5.1 Coarse Bed Load Sampling
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Spring 2021 | Issue No
SPRING 2021 | ISSUE NO. 31 THE CANAL QUARTERLYwww.CanalTrust.org CANAL STEWARDS PROVIDE VITAL SERVICE One of the largest contributions the C&O Stewards perform many types of light Canal Trust makes to the C&O Canal National maintenance tasks, including lopping and Historical Park is the volunteer support pruning, painting, picking up trash, removing we marshal and manage. As the Park's vegetation, raking, and restocking maps and official nonprofit partner, we are focused on trash-free park bags. It's the perfect way for providing volunteer efforts to aid National an individual, couple, or small group to get Park Service (NPS) staff in maintenance and fresh air, exercise, and care for the Park, all beautification projects along the towpath. while social distancing. Every garden mulched and invasive plant pulled by a volunteer is one less chore for an Stewards are able to set their own schedules NPS maintenance worker, freeing him or her in cooperation with the Trust's Canal up for higher-level responsibilities. Stewards Coordinator Becka Lee. Volunteers are required to go through an orientation In late 2020, the Trust added a new volunteer program prior to beginning work at their program to our arsenal, the Canal Stewards site. If you choose to become a Steward, program, which we assumed management you will join the hundreds of dedicated of from NPS staff. Canal Stewards "adopt" volunteers who work to keep the Park clean a section of the canal and maintain it for and safe for its nearly 5 million visitors. For a designated time period. Parking lots, more information, visit www.canaltrust. -
Measurement of Bedload Transport in Sand-Bed Rivers: a Look at Two Indirect Sampling Methods
Published online in 2010 as part of U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5091. Measurement of Bedload Transport in Sand-Bed Rivers: A Look at Two Indirect Sampling Methods Robert R. Holmes, Jr. U.S. Geological Survey, Rolla, Missouri, United States. Abstract Sand-bed rivers present unique challenges to accurate measurement of the bedload transport rate using the traditional direct sampling methods of direct traps (for example the Helley-Smith bedload sampler). The two major issues are: 1) over sampling of sand transport caused by “mining” of sand due to the flow disturbance induced by the presence of the sampler and 2) clogging of the mesh bag with sand particles reducing the hydraulic efficiency of the sampler. Indirect measurement methods hold promise in that unlike direct methods, no transport-altering flow disturbance near the bed occurs. The bedform velocimetry method utilizes a measure of the bedform geometry and the speed of bedform translation to estimate the bedload transport through mass balance. The bedform velocimetry method is readily applied for the estimation of bedload transport in large sand-bed rivers so long as prominent bedforms are present and the streamflow discharge is steady for long enough to provide sufficient bedform translation between the successive bathymetric data sets. Bedform velocimetry in small sand- bed rivers is often problematic due to rapid variation within the hydrograph. The bottom-track bias feature of the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) has been utilized to accurately estimate the virtual velocities of sand-bed rivers. Coupling measurement of the virtual velocity with an accurate determination of the active depth of the streambed sediment movement is another method to measure bedload transport, which will be termed the “virtual velocity” method. -
Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations. -
Seasonal Flooding Affects Habitat and Landscape Dynamics of a Gravel
Seasonal flooding affects habitat and landscape dynamics of a gravel-bed river floodplain Katelyn P. Driscoll1,2,5 and F. Richard Hauer1,3,4,6 1Systems Ecology Graduate Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 USA 2Rocky Mountain Research Station, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102 USA 3Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana 59806 USA 4Montana Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 USA Abstract: Floodplains are comprised of aquatic and terrestrial habitats that are reshaped frequently by hydrologic processes that operate at multiple spatial and temporal scales. It is well established that hydrologic and geomorphic dynamics are the primary drivers of habitat change in river floodplains over extended time periods. However, the effect of fluctuating discharge on floodplain habitat structure during seasonal flooding is less well understood. We collected ultra-high resolution digital multispectral imagery of a gravel-bed river floodplain in western Montana on 6 dates during a typical seasonal flood pulse and used it to quantify changes in habitat abundance and diversity as- sociated with annual flooding. We observed significant changes in areal abundance of many habitat types, such as riffles, runs, shallow shorelines, and overbank flow. However, the relative abundance of some habitats, such as back- waters, springbrooks, pools, and ponds, changed very little. We also examined habitat transition patterns through- out the flood pulse. Few habitat transitions occurred in the main channel, which was dominated by riffle and run habitat. In contrast, in the near-channel, scoured habitats of the floodplain were dominated by cobble bars at low flows but transitioned to isolated flood channels at moderate discharge. -
Culvert Design Transportation & the Environment Conference December 3, 2014 Chris Freiburger – Fisheries Division - DNR Perched Piping
Culvert Design Transportation & the Environment Conference December 3, 2014 Chris Freiburger – Fisheries Division - DNR Perched Piping Blockage Sediment What are we after? •Natural and dynamic stream channel •Passage of all aquatic organisms •Low maintenance, flood-resilient road Sizing & Placement of Stream Culverts The Stream Will Tell You! •Match Culvert Width to Bankfull Stream Width •Extend Culvert Length through side slope toe •Set Culvert Slope same as Stream Slope •Bury Culvert 1/6th Bankfull Stream Width •Offset Multiple Culverts (floodplain ~ splits lower buried one) (higher one ~ 1 ft. higher) •Align Culvert with Stream (or dig with stream sinuosity) •Consider Headcuts and Cut-Offs Dr. Sandy Verry Chief Research Hydrologist Forest Service Mesboac Culvert Design – 0’ • Match 3’ Bankfull width 6’ • Extend Culvert to side slope toe • Set on Channel Slope Set Slope Failure to set culverts on the same slope th as the stream (and bury them 1/6 widthBKF) is the single reason that many culverts do not allow for fish passage! Slope can be measured as: Slope along the bank (wider variation, than thalweg) Slope of the water surface (big errors at low flow or in flooded channels, good at moderate to bankfull flows) Slope of the thalweg (this, by far, is the best one) Measure a longitudinal profile to allow the precise placement of culverts. Precision Setting is the key to a fully functional riffle culvert installation At each point riffle 1. Bankfull riffle 2. Water surface Setting the elevation 3. Thalweg of the culvert invert True North Backsight upstream & riffle Benchmark downstream assures success! riffle riffle Measure Bankfull elevation, water surface elevation, and major thalweg topographic breaks (riffle top, riffle bottom, pool bottom), at each station, on the longitudinal profile 1997 LITTLE POKEGAMA CREEK PLOT 7 LONGITUDINAL 1003 1002 1001 1000 FT - 999 998 Bankfull elevation 997 ELEVATION 996 Slope = 0.0191 Water Surface elevation 995 Thalweg elevation 994 993 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 THALWEG DISTANCE-FT 1. -
Flood Pulse Effects on Benthic Invertebrate Assemblages in the Hypolacustric Interstitial Zone of Lake Constance
Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 48 (2012) 267–277 Available online at: Ó EDP Sciences, 2012 www.limnology-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/limn/2012008 Flood pulse effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages in the hypolacustric interstitial zone of Lake Constance Shannon J. O’Leary1 and Karl M. Wantzen2* 1 School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11733, USA 2 CNRS UMR 6371 CITERES/IPAPE, De´partement des Sciences, Universite´Franc¸ois Rabelais, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France Abstract – In contrast to rivers, the effects of water level fluctuations on the biota are severely understudied in lakes. Lake Constance has a naturally pulsing hydrograph with average amplitudes of 1.4 m between winter drought and summer flood seasons (annual flood pulse (AFP)). Additionally, heavy rainstorms in summer have the potential to create short-term summer flood pulses (SFP). The flood pulse concept for lakes predicts that littoral organisms should be adapted to the regularly occurring AFP, i.e. taking advantage of benefits such as an influx of food sources and low predator pressure, though these organisms will not possess adapta- tions for the SFP. To test this hypothesis, we studied the aquatic invertebrate assemblages colonizing the gravel sediments of Lake Constance, the AFP in spring and a dramatic SFP event consisting of a one meter rise of water level in 24 h. Here, we introduce the term ‘hypolacustric interstitial’ for lakes analog to the hyporheic zone of running water ecosystems. Our results confirm the hypothesis of contrasting effects of a regular AFP and a random SFP indicating that the AFP enhances the productivity and biodiversity of the littoral zone with benthic invertebrates displaying an array of adaptations enabling them to survive. -
Springs of California
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIBECTOB WATER- SUPPLY PAPER 338 SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA BY GEKALD A. WARING WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 CONTENTS. Page. lntroduction by W. C. Mendenhall ... .. ................................... 5 Physical features of California ...... ....... .. .. ... .. ....... .............. 7 Natural divisions ................... ... .. ........................... 7 Coast Ranges ..................................... ....•.......... _._._ 7 11 ~~:~~::!:: :~~e:_-_-_·.-.·.·: ~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: ::: 12 Sierra Nevada .................... .................................... 12 Southeastern desert ......................... ............. .. ..... ... 13 Faults ..... ....... ... ................ ·.. : ..... ................ ..... 14 Natural waters ................................ _.......................... 15 Use of terms "mineral water" and ''pure water" ............... : .·...... 15 ,,uneral analysis of water ................................ .. ... ........ 15 Source and amount of substances in water ................. ............. 17 Degree of concentration of natural waters ........................ ..· .... 21 Properties of mineral waters . ................... ...... _. _.. .. _... _....• 22 Temperature of natural waters ... : ....................... _.. _..... .... : . 24 Classification of mineral waters ............ .......... .. .. _. .. _......... _ 25 Therapeutic value of waters .................................... ... ... 26 Analyses -
Secondary Flow Effects on Deposition of Cohesive Sediment in A
water Article Secondary Flow Effects on Deposition of Cohesive Sediment in a Meandering Reach of Yangtze River Cuicui Qin 1,* , Xuejun Shao 1 and Yi Xiao 2 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2 National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-188-1137-0675 Received: 27 May 2019; Accepted: 9 July 2019; Published: 12 July 2019 Abstract: Few researches focus on secondary flow effects on bed deformation caused by cohesive sediment deposition in meandering channels of field mega scale. A 2D depth-averaged model is improved by incorporating three submodels to consider different effects of secondary flow and a module for cohesive sediment transport. These models are applied to a meandering reach of Yangtze River to investigate secondary flow effects on cohesive sediment deposition, and a preferable submodel is selected based on the flow simulation results. Sediment simulation results indicate that the improved model predictions are in better agreement with the measurements in planar distribution of deposition, as the increased sediment deposits caused by secondary current on the convex bank have been well predicted. Secondary flow effects on the predicted amount of deposition become more obvious during the period when the sediment load is low and velocity redistribution induced by the bed topography is evident. Such effects vary with the settling velocity and critical shear stress for deposition of cohesive sediment. The bed topography effects can be reflected by the secondary flow submodels and play an important role in velocity and sediment deposition predictions. -
Mineral Springs Walking Tour
The Springs Early advertisement for Steamboat’s springs of Steamboat Springs An elk takes a swim in the Heart Spring pool YOUR EXploration OF THE SPRINGS DISCOVER Steamboat’S SPRINGS: can be tailored to your own curiosity level. By starting IRON SPRING at Iron Spring you are within easy walking distance (about one mile) of five mineral springs. For the more SODA SPRING adventuresome—extend your tour with a hike to SULPHUR SPRING the Sulphur Cave or take a plunge in the “soothing SWEETWATER/LAKE SPRING and health-giving” waters of the Old Town Hot Springs. STEAMBOAT SPRING NARCISSUS/TERRACE SPRING Journey in the footsteps of the Yampatika Ute and BLACK SULPHUR SPRING Arapaho tribes and the early pioneers of Steamboat LITHIA SPRING Springs as you discover the city’s mineral springs. No two springs are alike—and each has its own SULPHUR CAVE special mineral content and intriguing allure. HEART SPRING at THE OLD TOWN HOT SPRINGS Use this map for guidance, as the new trail differs from the Please be advised that the waters in these springs are natural one on the blue signs located at each spring. Suitable walking flowing and untreated. Drinking from the springs may cause shoes are advised since parts of the trail are rough and steep. illness or discomfort. After touring the springs, see if you know which is the: For more information about the springs in Steamboat Springs please visit or call: • Hottest spring? • Tread of Pioneers Museum ~ 8th and Oak 970.879.2214 • Lemonade spring? • City of Steamboat Springs ~ 137 10th Street 970.879.2060 • Most odiferous spring? • Bud Werner Memorial Library ~ 12th and Lincoln 970.879.0240 • Yampatika ~ 925 Weiss Drive 970.871.9151 • Most palatable? This document is supported in part by a Preserve America grant administered by • Miraquelle spring? the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. -
River Dynamics 101 - Fact Sheet River Management Program Vermont Agency of Natural Resources
River Dynamics 101 - Fact Sheet River Management Program Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Overview In the discussion of river, or fluvial systems, and the strategies that may be used in the management of fluvial systems, it is important to have a basic understanding of the fundamental principals of how river systems work. This fact sheet will illustrate how sediment moves in the river, and the general response of the fluvial system when changes are imposed on or occur in the watershed, river channel, and the sediment supply. The Working River The complex river network that is an integral component of Vermont’s landscape is created as water flows from higher to lower elevations. There is an inherent supply of potential energy in the river systems created by the change in elevation between the beginning and ending points of the river or within any discrete stream reach. This potential energy is expressed in a variety of ways as the river moves through and shapes the landscape, developing a complex fluvial network, with a variety of channel and valley forms and associated aquatic and riparian habitats. Excess energy is dissipated in many ways: contact with vegetation along the banks, in turbulence at steps and riffles in the river profiles, in erosion at meander bends, in irregularities, or roughness of the channel bed and banks, and in sediment, ice and debris transport (Kondolf, 2002). Sediment Production, Transport, and Storage in the Working River Sediment production is influenced by many factors, including soil type, vegetation type and coverage, land use, climate, and weathering/erosion rates. -
Stream Restoration, a Natural Channel Design
Stream Restoration Prep8AICI by the North Carolina Stream Restonltlon Institute and North Carolina Sea Grant INC STATE UNIVERSITY I North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, religion, sex, age or disability. In addition, the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation. Contents Introduction to Fluvial Processes 1 Stream Assessment and Survey Procedures 2 Rosgen Stream-Classification Systems/ Channel Assessment and Validation Procedures 3 Bankfull Verification and Gage Station Analyses 4 Priority Options for Restoring Incised Streams 5 Reference Reach Survey 6 Design Procedures 7 Structures 8 Vegetation Stabilization and Riparian-Buffer Re-establishment 9 Erosion and Sediment-Control Plan 10 Flood Studies 11 Restoration Evaluation and Monitoring 12 References and Resources 13 Appendices Preface Streams and rivers serve many purposes, including water supply, The authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing wildlife habitat, energy generation, transportation and recreation. the document: A stream is a dynamic, complex system that includes not only Micky Clemmons the active channel but also the floodplain and the vegetation Rockie English, Ph.D. along its edges. A natural stream system remains stable while Chris Estes transporting a wide range of flows and sediment produced in its Angela Jessup, P.E. watershed, maintaining a state of "dynamic equilibrium." When Joseph Mickey changes to the channel, floodplain, vegetation, flow or sediment David Penrose supply significantly affect this equilibrium, the stream may Todd St. John become unstable and start adjusting toward a new equilibrium state. -
Capitol Reef U.S
National Park Service Capitol Reef U.S. Department of the Interior Capitol Reef National Park Spring Canyon Spring Canyon is deep and narrow with towering Wingate cliffs and Navajo domes. It originates on the shoulder of Thousand Lakes Mountain and extends to the Fremont River. The route is marked with rock cairns and signs in some places, but many sections are unmarked and car- rying a topographic map and GPS unit is recommended. It is extremely hot in summer, and the only usually reliable water source is at the spring in Upper Spring Canyon, 1.5 miles (2.41 km) west of the junction with Chimney Rock Canyon. Use caution in narrow canyons particular- ly during the flash flood season (typically July–September). The canyon route is divided into Upper and Lower Spring Canyon sections. It can be accessed midway via Chimney Rock Canyon. The entire canyon is best done as a three- to four-day trip. Upper Spring Canyon is a good two- to three- day trip, while Lower Spring Canyon can be done as an overnight or long day hike. Backcountry permits are required for all overnight trips and can be obtained at the visitor center. Location of Trailheads 1. Upper end of Spring Canyon: Holt Draw, which is a dirt track on the right (north) side of Hwy 24, 0.9 miles (1.44 km) west of the park boundary and 7.2 miles (11.59 km) west of the visitor center. The road is closed to vehicle traf- fic beyond the gate at the forest service boundary near Hwy 24.