Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren Im Alpinen Snowboardrennsport Diplomarbeit

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Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren Im Alpinen Snowboardrennsport Diplomarbeit Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren im alpinen Snowboardrennsport Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Naturwissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Alexander PAYER am Institut für: Sportwissenschaften Begutachter: Markus Tilp, Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr.rer nat Graz, 2019 Eidesstattliche Erklärung „Ich erkläre eidesstattlich, dass ich die eingereichte Diplomarbeit selbstständig angefertigt und die mit ihr unmittelbar verbundenen Tätigkeiten selbst erbracht habe. Ich erkläre weiters, dass ich keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Alle aus gedruckten, ungedruckten Werken oder dem Internet im Wortlaut oder im wesentlichen Inhalt übernommenen Formulierungen und Konzepte sind gemäß den Regeln für wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zitiert und durch genaue Quellenangaben gekennzeichnet. Die eingereichte Diplomarbeit ist noch keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt worden.“ Danksagung An dieser Stelle nehme ich mir die Zeit Danke zu sagen. Danke den Menschen, welche mich auf dem Weg der Entstehung dieser Arbeit begleitet haben. Als aktiver Profisportler wird jedes Projekt abseits des Sports sehr schnell zur Nebensache. Der Fokus liegt immer auf dem nächsten Rennen, Event oder Wettkampf. Da bleibt wenig Energie für das Studium oder andere Beschäftigungsfelder. Aus diesem Grund gilt ein riesengroßes Danke meinem Betreuer und Begleiter Prof. Markus Tilp, welcher eine geradezu sportliche Ausdauer und Geduld im Rahmen der Entstehung dieser Arbeit bewiesen hat. Auch meinen Eltern möchte in hier Danke sagen, für die Fähigkeit nie Stress aufkommen zu lassen, Rückschritte zu akzeptieren und immer für einen da sein zu können, auch wenn man schon im Vorhinein auf Grund der eigenen Erfahrung weiß, dass getroffene Entscheidungen sicher nicht von Erfolg gekrönt sein werden . Auch meiner Lebensgefährtin Sabine gilt hier ein besonderer Dank. Die Idee, als Lehramtsstudent eine Arbeit mit großem Statistikanteil schreiben zu wollen, auch wenn man eher geringe Kenntnisse dieser Materie vorweist, ist schon eher unter dem Fachbereich „Risikobereitschaft“ einzuordnen. Ohne ihre Hilfe würde ich mich heute noch durch den schier endlosen Dschungel von Regressionen, Korrelationen oder Kolmogorov/Smirnov Tests kämpfen. Vielen Dank Prinzessin für deine Leidensfähigkeit in Bezug auf meine Unbelehrbarkeit. Zum Abschluss noch ein generelles Danke an alle, die mich begleitet, unterstützt und auf meinem Weg vorangebracht haben. Ihr seid die Besten! Abstract Back in 1998 the alpine snowboard-sport became an official Olympic discipline. Not just a discipline, the sport raised up to a global sport with active athletes all over the world. Considering the professionalism this sport is going through, the need of scientific studies became a bigger issue year by year. What does an athlete need to become a better version of himself or herself? Is it all about snowboarding skills? As we all know that is not the case. The physiological abilities of the athlete determine the snow performance as well. After a few pioneer studies by Platzer et al. (2009) and Vernillo et al. (2016) the design of the thesis was developed to show what kind of athletic skills and key numbers are needed to become a successful snowboarder. The main focus was on the statistic correlations between valuable predictors and the number of FIS Points. Therefore 15 professional athletes, male (9) and female (6), of the Austrian national snowboard team were tested. The tests included a Spiroergometric Bike Test as well as tests of key athletic predictors such as the Countermovement Jump Test and the One Repetition Back Squat Test. Based on the reason that the investigation group did not provide a normal distribution of data, men and women are represented in one statistic correlation with normalized values. After a test of normal distribution (Shapiro Wilk Test), all meaningful variables have been examined in the Pearson Correlation and multiple linear regression. This examination showed that there is a significant correlation between lactat turnpoint 1 (LTP1, r=0.61*), relative maximal aerobic capacity (mlO2/kg/min) (VO2max, r=0.58*), maximum output of Watt/kg (Pmax r=0.73**), age (r=0.57*), weight (r=0.58*) and the number of FIS Points. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001) In conclusion it can be said that it is not easy to define what exactly leads to the success of an alpine snowboarder. However, most studies suggest that high conditional abilities are as important as technical on board skills. Therefore the combination of these two factors is the main requirement in professional snowboarding and a key to success. As a relatively new sport, snowboarding is developing fast and so the time gap between athletes in competitions is being reduced each year. Due to this progress the athletic skills could make the difference in competitions. Based on the results of this study a training program was designed for a full World Cup season to show the main focus points for trainers and athletes. Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren im alpinen Snowboardrennsport Anforderungen, Trainingsplanung und Periodisierung in einer olympischen Sportart. Was braucht es, um in dieser Sportart Erfolge zu feiern und Topleistungen zu erbringen? Ein Leitfaden auf Basis des Status Quo für Trainer/innen und Interessierte auf dem Weg zur Weltspitze. Motivation der Arbeit Seit nunmehr 15 Jahren betreibe ich das alpine Snowboarden auf internationalem Niveau. Immer wieder hört man, Snowboarden ist nicht nur eine Sportart, sondern eine Lebenseinstellung (Christophe Schmidt, Jake Burton). Diese Aussage möge auf jeden Fall zutreffen, doch hat sie sich in den Jahren nach der Aufnahme in das olympische Programm 1998, deutlich verändert. Davor wurde bereits die Teilnahme an Wettkämpfen als persönlicher Erfolg gewertet. Daher waren „Partynächte“ selbst vor Wettkämpfen durchaus üblich. Diese Einstellung hat sich in der heutigen Zeit grundlegend verändert. Das Snowboarden ist zur international beachteten Wettkampfsportart geworden und auf dem besten Weg dort auch zu bleiben. Mittlerweile liegen die Zeitunterschiede zwischen dem ersten Platz und dem für das Finale nötige sechzehnten Platz unter einer Sekunde (WC Rogla 2018, M, 0.77sek). Der alpine Snowboardrennlauf gehört damit zu den Sportarten innerhalb der FIS mit den geringsten Zeitunterschieden. Meine aktive Karriere fiel somit genau in die Phase der Professionalisierung dieser Sportart und ich durfte miterleben, wie sich die einzelnen Trainingskonzepte entwickelten und auch erprobt wurden. Ich erlebte Jahr für Jahr, dass Trainer ihre Konzepte nach kürzester Zeit verwarfen und wir als Athleten gezwungen waren, uns auf die neuen Ideen einzulassen. Doch spätestens seit den Arbeiten von Vernillo et al. (2015) (Physiological Characteristics of elite Snowboarders) und Platzer et al. (2009) (Comparison of physical characteristics and performance among elite Snowboarders) hat die Wissenschaft auch im Snowboardsport einen fixen Stellenwert eingenommen. Nichtsdestotrotz ist im wissenschaftlichen Bereich im Zusammenhang mit dem Snowboardsport, verglichen mit anderen Sportarten, noch viel Potenzial für die Forschung. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, einen Leitfaden für das Training im Snowboardsport zu erarbeiten. Zu diesem Zweck, wird folgenden Forschungsfragen nachgegangen: Was braucht es im athletischen Bereich, um in dieser Sportart erfolgreich zu sein? Wo liegen Potenziale und Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten für das Snowboardtraining, welches Athleten dabei unterstützt, sich schnellstmöglich zu entwickeln und Anschluss an die Weltspitze zu finden? Was ist der neueste Stand der Forschung im Hinblick auf den Snowboardsport? Inhalt 1. Trainingsmethodische Grundlagen allgemein und snowboardspezifisch................ 1 1.1. Der Leistungssport ....................................................................................... 3 1.2. Grundlagen der Trainingsprinzipien ............................................................. 4 1.2.1. Prinzip des wirksamen Belastungsreizes .............................................. 5 1.2.2. Prinzip der individualisierten Belastung ................................................. 5 1.2.3. Prinzip der Periodisierung und Zyklisierung .......................................... 6 1.2.4. Prinzip der rechtzeitigen und zunehmenden Spezialisierung ................ 7 1.2.5. Prinzip der regulierenden Wechselwirkung von einzelnen Trainingselementen - Akzentuierung .................................................................... 7 1.2.6. Prinzip der Einheit von Belastung und Erholung ................................... 8 2. Grundlagen der Trainingssteuerung..................................................................... 8 2.1. Modelle zur Trainingssteuerung ................................................................. 11 2.1.1. Reiz-Reaktionsmodell ......................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Modell der Superkompensation ........................................................... 12 2.1.3. Modell der nicht-linearen Belastungs-Beanspruchungs-Interaktion .... 13 2.2. Strukturen des langfristigen Trainings und ihre bestimmenden Faktoren ... 15 2.3. Grundlagen der Periodisierung und Zyklisierung........................................ 17 2.3.1. Periodisierung ..................................................................................... 18 2.3.2. Zyklisierung ......................................................................................... 21 2.4. Leistungsdiagnostik
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