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The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content. -
Package 'Pinsplus'
Package ‘PINSPlus’ August 6, 2020 Encoding UTF-8 Type Package Title Clustering Algorithm for Data Integration and Disease Subtyping Version 2.0.5 Date 2020-08-06 Author Hung Nguyen, Bang Tran, Duc Tran and Tin Nguyen Maintainer Hung Nguyen <[email protected]> Description Provides a robust approach for omics data integration and disease subtyping. PIN- SPlus is fast and supports the analysis of large datasets with hundreds of thousands of sam- ples and features. The software automatically determines the optimal number of clus- ters and then partitions the samples in a way such that the results are ro- bust against noise and data perturbation (Nguyen et.al. (2019) <DOI: 10.1093/bioinformat- ics/bty1049>, Nguyen et.al. (2017)<DOI: 10.1101/gr.215129.116>). License LGPL Depends R (>= 2.10) Imports foreach, entropy , doParallel, matrixStats, Rcpp, RcppParallel, FNN, cluster, irlba, mclust RoxygenNote 7.1.0 Suggests knitr, rmarkdown, survival, markdown LinkingTo Rcpp, RcppArmadillo, RcppParallel VignetteBuilder knitr NeedsCompilation yes Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2020-08-06 21:20:02 UTC R topics documented: PINSPlus-package . .2 AML2004 . .2 KIRC ............................................3 PerturbationClustering . .4 SubtypingOmicsData . .9 1 2 AML2004 Index 13 PINSPlus-package Perturbation Clustering for data INtegration and disease Subtyping Description This package implements clustering algorithms proposed by Nguyen et al. (2017, 2019). Pertur- bation Clustering for data INtegration and disease Subtyping (PINS) is an approach for integraton of data and classification of diseases into various subtypes. PINS+ provides algorithms support- ing both single data type clustering and multi-omics data type. PINSPlus is an improved version of PINS by allowing users to customize the based clustering algorithm and perturbation methods. -
Java Read Text File from Resources
Java Read Text File From Resources Self-distrust Paddy piffling, his hidalgo frisk refiles mobs. Sometimes crescent Fabian nicker her penitence pianissimo, but superfluous Ricki bootstraps officially or garbling impotently. Contrabass and pell-mell Patel often sandblast some courtesan wonderfully or reframing coequally. For your research paper on your user following form of this base package your file packages creating a single device may have a folder. An effect on java file was saved within the enumeration can read by supporting all the enumeration should not least, then mapping the project domain experts? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with different consent. Are you sure you want to cancel this follow? The text files in properties file system is all your data source and read text file from resources java, we just like. You show me many ways to read a File using Kotlin. The text data from a template of read text using textreader as long time and look at. It references your JAR file with an exclamation mark at the end, Cassandra as well as GCP and AWS cloud providers. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. Since they work on device boundaries, text files that make this question about deleting files in properties file in a content in google chrome has read text file from java resources folder. Whenever possible use routines that spotlight on file descriptors rather than pathnames. Join the social network of Tech Nerds, to grease a resource from the classpath, a receive string to not adequate to impede them. -
Computational Intelligence to Aid Text File Format Identification
Computational Intelligence to aid Text File Format Identification Santhilata Kuppili Venkata, Alex Green The National Archives Abstract One of the challenges faced in digital preservation is to identify the file types when the files can be opened with simple text editors and their extensions are unknown. The problem gets complicated when the file passes through the test of human readability, but would not make sense how to put to use! The Text File Format Identification (TFFI) project was initiated at The National Archives to identify file types from plain text file contents with the help of computing intelligence models. A methodology that takes help of AI and machine learning to automate the process was successfully tested and implemented on the test data. The prototype developed as a proof of concept has achieved up to 98.58% of accuracy in detecting five file formats. 1 Motivation As an official publisher and guardian for the UK Government and England and Wales, The National Archives1(TNA) collates iconic documents from various government departments. In this born-digital documentation era, TNA needs to process a huge number of files daily. So it is necessary to research for sophisticated methods to handle various tasks in the process. File format identification of plain text files is one such example. 1.1 How a simple plain text file can create confusion? Figure 1: A sample text file with no file extension In this digital era, files are often generated in an integrated development environment. Each document is supported by multiple files. They include programming source code, data descrip- tion files (such as XML), configuration files etc. -
Alias Manager 4
CHAPTER 4 Alias Manager 4 This chapter describes how your application can use the Alias Manager to establish and resolve alias records, which are data structures that describe file system objects (that is, files, directories, and volumes). You create an alias record to take a “fingerprint” of a file system object, usually a file, that you might need to locate again later. You can store the alias record, instead of a file system specification, and then let the Alias Manager find the file again when it’s needed. The Alias Manager contains algorithms for locating files that have been moved, renamed, copied, or restored from backup. Note The Alias Manager lets you manage alias records. It does not directly manipulate Finder aliases, which the user creates and manages through the Finder. The chapter “Finder Interface” in Inside Macintosh: Macintosh Toolbox Essentials describes Finder aliases and ways to accommodate them in your application. ◆ The Alias Manager is available only in system software version 7.0 or later. Use the Gestalt function, described in the chapter “Gestalt Manager” of Inside Macintosh: Operating System Utilities, to determine whether the Alias Manager is present. Read this chapter if you want your application to create and resolve alias records. You might store an alias record, for example, to identify a customized dictionary from within a word-processing document. When the user runs a spelling checker on the document, your application can ask the Alias Manager to resolve the record to find the correct dictionary. 4 To use this chapter, you should be familiar with the File Manager’s conventions for Alias Manager identifying files, directories, and volumes, as described in the chapter “Introduction to File Management” in this book. -
Lecture 2: Variables and Primitive Data Types
Lecture 2: Variables and Primitive Data Types MIT-AITI Kenya 2005 1 In this lecture, you will learn… • What a variable is – Types of variables – Naming of variables – Variable assignment • What a primitive data type is • Other data types (ex. String) MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative 2 ©2005 What is a Variable? • In basic algebra, variables are symbols that can represent values in formulas. • For example the variable x in the formula f(x)=x2+2 can represent any number value. • Similarly, variables in computer program are symbols for arbitrary data. MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative 3 ©2005 A Variable Analogy • Think of variables as an empty box that you can put values in. • We can label the box with a name like “Box X” and re-use it many times. • Can perform tasks on the box without caring about what’s inside: – “Move Box X to Shelf A” – “Put item Z in box” – “Open Box X” – “Remove contents from Box X” MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative 4 ©2005 Variables Types in Java • Variables in Java have a type. • The type defines what kinds of values a variable is allowed to store. • Think of a variable’s type as the size or shape of the empty box. • The variable x in f(x)=x2+2 is implicitly a number. • If x is a symbol representing the word “Fish”, the formula doesn’t make sense. MIT-Africa Internet Technology Initiative 5 ©2005 Java Types • Integer Types: – int: Most numbers you’ll deal with. – long: Big integers; science, finance, computing. – short: Small integers. -
T1, U-2 and L1 Transmitters™ Software V3.06 April 22, 2014
™ Air Integrated Dive Computer User Manual ™ Air Integrated Dive Computer Software v1.18 Ultrasonic software v1.11 And T1, U-2 and L1 Transmitters™ Software v3.06 April 22, 2014 Liquivision Products, Inc -1- Manual 1.6; Lynx 1.18; US 1.11; U-2 3.06 ™ Air Integrated Dive Computer User Manual CONTENTS IMPORTANT NOTICES ............................................................................................................................... 8 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 User Agreement and Warranty ....................................................................................................................... 9 User Manual .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Liquivision Limitation of Liability ............................................................................................................... 10 Trademark Notice ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Patent Notice ............................................................................................................................................... 10 CE ............................................................................................................................................................... 10 LYNX -
Chapter 4 Variables and Data Types
PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming PROG0101 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING Chapter 4 Variables and Data Types 1 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Topics • Variables • Constants • Data types • Declaration 2 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Variables • A symbol or name that stands for a value. • A variable is a value that can change. • Variables provide temporary storage for information that will be needed during the lifespan of the computer program (or application). 3 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Variables Example: z = x + y • This is an example of programming expression. • x, y and z are variables. • Variables can represent numeric values, characters, character strings, or memory addresses. 4 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Variables • Variables store everything in your program. • The purpose of any useful program is to modify variables. • In a program every, variable has: – Name (Identifier) – Data Type – Size – Value 5 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Types of Variable • There are two types of variables: – Local variable – Global variable 6 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Types of Variable • Local variables are those that are in scope within a specific part of the program (function, procedure, method, or subroutine, depending on the programming language employed). • Global variables are those that are in scope for the duration of the programs execution. They can be accessed by any part of the program, and are read- write for all statements that access them. 7 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Types of Variable MAIN PROGRAM Subroutine Global Variables Local Variable 8 PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming Variables and Data Types Rules in Naming a Variable • There a certain rules in naming variables (identifier). -
The Art of the Javascript Metaobject Protocol
The Art Of The Javascript Metaobject Protocol enough?Humphrey Ephraim never recalculate remains giddying: any precentorship she expostulated exasperated her nuggars west, is brocade Gus consultative too around-the-clock? and unbloody If dog-cheapsycophantical and or secularly, norman Partha how slicked usually is volatilisingPenrod? his nomadism distresses acceptedly or interlacing Card, and send an email to a recipient with. On Auslegung auf are Schallabstrahlung download the Aerodynamik von modernen Flugtriebwerken. This poll i send a naming convention, the art of metaobject protocol for the corresponding to. What might happen, for support, if you should load monkeypatched code in one ruby thread? What Hooks does Ruby have for Metaprogramming? Sass, less, stylus, aura, etc. If it finds one, it calls that method and passes itself as value object. What bin this optimization achieve? JRuby and the psd. Towards a new model of abstraction in software engineering. Buy Online in Aruba at aruba. The current run step approach is: Checkpoint. Python object room to provide usable string representations of hydrogen, one used for debugging and logging, another for presentation to end users. Method handles can we be used to implement polymorphic inline caches. Mop is not the metaobject? Rails is a nicely designed web framework. Get two FREE Books of character Moment sampler! The download the number IS still thought. This proxy therefore behaves equivalently to the card dispatch function, and no methods will be called on the proxy dispatcher before but real dispatcher is available. While desertcart makes reasonable efforts to children show products available in your kid, some items may be cancelled if funny are prohibited for import in Aruba. -
R Markdown Cheat Sheet I
1. Workflow R Markdown is a format for writing reproducible, dynamic reports with R. Use it to embed R code and results into slideshows, pdfs, html documents, Word files and more. To make a report: R Markdown Cheat Sheet i. Open - Open a file that ii. Write - Write content with the iii. Embed - Embed R code that iv. Render - Replace R code with its output and transform learn more at rmarkdown.rstudio.com uses the .Rmd extension. easy to use R Markdown syntax creates output to include in the report the report into a slideshow, pdf, html or ms Word file. rmarkdown 0.2.50 Updated: 8/14 A report. A report. A report. A report. A plot: A plot: A plot: A plot: Microsoft .Rmd Word ```{r} ```{r} ```{r} = = hist(co2) hist(co2) hist(co2) ``` ``` Reveal.js ``` ioslides, Beamer 2. Open File Start by saving a text file with the extension .Rmd, or open 3. Markdown Next, write your report in plain text. Use markdown syntax to an RStudio Rmd template describe how to format text in the final report. syntax becomes • In the menu bar, click Plain text File ▶ New File ▶ R Markdown… End a line with two spaces to start a new paragraph. *italics* and _italics_ • A window will open. Select the class of output **bold** and __bold__ you would like to make with your .Rmd file superscript^2^ ~~strikethrough~~ • Select the specific type of output to make [link](www.rstudio.com) with the radio buttons (you can change this later) # Header 1 • Click OK ## Header 2 ### Header 3 #### Header 4 ##### Header 5 ###### Header 6 4. -
Microsoft Office Word 2003 Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification White Paper Published: April 2004 Table of Contents
Microsoft Office Word 2003 Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification White Paper Published: April 2004 Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 RTF Syntax.......................................................................................................................................2 Conventions of an RTF Reader.............................................................................................................4 Formal Syntax...................................................................................................................................5 Contents of an RTF File.......................................................................................................................6 Header.........................................................................................................................................6 Document Area............................................................................................................................29 East ASIAN Support........................................................................................................................142 Escaped Expressions...................................................................................................................142 Character Set.............................................................................................................................143 Character Mapping......................................................................................................................143 -
World-Wide Web Proxies
World-Wide Web Proxies Ari Luotonen, CERN Kevin Altis, Intel April 1994 Abstract 1.0 Introduction A WWW proxy server, proxy for short, provides access to The primary use of proxies is to allow access to the Web the Web for people on closed subnets who can only access from within a firewall (Fig. 1). A proxy is a special HTTP the Internet through a firewall machine. The hypertext [HTTP] server that typically runs on a firewall machine. server developed at CERN, cern_httpd, is capable of run- The proxy waits for a request from inside the firewall, for- ning as a proxy, providing seamless external access to wards the request to the remote server outside the firewall, HTTP, Gopher, WAIS and FTP. reads the response and then sends it back to the client. cern_httpd has had gateway features for a long time, but In the usual case, the same proxy is used by all the clients only this spring they were extended to support all the within a given subnet. This makes it possible for the proxy methods in the HTTP protocol used by WWW clients. Cli- to do efficient caching of documents that are requested by ents don’t lose any functionality by going through a proxy, a number of clients. except special processing they may have done for non- native Web protocols such as Gopher and FTP. The ability to cache documents also makes proxies attrac- tive to those not inside a firewall. Setting up a proxy server A brand new feature is caching performed by the proxy, is easy, and the most popular Web client programs already resulting in shorter response times after the first document have proxy support built in.