the health and livelihoods of the poor Corinna Hawkes a & Marie Ruel a Abstract Agriculture and health are linked in many ways. First, agriculture is essential for good health: it produces the world’s food, fibre and materials for shelter; in many countries it is also an important source of livelihood among the poor. At the same time, agriculture can be linked with poor health, including malnutrition, malaria, foodborne illnesses, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), livestock-related diseases, chronic diseases and occupational ill-health. Health also affects agriculture: people’s health status influences the demand for agricultural outputs, and in agricultural communities, poor health reduces work performance, reducing income and productivity and perpetuating a downward spiral into ill-health. This paper presents an overview of the bidirectional links between agriculture and health with a focus on the developing world. It develops a conceptual framework that brings together the various links between agriculture and health into a single broad framework. The framework comprises the core components of the agricultural supply chain (producers, systems and outputs), key health concerns and the mechanisms of common interaction between the agricultural and health components: income, labour, environment and access — all key social determinants of health. These links between agriculture and health present an opportunity for the two sectors to work together to find solutions to each other’s problems. Yet the health and agricultural sectors remain poorly coordinated. Leadership from global health and agricultural institutions is needed to build policies and good governance to facilitate integration, while capacity building is needed at all levels to help translate the conceptual links into comprehensive action on the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Obesity: Missing the 2025 Global Targets
    Obesity: missing the 2025 global targets Trends, Costs and Country Reports March 2020 www.worldobesity.org Obesity: missing the 2025 global targets 1 Compiled by Tim Lobstein and Hannah Brinsden We are grateful for the compilers of online databases and information on obesity especially the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration based at Imperial College London and OECD. Please see the Data Sources section of this report in Appendix 1 for more details. World Obesity Federation 107-111 Fleet Street, London, EC4A 2AB www.worldobesity.org © World Obesity Federation 2020 Obesity: missing the 2025 global targets � 2 Contents Foreword 5 Executive summary 6 Introduction 12 Global trends in obesity 16 Global data 17 Regional data 22 Risks for the next generation 26 The consequences of obesity 29 The costs of obesity 32 Country Reports 34 References 237 Appendix 238 Appendix 1: Data Sources 239 Appendix 2: Colour-coding of key data in country reports 241 Obesity: missing the 2025 global targets 3 List of tables Table 1: Estimated number of adults over 20 years old living with obesity globally, 2016 13 Table 2: Countries with the largest proportion of men over 20 years old living with obesity, 2016 17 Table 3: Countries with the largest proportion of women over 20 years old living with obesity, 2016 18 Table 4: Countries with the largest number of adults over 20 years old living with obesity, 2016 19 Table 5: Countries with the most rapid rise in obesity prevalence 1995-2016 20 Table 6: Countries
    [Show full text]
  • World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring Health for the Sdgs, Sustainable Development Goals
    2018 2018 ISBN 978 92 4 156558 5 2018 World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals ISBN 978-92-4-156558-5 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris.
    [Show full text]
  • Do Overweight and Obesity Prevalence Rates Converge in Europe?
    Do Overweight and Obesity Prevalence Rates Converge in Europe? September 13, 2018 Abstract We exploit recently published data to evaluate the long-term evolution of overweight and obesity rates among European economies between 1975 and 2016. We find that overweight rates for both females and males converge in Europe. In particular, the convergence is driven by the nations in the EU. This fact is consistent with food patterns as well as trade, agricultural, and health policies that are common among EU members. Across our model specifications, the steady-state average over- weight rate ranges between 60% and 77% for European females and lies above 82% for their male counterparts. Confidence intervals suggest that such gender differences are statistically significant. In the EU, the point estimates of these rates are 62% and 91% respectively. Obesity prevalence in Europe would reach long-term rates of 39% and 45% for females and males respectively, whereas these rates would be similar in the EU (approximately 28%). JEL Codes: I12; I31; O47. Keywords: obesity prevalence rates, overweight, dietary convergence, European Union. 1 1 Introduction Overweight and obesity are associated with adverse health consequences (type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and increased cancer risk, among others) and negative economic outcomes at the individual and aggregate levels (e.g., lower wages, lower probability of employment, and large external costs related to increased healthcare utilization).1 Estimated trends in Europe, for example, indicate that the average overweight (obesity) prevalence has reached 54% (24%) in women and around 66% (23%) in men (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration 2017; henceforth referred to as NCD-RisC; see also Table 1).2 In spite of the substantial heterogeneity in Europe, recent evidence suggests that such economies converge in terms of their average BMIs (Duncan and Toledo, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • City Research Online
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by City Research Online City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Hawkes, C. ORCID: 0000-0002-5091-878X, Ruel, M., Salm, L., Sinclair, B. and Branca, F. (2019). Double-Duty Actions: Seizing Program and Policy Opportunities to Address Malnutrition in all its Forms. The Lancet, 395(10218), pp. 142-155. doi: doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32506-1 This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/22875/ Link to published version: doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32506-1 Copyright and reuse: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Double-Duty Actions: Seizing Program and Policy Opportunities to Address Malnutrition in all its Forms Double-Duty Actions Authors/affiliation Corinna Hawkes PhD*+, Centre for Food Policy, City, University of London Marie T. Ruel PhD,* International Food Policy Research Institute Leah Salm MSc, International Food Policy Research Institute Bryony Sinclair MPH, World Cancer Research Fund International Francesco Branca, MD, PhD, World Health Organization * Joint lead Authors +Corresponding author Corinna Hawkes, Centre for Food Policy, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK Tel: +44 207 040 8796 Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements: We thanks our funders and Madeleine Coste for her help in reviewing the literature.
    [Show full text]