A Volume in Exploring Complexity Emergence, Complexity, And

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Volume in Exploring Complexity Emergence, Complexity, And A Volume in Exploring Complexity Volume Four Emergence, Complexity, and Self-Organization: PRECURSORS AND PROTOTYPES i Exploring Complexity Series Volume 1: Reframing Complexity: Perspectives from the North and South Fritjof Capra, Alicia Juarrero, Pedro Sotolongo, & Jacco van Uden (eds.) ISBN 9780976681465. Volume 2: Classic Complexity: From the Abstract to the Concrete Kurt A. Richardson & Jeffrey A. Goldstein (eds.) ISBN 9780979168833. Volume 3: Origins of Self-Organization, Emergence and Cause Vincent Vesterby ISBN 9780981703206. Volume 4: Emergence, Complexity, and Self-Organization: Precursors and Prototypes Alicia Juarrero & Carl A. Rubino (eds.) ISBN 9780981703213. ii Exploring Complexity: Volume Four Emergence, Complexity, and Self-Organization: PRECURSORS AND PROTOTYPES Edited and Introduced by Alicia Juarrero & Carl A. Rubino Publishing 17947 W Porter Ln Goodyear, AZ 85338 iii Credits Thanks goes to the following for help in obtaining original texts, and/or for per- mission to allow reprinting: Clarendon Press (Chapter I), Longman (Chapter II), Indiana University Press (Chapter III), Macmillan (Chapters VI and X), Rout- ledge and Kegan Paul (Chapter VIII), Cambridge University Press (Chapters IX and XII), and University of Minnesota Press (Chapter XIII). Emergence, Complexity, and Self-Organization: Precursors and Prototypes Exploring Complexity Book Series: Volume 4 Edited and introduced by: Alicia Juarrero & Carl A. Rubino Library of Congress Control Number: 2008928120 ISBN13: 978-0-9817032-1-3 Copyright © 2008 ISCE Publishing, 17947 W Porter Ln, Goodyear, AZ 85338, USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored on a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, me- chanical, photocopying, microfi lming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America iv To the Memory of Ilya Prigogine v CONTENTS Emergence, Complexity, and Self-Organization: Precursors and Prototypes - Introduction Alicia Juarrero & Carl A. Rubino ..........................................................................1 CHAPTER I Analytic of Teleological Judgement (1790) Immanuel Kant ......................................................................................................21 Originally published as Kant, I. (1790). “Analytic of Teleological Judgement,” in Critique of Judgement, Part II, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, First Division. CHAPTER II On the Composition of Causes (1843) John Stuart Mill ......................................................................................................39 Originally published as Mill, J.S. (1843). “Of the Composition of Causes,” in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientifi c Investigation, London, UK: Longman (1970), pp. 242-247. CHAPTER III Design and Chance (1883) Charles S. Peirce .....................................................................................................47 Untitled manuscript dating from December 1883 - January 1884. Peirce’s editors have supplied the title, noting that he “almost certainly” used the manuscript for a January 1884 lecture on “Design and Chance.” See Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, Volume 4: 1879-1884, edited by Christian J.W. Kloesel et al., Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 544-554. CHAPTER IV Mechanism and Experiment (1893) Henri Poincaré .......................................................................................................57 Originally published as Poincaré, H. (1893). “Le Mécanisme et l’Expérience” Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale, 1: 534-37. Translated by Carl A. Rubino and Alicia Juarrero with the assistance of Laurence Lemaire. Chapter V The Evolution of Life—Mechanism and Teleology (1911) (Extract) Henri Bergson .........................................................................................................61 Originally published as Bergson, H. (1911). “The Evolution of Life— Mechanism and Teleology,” in Creative Evolution, Arthur Mitchell (trans.), New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, pp. 1-29. vi Chapter VI The Order of Qualities (1920) Samuel Alexander .................................................................................................79 Originally published as Alexander, S. (1920). “The Order of Qualities,” in Space, Time and Deity: The Gifford Lectures at Glasgow 1916-1918, Chapter 2, London, UK: Macmillan, pp. 45-73. Chapter VII Emergence (1923) C. Lloyd Morgan .....................................................................................................99 Originally published as Morgan, C.L. (1923). “Emergence,” in Emergent Evolution: The Gifford Lectures, Delivered in the University of St. Andrews in the Year 1922, Chapter 1. London, UK: Williams and Norgate, pp. 1-34. Chapter VIII Mechanism and its Alternatives (1925) C. D. Broad ............................................................................................................117 Originally published as Broad, C.D. (1949). “Mechanism and its Alternatives,” in The Mind and it Place in Nature, Chapter 2, London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 48-94. Chapter IX Selections from “Science and the Modern World” (1925) Alfred North Whitehead ...................................................................................151 Originally published in Whitehead, A.N. (1932). Science and the Modern World, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (revised edition). Chapter X The Holistic Universe (1926) Jan C. Smuts ..........................................................................................................165 Originally published as Smuts, J.C. (1926). “The Holistic Universe,” in Holism and Evolution, Chapter 12, New York, NY: Macmillan, pp. 317-345. Chapter XI The Meanings of ‘Emergence’ and Its Modes (1926) Arthur O. Lovejoy ...............................................................................................185 Originally published as Lovejoy, A.O (1926). “The Meanings of ‘Emergence’ and Its Modes,” Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Philosophy, London: Longmans, Green, pp. 20-33. vii CHAPTER XII Order, Disorder, and Entropy (1944) Erwin Schrödinger ..............................................................................................199 Originally published as Schrödinger, E. (1944). “Order, Disorder, and Entropy,” in What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Chapter 6, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 72-80. CHAPTER XIII The Concept of Emergence (1956) Paul E. Meehl & Wilfrid Sellars ........................................................................207 Originally published as Meehl, P.E. and Sellars, W. (1956). “The Concept of Emergence,” in H. Feigl and M. Scriven. (ed.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science I: The Foundations of Science and the Concepts of Psychology and Psychoanalysis, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 239-252. CHAPTER XIV An Outline of General System Theory (1950) Ludwig von Bertalanffy ....................................................................................219 Originally published as von Bertalanffy, L. (1950). “An Outline of General System Theory,” British Journal of the Philosophy of Science, 1: 134-165. Index ....................................................................................................................237 viii Introduction Emergence, Complexity, and Self-Organization: PRECURSORS AND PROTOTYPES Introduction Alicia Juarrero & Carl A. Rubino oes nature resemble a ramp or a ladder? Are nature’s ubiquitous dis- continuities merely apparent differences, fully reducible to quantitative Ddifferences, or do they signal qualitative ruptures that cannot be under- stood to be the smooth accumulation of simple accretions or growth? Are quali- tative differences merely illusory, fully explicable once we capture the laws of the deepest level of subatomic particles? Would such a “theory of everything” demonstrate that what seem to be novel and different properties and levels of or- ganization are just that—mere appearances reducible to that fundamental level and thus predictable according to its laws? Is there really “nothing new under the sun?” Or, on the contrary, is Ilya Prigogine correct in maintaining, as Robert Artigiani puts it, that “nature is too rich to be described in a single language” be- cause qualitatively new ontological levels of organization emerge in the course of evolution?1 These problems have perplexed human beings as far back as we can see. In times whose view of the world focused on the inviolate and qualitative dis- continuities between the earthly and divine—or the physical and the non-phys- ical—realms, fundamentally novel properties, species, and similar phenomena were presumed to have appeared only as the products of separate, individual acts of creation that took place at the beginning of time. In the book of Genesis, for example, their distinctiveness is marked metaphorically (or literally, if you wish) by the day of their occurrence, and their “nature” does not change over time. One legacy of this way of viewing the world is the presumption that the universe is a fundamentally static place in which only superfi cial characteristics can change. Essential properties are thought to be unchangeable and eternal because they were uniquely and separately created. But now that advances in cosmology
Recommended publications
  • Taylor & Francis Not for Distribution
    Template: Royal A, Font: , Date: 11/07/2011; 3B2 version: 9.1.406/W Unicode (May 24 2007) (APS_OT) Dir: //integrafs1/kcg/2-Pagination/TandF/RCRS/ApplicationFiles/9780415492447.3d 3URRI (iii) Complexity, emergence, and eliminativism 7D\ORU )UDQFLV 1RWIRUGLVWULEXWLRQ 3URRI Template: Royal A, Font: , Date: 11/07/2011; 3B2 version: 9.1.406/W Unicode (May 24 2007) (APS_OT) Dir: //integrafs1/kcg/2-Pagination/TandF/RCRS/ApplicationFiles/9780415492447.3d 3URRI 7D\ORU )UDQFLV 1RWIRUGLVWULEXWLRQ 3URRI Template: Royal A, Font: , Date: 11/07/2011; 3B2 version: 9.1.406/W Unicode (May 24 2007) (APS_OT) Dir: //integrafs1/kcg/2-Pagination/TandF/RCRS/ApplicationFiles/9780415492447.3d 3URRI 18 ELIMINATIVISM, COMPLEXITY, AND EMERGENCE Terrence Deacon and Tyrone Cashman The emergence paradox The evolutionary perspective turned the classic worldview on its head. Since Roman times, the world was understood to be hierarchic in structure, explained by a transcen- dent mind at the top. From there, the great chain of being cascaded down through angels, humans, frogs, protozoa, and finally stones. Inverting the chain of being switched mind from being7D\ORU )UDQFLV the ultimate explanation of things, to being the mystery to be explained. As an early critic of Darwin protested, this theory assumes that “Absolute Ignorance” is the ultimate artificer, even of life and mind (MacKenzie 1868). However, the1RWIRUGLVWULEXWLRQ notion that the distinctive properties of life and mind were pro- duced by a blind mechanism from inanimate matter runs counter to a fundamental assumption of Western thought. It is expressed in the oft-quoted dictum of the Roman poet–scientist Lucretius: “ex nihilo nihil fit,” from nothing, nothing [can be] produced (1994 [n.d.]).
    [Show full text]
  • Trinitizing the Universe: Teilhard's Theogenesis and the Dynamism Of
    Open Theology 2018; 4: 158–169 Intersubjectivity and Reciprocal Causality within Contemporary Understanding of the God-World Relationship Ilia Delio* Trinitizing the Universe: Teilhard’s Theogenesis and the Dynamism of Love https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2018-0011 Received January 20, 2018; accepted January 24, 2018 Abstract: The God-world relationship bears an ambiguous relationship between God’s immanent life and God’s life in history. The development of the doctrine of the Trinity in the early Church gave rise to a distinction between theologia and oikonomia. Bonaventure’s theology sought to express an economic trinitarianism without compromising the integrity of God’s life, thus maintaining divine immutability and divine impassibility. Twentieth century trinitarian theologies challenge the notion of divine immutability in light of modern science and radical suffering. This paper develops on the heels of twentieth century theology by focusing in particular on the philosophical shifts rendered by modern science and technology. In particular, the insights of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin are explored with regard to Trinity and evolution, precisely because Teilhard intuited that evolution and the new physics evoke a radically new understanding of God. Building on Teilhard’s insights, I suggest that divine creative love is expressed in a fourth mystery which Teilhard called ‟pleromization.” Pleromization is the outflow of divine creative union or, literally, God filling the universe with divine life. Teilhard recapitulates this idea in the evolution of Christ so that theologia and oikonomia are one movement of divine love. My principal thesis is that the Trinity is integrally related to the world; the fullness of divine love includes the personalization of created reality, symbolized by the Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • Creation and the Theory of Evolution
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Boardman Lectureship in Christian Ethics Department of Religious Studies 4-24-1997 Creation and the Theory of Evolution Francisco J. Ayala University of California, Irvine Wolfhart Pannenberg University of Munich Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/boardman Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Ayala, Francisco J. and Pannenberg, Wolfhart, "Creation and the Theory of Evolution" (1997). Boardman Lectureship in Christian Ethics. 6. https://repository.upenn.edu/boardman/6 Boardman Lecture XXXV. Edited and Foreword by Susan Marks. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/boardman/6 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Creation and the Theory of Evolution Abstract The Boardman Lecture, in cooperation with the Center For Theology and The Natural Sciences and The John Templeton Foundation, funded a conference on Creation and Theory of Evolution. The conference explored religion and science by offering two different approaches to the question of human origins. Geneticist Francisco Ayala explains the present state of our understanding of evolution and argues that such human phenomena as morality and religion are by-products of the evolutionary process that cannot be explained by natural selection. His lecture appears as "The Evolutionary Transcendence of Humankind." Dr. Pannenberg stressed that the God of religious faith must be the Creator of the same nature that is studied by scientists. He explores aspects of the Genesis creation story that are compatible with the theory of evolution. His lecture is "Human Life: Creation Versus Evolution?" Disciplines Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Comments Boardman Lecture XXXV.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    PHYSICS OF THE WORLD-SOUL: THE RELEVANCE OF ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD’S PHILOSOPHY OF ORGANISM TO CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC COSMOLOGY Matthew David Segall Editor’s Note: Alfred North Whitehead was a British mathematician, logician and philosopher. His early work, as a student and professor at Cambridge University, was on mathematics and logic. The second period, 1910-24, when he had appointments at University College London and Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, he concentrated on the philosophy of science. The last period, beginning in 1924 and during which he taught philosophy at Harvard, he concentrated on Alfred North Whitehead metaphysics. His philosophy is known as both (1861-1947) philosophy of organism and process philosophy. Copyright © 2013 by Matthew David Segall All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION: FROM PHYSICS TO PHILOSOPHY 2 THE SUNSET OF MATERIALISM: WHITEHEAD’S PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 8 WHITEHEAD’S ONTOLOGY OF ORGANISM 16 WHITEHEAD AND CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC THEORY 25 The Imaginative Generalization of Evolutionary Theory 28 Space-Time in an Ontology of Organism 33 Quantum Decoherence and the Incompleteness of Nature 42 TOWARDS A PHYSICS OF THE WORLD-SOUL 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY 59 1 INTRODUCTION: FROM PHYSICS TO PHILOSOPHY How shallow, puny, and imperfect are efforts to sound the depths in the nature of things. In philosophical discussion, the merest hint of dogmatic certainty as to finality of statement is an exhibition of folly.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Michigan University Library
    CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PACEONTOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VOL M, No. 5, pp. 173-215 Nomm 6, 1951 THE DILEMMA OF THE PALEONTOLOGIST BY E. C. CASE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS ANN ARBOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Director: LEWISB. KELLUM The series of contributions from the Museum of Paleontology is a medium for the publication of papers based chiefly upon the collections in the Museum. When the number of pages issued is sufficient to make a volume, a title page and a table of contents will be sent to libraries on the mailing list, and also to individuals upon request. Correspondence should be directed to the University of Michigan Press. A list of the separate papers in Volumes 11-VIII will be sent upon request. VOL. I. The Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Hackberry Stage of the Upper Devonian, by C. L. Fenton and M. A. Fenton. Pages xi+260. Cloth. $2.75. VOL. 11. Fourteen papers. Pages ix+240. Cloth. $3.00. Parts sold separately in paper covers. VOL. 111. Thirteen papers. Pages viii+275. Cloth. $3.50. Parts sold separately in paper covers. VOL. IV. Eighteen papers. Pages viii+295. Cloth. $3.50. Parts sold separately in paper covers. VOL. V. Twelve papers. Pages viii+318. Cloth. $3.50. Parts sold separately in paper covers. VOL. VI. Ten papers. Pages viii+336. Paper covers. $3.00. Parts sold separately. VOL. VII. Ten numbers sold separately. VOL. VIII. Ten numbers sold separately. (Continued on inside back cover) VOL. IX, No. 5, pp. 173-215 NOVEMBER6, 1951 THE DILEMMA OF THE PALEONTOLOGIST' BY E.
    [Show full text]
  • Is There a Coherent Concept of Ontological Emergence?*
    “SUPERVENIENT AND YET NOT DEDUCIBLE”: IS THERE A COHERENT CONCEPT OF ONTOLOGICAL EMERGENCE?* JAEGWON KIM Brown University Abstract Formulating a concept of emergence that is intelligible and prima facie coherent is a significant issue not only because emergence concepts continue to prolifer- ate, attracting a great deal of positive attention from scientists and philosophers, but also because the idea of emergence is closely related to some of the con- cepts of central importance in the current debates on the mind-body problem. Most early emergence theorists, like C.D. Broad and C. Lloyd Morgan, in- tended emergence to be an objective phenomenon in the world and considered emergent properties as real and causally potent characteristics of objects and events of this world. This classic conception of emergence, now called “onto- logical” or “metaphysical”, or “strong”, is standardly contrasted with an “epis- temological”, or “weak”, conception according to which properties are emer- gent in case they are “surprising” or “unexpected”, or unpredictable and un- knowable from information concerning base-level phenomena. But what is on- tological emergence? On Broad’s characterization, shared by a number of other writers, ontologically emergent properties are properties that are determined by, or supervenient on, their base-level conditions and yet not deducible from them. This paper explores some issues arising from the notion of ontological emer- gence so conceived, and uncovers what appears to be a possibly damaging in- coherence. This raises the question whether there is a workable notion of onto- logical emergence. * © Jaegwon Kim 2009 I C. Lloyd Morgan, one of the leading British emergentists of the early 20th century, describes the “emergent evolution” of the world, or how we got where we are and where we are headed from here, in these words: “From [the ultimate basal phenomenon, space-time] first emerged ‘matter’ with its primary, and, at a later stage, its secondary qualities.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting George Gaylord Simpson's “The Role of the Individual in Evolution” (1941)
    Biological Theory https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-021-00386-7 CLASSICS IN BIOLOGICAL THEORY Revisiting George Gaylord Simpson’s “The Role of the Individual in Evolution” (1941) Lynn K. Nyhart1 · Scott Lidgard2 Accepted: 23 July 2021 © Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research 2021 Abstract “The Role of the Individual in Evolution” is a prescient yet neglected 1941 work by the 20th century’s most important pale- ontologist, George Gaylord Simpson. In a curious intermingling of explanation and critique, Simpson engages questions that would become increasingly fundamental in modern biological theory and philosophy. Did individuality, adaptation, and evolutionary causation reside at more than one level: the cell, the organism, the genetically coherent reproductive group, the social group, or some combination thereof? What was an individual, anyway? In this introduction, we highlight two points in a wider historical context. First, recognizing the political context of Simpson’s writing profoundly deepens our understanding of the development of his science as the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis infused biology. Second, this story illuminates the emergence of debates around what would eventually come to be called multilevel selection theory. The organism-centered concept of biological individuality defended by Simpson is situated in relation to the then-emerging Synthesis, in which he was a renowned player, and also in relation to the views he opposed: the “metaphysical” ideas of paleontologists such as Henry Fairfeld Osborn, who claimed that some evolutionary trends derived from potentialities already implanted in the germplasm; and the organicist ideas of Ralph W. Gerard and the Chicago School of ecologists, which he derided as all too congenial to totalitarianism.
    [Show full text]
  • Art Bulletin, 74.4 (Dec. 1992)
    1992 Mark Antliff. “Cubism, Celtisms, and the Body Politic.” Art Bulletin , 74.4 (Dec. 1992): 655-68. Print. The author shows how Bergsono’s philosophy was used to support Celtic left-wing nationalism in Brittany (via Putteau cubism). David Ayers. Wyndham Lewis and Western Man . New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992: 251. Print. See Ch. II, “Bergson,” 16-29. The author states: “But it is paradoxically Bergson who is central, to any consideration of how Lewis conceives the self. Although Bergson is usually treated with hostile scorn, particularly in Time and Western Man , his work provides Lewis with an essential conceptual framework” (p. 16). Ernesto Ballesteros Arranz. Presencia de Schopenhauer . Cuenca, Spain: Ediciones de la Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, 1992: 76. Humanidades, 2. Print. The author deals with Bergson and Jean Piaget in relation to Schopenhauer. Eng. Trans. The Presence of Schopenhauer. Karen Dean Benson. “Education as Developing Self: The Importance of Feeling and Intuition.” Diss. U of California-Berkeley, 1992: 499. UMI no. AAC 9304857. DAI, 53.10 (1993). Print. The author states in her abstract: “Drawing upon Jung, Langer, Bergson, and Noddings, the feeling and intuiting components as educationally neglected aspects of the self are investigated within the formulation of a self that is at once universalistic in nature but also admits of a variety of cultural and individual elements” (p. 3470). Henri Bergson, Lettere a Xavier Léon e ad altri . Ed. Renzo Ragghianti. Napoli: Bibliopolis, 1992, 187. (Instituto Italiano per Gli Studi Filosofici, Serie Testi, 12) This consists of heretofore unpublished letters by Bergson to the editor of the Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale (Xavier Léon).
    [Show full text]
  • Calvin Theological Seminary the Mythos of Sin: C. S. Lewis
    CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY THE MYTHOS OF SIN: C. S. LEWIS, THE GENESIS FALL, AND THE MODERN MOOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JEREMY G GRINNELL GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN MAY 2011 CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 3233 Burton SE • Grand Rapids, Michigan • 49546-4301 800388-6034 fax: 616957-8621 [email protected] www.calvinseminary.edu This dissertation entitled THE MYTHOS OF SIN: C.S. LEWIS, THE GENESIS FALL, AND THE MODERN MOOD written by JEREMY G. GRINNELL and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been accepted by the faculty of Calvin Theological Seminary upon the recommendation of the undersigned readers: .i:»: Cornelius Plantinga, Jr., Ph.D. Ron~~ Calvin P. Van Reken, Ph.D. {il!;\ Alan JacobS~ David M. Rylaarsda ,Ph.D. Date Acting Vice President for Academic Affairs Copyright © 2011 by Jeremy G Grinnell All rights reserved To, for, and mostly because of Denise Could God Himself create such lovely things as I have dreamed? Answers Hope, “Whence then came thy dream?” —George MacDonald, Lilith CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 The Nature of the Project ............................................................................ 4 Method of the Exploration
    [Show full text]
  • Strong and Weak Teleology in the Life Sciences Post-Darwin
    religions Article Strong and Weak Teleology in the Life Sciences Post-Darwin Michael A. Flannery UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; fl[email protected] Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 15 June 2020; Published: 18 June 2020 Abstract: It is often assumed that direction and purpose in nature—teleology—is a dead relic of the past, a result of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man (1871). But teleology has had a long and complex relationship with science. This paper will trace its general history with an emphasis upon the life sciences, especially biology. Particularly important is the fact that all teleology is not equal; strong (transcendent) teleology (designated Ts) should be distinguished from weak (purely descriptive and utilitarian) teleology (designated Tw). A working definition of teleology in its most meaningful aspects is then given. The challenges that Darwinism faced in dealing with purpose in nature are discussed, as is their proposed solution in the evolutionary synthesis, and the persistence of Ts following that synthesis is outlined and critiqued. Evidence of Ts persistence in the life sciences is presented with several relevant examples, and strong teleology is further differentiated by specific (Ts+) and nonspecific (Ts ) varieties. This essay concludes that Ts remains an ongoing − and integral part of the life sciences and will likely remain so, even though it may be true but not verifiable empirically. Keywords: teleology; teleonomy; teleometry; Darwinism; neo-Darwinian synthesis; evolution; Lecomte du Noüy; Edmund Ware Sinnott; Pierre-Paul Grassé; Michael Denton 1. Teleology’s Historical Relationship to Science Teleology in its most basic form is about purposes in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • EVOLUTION, TELEOLOGY, and HISTORY HIS Essay Is an Inquiry
    EVOLUTION, TELEOLOGY, AND HISTORY HIS essay is an inquiry into the correlation of some fundamental views of the world and ourselves in it. Our main concern will be to understand more clearly the mean- ing and the scope of evolution. But to this end we shall first try to distinguish the historical pattern of ideas from that of the physical sciences. Traditional terms like natural his- tory and natural science indicate an awareness of some kin- ships but also of a basic difference in outlook which should be clarified. We ask: Does the world-view of physical science include any recognition of history in nature? The readily forthcoming negative answer would indicate the need of recognizing the historical and maybe yet other types of in- terpretation as essential to a comprehensive understanding of nature and human nature. And in such a more thorough world-view, we may then consider the range and the main direction of the evolutionary outlook. A dominant tendency in modem thought has been the emphasis on a dynamic conception of natwe as a system of processes. This idea has some old roots in classical antiquity, as is indicated by the varied connotation of the Greek word for nature, physis, from which we get our terms "cphysics," "physical." Physis meant origin or birth and growth, the source and process of activity in a thing, how it comes to be what it is, how it arises and realizes its character and con- stitution. The basic Greek question seems to have been: "How come?" When this active principle was regarded as the essential element, physis signified the primary stuff or matter, the substance or matrix of which things are made.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergent Evolution Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality
    D. Blitz Emergent Evolution Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality Series: Episteme, Vol. 19 Emergent evolution combines three separate but related claims, whose background, origin, and development I trace in this work: firstly, that evolution is a universal process of change, one which is productive of qualitative novelties; secondly, that qualitative novelty is the emergence in a system of a property not possessed by any of its parts; and thirdly, that reality can be analyzed into levels, each consisting of systems characterized by significant emergent properties. In part one I consider the background to emergence in the 19th century discussion of the philosophy of evolution among its leading exponents in England - Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, T. H. Huxley, Alfred Russel Wallace, and G. J. Romanes. Unlike the scientific aspect of the debate which aimed to determine the factors and causal mechanism of biological evolution, this aspect of the debate centered on more general problems which form what I call the "philosophical framework for evolutionary theory." This considers the status of continuity and discontinuity in evolution, the role of qualitative and quantitative factors in change, the relation between the organic and the 1992, IX, 241 p. inorganic, the relation between the natural and the supernatural, the mind-body problem, and the scope of evolution, including its extension to ethics and morals. Printed book Hardcover ▶ 149,99 € | £129.99 | $179.99 ▶ *160,49 € (D) | 164,99 € (A) | CHF 177.00 eBook Available from your bookstore or ▶ springer.com/shop MyCopy Printed eBook for just ▶ € | $ 24.99 ▶ springer.com/mycopy Order online at springer.com ▶ or for the Americas call (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER ▶ or email us at: [email protected].
    [Show full text]