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From European Bison – Redescription of Adults and Description of Juvenile Stages © Entomologica Fennica. 16 September 2011 Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from European bison – redescription of adults and description of juvenile stages Joanna N. Izdebska Izdebska, J. N. 2011: Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii (Phthiraptera: Tricho- dectidae) from European bison redescription of adults and description of juve- nile stages. Entomol. Fennica 22: 6977. Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii is a specific parasite of the genus Bison.TheEuro- pean bison became completely extinct in natural conditions at the beginning of the 20th century, and the currently existing wild populations are a result of suc- cessful restitution and reintroduction. Only three European bison-specific para- sites have survived until now, including the chewing louse B. sedecimdecembrii, described from the female by Eichler (1946). This paper redescribes the adults and describes the juvenile stages for the first time, based on the analysis of 1,203 specimens of B. sedecimdecembrii from 115 bison from Poland. J. N. Izdebska, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, University of Gdañsk, 81- 378Gdynia, Poland; E-mail: [email protected] Received 17 February 2011, accepted 21 June 2011 1. Introduction 3501,900 individuals until the World War I, and the last European bison died in the wild in 1919. Chewing lice are obligatory parasites of birds and On the other hand, highland European bison mammals that developed high host specificity. (Caucasian bison, Caucasian Wisent) B. b. Among European mammals, specific chewing caucasicus died in 1927 in the Caucasus. In 1929 lice species dwell in carnivores and ungulates, in- in the Bia³owie¿a Primeval Forest, reintroduction cluding the European bison Bison bonasus (Lin- of the species has been started in a closed bree- naeus, 1758). It is the biggest living European ding facility on the basis of few individuals that animal and a relic of the Pleistocene megafauna, survived in zoological gardens and breeding cen- occurring across almost the whole forested area tres. In 1952 a release programme of European of the west, central and south-east part of the con- bison was launched; the bison were also trans- tinent after the last glaciation. The species be- ferred to other places in Poland and Europe came completely extinct in natural conditions at (Krasiñska & Krasiñski 2007). At present, repre- the beginning of the 20th century, and the cur- sentatives of two genetic lines the Lowland line rently existing wild populations are a result of (B. b. bonasus) and the Lowland-Caucasian line, successful restitution and reintroduction. Low- occur in the wild (B. b. bonasus x B. b. cauca- land European bison (Lowland Wisent) B. b. sicus). bonasus survived the longest in the wild in Po- In the composition of European bison para- land in the Bia³owie¿a Primeval Forest. The sitic fauna, only three European bison-specific Bia³owie¿a European bison population included species survive the blood parasite Trypano- 70 Izdebska ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 22 soma wrublewskii Wladimiroff & Yakimoff, sedecimdecembrii sensu stricto. However, this 1909, the chewing lice Bisonicola sedecim- paper (Price et al. 2003) does not introduce decembrii (Eichler, 1946) and the skin mite weighty facts, so it seems appropriate to use a Demodex bisonianus Kadulski & Izdebska, 1996. name previously used in European literature The parasites survived a breakdown of the size of (Mey 1988, Z³otorzycka 1994, Izdebska 2003). the host population, extinction of free-ranging From the time of discovery of chewing lice, it herds and the time of reintroduction on the basis was not until the 1970s 1980s that the parasites of individuals obtained from breeding. At present were found for the second time during a study on they commonly occur in the populations of Euro- the parasitic fauna of more than a dozen European pean bison. However, the infestations are usually bison from the Bia³owie¿a Primeval Forest (Ka- asymptomatic, which presumably results from dulski 1977, 1989). Then some studies at the turn the perfect adaptation acquired during the long- of the centuries on almost half of the Bia³owie¿a term coevolution of the host-parasite system population and European bison from other free- (Izdebska 2006). Hence they are an extremely in- ranging herds and closed breeding facilities in teresting subject of research, although they are Poland demonstrated that chewing lice are com- very difficult to obtain, as European bison are ani- mon at least in half of the hosts, however, they mals subject to strict species protection in their ar- usually exhibit low intensity of infestation and eas of occurrence, listed in the IUCN Red List of rarely cause mallophagosis (Izdebska 2003). Threatened Species. Chewing lice were found in the European bison The chewing louse was described as Bovicola of the both genetic lines (Izdebska 2001a, 2001b, sedecimdecembrii by Eichler (1946) on the basis 2001c). of several museum preparations obtained from So far, the only data on the occurrence of B. specimens from Bia³owie¿a European bison in sedecimdecembrii in European bison from wild 1918, and the laconic description published at populations, breeding centres and zoological gar- that time applied only to a female. That material dens are from Poland. Parasitological parameters lacked males, which the author accounted for by of chewing lice infestation of host populations, the possibility of parthenogenesis, which is host site preference, dynamics of occurrence, and founding some other Trichodectidae with rare oc- population structure were described by Izdebska currence of males. In 1960 Hopkins completed (2003). However, so far there is no detailed mor- the description with characterization of a male phological characterisation of the lice, as the ex- and a female obtained from American bison. The isting characterisation performed on the basis of name Damalinia sedecimdecembrii was used in only a few specimens does not take into account the studies on the parasitic fauna of Bison bison either the individual variation or the description (Hopkins 1960, Fuller 1966, McHugh 1972), of juvenile stages. sometimes also for B. bonasus (Hopkins & Clay 1952). Furthermore, Blagoveshtchensky (1967) re- 2. Material and methods garded American bison chewing lice as a separate subspecies (Bovicola sedecimdecembrii bison), The material collected within the fourteen years and thus forms deriving from European bison (19922005) was used for the multi-directional were named as a nominotypic subspecies. During analysis of European bison parasitic arthropods. the systematic revision of Trichodectidae based The study included almost one-third of the Polish on the cladistic analysis, Lyal (1985), on the basis bison population (about 250 individuals). The of the specimens of Eichler and Blagovesht- European bison came from free-ranging herds chensky, classified chewing lice of this species (from Bia³owie¿a Primeval Forest and Biesz- into a separate genus Bisonicola.Inturn,Price czady Moutains), closed breeding facilities et al. (2003) regard Bisonicola as a subgenus of (Niepo³omice, Smardzewice, reserve in Bia³o- Bovicola and they do not regard the subspecies wie¿a Forest) and zoological gardens (Gdañsk Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii bison as a valid Oliwa). The material was collected during autop- taxon but as a junior synonym of Bisonicola sies of European bison from selective and reduc- ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 22 Description of Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii 71 Table 1. Means, ranges and standard deviations of different features of Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii (100 speci- mens of each group). Features* Nymph I Nymph II Nymph III Male Female 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.42 0.45 Head-L [0.25–0.39] [0.30–0.46] [0.32–0.50] [0.38–0.47] [0.36–0.51] SD 0.04 SD 0.05 SD 0.07 SD 0.03 SD 0.04 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.46 0.52 Head-W [0.26–0.45] [0.26–0.51] [0.27–0.58] [0.35–0.50] [0.47–0.59] SD 0.13 SD 0.09 SD 0.12 SD 0.04 SD 0.04 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.33 Thorax-L [0.11–0.28] [0.14–0.28] [0.16–0.37] [0.19–0.38] [0.23–0.42] SD 0.05 SD 0.05 SD 0.08 SD 0.07 SD 0.07 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.43 0.47 Thorax-W [0.23–0.39] [0.27–0.47] [0.28–0.48] [0.36–0.50] [0.40–0.54] SD 0.05 SD 0.06 SD 0.08 SD 0.03 SD 0.05 0.63 0.87 1.09 1.20 1.35 Abdomen-L [0.45–0.83] [0.50–1.14] [0.69–1.33] [0.74–1.41] [0.98–1.53] SD 0.12 SD 0.25 SD 0.22 SD 0.19 SD 0.15 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.70 0.87 Abdomen-W [0.32–0.64] [0.47–0.74] [0.55–0.98] [0.59–0.81] [0.65–1.04] SD 0.10 SD 0.10 SD 0.16 SD 0.08 SD 0.08 1.15 1.50 1.74 1.92 2.16 Body-L [0.87–1.43] [1.10–1.84] [1.39–2.09] [1.59–2.23] [1.82–2.39] SD 0.17 SD 0.22 SD 0.22 SD 0.21 SD 0.16 * L: length, W: width ing culling performed in the Bia³owie¿a Primeval 3. Redescriptions of adults Forest and other centres with the approval of the of Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii Polish Ministry of the Environment. Skin surface and hair of dead European bison Male. Body light, average body length: 1.92 mm were examined an hour after their death at the lat- (Table 1, Figs.1a and 2a). Head transverse (wider est; the hair was investigated in strips every 5 cm; than long); anterior margin cone-shaped, oscu- adults and nymphs were picked with tweezers, lum absent; temple margins rounded.
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