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The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Issue 18 9 / 2007

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Company/institute/organization Fluorescence microscope image: Triple fluorochromized cell culture speci- Last name, First name mens. The fluorescence dyes are excited using the revolutionary Colibri fluorescence Position illumination system which is based on the latest LED technology and provides up Street address Carl Zeiss AG to ten different wavelengths with precisely Innovation editorial staff defined spectrums. City, Zip/Postal code Renate König (Specimen: Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Biochemistry 1 Country 73446 Oberkochen Germany Department, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany) Email Fax: +49 (0)7364 20-3370 If known: subscription or customer number Editorial

Dear Readers,

Excellence is our unwavering aspiration at Carl Zeiss. We strive to offer our customers the best products and services, and thus make a vital contribution to their success.

Innovation is the key factor in this excellence at Carl Zeiss, where innovation has been a way of life for more than 160 years; you might even say it is in our genes.

Carl Zeiss has always been known for its spirit of discovery and scien- tific progress. Increasingly complex technologies and processes are constantly required to advance our highly developed products and procedures.

Therefore, we rely on international networks and alliances to remain a global leader. Our researchers and developers, and our application and marketing specialists maintain close contacts with customers, suppliers and the best scientists in the world to integrate the latest trends, insights and research results into our products and services: for competitive advantages and for your benefit.Innovation is one of the tools we use to maintain contact with you, our customers and partners.

The editors would like to know what you think of the new Innovation.

Enjoy reading!

Best wishes

Dr. Dieter Kurz President and CEO of Carl Zeiss AG

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007  Contents

Editorial 3

Panorama 6

Zeiss Ikon – A Love Story 10 Images from the Baltic Sea coast

Cover story: Innovations

Don’t Leave Innovation to Chance 14

Floating Ideas 22

“It All Starts with a Good Idea” 24 Interview with Dr. Dieter Kurz

Meeting the Challenges 26 14 of the Future Guest Article

On global markets, ideas as the By Dr. Annette Schavan basis for innovative products German Federal Minister of Education are becoming decisive competitive factors. and Research

 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Report 38 JetSCAN Replaces Manual Engine Inspections

Essay 46 Innovations – The Sign of Progress

Cover story: Innovations Report: Insights

A Bone of Contention 28 How did Vincent van Gogh paint? State-of-the-art 34 electron microscopes Van Gogh – 34 reveal his secrets. The Secret of His Painting

“Perfume” was filmed with a Master Zoom, Report: Image Qualities the high-performance lens from Carl Zeiss.

Bringing Scent to the Big Screen 40

A Seductive Smile 44

At Your Service

Preview 50

40

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007  Panorama

Seconds are small eternities to him: Carl Zeiss Research Award Winner, Jun Ye.

Counting Seconds Jun Ye Receives 2007 Carl Zeiss Research Award for New Atomic Clock

Why do clocks have to be accurate down to the atto- have been used to set our watches since 1967. They second? Surely not for reasons of punctuality. No one are counting machines. The faster the atoms decay, meets at seven on the dot according to a normal watch, the faster you have to count them. This occurs fastest and even those waiting for a train do not need to be optically. John Hall and Theodor Hänsch did not win the that punctual – trains are never on time as it is. Why 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for their laser-based preci- then a need for attoseconds? In the time it takes to say sion spectroscopy without good reason. 40-year old “twenty-one,” a billion times a billion attoseconds have American physicist and colleague of John Hall at the already passed. Why then must clocks measure such University of Colorado Jun Ye enhanced the measuring unimaginably small periods of time? Highly accurate technology of the two Nobel laureates and catapulted clocks are not just a quirk of physicists. For example, himself to the global summit in the development of fre- they are used for navigation at great distances such quency-stabilized lasers and the measuring technology as determining the position of the Voyager 1 probe based on it. His atomic clock uses the optical proper- that has been underway for more than 30 years and ties of strontium atoms and is more precise than the has already left our solar system. Atto-seconds are also cesium-based atomic clock from 1967. His work earned used to calculate the orbits of planets. Atomic clocks him the 2007 Carl Zeiss Research Award.

 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Teflon®: More Than Meets the Eye Coating excellence now also for eyeglass lenses

Teflon® is one of the best-known brands in the world. ket leadership is better than ever. The new company, The name always appears whenever the subject turns whose lenses are worn by 200 million people around to high-quality coatings. This synthetic material with the globe, is now the world number 2 and aims to the extremely smooth and chemically stabile properties become the market leader in Germany by 2010 at the has conquered a wide swath of daily life since its latest – also thanks to Teflon®. discovery in 1938. Whether the electronics, chemistry and automotive industries or at home – the range of uses for Teflon®, a DuPont brand, has been continually increasing since the 1950s.

Teflon® stands for a simple message: protection, com- fort and long life. For this reason, Teflon® was added as a high-end coating for eyeglass lenses from Carl Zeiss Vision: Teflon® easycare. The Teflon-coated lenses speak for themselves: they do not get dirty as quickly as their surface repels water and oil. They can be cleaned quickly and easily and feature antistatic properties. The highly effective broadband antire- flective coating ensures clear vision. Two years after Carl Zeiss acquired US eyeglass lens manufacturer SOLA International and merged it with its own Eyeglass Division to form Carl Zeiss Vision, the prospect of mar- Water simply beads off: eyeglass lenses coated with Teflon®.

Swiss Passion Metris AG impressed by precision and efficiency of METROTOM

The small alpine country of Switzerland is known for its snow-capped mountains, deep-blue lakes and a population that rarely gets excited. However, this is precisely what happened to Roger Eggenberger when he experienced the METROTOM® 1500 from Carl Zeiss. For the President of Metris AG in St. Gallen, Switzer- land, this machine marks the dawn of a new era in 3D metrology. “METROTOM enables us to access a new customer segment which we were unable to serve with this level of precision and efficiency in the past,” says Eggenberger. This new measuring technology ideally complements the contact and optical measuring scenario of his company: 100 percent information is delivered within a fraction of the time usually needed. METROTOM is the fusion of traditional metrology and industrial computer tomography. It uses x-rays for the non-destructive measurement of the interior and exterior of complex and small workpieces, creating a three-dimensional image in the process. The details of the test piece appear as a 2D image in varying intensity depending on the geometry and absorption properties. A spatial image is generated when the object turns around its own axis on a rotary table. While this is happening, the data is converted to provide a 3D volume model using Calypso – a software package METROTOM uses x-rays for the non-destructive measurement from the development lab at Carl Zeiss. of complex workpieces.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007  Science and Society Jena is the German City of Science in 2008 and its famous university is celebrating its 450th anniversary

Combining tradition and the future: the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena.

Six words sum it up: “Made in Jena – Growth and but also actively lived by its inhabitants. He represented Knowledge“. Starting in January, the city on the Saale Jena industry at the meeting of the consortium of Ger- River will proudly deck itself with this motto for twelve man industries for the promotion of science and higher months. Jena is the German “City of Science” in 2008. education in Braunschweig: “Being an active partner Another major event is also taking place this year: the of the alliance for science and growth corresponds pre- Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, in which a total of cisely to the corporate philosophy of Carl Zeiss.” In this over 20,000 students are enrolled, is celebrating its spirit, the four Presidents of the Carl Zeiss companies in 450th anniversary. The initiatives sponsored by a Jena – Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Carl consortium of German industries to promote science Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH and Carl Zeiss SMS GmbH and higher education, which are also backed by the – are lending their support to the board of trustees German government, are aimed at intensifying the appointed for the 2008 City of Science. dialog between science and society. The application submitted by the 100,000-strong city, in which the first Zeiss workshop was founded over 160 years ago, per- fectly fits the bill. Jena soared above the rest through “its originality and passion for innovation,” was how jury member Joachim Treusch summed up the final decision. Treusch, physicist and President of the Jacobs University in Bremen, commented: “The winner is the city of the distinguished triumvirate: Zeiss, Abbe, Schott.”

Dr. Ulrich Simon, President of Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, reported that the winning city did its utmost to ensure that the traditional cooperation between Jena ablaze with light and resonant with sound during the industry and science was not only effectively managed, event held to herald the launch of the City of Science.

 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 High-power Chips More than 450 million euros for new factory in Oberkochen

Practically everyone is aware of the health hazards asso- ciated with potato chips. Microchips on the other hand are industry favorites, particularly microtechnology. Understandably, too. After all, they open up additional possibilities in the research and development of new products and services. Carl Zeiss SMT AG is playing its part in this trend. The company‘s new Starlith® 1900i lens system is paving the way for the next generation of microchips – for example, applications that require a lot of memory such as extremely high-resolution digital photography with cell phones. Carl Zeiss SMT AG built the world’s most advanced development and production center for lithography optics for the development and production of new microchips. Where: Oberkochen. Carl Zeiss SMT has invested more than 450 million euros in the new factory since the ground-breaking ceremony in 2000, including approximately 150 million euros in buildings and infrastructure, as well as more than 300 million euros in production and measuring facilities. Approxi- mately 1,400 employees work in the new factory. More than 45,000 square meters of the most advanced floor Large numbers of visitors tour the new factory. space for production, development and organization have been created, a large percentage as clean rooms, in already being expanded as scheduled. The new building order to meet the demanding production requirements provides space for an additional 140 jobs and several for the precision optics of Carl Zeiss SMT. The factory is meeting rooms.

The ultimate in technical excellence: the market leader for litho- A demo center with leading edge electron microscopes is graphy systems makes its products in the new, high-tech factory. available to customers and partners.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007  Zeiss Ikon – A Love Story Continues

10 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Zeiss Ikon – A Love Story Continues

Analog photography lives on only because famous photographers such as Jim Rakete and Arno Fischer swear by it. This type of photography, particularly for still shots, takes you back to the roots of photography regardless of all the discus- sions about the aesthetic aspects involved. Analog images radiate warmth and communicate the uniqueness of the moment.

Photos by Hans-Joachim Miesner

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 11 12 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Unique Moments

There are also photo enthusiasts in tion provide complete control even the 21st century who prefer to work in difficult situations. Exposure cor- with film-based 35 mm rangefinder rections are thus simple and swift, camera systems. One of them is virtually intuitive. Hans-Joachim Miesner, an employee at Carl Zeiss Surgical GmbH. In addi- For decades, ZEISS Ikon was the best tion to a passion for his job, he is and most important company in the also fascinated by the people and German optical industry. Zeiss Ikon landscapes of the northern German AG was founded in 1926 through coastal regions. His tool of choice is the merger of four manufacturers the new ZEISS Ikon. And with good of optical instruments. Their legend- reason, too: the camera and its ZM ary roots extend throughout the his- bayonet lens offer everything he tory of photography. The “Ikon” in needs to indulge his passion. The the name is the result of the combi- analog camera stands out not only nation of “Ica” and “Contessa-Nettel,” because of its technical aspects, but almost identical to “Eikon,” the Greek also in its use: a classic design united word for image. An image is the place with a simple operating concept. where photographers live out their Automatic or manual TTL exposure passion. The ZEISS Ikon camera is the metering as well as an AE-lock func- continuation of a great love story.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 13 Cover story

Some ideas strike like lightening. Some are good, some extremely good. In science, the best ideas are often those whose result cannot be predicted. Whatever it may be: an outstanding idea must always meet certain criteria. First, it must be something you cannot let go of. Second, it triggers lively discussions. Third, it can be successfully implemented to ultimately mature into an innovation.

Don’t Leave Innovati on to Chance

On global markets, ideas as the basis for innovative products are increasingly becoming decisive competitive factors. This is reason enough for Carl Zeiss to facilitate ideas, specifically manage and promote innovations – both in global research networks and collaborations, as well as within the company. The best ideas are always the result of teamwork.

Text by Simone Urban and Thomas Nordiek

14 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Don’t Leave Innovati on to Chance

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 15 Innovation Cycles are Becoming Shorter

Understanding the the same time, high-quality research unknown. Innova- and production capacities exist in in- tions have heavi- dustrializing countries. Furthermore, ly influenced mankind since the- be the global exchange of knowledge ginning of time. They can inspire as occurs much faster today than just a well as unsettle. There are two sides few years ago. This all leads to ever to the story – confidence and skep- shorter innovation cycles. Semicon- ticism. Experience shows that new ductor technology is a prime exam- inventions change life as we know ple of this. While the lifespan of a it, and not always for the better. In microchip in the 1980s was eight order to overcome a fear of the un- years, today it is often six to nine known, you have to understand it months. and view its implementation critical- ly – particularly in this age of the dig- Consequently, the processes and ital revolution. Whereas single devel- workflows in all companies must be- opments were separated by entire come even faster. This is also particu- generations in the past, the gap now- larly true for a high-tech company adays is often only several years. If you want progress, you must be able to keep up with the fast pace. This also includes the courage to ask questions, but also be open to new developments.

The chip makes it possible. Hard- ly any other branch exhibits the speed of the digital age more clear- ly than information technology. Dr. Hermann Gerlinger, President and CEO of Carl Zeiss SMT AG and Mem- ber of the Executive Board at parent Carl Zeiss AG, has experienced this first hand. After all, Carl Zeiss SMT Lens element of a lithography lens in its is one of the world’s leading sys- mounting ring. tem suppliers for the semiconduc- tor industry, a highly dynamic sector such as Carl Zeiss that must determine inundated with a steady flow of in- which parts of the value chain will be formation in which the continuous performed internally and which parts optimization of value chains within can be given to external specialists. changing global conditions is part of The location of these specialists and Pages 14/15: everyday life. Today, it is possible to the costs of their services also play a Excerpt from a display of high-power transport data at unparalleled speeds vital role. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) with which Carl Zeiss is blazing new trails in fluores- and at very low costs. Goods are cence microscopy – in the research of exchanged around the world with- living cells, for example. out any major trade restrictions. At

16 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Cover story: Innovations

Innovation Cycles are Becoming Shorter

The details

Innovation – Origin and Meaning

Put simply, innovation means improvement and modernization. However, it is not the newness alone that makes an innovation. The semantic element of the word innovation is also the idea and its creative imple- mentation which is indicated by the Latin root innovatio, meaning “something new.”

Augustinus (354-430 A.D.) interpreted innovatio as change and moderniza- tion, Shakespeare viewed the “innouator” as a person who brings about political change and Luther trans- lated innovare as “to make new.” The term innovation only became widespread in A Starlith® lithography lens shortly before the alignment process. Germany through its usage by Joseph Alois Schumpeter Moore’s bold prediction. The fast- In the 1960s, the cofounder of chip (1883–1950). Until then, paced rate of innovation in semicon- manufacturer Intel predicted that people spoke of “novelties” ductor technology follows Moore’s the complexity of microchips, i. e. that primarily referred to Law, named after Gordon Moore. the number of transistors on a chip technical areas. would double every 18 to 24 months “It is important to find with minimal component costs. In Continued on page 19 general, the finer the semiconductor the right balance be- structures, the higher the computing tween doing it yourself capacity and speed of the chips. and buying from the outside without ever Maintaining pace with rapid growth. losing sight of the Even if the gap today is closer to 24 customer’s needs.” months than 18, Moore’s bold pre- diction is still valid. This is particu- Dr. Hermann Gerlinger larly true for the core competency

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 17 Unending pool of ideas and vibrant life in the up-and-coming metropolis of Shanghai.

of Carl Zeiss SMT: the development photoresist-coated silicon disk. The ifies that Carl Zeiss is setting new stan- of lithography lenses for the wafer more circuits transferred, the more dards with its lithography systems. For scanners used in microchip fabrica- precise the lithography lenses must the Starlith® 1700i lens, Carl Zeiss SMT tion. As the heart of the scanner, the be. Therefore, Carl Zeiss SMT is con- developed a technology that uses a lens transfers the structures of what stantly working to improve its prod- proven optical method: immersion. A will later be the semiconductor com- ucts. For example, the Starlith® 1150 new optical design incorporating lens ponents from a mask to the wafer, a developed five years ago was- on elements and mirrors, combined with ly able to image structures down to a film of water between the lens and ® “As a supplier of high- 90 nanometers. The current Starlith the wafer led to an almost 30 percent 1900i lens generation permits struc- increase in resolution and therefore tech production and mea- ture widths of only 40 nanometers. the generation of the smallest pos- suring machines to the sible structures on the microchips.“ semiconductor industry, Even known phenomena offer inno- this speed is nothing new vative potential. The 2006 Innovation How innovations get their wings. to Carl Zeiss.” Award of German Industry presented Innovations must not be left to for the “Starlith® 1700i – immersion chance. For this reason, Carl Zeiss Dr. Hermann Gerlinger optics for chip fabrication” project ver- relies on a targeted innovation man-

18 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Cover story: Innovations

agement system – international re- with thousands of systems in use search networks, detailed market around the world, Stratus OCT™ is The details studies, a structured idea manage- well established as a global standard ment system and the systematic mea- for the diagnosis and follow-up care surement of the success of innova- of retinal diseases. Innovation – Origin and tions. Meaning The introduction of the Visante™ OCT system also makes non-contact Schumpeter introduced inno- “Our task is to identify optical coherence tomography avail- vation to the world of com- up-and-coming technolo- able for the anterior segment of the merce and industry in 1939. gies and trends in China eye. Today, OCT is being enhanced in According to his definition, cooperation with the University of innovation is the “implemen- that are relevant to Cardiff in Wales, UK, and the École tation of new combinations” Carl Zeiss and then as- Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, unlike invention which is sess possible cooperation Switzerland. All partners are striving defined as “the creation of ventures.” to tap into the additional innovation something new.” Schum- Dr. Chun Shi Gu potential of this technology. peter sees innovations as the new goods and production Targeted product development. The processes that triumph over Exchanging knowledge around the world’s first commercial product based older methods and squeeze globe. The transfer of know-how at on OCT technology was launched in them from the market. Carl Zeiss is a key driver of innova- 1996 as part of a partnership between As he sees it, the dynamic tions. The company therefore relies scientists at Carl Zeiss Meditec and the and creative entrepreneur on an international team of engineers Massachusetts Institute of Technology is the motor behind it all. and scientists to bundle skills and in Boston. With the Stratus OCT™ technologies from around the world. diagnostic system, the company es- A prime example is the development of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) which provides contact-free, high-resolution 3D images of ocular tissues for the diagnosis and manage- ment of eye disease.

The world‘s first commercial prod- uct based on OCT technology was launched by Carl Zeiss in 1996 as part of a partnership between scientists at Carl Zeiss Meditec and the Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology. While this first product paved the way scientifically, worldwide accep- tance of OCT into the standard of care came with the introduction of Ensuring the exchange of knowledge the second generation of the Stratus between China and Germany: Dr. Chun OCT™ system five years later. Today, Shi Gu (left, China) and Dr. Hexin Wang (Germany).

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 19 Fluorescence microscope image taken with the ApoTome insert. Specimen: Axon from the spine (root ganglion area), triple fluorescence. Cover story: Innovations

tablished a global standard for the This is true not only for Carl Zeiss, diagnosis and follow-up care of but the entire German economy. The The history retinal diseases. The introduction of “Made in Germany” label has con- the Visante™ OCT system also makes tributed to the country’s position as non-contact, optical coherence to- the world’s leading exporter year Milestones from Carl Zeiss mography available for the anterior after year. segment of the eye. Today, OCT is 2007 – A new era of micro- being enhanced in cooperation with “The advantage is that the scopy begins with the the University of Cardiff in Wales, UK, PIOC team is on site and helium-ion microscope. and the École Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, Switzerland. All partners can therefore immediately 2005 – Sub-atomic resolution are striving to tap into the additional gather information and was achieved for the first innovation potential of this tech- experience. I act as an agent time using an UHRTEM nology. between the corresponding electron beam microscope. specialist areas of Carl Zeiss Focusing on international markets. 1982 – The laser scanning in Germany and the experts In-depth knowledge of a market is also microscope, a microscope vital for innovations. Carl Zeiss there- on site in China – and vice system with object scanning fore specifically looks for answers to versa.” through an oscillating laser the questions of which innovations Dr. Hexin Wang beam and electronic image are wanted in the different interna- processing. tional markets, how new trends are However, this title is under siege. 1957 – Xenon photo coagula- established and to what extent you The German Office for Foreign Trade tor based on the Meyer- can cooperate with regional partners. expects China to overtake Germany Schickerath design: the first One project in this context is the Pilot as early as 2008. This shows that there light-based surgical instru- Innovation Office in China (PIOC) – a is no time to rest on our laurels. Faced ment is the predecessor to type of interface between Carl Zeiss in with competition from low-wage the laser for ophthalmic Germany and the highly dynamic Chi- countries, Germany can only score by procedures. nese market. Dr. Chun Shi Gu runs the relying on quality and on new devel- office in Shanghai. He and his team opments in key technologies such as 1936 – First prototype of in China look for direct contact with information and medical technology, a phase contrast microscope scientists and cooperation partners and biotechnology and nanotechnol- based on Zernike’s original and clarify the general conditions for ogy. However, future and pacemaker design which won a Nobel specific projects abroad. Dr. Gu then technologies in which you can reach Prize in 1953. evaluates the results together with new shores as pioneers are also im- Dr. Hexin Wang from the Technology portant. This refers to promising, in- 1923 – Demonstration of the Center at Corporate Headquarters novative technologies that are still at first projector for a projec- in Oberkochen and the head of Carl an early stage of development but tion planetarium (model I). Zeiss in China. also exhibit great potential, estab- lishing completely new trends in in- Setting foot on new shores. A pilot dividual industries – and maybe even project in the beginning, the Innova- changing the world. You can find additional tion Office has now become an insti- milestones at tution. Innovations know no bounds www.zeiss.com/innovation – particularly international frontiers. under History.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 21 Floating Ideas Employees submit innovative suggestions on a virtual platform

Ideas can only de- pioneering trend from the field of Enthusiasm abounds. As with a real velop where scope optical technologies. Rüdiger Kühnle, market, ideas first had to pass the for development head of New Technology in Corpo- subscription period. The objective exists and creativity is rewarded rate Research and Technology at Carl was to increase the start capital of – such as the Carl Zeiss Idea Market Zeiss AG was in charge of the project 10,000 CZS and/or improve the value staged by the company in 2006. The and developed this innovative strate- of your own portfolio by intelligently virtual idea market was based on a gy together with Professor Dr. Martin buying and selling idea stocks. A total real stock exchange. However, at Carl Spann from the Marketing and Inno- of 650 employees from all over the Zeiss, ideas and Carl Zeiss Shillings vation Department at the University globe submitted more than 420 ideas (CZS) were traded. All Carl Zeiss em- of Passau. Spann explains that “the to the virtual platform for the one- ployees had the opportunity to sug- market connects the generation of month trading period. gest a product, a business idea or a ideas with the aspect of simultaneous evaluation. Unlike an idea contest in Very promising bioscanner. Follow- which a jury alone reviews the ideas, ing an eventful month of trading, the the ideas on the Idea Market are eval- external jury determined the value uated by employees.” of each stock and the idea behind

22 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Cover story: Innovations

The details

Carl Zeiss Sponsors Young Researchers

Carl Zeiss has a long tradition of promoting talented young people. In addition to social projects, the company also “We are particularly supports scientific, technical pleased that all areas and and mathematical educa- hierarchy levels partici- tional initiatives, in particular. pated – from apprentices to Executive Vice Carl Zeiss has sponsored the “Jugend Forscht” (Young Presidents.” Researchers) competition, the Rüdiger Kühnle largest competition for natu- ral science and technology in Europe, since 1997. The it. A 2D/3D bioscanner was deemed into product development. Klaus company has already hosted particularly promising. This high-tech Stiegeler, head of Marketing and the competition for the East device will record single body fea- Sales at Sports Optics and head of Wuerttemberg region for tures in 2D/3D using an innovative the Innovation Team announced that more than 10 years. In the 11 process and would therefore provide “the first products may already enter years of the regional the foundation for a computer-as- the market in 2008.” competition, winners from sisted selection of artificial limbs, for Oberkochen have produced example. two 2nd place finishes and a 3rd place in the national From an idea to an innovation. To competition. ensure that visions become reality, the Carl Zeiss Innovation Team con- sisting of its head and staff from the Marketing and Development Divi- sions is currently assessing all ideas and deciding which of them will go

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 23 Interview

“It All Starts with a Good Idea” An interview with President and CEO of Carl Zeiss AG, Dr. Dieter Kurz

Mr. Kurz, what is often results in the failure to develop your favorite inno- promising companies. vation? The iPod; not so much for the tech- Are there any positive approaches nology – MP3 players had already ex- from the government? isted for a while – but because of how Of course there are. For example, it was marketed. The success of the the government’s high-tech strategy iPod is based on two other factors: which connects researchers and com- first, the connection to an Internet panies from 17 technology fields. I site where users can download music am particularly pleased that optical and other items, i.e. an entirely new technologies are also part of this sales channel. And second, the design. strategy. Suddenly, it was cool to own an iPod. Doesn’t the government also have President and CEO of Carl Zeiss AG, What can the German government an obligation to create a general Dr. Dieter Kurz. do to make it possible for us to awareness of innovations? Other develop success stories such as the than policy makers, who else do you Dieter Kurz talks about the German iPod? think is responsible? fear of anything new, the high-tech Various projects have been pro- As before, Germany is a country strategy, his own favorite innovation moted in Germany for many years. where people are skeptical of inno- and his recipe for success. This has been very successful – partic- vations. Awareness is something that ularly in optical technologies. For will change slowly. Industry must take example, microlithography received the initiative – and the media, too. a lot of support during the 1980s. Unfortunately, news about successful The foundation for our current German innovators is rare. successes was laid back then. How- ever, there are also weaknesses in What about schools? addition to the good points: it is Germany has neglected its schools not enough to simply invest in re- in recent years. If we want to have search; the general conditions must young researchers in 10 or 20 years, be established to enable the imple- major changes must be implemented mentation of innovations. Unfortu- very soon. Universities must also be- nately, there are still too many ob- come more aware of their role. At stacles in Germany. These include Carl Zeiss we also need people with a the reforms in healthcare intended good university education. This is an to reduce costs. As a result, there is area where policy makers can be- an innovation backlog. Better tech- come more active by creating the ap- nologies that reduce costs over the propriate conditions. long-term and improve the treat- ment quality for patients have not In addition to the political condi- entered the market. A second exam- tions, what other criteria are needed ple is the tax policy in Germany. In- for innovations? vestors are not permitted to claim for Innovations require a culture that losses carried forward with the acqui- also permits an occasional failure. sition of start-up companies, which And, there can be no innovations

24 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Cover story: Innovations

without networks. In my opinion, the leader. To ensure that this does not best networks are those in which uni- change, we must keep our innova- The details versities and research institutes work tion pipeline filled. Therefore, we together with experienced industrial manage the company based on excel- companies. But you mustn’t forget lence: we want to remain ahead of High-Tech Strategy: that innovations in Germany are al- the competition in all areas. This Objectives for 17 Future Fields ways equated with more value cre- places heavy demands on all employ- ation and the generation of jobs. It ees. “For the first time ever, the is not about the products themselves. German government has “Keeping the innovation pipeline developed a comprehensive Carl Zeiss generates almost 60 per- filled,” you said. Who is responsible national strategy for all its cent of its revenues with products for this? ministries with the inten- not older than five years. How can This is the responsibility of every tion of making our country you ensure that this ratio remains single employee, not only the re- the world leader in the most the same in the future? searchers and developers, but also important future-oriented Our recently completed global sales and service employees, and our markets.” All political sectors market survey shows that we are people in marketing, product man- that affect research and de- seen as a quality and innovation agement and in production. velopment will be focused on a clearly defined goal. This Finally, what is your own personal strategy puts the innovation innovation goal? policy at the center of gov- I would like to see Carl Zeiss en- ernment activities. The high- hance its peak position, or become tech strategy establishes ob- the leader, in all its fields of business jectives for 17 cutting-edge – that is the basic requirement for fields of the future that will the future success of the company. generate new jobs and pros- This tradition of innovation has perity in Germany. A sched- served us well since the days of Carl ule and concrete initiatives Zeiss and Ernst Abbe. have been set up for each of these objectives. A brochure from the Research Minister says that “for the first time ever, each area covered by the innovation policy will have a clear timetable that takes both research fund- ing and general conditions into account.” The German government intends to invest around 14.6 billion euros in the high-tech strategy between 2006 and 2009.

This interview was conducted by (Source: Silke Schmid and Marc Cyrus Vogel. www.hightech-strategie.de)

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 25 Guest Article

“Creating Value from New Knowledge”

Dr. Annette Schavan, Member of the German Parliament German Federal Minister of Education and Research

Vacuum chamber of an EUV illumination system from Carl Zeiss.

Germany is the strategy in Germany. This sends a world’s largest ex- clear signal that it wants to promote porter of research- innovation and secure a leading posi- intensive industrial products. This is tion in new technologies. The country something the country can be proud is prioritizing education and research, of, but it cannot rest on its laurels. and investing more than ever before. The world economy is undergoing a It is creating a new climate of cooper- phase of rapid change and we must ation between industry, science and expand our current position. politics. The course is being set for the future. The German government sees inno- vations as the key to meeting the By the end of this legislative peri- challenges of the future and has od, the German government will in- therefore implemented a high-tech vest an additional six billion euros in

26 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Cover story: Innovations

research and development (R&D) Therefore, optical technologies are a alone. At no time in history has the key aspect of the high-tech strategy. The person German government ever invested this much to strengthen knowledge The research union is a forum for and expertise. Overall, 14.6 billion driving cooperation between science Dr. Annette Schavan euros will be invested for cutting- and economy. Based on the sugges- edge technologies and inter-disciplin- tions of Dr. Kurz, we have jointly ary measures as part of the high-tech specified the next steps in optical strategy by 2009. This will bring us technologies. We have agreed to a great deal closer to increasing the strategic technology initiatives for percentage of research expenditures organic photovoltaics, for OLEDs and to three percent of Gross Domestic for molecular imaging. In the future, Product (GDP) by 2010. Now it is time we want to involve mid-sized com- for industry to do its part. panies, in particular, more closely in research and development. We are The International Monetary Fund currently discussing the issue of how clearly increased its growth forecast to meet the need for the next gener- for Germany in its current report. ation of skilled employees by gener- The sustained good economic trend ating interest in young people, par- is driving expectations that industry, ticularly young women, for technical The theologian and philoso- which is responsible for two-thirds of and natural science careers, and by pher was appointed German R&D spending, is investing more in eliminating hurdles for non-German Federal Minister of Education research and development in Germa- specialists. and Research in 2005. ny. This also applies to investments in the qualification and training of- fu Innovation means organizing value In 1995 at the age of 40, ture and current employees. creation from new knowledge. Many Annette Schavan was partners must work together to reach appointed Minister of Educa- Optical technology companies will this goal. With the high-tech strate- tion for Baden-Württemberg. play a particularly important role: gy, the German government has laid She reorganized Baden- they exhibit above-average research the foundation. Our message is: Ger- Württemberg’s educational activities and growth. They are not many is an attractive location. This is policy: she introduced the only innovative, but also innovating. where you can find competitive part- Abitur (graduation exam) In other words, they trigger innova- ners for new technologies. after 12 years, foreign tions in many other sectors of the language classes in elemen- economy. Mastering and wielding tary schools and fought light is becoming the key to prog- for uniform educational ress in an increasing number of areas. standards. This is true of medical technol- ogy, solar technology, communica- tions and data storage, and preci- sion and flexible manufacturing and measuring technology. Germany is well-known around the world in all of these areas and is home to many companies that drive innovations.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 27 Report

A Bone of Contention

28 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 If scanning electron microscopes had existed 150 years ago, science would have a few anecdotes less. A Bone of Contention And Rudolf Virchow would probably have not had the opportunity to make such a monumental mis- take as he did with his views on the Neanderthal discoveries. However, as an examination of DNA was not even a remote possibility in 1856, let alone even thought of, scholars became embroiled in a bitter dispute about the bones of our ancestors.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 29 Anatomical arrangement of bone fragments found during excavations in the Neander Valley to form a complete skeleton. Report: Insights

A New View of Prehistoric Man

The details

Gilding No Longer Necessary Until now, it was only possible to use a scanning electron microscope for examinations on electrically conducive material.

Organic specimens had to first be coated with conduct- ing matter such as a thin layer of gold. The REM Supra 55 VP from Carl Zeiss elimi- nates the need for gold – an Archaeological excavation site in the Neander Valley between Dusseldorf, Essen and invaluable advantage for Wuppertal. priceless specimens such as the bones of Neanderthals. It all started in 1856 in the origin of man in England in 1871. a quarry in the Nean- And that in staunchly catholic Rhine- The instrument scans the der Valley not far from land, of all places. Needless to say, this surface of the bone with Dusseldorf when work- got him into hot water with the scien- an electron beam to deliver ers discovered the petri- tific community of his time. high-resolution, high- fied remains of a skeleton and a skull. contrast images. “After careful examination,” reported Berlin-based pathologist Rudolf Vir- the Elberfelder Newspaper on Septem- chow, who was already an authority ber 6, 1856, “it has been determined in the field of medicine at the time, that this being is a member of the flat secretly examined the bones in 1872 head family that still exists today in the while Fuhlrott was away and categor- western part of the USA.” The ques- ically rejected his explanation. The tion of the day was whether “these bones certainly come from our con- bones belong to one of the original temporaries! The unusual form of the inhabitants of central Europe or if they skull is simply the result of an illness. are simply the remains of a marauding For Professor of Anatomy in Bonn horde (with Attila).” Back then, it was Franz Josef Carl Mayer, the noticeable only possible to speculate. High-school curvature of the thighbone indicated teacher and natural scientist Johann an occupational illness. In his opinion, Carl Fuhlrott examined the bones and the bones belonged to a Cossack, legs concluded that they had to originate curved from a lifetime in the saddle, from prehistoric man. Fuhlrott thus who had set up camp in the area contradicted the traditional teachings around Mettmann “in order to cross of creation long before Darwin pub- the Rhine on his way to France on lished his radical reinterpretation of January 14, 1814.”

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 31 Halle found what they thought were two 40,000 year old resin nuggets and placed them in the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. To their astonishment, they discov- ered it was actually birch-bark tar, an adhesive not found in nature. Fire is needed to manufacture it. This was a scientific sensation. Until then, the invention of the first synthetic mate- rial was attributed to Homo sapiens. And there were still more surprises to come. The latest findings and analy- ses indicated that Neanderthals could speak, that they cared for the sick and injured and that they were artistic.

More expensive than moon dust. The bones from the Neander Valley have been stored at the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn since 1877. The site in the quarry where the bones were found was leveled while limestone was being mined. Scientists Ralf W. Schmitz and Jürgen Thissen did not succeed in finding the origi- nal site in the Neander Valley until 1997 after remains of Neanderthals had been found elsewhere. There, they discovered the bones of a sec- From a primitive being to an artist. ond, smaller Neanderthal and finally, A Neanderthal Gone Astray: It has been clear since 1997 that in 1999, a joint that fit exactly to the Discovery of a Neanderthal skull Neanderthals were not the ancestors thighbone from 1856. in 1908 in La-Chapelle-aux-Saints, of Homo sapiens. They have common France. roots, but nothing more. People have “A gram of Neanderthal bone is more long thought of Neanderthals as prim- valuable that the rocks brought back itive, muscle-bound creatures with a from the moon by Apollo 11,” said protruding jaw incapable of any cul- Schmitz. It is no wonder, then, that he tural activity who roamed the forests had a queasy feeling one morning in during the day with a club in their 1996 when he asked bone prepara- hairy hands and gnawed doggedly on tor Heike Krainitzki to cut up one of their prey in the evenings. This image the Neanderthal bones using a steril- had to be revised no later than 1990. ized goldsmith’s saw. “After all, this While rummaging through a draw- is icon of German archaeology.” He er, Prehistorians at the University of placed the sawed-off piece of bone

32 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Report: Insights

The details

Birch-bark tar from the super sauna The first synthetic material produced by humans dates back to the middle Stone Age and was discovered in 1960 in Königsau, Germany.

Apparently, birch-bark tar was manufactured for daily use during the Stone Age using simple means. Chemical examinations and experi- ments have shown that the synthetic adhesive must have Scientist Ralf W. Schmitz (right) with his assistant during an excavation. been produced using a low temperature carbonization in a sterile plastic tube, delivered it Supra 55 VP scanning electron micro- process. In experiments, personally by car to the University of scope from Carl Zeiss. The scratches birch bark was heated in an Munich where he handed it to molec- on the bones, which were thought ular geneticist Svante Paabo. Twelve to have been created while excavat- months later, in July 1997, the front ing the bones, proved to be cuts from page of trade journal Cell reported a tools made of flint. Perhaps this sheds sensation: “Neanderthals Were Not some new light on the previously un- Our Ancestors.” According to Paabo’s answered question: Did the Neander- genetic analysis, Neanderthals were thals have death rituals such as those not our ancestors; they were at best practiced by primitive Polynesians of distant relatives. the early 20th century?

This marked the dawn of a new era in the study of ancient humans, the Dieter Brocksch rise of paleoanthropology to a high- air-tight container to approx. tech discipline. In January 2007, a few 400°C and carbonized into months after the Rheinisches Landes- birch-bark tar. As before, it museum in Bonn celebrated the dis- is still a mystery as to how covery of the Neanderthal 150 years Stone Age people were able ago with the “Roots of the Human to master such a complicated Race” exhibition, Schmitz, together process. with electron microscope expert Jörg Stodolka from Carl Zeiss, examined the bones of the Neanderthal using a

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 33 Artists amongst themselves: in 1888, Vincent van Gogh painted a portrait of his colleague Paul Gauguin in Arles, France. “Paul Gauguin (Man in red hat),” oil on jute, 37 x 33 cm. Report: Insights

Van Gogh – The Secret of His Painting New view of the works of the Dutch painter

The lifework of Dutch gy Systems set out to find a solution: painter Vincent van electron microscopes were used to The details Gogh covers an amaz- analyze the microstructure and com- ing 913 paintings. How- position of pigments and primers. ever, experts have their Cross Beam technology / doubts about the true origin of at Sandblasting with nano precision. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) least 50 of them. This has led to the Paint particles were examined which analysis of selected paintings using had become detached from paintings Cross Beam technology com- state-of-the-art electron-microscopic such as, for example, “Run to Seed.“ bines the possibilities of methods in order to obtain exact Using a ZEISS 1540EsB electron micro- electron and ion beam micro- knowledge about van Gogh’s paint- scope featuring cross beam technol- scopes. Using a focused ion ing technique and the materials he ogy, Ulrike Zeile, applications special- beam (FIB), it is possible to used. ist in the Carl Zeiss Nano Technology process materials no larger Systems Division, prepared the ultra- than a few nanometers. The Paris, France, late summer 1887. Van thin layers, or “lamellae,“ required processing procedures can Gogh is painting like someone pos- for examination in the transmission be monitored simultaneously sessed. With powerful, brisk strokes electron microscope (TEM). The paint with the electron microscope of his brush, he smacks the oil paint particles were processed with a fine function. This makes it pos- with consummate skill onto the white beam of accelerated ions – almost sible to deposit, or etch away canvas. He was tortured by night- like a sandblast applied with nano- metals or insulating materials mares again the previous night. But meter precision – in order to cut out which plays a key role in the painting is his redemption. The smell the TEM lamella in the form of a semiconductor production. of turpentine hangs in the air of his cross section from the sample mate- An additional application is tiny studio. Vincent van Gogh takes rial.“ Here we were able to use the the preparation of ultra-thin a slug from his bottle of absinth and specially developed auto TEM prepa- specimens, the TEM lamellas, lets his brush dance expertly over the ration technique to obtain the TEM that can then be analyzed picture: sunflowers. lamellae overnight, says Ulrike Zeile. in a transmission electron The finished layer was about 0.1 mi- microscope. Today, Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) crometers thick. “In other words, it is world-famous for his unique paint- is about 600 times thinner than one ings. His works fetch incredible sell- of my hairs,” says the physicist with ing prices at auctions. Nonetheless, a proud grin on her face. The benefit little is still known about his painting of the cross-beam method is that the technique. True, many hundreds of cutting process can be observed live letters were received from the Dutch with the electron microscope func- painter, in which he mentioned the tion of the 1540EsB. pictures he was currently working on. However, art historians know rela- Van Gogh – the self-taught man. tively little about his studio work. It “The red-haired madman” – “Le fou is precisely this information that is roux” – as he was known in France, needed not only to faithfully restore the country to which he retreated to his work, but also to identify forger- devote his full attention to his paint- ies. In a joint project, the Amsterdam ings. In the approximately ten years Van Gogh Museum, Shell Nether- of his creative work, the Dutchman lands and Carl Zeiss Nano technolo- painted more than 900 pictures, in-

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 35 Microscopy subject: van Gogh’s “Run to Seed.“

cluding 23 self-portraits. By and large, whose composition is currently the he can be described as a self-taught focus of van Gogh research. man. Van Gogh studied at an acade- my of art for a brief period only. As Microanalysis with high tech. The he barely sold a single painting dur- TEM lamella cut out of the paint par- ing his lifetime, he was always reliant ticle was examined in a TEM with the on the financial support of his young- aid of energy dispersive x-ray analysis er brother Theo, a successful art deal- (EDX). In this method the sample is er. Theo also regularly sent him com- irradiated with a fine electron beam mercial painting utensils and paints, which triggers atomic processes in

36 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Report: Insights

Original Restoration The details

Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX)

In this procedure, the micro- scopic specimen is irradiated with high-energy primary electrons. Primary electrons 50 µm knock out electrons from shells close to the nuclei of The EDX analysis shows that van Gogh’s primer (left) and that of the restorer have the specimen atoms. Elec- different grain size distributions. trons from electron shells farther away from the atomic the sample material. This leads to days before. He once wrote to his center fall into the result- the release of x-rays which are char- brother Theo: “I don’t know myself ing gaps. The difference in acteristic of each of the chemical how I paint.” energy between the electron elements present. The examination shells involved is emitted as of the van Gogh pictures has shown x-ray radiation. that the primer contains the elements barium and sulfur in addition to lead. This x-ray radiation is char- For priming purposes, van Gogh pre- acteristic of each element so sumably used white lead mixed with that it is possible to identify barium sulfate (also known as perma- the elementary composition nent white or blanc fixe). A character- of a specimen and also deter- istic feature is that barium contains mine the existing quantities. strontium, a peculiarity that makes Combined with transmission it possible to identify the mining site electron microscopy or scan- where the mineral was obtained. ning electron microscopy, it is These results help to allocate paint- possible to display the spatial ings and to ensure that the restora- distribution of the elements. tion is as true to the original as pos- sible – from the canvas primer to the TEM examination of the crystalline varnish. structure.

Towards the end of his creative Today, leading edge electron micro- period, van Gogh’s health deterio- scopes are helping to find an answer rated despite several stays in a psychi- to this question. atric institution: depressions, hallu- cinations and self-aggression. On 29 July 1890 Vincent van Gogh died as Ingrid Fritz a result of a gunshot wound which he had inflicted upon himself three

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 37 Features

Even more Safety– JetSCAN Replaces Man ual Jet Engine Inspections

The risk declines. Carl Zeiss is fully number has been reduced to practi- manual engine inspections which aware of the value of JetSCAN. The cally zero since the implementation were so ineffective that the US Air company presented Daniel Sims of JetSCAN to monitor jet engines. Force lost a plane about every six from Carl Zeiss SMT in Cambridge The JetSCAN maintenance system, months. JetSCAN establishes a new, with the Innovation Award in the which has already been sold more higher level of safety as it consider- Innovative Business Design cat- than 90 times around the world, ably reduces the risk of engine fail- egory for his work which opened is a key element of this improve- ure. With it, the majority of signs up a new market for his employer: ment. This is primarily due to how of wear on the gears are detected aerospace. the system was developed. “We in time. An additional benefit: knew what we wanted to build JetSCAN makes labor-intensive Military jet crashes due to engine and who would buy it,” says Sims. maintenance work a thing of the damage have become rarer. For “And we were a small team that past, thus reducing costs. example, before the introduction dedicated all its efforts to its work of JetSCAN, the US Air Force lost a without being distracted by other Particles in oil. JetSCAN utilizes the plane about every six months. This projects.” This new system replaces technique used in a scanning elec-

38 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Even more Safety– JetSCAN Replaces Man ual Jet Engine Inspections

tron microscope to examine the oil Soon to be standard equipment. key system was the right approach,” deposits in the engines. If too many The transportable inspection device says Daniel Sims. A success as it particles are detected, the machine is for jet engines was developed turned out. Finally, the Air Force was sent to the workshop. The oil deposits within three quarters of a year convinced that JetSCAN was exactly are placed in the inspection machine as part of a joint project of Carl what it had always been looking for: via a special filter. The system starts Zeiss, Rolls Royce and the Royal Air an easy-to-use electronic monitoring automatically, moves independently Force. Both partners contributed tool that can be simply transported from specimen to specimen and mea- their knowledge of jet engines, from one machine to the next using sures the size, position and composi- maintenance measures and error a forklift. It is operational within 40 tion of the particles. The measuring mechanisms, the Process-specific minutes. JetSCAN has now become results are compared with the data Tools Department at Carl Zeiss SMT standard equipment for the mainte- stored in a database for the respec- developed and built JetSCAN. “We nance of jet engines and makes flying tive engine. JetSCAN then calculates had to first convince the designers safer. if the engine is operating normally or who usually develop highly com- if it must be overhauled. plex products that a simple, turn- Ursula Walther

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 39 Report

Zoom Magic Bringing Scent to the Big Screen Is it possible to make the scent of young women visible? Not an easy task. Cameraman Frank Griebe succeeded in such a way in the movie Perfume that he was honored with the German Film Award. The kudos for best camera work and image composition were not the only prizes bestowed on the cinematic masterpiece which had already attracted more than five million visitors within 50 days of its world premiere.

40 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Zoom Magic Bringing Scent to the Big Screen

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 41 Shining the Spotlight on Grenouille’s Nose

P r o d u c e r Frank Griebe, who used cameras Bernd Eich- from Munich-based Arnold & Richter inger, director Cine Technik (ARRI), raved about the Tom Tykwer and leading actor Ben ZEISS lenses: “We used the new Mas- Whishaw received the 2006 Bambi ter Zooms. This is an outstanding lens for the best German movie. At the and certainly the best that I have ever beginning of May 2007, “Perfume – worked with.” Tom Tykwer is a pas- the Story of a Murderer” received the sionate advocate of high-speed zoom German Film Award for best movie lenses. You can change the image (silver award), best editing, best pro- frame without having to change the duction design, best costumes and lens – a real time saver. best sound. In his report on filming, Frank Griebe states that an award- Both the book and movie deal with winning movie is not only the result smell, live from scents. Tykwer and his of an ingenious director, but also cameraman had to make everything hard work. He also makes perfectly vividly described by Patrick Süskind in clear that “nothing works without his novel come alive. Real scents were the right tools.” Griebe filmed Per- not possible. The first and only real fume using the Master Zoom, the attempt to give the audience some- latest high-performance zoom lens from Carl Zeiss, which is used for ma- jor international movies.

42 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Report: Image Qualities

lenses were an absolute must for a movie in which half of the action is in The details the dark. The audience should still be able to see Grenouille in a night scene as he lurks in the gloomy shadows of The Author and His Book a dark room. Black is not black and, in reality, the shadow of the murderer World famous, but still un- can be clearly seen against the dark known. Patrick Süskind is not background if you look closely. The a man for publicity. He did not gradual shades of the non-color black even travel to Munich for the thing they can really smell occurred were later optimized using Master premiere of Perfume, a special in 1960’s “Scent of Mystery” which Prime lenses by digitally editing the radio feature on “famous turned out to be such a flop that no film material. From the beginning, Bavarians” had to take place director will ever try it again. Howev- Griebe bestowed his trust in a tip without him, and he does er, Griebe had to nonetheless bring from an experienced colleague: not accept honors and awards. the subject to the audience in a less “Don’t rely on digital editing as the Born on Lake Starnberg in real way and still let them get a whiff solution to all technical problems. 1949, Süskind divides his time of it in a manner of speaking. He ac- Make it perfect from the start.” today between Munich and complished this by repeatedly focus- France. He wrote Perfume in ing on the nose of the protagonist 1985. It has since been trans- Grenouille – a challenge for any lens Ursula Walther lated into 46 languages, sold and testimony to what ZEISS lenses around 15 million copies and are capable of. Griebe used Master was on the bestseller list of Prime lenses and the Master Zoom for German magazine Der Spiegel the majority of his work. High-speed for nine years.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 43 A Seductive Smile New webcams promise clearly improved images

44 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 Report: Image Qualities

C h a t t i n g through a web- cam is not the same as a candlelight dinner. How- ever, it is still more personal than an anonymous exchange of words, that is, of course, if you have a high-qual- ity camera. Judging from the state- ments of chatters, this is not always the case: “I was only able to show the person at the other end that I was still alive if I placed the camera in front of a large window on a bright day.” Many Internet users have now turned their hopes to webcams with better lenses.

The first webcam was simply a social toy. Its inventors installed it in 1991 in the computer lab at the Universi- ty of Cambridge. They were not in- terested in spying on colleagues at work in other offices; they had more Up close and personal: the webcam with important things in mind: Specifi- the compact lens module from Carl Zeiss. cally, they wanted to avoid unnec- essary trips to the coffee machine. Zeiss and Logitech. Founded in Swit- The Trojan Room Coffee Pot Cam- zerland in 1981, Logitech is known era enabled all employees to see for the invention of the laser mouse the amount of coffee in the coffee and is the world’s leader in webcams machine from their desks, initially with ten years of experience in video only at the university, from 1993 even technology. Carl Zeiss has already on the World Wide Web. Today, the demonstrated its excellence in high- most famous Cambridge coffee ma- quality compact lens modules in chine can be seen online at the web- collaborations with Nokia and Sony. site of German magazine Der Spiegel, constantly watched by two webcams. The new webcam models which were developed for computers and laptop Apart from professional cameras, monitors will even enable the chatter until now webcams usually only deliv- to recognize the seductive smile of ered dimly lit images. In the best case, the person at the other end. If this they can remind you of candlelight much closeness gets too intimate, the and romance; in the worst case, it was user can simply unplug the camera. almost impossible to see anything. Two leading companies decided to do something about this problem: Carl

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 45 Essay

Computer revolutionary: Apple boss Steve Jobs during the presentation of the iPod. Innovations – The Sign of Progress

Around the end of 1899, the head of the US patent It is impossible to want to churn out all the names of office in New York attracted a lot of attention when those who have since expanded the horizon of our he made an extremely unusual request, especially for a knowledge true to these Hellenistic wisdoms. Their civil servant with a cushy government job. In a letter to conclusions provided the “innovatio” with many promis- the mayor of the city, he requested closing the office: ing perspectives. Thus, it was a bold assumption in 1899 “Everything that can be invented has been invented!” that people of the 20th century would be satisfied with The office that he headed was no longer needed. Obvi- the inventions of the 19th century. Exactly the opposite ously, a much higher authority did not share his opinion. occurred. His request was rejected on the grounds that even if the number of innovations does not continue, one or two Everything can always be done better more must be expected in the 20th century that require than it is being done. patents. Henry Ford I, 1863–1947

What we may chuckle at today, had a very real back- As industry expanded, it brought about an incredibly pro- ground at the end of the 19th century: never before had ductive symbiosis between scientific research and tech- there been so many inventions in such a short time as in nology. The founding generation of the new, increasingly the period between 1850 and 1900. All types of machines automated manufacturing plants still largely recruited replaced manual work and heavy labor. They were driven from the extremely gifted mechanics – self-taught inven- by new turbines and gas or electric engines. Contrary tors and engineers. However, their pragmatic approach to every prediction of health or nervous breakdowns, to life quickly recognized the usefulness, the necessity, people quickly moved about with increasing speed in fast of securing the implementation and objective of their trains and cars, took to the air in balloons and Zeppe- inventions with a science-based foundation. They strived lins. They communicated via telegraphy and telephone, to be close to renowned universities. listened to music from gramophones and radios, took pictures and made videos of themselves and the world. And science left its time-honored ivory tower to pure What important things could possibly follow these in- research and education. Exemplary networks of successful novations? There was legitimate doubt concerning the collaborations were founded in the 19th century. While in- necessity of a patent authority. dustry increasingly used scientific insights, physicists and chemists increasingly helped themselves to professional, However, this no doubt, well-intended request by the ever more precise instruments and apparatus production. head of the patent office did not take into account all Three names represent a classic example of this coopera- the never-satisfied inventive spirits who have driven the tion: Carl Zeiss, Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott. progress of mankind since the dawn of civilization. The spirits who were never content with the knowledge In his optical workshop in Jena, Carl Zeiss (1816–1888) available to their generation, who attempted to improve produced magnifiers, eyeglasses and, most importantly, imperfection in order to leverage their newly gained microscopes for the nearby university. Physicist and uni- knowledge. Socrates irritated the citizens of Athens with versity professor Ernst Abbe (1840–1905) improved their his provocative claim that “I know nothing except the lens design and illumination using his analytical calcula- fact of my own ignorance.” His distinguished successor tions for the microscope. Chemist Otto Schott (1851– Aristotle summed it up more dogmatically: “thought 1935) developed the special glass needed. Their coopera- alone moves nothing, only practical thought that is tion revolutionized the construction of microscopes. The directed towards a purpose.” new instruments, which were soon to be mass produced and thus widely available, triggered a dramatic increase in biological and medical research results.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 47 Essay

Using a microscope, Robert Koch and his employees rec- In competition with aspiring industrial nations, the ognized the viruses that cause tuberculosis and cholera. results of scientific research became a matter of national Their discovery helped effectively fight these epidemics. prestige. However, the peaceful competition lost its In 1890, Emil Behring developed antitoxins for diphtheria innocence as academics provided their knowledge for and tetanus in this manner. This enabled him to invent the arms build-up for two world wars. The enthusiasm the principle of serotherapy for which he received the accompanying progress suffered permanent damage. first prize in medicine in 1901 from the Nobel Foundation Leading minds were discredited for disseminating their founded a year earlier in Stockholm. Physicist Wilhelm knowledge. Sometimes even unjustly! In August 1939, Conrad Roentgen was also honored with this award for Albert Einstein informed U.S. president Roosevelt about his discovery of the mysterious x-rays that were later the – possible – development of the atomic bomb in Nazi named after him. Germany. The USA succeeded in building the bomb first. Einstein was not involved but repeatedly warned of the Knowledge is not enough – you consequences. On July 1, 1946, his portrait appeared on must actually apply it. Wanting is not the cover of Time Magazine next to his famous formula ² enough – you must actually do it. E = mc and a picture of a mushroom cloud. The caption below the collage began with the words “Cosmoclast Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749–1832 Einstein.” The genius whose theory of relativity changed all existing conceptions of space, time, energy, light and In addition to the traditional fields of physics and engi- matter withdrew from public life and led a life of loneli- neering, science and industry entered into new coopera- ness. tion models, particularly in the field of chemistry. Vaccines from test tubes, vitamins and hormones from Imagination is more important than lab beakers, inorganic fertilizers and colors, synthetic knowledge. textile fibers and rubber – doctors, biologists, chemists Albert Einstein, 1879–1955 and physicists began deciphering and recombining the formulas of nature. Their developments led to the cre- ation of new industry sectors such as petrochemistry and Swiss-American physicist and Nobel Laureate Wolfgang pharmaceutical production. The age of synthetic mate- Pauli publicly acknowledged that the power of knowl- rials was born. edge also has “its dark side.” Carl Friedrich von Weiz- säcker, German physicist and philosopher turned towards In those days, the buzz word was not innovation, but peace research and succinctly demanded in 1957 that progress. Simply calling the results from science and tech- we should not do everything that can be done. nology innovations seemed contradictory to the zeitgeist. An enthusiasm extending across all social strata and These were the first reminders of the dedicated respon- forces demanded far-reaching recognition of these new sibility we all share for developments based on scien- insights and achievements. tific knowledge. To what extent was the basic idea of progress still valid – the idea that free research and the In Germany, land of poets and thinkers, people praised application of natural sciences themselves will lead to a them with quotes from well-known greats. Trade publica- humanization of society? New fields became established tions from the National Metrology Institute in Berlin used at universities and institutes: future research and assess- maxims such as progress is an “obligation of humanity” ment of the consequences of technology. In its Human (Kant) or the “unimpeded perpetual progress to new Development Index (HDI), the United Nations defined the pleasures and new perfections” (Gottfried Wilhelm most important indicators of progress: long life, health, Leibniz) for headlines in 1912. self-determination, education and peace. What promotes these objectives is understood around the world today

48 Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 as progress. Research, just as technical implementation, This is the challenge for the 21st century. It is doable, has had a great effect on this. Thanks to efficient medical however not if we are mired in self-pity and resigned care, improved hygiene and healthier eating habits, life pessimism towards the future when confronted by expectancy has increased around the world by approxi- its admittedly growing amplitude. It requires self- mately 30 years since the beginning of the 20th century. confidence, energy and growing optimism. Let us rise to Are we really aware of the value of this progress? What the challenge. In doing so, we will muster the necessary do we do with this gift? Do we use the extra time avail- self-critical composure in the knowledge that current able to us to solve the problems that still exist and to contributions are also only directional signposts on drive progress even further? the road to further progress that will be corrected and redefined at some point in the future. “Real progress lies in analyzing and understanding the many mistakes If it is different made in its name – and, above all, it is not necessarily better. correcting them.” But, if it is to get better, Sadruddin Aga Khan, 1933–2003 it must become different. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, 1742–1799 Progress is more than welcome in daily life when it deals with improving a toaster, television reception or the This statement made in the scientific, philosophical essays comfort of an automobile. It is only in its complexity that of the University of Göttingen Professor, one of the it meets with increasing skepticism. The primitive fear leading all-round scholars of his time, is still valid today. of everything new and unknown still exists and many innovations require more and more know-how to assess Manfred Schindler their impact. Therefore, generally rejecting all efforts at progress would be the same as taking a step back. Strictly speaking, progress is never the finite goal. The progress efforts of preceding generations assumed that energy sources and resources were unlimited, their ignorance of its impact on the climate and the environment led to sub- sequent damage. Should they therefore be condemned?

Nowadays, scientific research is able to recognize the mistakes of the past. It is now up to us to correct these mistakes. A well-founded therapy should follow every thorough diagnosis. Are we capable of this? Definitely, if we have the desire and will to do so. Together, science and technology offer the necessary tools – outstanding innovations that we realistically no longer immediately consider to be progress in their own right – that, as components of progress, enable sustainable innovations step-by-step in the longer term. Its still valid objective: humanization and improvement of societal living conditions. We are coming closer to these conditions everywhere on our ever smaller world.

Innovation 18, 9 / 2007 49 At Your Service

Preview of Innovation 19

Innovation – The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Issue 18, September 2007

Issued by: Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany Corporate Communications

Editors: Silke Schmid (Editor-in-Chief) Dr. Dieter Brocksch, Gudrun Vogel Carl Zeiss AG Corporate Communications Carl-Zeiss-Str. 22 73446 Oberkochen, Germany [email protected] Phone +49 (0) 7364 20-8208 Fax +49 (0) 7364 20-3122

Translation into English by: Carl Zeiss Communication Services

Contributors to this issue: Dr. Ingrid Fritz, Carl Zeiss Manfred Schindler, Maren Becker, MSW Ursula Walther, Simone Urban, Thomas Nordiek Cover story: Declining budgets, Conception and design: aging society – the healthcare systems MSW, Manfred Schindler around the world are faced with Werbeagentur OHG, Aalen www.msw.de major challenges. Modern medical technology can help overcome these Pictures courtesy of: Carl Zeiss obstacles, with new imaging tech- Page 6: Casey A. Cass/University niques, for example. of Colorado Page 7: Jena photo: Toma Babovic Page 8: BUGA 2007 GmbH Page 18: Shanghai/Getty Images Page 33: Neanderthal photo archive project; R. W. Schmitz. Report: A new era of microscopy be- Birch-bark tar: Joachim Meinicke gins with the helium-ion microscope. (www.brandenburg1260.de) The first instrument has now been Page 34-37: Van Gogh Museum, Amster- dam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation) delivered to an institute in the USA. Page 38/39: Getty Images Page 46: Corbis

Printing: C. Maurer Druck und Verlag, Geislingen an der Steige

Innovation – The Magazine from Carl Zeiss appears twice a year in German and English.

ISSN 1431-8040 Report: Birdwatchers demand the utmost on their equipment – rightly so. Only the best optics and mechanical components deliver fascinating images. The contents of the articles do not always reflect the opinion of the publisher. Reprint only with the exclusive written permission of Carl Zeiss.

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Innovations: Don’t Leave Innovation to Chance Insights: Neanderthals under the Microscope Image Qualities: Bringing Scent to the Big Screen Would you like to know more?

The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Issue 18 9 / 2007

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Innovations: Don’t Leave Innovation to Chance Insights: Neanderthals under the Microscope Image Qualities: Bringing Scent to the Big Screen