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Pliocene–Pleistocene Basin Evolution Along the Garlock Fault Zone, Pilot Knob Valley, California

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Pliocene–Pleistocene Basin Evolution Along the Garlock Fault Zone, Pilot Knob Valley, California Research Paper GEOSPHERE Pliocene–Pleistocene basin evolution along the Garlock fault zone, Pilot Knob Valley, California 1, 1 1 2 3 GEOSPHERE, v. 16, no. 5 William M. Rittase *, J. Douglas Walker , Joe Andrew , Eric Kirby , and Elmira Wan 1Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA 2College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02209.1 3U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA 9 figures; 3 tables ABSTRACT northward progradation fanglomerate sourced In this contribution, we present a refined CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] in the Eagle Crags region waned, and subse- stratigraphy of uplifted Pliocene to Pleistocene sed- Exposed Pliocene–Pleistocene terrestrial strata quent deposition occurred in shallow lacustrine imentary rocks along the Garlock fault, evaluate CITATION: Rittase, W.M., Walker, J.D., Andrew, J., Kirby, E., and Wan, E., 2020, Pliocene–Pleistocene ba- provide an archive of the spatial and temporal systems. At ca. 3.3 Ma, southward progradation changes in the provenance of sediments through sin evolution along the Garlock fault zone, Pilot Knob development of a basin astride the sinistral Gar- of conglomerates derived from the Slate Range time, and place age constraints on sedimentation Valley, California: Geosphere, v. 16, no. 5, p. 1208–1224, lock fault in California. In the southern Slate Range began. Circa 1.1 Ma, continued southward progra- and changes in basin development. All strata rep- https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02209.1. and Pilot Knob Valley, an ~2000-m-thick package dation of fanglomerate with Slate Range sources resent terrestrial facies associated with alluvial fans of Late Cenozoic strata has been uplifted and is characterized by a shift to coarser grain sizes, and playa basins. In this paper, we describe these Science Editor: David E. Fastovsky Associate Editor: Gregory D. Hoke tilted to the northeast. We name this succession interpreted to reflect uplift of the Slate Range. strata in detail and interpret the evolution of their the formation of Pilot Knob Valley and provide Overall, basin architecture and the temporal evolu- depositional environments and basin development Received 6 November 2019 new chronologic, stratigraphic, and provenance tion of different source regions were controlled by through time. Revision received 30 May 2020 data for these rocks. The unit is divided into five activity on three regionally important faults—the Accepted 10 July 2020 members that record different source areas and Garlock, the Marine Gate, and the Searles Valley depositional patterns: (1) the lowest exposed faults. The timing and style of motions on these ■ Published online 6 August 2020 GEOLOGIC SETTING strata are conglomeratic rocks derived from Mio- faults appear to be directly linked to patterns of cene Eagle Crags volcanic field to the south and basin development. This section describes the faults active during east across the Garlock fault; (2) the second mem- basin development and features of the geology ber consists mostly of fine-grained rocks with of surrounding areas critical to understanding coarser material derived from both southern and ■ INTRODUCTION sediment provenance. The study area is in the northern sources; and (3) the upper three mem- zone of complex faulting called the Eastern Cal- bers are primarily coarse-grained conglomerates Pilot Knob Valley is a 45 km × 6 km, east-west– ifornia shear zone or Walker Lane belt. This is a and sandstones derived from the adjacent Slate elongated depression located south of the Slate north-northwest–trending nest of dextral transcur- Range to the north. Tephrochronologic data from Range, in eastern California (Fig. 1). The active rent and transtensional faults. The zone is similar four ash samples bracket deposition of the second strand of the central Garlock fault cuts ENE-WSW to the San Andreas fault but smaller in slip rate member to 3.6–3.3 Ma and the fourth member across the northern third of the valley, and a (~1/3 of that on the San Andreas) (Miller et al., 2001) to between 1.1 and 0.6 Ma. A fifth tephrochro- sequence of Pliocene to Pleistocene deposits are and total slip. This deformation began at ca. 4 Ma nologic sample from rocks south of the Garlock deformed and exposed between the active trace of (Andrew and Walker, 2017). This zone is crossed by fault near Christmas Canyon brackets deposition the Garlock and the Slate Range to the north. Basin the sinistral Garlock fault that started motion at ca. of a possible equivalent to the second member of deformation and inversion are Pleistocene–Holo- 12 Ma (Andrew et al., 2015). It is along this latter the formation of Pilot Knob Valley at ca. 3.1 Ma. cene in age and provide the opportunity to study fault that the Pilot Knob Valley develops. Acceler- Although the age of the base of the lowest mem- earlier sedimentation patterns along the Garlock ation of motion along the Garlock began when the ber is not directly dated, regional stratigraphic fault zone. Faults active during deposition of these Walker Lane became active. Our descriptions and and tectonic associations suggest that the basin rocks include the sinistral Garlock fault, a secondary interpretations below address how the sinistral started forming ca. 4–5 Ma. By ca. 3.6 Ma, the Garlock fault strand named the Marine Gate fault Garlock fault interacts with the dextral zone. The (Andrew et al., 2014a), and the low-angle normal work reported here for the provenance of clasts This paper is published under the terms of the J. Douglas Walker https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3706-2729 slip Searles Valley fault to the north in Searles Val- records the changes in sediment sources from both CC-BY-NC license. *Now at Concho Resources, Midland, Texas 79701, USA ley (Walker et al., 2005; Numelin et al., 2007). the north and south of the Garlock fault over the © 2020 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 16 | Number 5 Rittase et al. | Pilot Knob Valley Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/16/5/1208/5151088/1208.pdf 1208 by guest on 01 October 2021 Research Paper 2015). The sedimentary rocks discussed in this 50 km paper are sandwiched between these major structures. These two faults form the Garlock fault zone, which has ~60 km of net slip in this ­ area (Andrew et al., 2015). The Garlock fault is the main, through-going strike-slip fault in the area. The Marine Gate fault is currently active as a north- side-up, high-angle fault. However, it appears to have accommodated ~20 km of sinistral motion during late Miocene to Pleistocene times (Andrew et al., 2015). The Marine Gate fault is also well imaged in the subsurface, bounding the south side of a basin up to 3 km thick (Monastero et al., 2002). Andrew et al. (2015) described a detailed slip his- tory for the Garlock fault zone in this region. Two NNW-striking dextral strike-slip faults also occur in the nearby region: the Airport Lake and Pana- mint Valley and Brown Mountain faults (Figs. 1 and 2). Each fault has several kilometers of slip San Andreas fault Nevada California Basin (Andrew and Walker, 2009; Walker and Andrew, WLB & 2019; Walker et al., 2019). Figure 1 Range 36°N GF GF ECSZ Normal Faults Pacific Mojave Ocean 120°W Desert 34°N 118°W The western boundary of the Slate Range is 0 200 km formed by the Searles Valley fault (Walker et al., 2005; Numelin et al., 2007), a low-angle normal fault Figure 1. Location map of the study area in reference to the eastern California shear zone (inset map) with regional with inferred motion initiating at ca. 4 Ma (Walker geology of the study area showing the location of our detailed studies as red box. Figure constructed using a U.S. et al., 2014). This down-to-the-west fault appears Geological Survey base map at https://basemap .nationalmap.gov /arcgis/rest /services/USGSShadedReliefOnly to be integrated northward with the Panamint Val- /MapServer. WLB—Walker Lane Belt; GF—Garlock fault; ECSZ—eastern California shear zone. ley and Ash Hill faults (Walker et al., 2005; Andrew and Walker, 2009). Field mapping by Rittase (2012) suggests a southern termination against the Marine past ~5 m.y. Sources and changes in source areas inversion. These faults created accommodation Gate fault in Pilot Knob Valley. On the east side are essential to unraveling the slip history of the space for the basin, uplifted the various distinc- of the Slate Range, the Panamint Valley fault has Garlock fault (Andrew et al., 2015). The descrip- tive source regions for sediment provenance, and mostly dextral motion near the Garlock fault (Zhang tions in this paper rely on recent geologic maps laterally displaced the basin strata away from et al., 1990) but is a normal dextral-oblique fault of the southern Slate Range and Pilot Knob Val- source regions. northward with down-to-the-west slip (Walker ley (Andrew et al., 2014a) and the Lava Mountains et al., 2005). (Andrew et al., 2014b). Strike-Slip Faults Geology of the Potential Clast Source Major Faults The most prominent faults in the area are Uplands WSW-striking sinistral strike-slip faults, the Gar- Several major faults transect the study area and lock fault, and the newly identified Marine Gate Distinct rock types in the ranges surrounding appear to have controlled basin development and fault (Fig. 2; Rittase, 2012; Andrew et al., 2014a, Pilot Knob Valley help establish clast provenance GEOSPHERE | Volume 16 | Number 5 Rittase et al. | Pilot Knob Valley Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/16/5/1208/5151088/1208.pdf 1209 by guest on 01 October 2021 Research Paper 5 km 117°20'W 117°10'W A 1600 35°37’N 1400 B 1200 C 600 D 800 1000 35°34'N ­ E 800 ­ ­ 700 ­ 700 ­ ­­­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­ ­­ ­­ ­­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­­ ­ ­ ­­ ­ ­ Figure 2.
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