DOCSLIB.ORG

Rufus B. Bullock and Georgia Convict Leasing, 1868-1871

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rufus B. Bullock and Georgia Convict Leasing, 1868-1871 ABSTRACT DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY HIGHTOWER, EDWARD 0. B.A. MORRIS BROWN COLLEGE, 1994 CONVICTED AND RAILROADED: RUFUS B. BULLOCK AND GEORGIA CONVICT LEASiNG, 1868-1971 Committee Chair: Richard Allen Morton, Ph.D. Thesis dated May 2011 This is an examination of Governor Rufus B. Bullock and his management of the state’s convict lease system between the years of 1868-187 1, a period associated with Radical Reconstruction before the introduction of the “New South” era. Georgia’s majority black convict population was leased out to private railroad companies under Bullock’s Administration. They experienced harsh and brutal treatment at times, and even death. Many were arrested for minor offenses and handed excessive sentences, which provided a consistent and dependable cheap labor force. This labor resource was exploited in rebuilding Georgia’s rail system to foster trade. The study uses primary and secondary sources to ascertain Bullock’s culpability in a penal system so heinous that it rivaled slavery itself. Bullock abandoned the ideals of the Republican Party, which advocated liberty for all men, and acquiesced to the principles of industrialism and capitalism, clinging to the tenets of “free labor” at the expense of Georgia’s newly freed slaves. The implications of this study point to why Reconstruction failed and it excavates the etiology of contemporary penitentiary trends. CONVICTED AND RAILROADED: RUFUS B. BULLOCK AND GEORGIA CONVICT LEASING, 1868-187 1 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS BY EDWARD 0. HIGHTOWER DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ATLANTA, GEORGIA MAY2011 ©201 1 EDWARD 0. HIGHTOWER All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to the Most High! I’ .TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii Chapter 1. THE ANATOMY OF A RADICAL GEORGIA GOVERNOR Introduction 1 PurposeofStudy 17 Statement of the Problem 18 Significance of the Problem 20 Summary Section 23 Chapter 2. RECONSTRUCTION, FREE LABOR, AND CONVICT LEASING 27 Literature Review 31 Summary Section 43 Chapter 3. NORTHERN HOSPITALITY 48 Summary Section 60 Chapter 4. RAILROAD EXPANSIONISM 66 Summary Section 83 Chapter 5. “AT BREAKNECK SPEED” 88 Summary Section 127 Chapter 6. BULLOCK REVISITED 133 111 CHAPTER 1 THE ANATOMY OF A RADICAL GEORGIA GOVERNOR He [Bullock] would notjeopardize his social position to Jlght a battle he could not win. Although he always appealedjbr racialjustice, he placed businessfirst and continued to hope that prosperity would bring change. ‘—Russell Duncan. Introduction It was a volatile period for Georgia Politics during Radical Reconstruction. The prostrate state, still full of seething ex-Confederates, witnessed the handing over of its executive reins to a fiscally liberal Northern businessman from Albion, New York. The Governor had a vision to bring equality and prosperity to the state at a time when agrarianism was on the decline and industrialism began to emerge as a viable and necessary option in an economically depressed region. He sought to change the economic complexion of the state by repairing and expanding its demolished railroad system to foster interstate trade and commerce. This epoch in Georgia’s history brought along with it corruption, fraud and extravagant spending by Northerners and newly elected Republicans.2 Moreover, it advanced the re-enslavement of many African Americans through convict leasing. Governor Rufus B. Bullock is the symbol of this volatile and complex period—personified. An historical analysis on convict leasing reveals that Radical Republican Governor Rufus Bullock acquiesced to the horrors of the lease system and used black convict labor to help restore wealth in the state of Georgia through railroad construction, during Radical Reconstruction between 1868 and 1871. 1 2 Bullock’s entry into Georgia politics seemed capricious at best. He never thought about a career in politics, but because of his business influence in the state, he shortly found himself available. During Congressional Reconstruction, it was mandatory that the former Confederate states “hold a referendum and select a delegate” for each 3 The purpose of the 1867-1868 convention write new state’s convention. was to a state constitution. Because of Bullock’s prominence in the state of Georgia, he was elected as a delegate to the convention with no resistance. He was best known as the president of the National Bank of Augusta, as president of the Southern Porcelain Manufacturing 4 Involving himself in Company, and as a successful businessman and city councilman. politics made his economic and business vision for the state and himself more attainable. At the constitutional convention, clearly Bullock saw the opportunity to grasp the highest office in the state to propagate his passion for free labor now that slavery had ended. Since his predecessor and fellow Radical, Thomas Ruger, initiated the first two convict lease contracts, one in April and another in July of 1868, Bullock must have seen the potential in the continual exploitation of convict labor for his railroad plans.5 As the convention continued, he saw the possibilities of his railroad scheme coming to fruition, particularly when many Democrats refused to show. They repudiated Washington’s Reconstruction plans. The Democrats’ strategy failed. Most Democrats decided to forgo sending any delegates to the convention as a symbol of solidarity and resistance against the federal government.6 After all, they believed that the Reconstruction plan was illegal and perhaps believed that Georgia would retain the status quo. The 1867 Reconstruction Acts 3 allowed blacks to vote, along with ex-Confederates who decided to take the amnesty oath re-establishing allegiance to the United States. Bullock and the Republicans capitalized on the Democrats’ failure to vote. The Republicans wasted no time at the convention and hastened to address their intentions for a new South. The Republicans immediately set the tone of the convention. Foster Blodgett, the temporary chair of the convention, emphasized the Party’s platform of equal rights, justice and education for all. Blodgett framed this platform in the context of free labor. He stressed that emancipation was here and slavery was no more. Blodgett emphasized 7 Bullock the importance that all races work together. adopted these principles for his campaign. Once Bullock became the first postwar Republican governor of Georgia, he lost no time initiating his economic plan for the state. Shortly after, he exploited black convict labor in an effort to stabilize the state and increase revenue. What distinguished Bullock from his predecessors is that 8he decided to farm out the entire penitentiary to lessees to expand the state’s railroad system. Before politics, Bullock was a successful businessman in the telegraphy and railroad industries. In 1859, Bullock was coaxed away from the American Telegraph Company and hired by the president of Adams Express Company after the two merged. Many were impressed by his business savvy and adeptness. Bullock was sent to Augusta, Georgia to expand business in the region. Augusta, then, was a town full of white Northern entrepreneurs. Albion, New York where Bullock grew up was a vast contrast to the emerging Southern metropolis. In 1850, Albion only had two African Americans living within its city limits. One third of Augusta’s population was African American. In 4 9 Bullock’s 1860, of Augusta’s 12,493 inhabitants, almost four thousand were slaves. attraction to Augusta was indicative of his philosophy on economics and race. He usually mingled with Northern entrepreneurs and other businessmen. However, he often remained ambivalent when it came to African-Americans and their potential in the South. His experience in Augusta mirrored his core principles and beliefs, which guided him throughout his convict leasing activities. Bullock’s ability to become whatever he needed to be whenever convenient was a skill that came easily to him. While secession threatened Bullock’s economic prosperity before the war, knowledge of his Northern upbringing must have threatened the comfort of white Southerners in Augusta. After the war, he would be accused of being a federal spy.’° The timing of Bullock’s arrival in Georgia and his Northern business activities made white Southerners question his allegiance. When it came time for war, because of Bullock’s opportunistic business proclivities, he adorned the Confederacy’s uniform and was later handed the title Lieutenant Colonel. Furthermore, after the war, Bullock secretly helped the Confederates to transport in six wagons $1 .5 million worth of gold from South Carolina to Augusta. When the gold went missing, “Bullock insisted he had done his duty and knew nothing of it.” After the war, Bullock saw opportunities to bring his adopted state economic prominence through his vision of railroad expansion in an effort to increase interstate trade in Georgia, but also for his own personal profit. At the time of war “Bullock’s life thus far had been one of steady progress toward wealth and status. Rather than interrupting his advance, the war opened doors of opportunity by crushing the slave 5 system and promising to replace it with the Northern way of work,” Russell Duncan 2 He pursued wealth for the state as well as for himself through stated of Bullock.’ expanding railroad lines to stimulate Georgia’s economy. He successfully accomplished this through forced convict labor involving a majority black penitentiary
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Professor Russell Duncan CV [email protected] Personal
    INSTITUT FOR ENGELSK , GERMANSK OG ROMANS K KØBENHAVNS UNIVERSIT ET Professor Russell Duncan CV [email protected] Personal: 01.JULY 2011 Citizenship: USA Resident Status: Denmark (since 1998) Home Address: Skaboeshusevænget 1, 5800 Nyborg, Denmark NJALSGADE 130 Born: 30 May 1951, Statesboro, Georgia, USA 2300 COPENHAGEN S DIR 35328577 Education: 1988 Ph.D. History, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA [email protected] 1984 M.A. History, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA 1975 M.S. Sociology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia, USA 1973 B.S. Political Science (emphasis on Criminal Justice), Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA Employment: 2004- Professor of History and Social Studies in the English-Speaking World, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 1998-03 Associate Professor, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 1997-98 Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 1996-97 Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 1993-96 Associate Professor, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 1989-93 Assistant Professor, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 1988-89 Assistant Professor, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA 1982-88 M.A. and PhD. Student, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA 1975-82 Flight Instructor/Captain, RF4-C reconnaissance aircraft, United States Air Force, Zweibrücken, Germany 1973-75 Special Agent, Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Publications: SIDE 2 AF 16 Books: Contemporary America (with Joseph Goddard). 3rd Edition. Contemporary States and Societies Series. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2009. Beijing: Renmin University Press, 2009. Bucharest: University of Bucharest Press, 2010. Transnational America: Contours of Modern US Culture (ed. with Clara Juncker), Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen/Museum Tusculanum Press, 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide for the Georgia History Exemption Exam Below Are 99 Entries in the New Georgia Encyclopedia (Available At
    Study guide for the Georgia History exemption exam Below are 99 entries in the New Georgia Encyclopedia (available at www.georgiaencyclopedia.org. Students who become familiar with these entries should be able to pass the Georgia history exam: 1. Georgia History: Overview 2. Mississippian Period: Overview 3. Hernando de Soto in Georgia 4. Spanish Missions 5. James Oglethorpe (1696-1785) 6. Yamacraw Indians 7. Malcontents 8. Tomochichi (ca. 1644-1739) 9. Royal Georgia, 1752-1776 10. Battle of Bloody Marsh 11. James Wright (1716-1785) 12. Salzburgers 13. Rice 14. Revolutionary War in Georgia 15. Button Gwinnett (1735-1777) 16. Lachlan McIntosh (1727-1806) 17. Mary Musgrove (ca. 1700-ca. 1763) 18. Yazoo Land Fraud 19. Major Ridge (ca. 1771-1839) 20. Eli Whitney in Georgia 21. Nancy Hart (ca. 1735-1830) 22. Slavery in Revolutionary Georgia 23. War of 1812 and Georgia 24. Cherokee Removal 25. Gold Rush 26. Cotton 27. William Harris Crawford (1772-1834) 28. John Ross (1790-1866) 29. Wilson Lumpkin (1783-1870) 30. Sequoyah (ca. 1770-ca. 1840) 31. Howell Cobb (1815-1868) 32. Robert Toombs (1810-1885) 33. Alexander Stephens (1812-1883) 34. Crawford Long (1815-1878) 35. William and Ellen Craft (1824-1900; 1826-1891) 36. Mark Anthony Cooper (1800-1885) 37. Roswell King (1765-1844) 38. Land Lottery System 39. Cherokee Removal 40. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) 41. Georgia in 1860 42. Georgia and the Sectional Crisis 43. Battle of Kennesaw Mountain 44. Sherman's March to the Sea 45. Deportation of Roswell Mill Women 46. Atlanta Campaign 47. Unionists 48. Joseph E.
    [Show full text]
  • Teacher Notes for the Georgia Standards of Excellence in Social Studies
    Georgia Studies Teacher Notes for the Georgia Standards of Excellence in Social Studies The Teacher Notes were developed to help teachers understand the depth and breadth of the standards. In some cases, information provided in this document goes beyond the scope of the standards and can be used for background and enrichment information. Please remember that the goal of social studies is not to have students memorize laundry lists of facts, but rather to help them understand the world around them so they can analyze issues, solve problems, think critically, and become informed citizens. Children’s Literature: A list of book titles aligned to the 6th-12th Grade Social Studies GSE may be found at the Georgia Council for the Social Studies website: https://www.gcss.net/site/page/view/childrens-literature The glossary is a guide for teachers and not an expectation of terms to be memorized by students. In some cases, information provided in this document goes beyond the scope of the standards and can be used for background and enrichment information. Terms in Red are directly related to the standards. Terms in Black are provided as background and enrichment information. TEACHER NOTES GEORGIA STUDIES Historic Understandings SS8H1 Evaluate the impact of European exploration and settlement on American Indians in Georgia. People inhabited Georgia long before its official “founding” on February 12, 1733. The land that became our state was occupied by several different groups for over 12,000 years. The intent of this standard is for students to recognize the long-standing occupation of the region that became Georgia by American Indians and the ways in which their culture was impacted as the Europeans sought control of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia and the American Experience AA Newnew Spiritspirit
    292 Georgia and the American Experience AA NewNew SpiritSpirit n the South, the period following the Civil War was a time for rebuilding homes, towns, businesses, farms, government, and —yes— lives and hearts. With leadership from men and women like Hoke Smith, Rebecca Felton, and Henry W. Grady, Georgia recovered physi- IIcally. Rebuilding lives and hearts, however, was more difficult. While groups like the Freedman’s Bureau worked on changing lives, other people and groups, including the Bourbons, Tom Watson, and the Ku Klux Klan, worked just as hard to maintain “Old South” ways. This was also an era of progressive ideals that demanded reform. Suf- frage for women, improvements for workers, temperance, prison reform, edu- cational reforms, equality and freedom from discrimination for African Americans were all important goals for reformers. After the turn of the century, reform took a backseat to World War I. That was followed by the carefree ways of the “Roaring Twenties.” But the lev- ity of the twenties disappeared in 1929 with the crash of the stock market. Suddenly, the nation and Georgia were swept into an economic depression. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his New Deal policies helped ease the pain of the depression. But it was World War II that actually set America and Georgia back on their feet. What had once been an agricultural state with little industry became a leader in business and industry. Another result of the war effort was that mili- tary bases and installations spread throughout the state. Left: The Madison-Morgan Cultural Center is housed in a red brick build- ing that was erected in 1895 as one of the first graded public schools in the South.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity, Dissent, and the Roots of Georgiaâ•Žs Middle Class, 1848
    University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2019 Identity, Dissent, and the Roots of Georgia’s Middle Class, 1848-1865 Thomas Robinson University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, Thomas, "Identity, Dissent, and the Roots of Georgia’s Middle Class, 1848-1865" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1674. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1674 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IDENTITY, DISSENT, AND THE ROOTS OF GEORGIA’S MIDDLE CLASS, 1848-1865 A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Arch Dalrymple III Department of History The University of Mississippi by THOMAS W. ROBINSON December 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Thomas W. Robinson All rights reserved. ABSTRACT This dissertation, which focuses on Georgia from 1848 until 1865, argues that a middle class formed in the state during the antebellum period. By the time secession occurred, the class coalesced around an ideology based upon modernization, industrialization, reform, occupation, politics, and northern influence. These factors led the doctors, lawyers, merchants, ministers, shopkeepers, and artisans who made up Georgia’s middle class to view themselves as different than Georgians above or below them on the economic scale. The feeling was often mutual, as the rich viewed the middle class as a threat due to their income and education level while the poor were envious of the middle class.
    [Show full text]
  • Abel, Ruth E., One Hundred Years in Palmetto, Reviewed, 102 Aboard the U.S.S
    Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 48 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 48. Article 1 Number 1 1969 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 48, Number 1 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1969) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 48, Number 1," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 48 : No. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol48/iss1/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 48, Number 1 July 1969 - April 1970 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVIII Abel, Ruth E., One Hundred Years in Palmetto, reviewed, 102 Aboard the U.S.S. Florida: 1863 - 65, ed. by Daly, reviewed, 106 “Accounts of the Real Hacienda, Florida, 1565 - 1602,” by Paul E. Hoffman and Eugene Lyon, 57 Administration of John Quinlan, Second Bishop of Mobile, 1859 - 1883, by Lipscomb, reviewed, 92 After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruc- tion, 1861 - 1877, by Williamson, reviewed, 450 Alachua County Historical Society, 454 Alexander Porter: Whig Planter of Old Louisiana, by Stephen- son, reviewed, 448 Allegiance in America: The Case of the Loyalists, ed. by Evans, reviewed, 450 Alligator Alley, by Burghard, reviewed, 445 Along This Way: The Autobiography of James Weldon Johnson, by Johnson, reviewed, 105 American Association for State and Local History, 112, 347 American Conservative in the Age of Jackson: The Political and Social Thought Of Calvin Colton, by Cave, reviewed, 219 American Revolution Bicentennial: Library of Congress Office, 348; Florida Steering Committee, 454 American Scene, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • “Almost Too Terrible to Believe”: the Camilla, Georgia, Race Riot and Massacre, September 1868
    “Almost Too Terrible to Believe”: The Camilla, Georgia, Race Riot and Massacre, September 1868 A Thesis submitted to the Graduate School Valdosta State University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History in the Department of History of the College of Arts and Sciences May 2012 Joshua William Butler BA, Valdosta State University, 2009 © Copyright 2012 Joshua William Butler All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Camilla, Georgia, became the site of a racially motivated political riot on Saturday, September 19, 1868. Determined to promote political and social reform with an organized rally, at least 150 freedmen, along with Republican political candidates, advanced toward the town’s courthouse square. Local citizens warned the black and white activists of the impending violence and demanded that they forfeit their guns, even though carrying weapons was customary at the time. The marchers refused to give up their guns and continued to the courthouse square, where local whites fired upon them. This assault forced the Republicans and freedmen to retreat as locals gave chase, killing an estimated fifteen protestors and wounding forty others. The Camilla Massacre was the culmination of smaller acts of violence committed by white inhabitants that had plagued southwest Georgia since the end of the Civil War. Local whites had individually attacked freedmen and white Republicans for three years without repercussion. That lack of punishment assured the perpetrators that violence was a legitimate way to oppose black activism. At the same time, Camilla was part of a broader attempt across the South to keep former slaves and their Republican leaders in line.
    [Show full text]
  • In Plain Sight: African Americans at Andersonville National Historic Site a Special History Study
    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR In Plain Sight: African Americans at Andersonville National Historic Site A Special History Study December 2020 2QWKH&RYHU 7RSLPDJH7KUHHXQLGHQWLILHGZRPHQQHDU$QGHUVRQYLOOH³$QGHUVRQYLOOH6KDQW\´LQIROGHU GDWHG³´$PLVWDG5HVHDUFK&HQWHU7XODQH8QLYHUVLW\1HZ2UOHDQV %RWWRPLPDJH*URXSRI$IULFDQ$PHULFDQJLUOVFRXWVSODFLQJIODJVRQPDUNHUVDW$QGHUVRQYLOOH 1DWLRQDO&HPHWHU\RQ0HPRULDO'D\6XPWHU&RXQW\0D\&RXUWHV\*HRUJLD$UFKLYHV 9DQLVKLQJ*HRUJLD&ROOHFWLRQVXP (7,& Andersonville National Historic Site In Plain Sight: African Americans at Andersonville National Historic Site, A Special History Study Georgia December 2020 Evan Kutzler, Julia Brock, Ann McCleary, Keri Adams, Ronald Bastien, and Larry O. Rivers $33529('%<$3$335352929('(' %<< 6XSHULQWHQGHQW$QGHUVRQYLOOH1DWLRQDO+LVWRULF6LWH6X6XSHSHULULQWQWHQHQGHGHQWQW $Q$QGHGHUVUVRQRQYLYLOOOOHH1D1DWLWLRQRQDOD +LVLVWRWRULU FF 6L6LWHWH )R)RU CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... iii Illustrations .................................................................................................................................................. v Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter One: From Slavery to Freedom at Andersonville ....................................................................... 1 Slavery in Southwest Georgia .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia's Redemption Years Section Preview Section Preview
    SectionSection33 SSectionection PPreviewreview As you read, look for: Georgia’s Redemption • the Bourbon Triumvirate, • reform efforts by William and Years Rebecca Latimer Felton, • the convict lease system, and Georgia’s Redemption period followed its Reconstruction period. During the • vocabulary terms: Redemp- Redemption period, the state struggled to overcome the hardships that Re- tion, white supremacy, Bourbon construction had brought to the state and a faltering economy. The redeem- Triumvirate, ally, temperance, ers also wanted to take back the control of the state government from the and convict lease system. Republicans. The Bourbon Triumvirate Below: Joseph E. Brown was When Reconstruction was finally over and it was time to “redeem” the the only man to have been state from the hardships it had fared, the job fell primarily to three Demo- elected governor of Georgia crats—Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon. All of these four times. leaders wanted stronger economic ties with the industrial North in order to expand Georgia’s economy. They also wanted to keep many old south- ern traditions including white su- premacy (the belief that the white race is superior to any other race). Brown, Colquitt, and Gordon were active in Georgia politics from 1872 to 1890, but their influence carried Above: James Johnson, over well into the twentieth century. provisional governor. The three Georgia leaders were called the Bourbon Triumvirate. Bourbon was the name of a castle and territory in France, as well as a line of French kings who ruled for over two hundred years. Triumvirate refers to a ruling body of three.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 48 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 48. Article 10 Number 1 1969 Book Reviews Florida Historical Society [email protected] Part of the American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1969) "Book Reviews," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 48 : No. 1 , Article 10. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol48/iss1/10 Society: Book Reviews BOOK REVIEWS Massacre. By Frank Laumer. (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1968. xx, 188 pp. Preface, acknowledgements, introduc- tion, illustrations, bibliography, index. $7.50.) Frank Laumer’s Massacre is the most history book this re- viewer has had the pleasure of reading. If history were taught and if history books were written in the style which Frank Lau- mer uses in this volume, many more Americans would be history majors. In six chapters, each depicting a day’s travel with the ill- fated march of Major Francis Langhorne Dade from Fort Brooke toward Fort King, the author misses not the slightest colorful detail. His similes are excellent, and the descriptions are so vivid that this reviewer plodded every step of the tortuous military road with Major Dade and his 108 men. The reader feels the same early morning chill and shivers together with the dew- drenched soldiers as they munch their thick, unevenly cut slices of slab bacon and handful of hard bread and gulp their steam- ing black coffee.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics in Flux: the Georgians Behind the Republicanization of the South
    Politics in Flux: The Georgians Behind the Republicanization of the South DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mindy J. Farmer Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Susan M. Hartmann, Advisor Kevin Boyle Paula Baker Copyright by Mindy J. Farmer 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the Republicanization of Georgia, 1948-1984, through the lens of three Georgian counties that exemplify the key social and economic divides that permeate the South. Pierce and Hancock are both rural, agricultural counties, with economies and, up until the last five years, populations in a steady decline, but while Pierce County’s citizens are primarily white, Hancock County’s are solidly African American. In comparison, DeKalb County, which contains a portion of the Atlanta metropolitan area, has steadily become more ethnically, racially, and economically diverse with Atlanta’s growth. In 1948, both Pierce and Hancock were part of the Democratic Solid South. Today, in state and national elections, Pierce votes solidly Republican and Hancock solidly Democratic, while for local offices Pierce, like Hancock County, continues to vote Democratic. In DeKalb, just as it was in 1948, neither party can claim a definitive hold on the electorate. I argue that that race and class are so intertwined in the story of the South’s realignment that the role of each is key to understanding the local voters’ decision to change their political party. In keeping with the timeline of those who criticize the myth of southern exceptionalism, I show how the Republican party emerged in DeKalb County the 1940s as a class-based institution introduced by postwar transplants.
    [Show full text]
  • African American State Volunteers in the New South: Race, Masculinity & the Militia in Georgia, Texas and Virginia, 1871–
    AFRICAN AMERICAN STATE VOLUNTEERS IN THE NEW SOUTH: RACE, MASCULINITY & THE MILITIA IN GEORGIA, TEXAS AND VIRGINIA, 1871–1906 A Dissertation by JOHN PATRICK BLAIR Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Joseph G. Dawson, III Committee Members, R. J. Q. Adams Carlos K. Blanton Charles E. Brooks James S. Burk Head of Department, David Vaught August 2016 Major Subject: History Copyright 2016 John Patrick Blair ABSTRACT The continued presence of armed, uniformed black militia companies throughout the southern United States from 1871 to 1906 illustrates one of the highest achievements of African Americans in this period. Granted, following emancipation the nation’s newest citizens established churches, entered the political arena, created educational and business opportunities and even formed labor organizations, but the formation and existence of these militia organizations with their inherent ability to enter into violent confrontation with the society that surrounded them coupled with the heightened status and prestige they obtained as citizen soldiers firmly defines the pinnacle of achievement. Through a comparative examination of their experiences and activities as members in the state volunteer military organizations of Georgia, Texas and Virginia, this study seeks to expand our understanding of racial accommodation and relationships during this period. The existence of racial accommodation in society, however minor, towards the African American military is confirmed not only in the actions of state government and military officials to arm, equip and train these black troops, but also in the acceptance of clearly visible and authorized military activities by these very same troops.
    [Show full text]