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Hesperia Ottoe Basic Biology and Threat of Mortality During Prescribed Burning in Spring

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Hesperia Ottoe Basic Biology and Threat of Mortality During Prescribed Burning in Spring Conservation Management of the Prairie Skippers · Hesperia Dacotae and Hesperia Ottoe Basic Biology and Threat of Mortality During Prescribed Burning in Spring Robert P. Dana, Ph.D Station Bulletin 594-1991 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota The University of Minnesota, Including tho Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, or sexual orientation. Author This publication originated in 1989 as a thesis submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota by Robert P. Dana in partial fulfillment of the requirements lor the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He is employed in conservation management by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Acknowledgements Inspiration lor this study came from Mark Heitlinger, then Director of Stewardship lor the Minnesota Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, and his Interest and encouragement played a major role in its realization. Donald Lawrence championed the need for the research, and thanks is extended to him and his wife Elizabeth for friendship and support. Thanks also to advisor William Miller lor help during the design and execution phases of the work and lor his thorough vetting of manuscript drafts. The final draft benefitted from criticism by Donald Alstad and David Andow. William Schmid and Steve Speech provided valuable assistance in measuring soil temperatures. Phillip Harein helped with advice and materials lor plot fumigation. Frank Martin and Kathryn Chaloner provided advice regarding statistical analysis, but as they have not reviewed how that advice was used they are not implicated in any deficiencies. Herbert Kulman was instrumental in motivating the start on this project. Writing could not have been completed without the flexible work schedule allowed while an employee of the Natural Heritage and Nongame Wildlife Programs of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Barbara Coffin, Lee Pfannmuller, Keith Wendt, and Carmen Converse all generously accommodated time needs, and they and other colleagues at the DNR provided much needed moral support. Deep thanks is extended to spouse Mary Radford, for the many ways she helped, and especially for her companionship and patience. Major funding came equally from an anonymous private source and the Minnesota Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, whose staff also assisted in various aspects of burning. Geoff Barnard and Peg Kohring are also singled out for special thanks. Additional financial support was provided by the World Wildlife Fund, the Xerces Society, and Mr. Robert Binger. Station Bulletin series editing and design for the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station is by Larry A. Etkin, experiment station editor, Educational Development System, MES. Disclaimer Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station or the University of Minnesota is implied. Availability For information on obtaining a copy of this publication contact the MES Distribution Center, University of Minnesota •. Coffey Hall, 1420 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108-6064. ©Copyright 1991 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota and Robert Pelham Dana. Printed on Recycled Paper ·-~······~-- CONTENTS Abstract ....................................•.•........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Study Site ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Physical Description ..........................................•.......•............................................•.................. 4 Soils .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Climate .......................................................................................•.............................................. 4 Vegetation ............................................................................•..•....................•..•......................... 5 Surrounding Land Use ............................................................................................................. 6 Site History ...........••.•..•..................•.......•.................•.....•.................•.......................•................. 6 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Life History, Population Studies ................................................................................................ 6 Immature Stages ........................................................................................................ 6 Adults .......................................................................................................................... 7 Burning Studies ...........................................................•.................•......................................... 10 Field Procedures ....................................................•.........................................•........ 10 Statistical Analysis ..................................................................•..................••.•........... 13 Computations .......................................................................................................................... 14 Results ........•....................................................................................................................................... 14 Life History, Population Studies .............................................................................................. 14 Immature Stages .................................................•.................•....................•............. 14 Adults ........................................................................................................................ 21 Burning Studies .................................................•..................................................................... 38 Emergence Trap Study .....................•..............................................•...............•.•.•.... 38 Experiment 1.............................................................................................................. 38 Experiment II ..........................••..•..•........................................................................... 41 Experiment 111 ••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••.•••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44 Experiment IV .....•........................................................................................•............ 45 Discussion ...•.....................•.............................................•..................................................................... 46 Life History .................•................................................••........................................................•. 46 Immature Stages ...................................................................................................... 46 Adults ........................................................................................................................ 47 Population Aspects ................................•...•.................•........................................, ................. 51 Effects of Burning ......................................................•.•........................................................... 54 Management Implications ........•..........................................•..•................................................ 55 Appendix: Tabashnik's Joint Residence-Catchability Test .........•..............••....................................... 57 References ...............................................................................•............................................................ 58 TABLES Table 1. Stage lengths in captive reared Hesperia dacotae and H. ottoe ..•.•.•.•................ ............. ..... 14 Table 2. Sex ratios in adult skippers emerging in experimental field plots .......................................... 16 Table 3. Host plants used for oviposition by Hesperia dacotae and H. ottoe at Hole-in-the-Mountain Prairie ...........................•..................................•.•................•.•.......•..... 17 Table 4. Hesperia dacotae survival to diapause on six major dry-mesic prairie grasses at Hole-in-the-Mountain Prairie ................................................................................ 17 Table 5. Analysis of variance of Hesperia dacotae larval dry-weights at diapause in field rearings on six grass species ..................................................................................... 18 Table 6. Larval stage at diapause of Hesperia dacotae on six grass species in field rearings at Hole-in-the-Mountain Prairie ....................................................................•..
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