International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Digital marketing-a potential business highway ahead

B.V.Stya Prakash, M.Com* Y.Raveendra SivaKumar, M.Com* *Lecturers in Commerce, B.V.Raju college,Vishnupur,Bhimavaram-534202

Abstract Digital Marketing refers to the marketing of products or services via digital channels to reach consumers. Digital marketing encompasses all marketing efforts that use an electronic device or the internet. Businesses leverage digital channels such as search engines, social media, email, and other websites to connect with current and prospective customers. The role of digital marketing–and of content marketing, specifically–is a huge help to leverage some free advertising and help the business grow. And finally, digital marketing makes it simple to target the exact audience. Focusing on specific target audience increases both customer satisfaction and revenue. With the unfurling of present-day Digital advancements, organizations are doing all that they can to coordinate with the pace to benefit from the advanced role of Digital Marketing for business. Today, many of the business entities have been either changing their channelization into the Digital one or intensifying existing Marketing procedures with Digital methods. Key Words: Content Marketing, Digitalisation, Social commerce,

INTRODUCTION: relationship between buyer and seller. However, the manual process was not as The development of digital marketing is efficient. inseparable from technology development. One of the first key events Digital India was initiated by the happened in 1971, when Ray Tomlinson Government if India in 2015.The aim of sent the first email, and his technology the initiation is to ensure the government set the platform to allow people to send services made available to the cirizent and receive files through different electronically.The objective is to to make machines.[8] However, the more every Indian digitally empowered and all recognizable period as being the start of informationis digitally availabele. It is Digital Marketing is 1990 as this was intended to make cent percent electronic where the Archie search engine was governance in India. Digital marketing is created as an index for FTP sites. In the any form of marketing products and 1980s, the storage capacity of computers services which involves electronic devices. was already big enough to store huge It can be both online or off line.search volumes of customer information. engine optimisation,.search engine Companies started choosing online marketing,pay for click advertising,social techniques, such as database marketing, media marketing,content rather than limited list broker.[9] These maketing,mobile marketing,web kinds of databases allowed companies to analytics,marketing automation and track customers' information more content writinga dn rRate optimisation effectively, thus transforming the are the popularand most demanded areas www.ijar.org.in 1

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

I digital marketing. According to CAM The report additionally proposes that Foundation-Deigital Marketing is a broad 28% of organizations examined will move discipline bringing together all forms of marketing spending allotments from marketing that operates through conventional advertising channels and electronic devices-online, ofline, on place them into digital promoting screen? channels. Digital advertisers improve Cost-Per-Lead (CPL) compared to other The Role of Digital Marketing for ways of marketing. Business 2. Digital Marketing Targets Audiences & Digital Marketing Gives Fair Convert them into Customers-Source- Opportunities to All Kinds of Businesses. Social Media Digital Marketing gives fair chance to all kinds of businesses that prefer to go with One motivation behind the role of digital online branding and advertising. in branding & marketing is that it has a Presently, the role of digital marketing in control over other marketing channels is SME is equally important and effective the power of digital strategies to for small and new business as it is for the coordinate with exact target audiences well-established businesses. Small and and guarantee result driven medium scale organizations or new engagements. Digital Marketing businesses now have the advantages to guarantees the commitment that your perform online advertising and lead customers want to get while associating generations. While thinking about the with your business. How you oversee role of Digital Media Marketing, the most such commitment will decide the success detectable advantage is its capacity to of your marketing strategy. Facilitating connect with different clients without your customers with genuine utilizing call centers. The lead commitment can give you learning of generations and conversions related to what your prospects require. This will Digital Marketing is comparatively way give you a chance to build up the required better than different other methods of trust with your audiences when your marketing and advertising. business begins to develop.

Significance of Digital Marketing 3. Next role of digital marketing in branding is that it plays along with 1. Digital Marketing is Cost Effective immaculate targeting is conversions. Organizations measure achievement by Independent ventures without any the rate of traffics getting converted advantages and capitalization locate a users, subscribers, leads, endorsers, predominant and monetarily wise arrangements and deals. advertising channel in digital advertising. Around 40% of the respondents of  On the off chance that there Gartner’s Digital Marketing Spend happen no conversions, all your action Report claim that they are making would add up to nothing and all your considerable saving via the digital advertising tries would basically go to methods of marketing and advertising. waste. There are a couple of CRO www.ijar.org.in 2

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] i.e. Conversions Rated Optimization product information. The Business man tools that you can use to optimize accordingly changes their focus of conversions. product promotion and make available the marketing content on the digital 4. Digital marketing is quite significant means. in ensuring better revenues Today consumers expect an immediate Alongside better conversions processed reaction to their actions. They want a via effective digital advertising fast answer to their queries. There are methodologies, the role of digital many platforms like Quora, facebook, marketing is quite significant in ensuring internet, twitter etc in digital marketing better revenues. It passes on great to share their information about brands. beneficial points of interest for you and According to the human psychology your business acknowledges better and consumers are more attracted towards higher returns on investments. With easy negative news or reviews and this is targeting, effective lead generations, generally misued by the competitors. To powerful conversion, and notable revenue deal with such a situation every brand, generation, small and medium especially the noted brands, have to organizations using digital marketing follow Online Reputation Management systems will have 3.3 times better strategies (ORM) to make the negative chances of enhancing their business. positive. Consumers are always Digital sectors. Digital Marketing opens experimenting and standing as Switchers the approaches to better, greater and as in the case of Uber,Ola,Oyo,Olx powerful targeting in all the business andNokia to Samsung to Redmi.

Digital Marketing Impact on Consumer Role of Digital Marketing in Trust Behaviour Building

Consumers set their own Benchmarks. The significance of Digital Marketing lies With the emergence of digital marketing in its ability to attract and engage the it is not an easy task to woo the consumer audiences, who are more than likely to senses. For this to happen every brand get some answers concerning your image has to make sure that they maintain and may be sufficiently fascinated with a their presence on the digital platforms. Trust to purchase what you convey. Word of Mouth- Moment of Truth- TO Moment of Promise. In traditional Offering what you ensured will empower marketing word of mouth used to be you to develop a powerful relationship considered as on of the powerful tools of with them, which eventually influences marketing. But in digital era it is the them to advance into paying customers digital word like who will retreat and interface with your reviews,testimonials,user and expert site some more in a more loyal manner. ratings that count to influence the customer choice. Now days the This will be useful for your image consumers are spending most of their building, as the satisfied customers will, time on internet and smart phones for no doubt illuminate different people www.ijar.org.in 3

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] concerning their inclusion in your brand media.In simple terms, a strategy is just a and enhance your online branding. Your plan of action to achieve a desired goal, or presence will turn into a web sensation; multiple goals. For example, your moreover will open new odds of overarching goal might be to generate guaranteeing more remote market reach 25% more leads via your website this year and better business advancement. than you drove last year. Depending on the scale of your business, your “90 percent of respondents asserted they digital marketing strategy might involve would trust in data about a specific multiple digital strategies -- each with brand, item or service if the information different goals -- and a lot of moving originates from individuals they know.” – parts. But coming back to this simple way Nielsen Global Online Consumer Survey of thinking about strategy can help you stay focused on meeting those objectives. Digital Marketing Helps in Convincing Despite our simplification of the term Prospects to Make Moves "strategy," there's no doubt it can be difficult to get started actually building one. Let's see what a digital marketing Digital Marketing makes usage of fruitful campaign looks like, and then, we'll jump strategies that will appeal audiences to into those seven building blocks to help make a productive move that you expect you create an effective digital marketing them to take. It gives you a chance to strategy to set up your business for utilize Calls to Action (CTA) that indicate online success. what your site-guests ought to do straight away. There are creative ways that you DIGITAL MARKETING LANDSCAPE can use to guarantee conversions The digital marketing landscape is utilizing Calls to Action.They can join, constantly changing. To help you stay download something, subscribe or make a ahead of the curve, below we outline the buy. Digital Marketing gives you a chance 10 best digital marketing trends 2020. to pick and utilize specific advances that Shoppable posts (social commerce) will draw prospects make some positive Social commerce refers to buying moves. Either B2B or B2C, both kinds of products directly through social media businesses can successfully utilize various posts or ads—you don’t need to leave the Digital Marketing mediums- The main site or app. These shoppable social media thing that they have to pay regard upon posts aren’t exactly new per se, but is learning of most recent Digital since Instagram Checkout launched in Marketing patterns that suit their sort of 2019, they’re rapidly getting more and business. more attention. Direct Messaging. Digital Marketing Strategy is the Need In a bid to get more personal with of the Hour customers, brands are taking the conversation to DMs. As a means of Digital marketing strategy is the series of streamlining customer service and actions that help you achieve your assisting in sales, direct messaging is company goals through carefully selected becoming one of the hottest digital online marketing channels. These marketing trends of 2020. Through channels include paid, earned, and owned messaging apps like WhatsApp, Viber and www.ijar.org.in 4

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Facebook Messenger, or through private 6. Big Data & AI messages on social media like Twitter or Big Data and AI have already become Instagram, brands are building stronger part of digital marketing, but still in a connections with their customers. These developing stage. More developed big forums offer the convenience of text with data and AI technologies are being the immediacy of a phone conversation, incorporated in SEO, content marketing all in an environment the user is already (content strategy, content curation, familiar with from talking with friends. content recommendation), and campaign Micro-influencers- planning which are going to play a crucial Influencer marketing has been a digital role in the coming years. With such tools, marketing trend for a few years now. It’s small businesses too can easily strategize been so successful, though, that big-time and manage their presence on the web influencers are now calling the shots. It’s with lesser budget and resources. not enough to send them a free sample in hopes they’ll review it. Social media “influence” is now a commodity, and an 7. Precise Targeting and Personalization expensive one. Precise targeting and personalization are the two main ingredients of a successful Polished & interactive emails- Email marketing/advertising campaign. marketing now and through 2020 utilizes Marketing and advertising campaigns are emails that look and function like web now being equipped with better data and pages—including clickable buttons and intelligence so that targeting can be more other interactions. These highly polished precise and content/ads can be more designs do more than just impress, they personalized. Moreover, marketers and improve conversions. But nowadays even marketing platforms are making sure to using webpage-based email templates accomplish these without compromising isn’t enough; you have to go the extra their users’ privacy. mile with stunning visuals and UX- centric designs. 8. Integration with AR AND VR 5. Live Video Immersive tech like Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are going Video marketing has been one of the to play a significant role in digital biggest trends in the last two years and marketing in the coming years. Keeping it’s going to continue in 2020 too. aside VR for now, AR is already being However, this time it’s going to be Live utilized by brands like IKEA which Video. Live videos have already been a allows its users to test their furniture trend in social media and it is going to virtually using its IKEA place app. AR expand further into the web. The can offer many possibilities for brands possibilities of Live Video, in the form of and marketers to engage their audience, live webinars, shows, live interactive interact with their prospects and drive videos, etc. can offer great leverage for them towards purchase. Such possibilities brands, marketers and content creators. are going to be explored and tested in the following years.

www.ijar.org.in 5

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

9. Chatbots about what marketing actually is. It’s no longer about trying to convince people to Conversational/Chatbot marketing has buy from or work with your company. been on the rise in recent times as a more Instead, the priority has moved towards interactive and personal way of providing fantastic customer marketing. Rather than making the user experiences that will keep people coming fill forms on a landing page, chatbots back for more. In a sense, when you focus engage the visitors of landing on building a positive business culture page/website and makes it easier and and providing great service, the effortless for them to enter form details marketing almost takes care of itself. The or information, make a purchase, growth of online content has given subscription etc. in the chat consumers more power. They are no itself. Chatbots have been reported to longer a passive party when it comes to increase the conversion rates while also learning about products. They’re not providing better and interactive waiting for you to tell you how great your experiences to the users. While most products are. Instead, they are going out people think of AI/NLP based scripting and doing their own research. when someone says chatbots, but that’s not the case. There are many pre-scripted chatbots in usage in the market which STRATEGIC MARKETING are performing great. However, chatbots TRANSFORMATION can use AI in a different way in the chat rather than for scripting. Moreover, When you’re reading about up-and- chatbots are still being improved and coming trends in an article like this, it’s developed. all too easy to think that being successful in marketing can be simplified to 10.AI-Based Automation following a list of best practices and making sure you’re using the latest techniques and technology. Businesses Will 2020 be the year of the rise of the achieve these benefits through a robots? May be (but hopefully not in the combination of data collection, using Terminator-style of dystopian science modern technology, building customer fiction movies!). AI is one of the major relationships and engaging with technologies behind voice search and customers online, publishing quality smart assistants. Big data, supported by content, and improving their online AI and predictive analytics, is also presence. All of these things are part of helping brands to learn more about their the underlying strategy that influences audience and customers. It’s enabling every department and employee in the hyper-personalization of customer company, not just the marketer experiences and marketing messages at Undergoing a marketing transformation scale. Remember, the human aspect of can help companies to improve customer marketing is still important. service and experience, boost brand awareness and reputation, and ultimately CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE increase revenue and profits. 2020 will be the year of the customer. We’re seeing a massive shift in beliefs www.ijar.org.in 6

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Focus on Customer Retention, Loyalty passing trend. What you might not know and Advocacy is that you’re ready to get your A huge part of providing a great customer company’s social media off the experience is making sure that CX is ground right now. You don’t need to ongoing and focused on keeping your know every intimidating buzzword or existing customers, rather than just have the magic number of followers. You attracting new ones. Recurring customers can get started immediately—and even are more valuable than new customers. enjoy yourself in the process. Studies have found that it costs five times as much to attract a new customer as it Rationale of Investing in Social Media is does to keep a new one, so it’s definitely a wise Business Move. worth putting in the effort to keep your customers happy. The live video Building awareness If people don’t know industry is expected to be worth over $70 about your business, they can’t become billion by 2021. Live video is incredibly your customers. Social media boosts your popular with consumers, and people visibility among potential customers, spend three times longer watching live letting you reach a wide audience by video than they do watching pre-recorded using a large amount of time and effort. video. Video is also the most popular way And it’s free to create a business profile for consumers to learn about new on all the major social networks, so you products. have nothing to lose.

SOCIAL MEDIA GRIPS BUSINESS Encourage engagement AND MARKETING Social channels evolve, constantly Social media is one of the most releasing new features, and this rapidly stress-free and profitable digital changing environment can be marketing platforms that can be used to intimidating for some business owners. increase your business visibility. ... By But remember you don’t have to do spending only a few hours per week, over everything. Play with new ways to 91% marketers claimed that their social connect with your audience, and give marketing efforts greatly increased their yourself permission to learn as you go. brand visibility and heightened user One day, you could post a series experience. Let’s start with one simple of Instagram Stories to give customers a fact: your business needs a social media behind-the-scenes tour of your office. The presence. It doesn’t matter if you run a next, you could host a quick Q&A session small local shop or a big national via Facebook Live video streaming. Over company. Social media is an essential time, you’ll get a better idea of your piece of your business marketing followers’ preferences. strategy. Social platforms help you connect with your customers, increase Digital Transformation Trends in future awareness about your brand, and boost In the world of digital marketing, too, the your leads and sales. With more than future looks bright.There are plenty of three billion people around the world reasons to be glad to see the back of 2020, using social media every month, it’s no and plenty of reasons to look forward . www.ijar.org.in 7

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

The coronavirus pandemic brought them in an authentic way. The online technology to more people, as we consumers of today care deeply about the all adjusted to working and socialising world, the planet and society, whether and teaching our children from home. it’s LGBTQ rights, gender equality, anti- And, just as there was the sense that racism. If you don’t have a clear stance people began to rethink their values and on these issues as a brand, you need to remember what’s really important to start having one and make sure everyone them, so do social values and knows about it. You need to live your sustainability feature high on the digital values, not just talk about it. Brands agenda next year. Here are the trends we regularly get busted if, for example, they think will dominate in the years to come. profess to care about diversity but their boardrooms look very white and male. The rise of re-commerce Transparency, honesty and authenticity are the secrets to successful purpose According to Thredup’s 2020 resale marketing. More brands will get on board report, the secondhand market will reach with this in the coming year. $64bn in value by 2024. Resale, where people sell their pre-loved possessions, Personalized online education will overtake the traditional model of donating and buying goods at thrift If you were to look for silver linings in stores. The second-hand trend has been the year of the pandemic, one would be given a push by the COVID-19 crisis. the great strides that were taken by Many consumers have had to tighten online learning. With schools shut and their belts because their finances have lecture halls empty during lockdowns, been affected. Others will have found remote classrooms became the new themselves rethinking their buying normal. Online learning became more habits out of a shift in their values. accessible and accepted in 2020. And in Climate change and the waste and future it will continue to develop and pollution that come from over- adjust to the requirements of students, consumption are issues that have been young and old. future of e-learning, most growing more urgent since well before notably, is that it will be ever-more the pandemic arrived. Younger personalised. Your location, device, and generations, especially, care about these time-zone will be immaterial as you will issues, and they seek out brands that be able to create a data-informed, have found ways to “close the loop” – education plan tailored to your own keep things out of landfill by recycling learning style and preferences. and re-using, and use the earth’s resources in a more responsible, less Voice will rule the household wasteful way. As voice technology becomes more Brands live their social values advanced, accepted and trusted, we predict it will begin to replace touch as To succeed sustainably in future, brands the search method of choice over the will need to think about what their social years to come.This trend has been driven, values are and work out how to express in part, by the coronavirus pandemic. www.ijar.org.in 8

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Younger people, in particular, have of Success". Nielsen. Nielsen. Retrieved become used to smart speakers as their 25 March 2016. main source of news and entertainment 4. Dahlen, Micael (2010). Marketing during lockdowns. Moreover, savvy Communications: A Brand Narrative brands have seized the opportunity to Approach. Chichester, West Sussex UK: provide them with voice apps. Younger John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 36. people, in particular, have become used to 5."Digital Marketing Systems and smart speakers as their main source of Techniques". Warwick. Retrieved 28 news and entertainment during August 2019. lockdowns. Moreover, savvy brands have 6. Schoenbachler, Denise D.; Gordon, seized the opportunity to provide them Geoffrey L.; Foley, Dawn; Spellman, with voice apps.Voice technology will get Linda (1997). "Understanding consumer even more sophisticated over the coming database marketing". Journal of years, and consumers will become more Consumer Marketing. 15 (1): 5–19. accepting of it. We predict that voice doi:10.1108/07363769710155820. could begin to replace touch as the go-to 7. Clark, Dorie (11 November 2012), search method. "The End of the Expert: Why No One in Marketing Knows What They're Doing", Brands will up their game Forbes, archived from the original on 4 Simple ads are old-school think November 2013 sophisticated product placement, like 8.Bhat, Suhail Ahmad; Darzi, Mushtaq ‘skinning’ where fashion brands ‘dress’ Ahmad (2016-05-16). "Customer avatars with luxury clothes. Today, as per relationship management: An approach the stats, nearly about 60 per cent of the to competitive advantage in the banking population on the planet uses the sector by exploring the mediational role Internet. Just two years ago, it was 40%. of loyalty". Intern One can imagine the rate at which people 9.Belch, E; Belch, A (2012). Advertising are using the Internet to do almost and promotion: An integrated marketing everything. From ordering foods and communication perspective ((9th ed) ed.). vegetables to booking cabs to leasing New York,NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. furniture to people becoming viral 10. Heikki, Karjaluoto (2015). "The influencers, everything has gone digital. usage of digital marketing channels in A business without a digital presence is SMEs". Journal of Small Business and bound to go Kaput in no time. Enterprise Development. 22 (4): 633–651. References doi:10.1108/JSBED-05-2013-0073. 1."The Four Faces of Digital Marketing". 11.Pratik Dholakiya (14 April 2015). "3 American Marketing Association. Digital Marketing Channels That Work Retrieved 22 August 2019. for Every Advertiser". Entrepreneur. 2."Definition of digital marketing". Retrieved 17 October 2015. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2015. 3.Nielsen (10 March 2016). "Digital Advertising is Rising in Canada, Requiring More Sophisticated Measures

www.ijar.org.in 9

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Impact of Covid on Economy and Industry- A Sectoral Analysis Dasari Satyanarayana, M.Com., Head, Department of Commerce, B.V. Raju College, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534 202 ABSTRACT

The wave of Corona Virus in Wuhan-2019 and in Beizing in 2020 and also across different countries of the Globe played havoc and stood as pandemic with human suffering and toll. The Corona Virus Gripped and spread it pangs of Pandemonium over 213 countries of the world. The situation raises more Questions than Answers..Economic Danger Vs. Health Risk. India risked Economic Suicide by extending lockdown much longer up to 5.o realizing and unlocking from June 8. India’s Dream of 5 trillion economy stands as Nightmare. The Economy is rushed on to the Ventilator and the Industry is pushed into the ICU. The state Incomes came down drastically- Liquor sales restarted with increased prices-the duties on Petrol – Diesel experienced an unbridled rally standing near Rs.90 per litre. The corona crushed the productive activity, disturbed the economic activity across the sectors of the economy and industry over the entire Globe.

Key Words: Atmanirbhar Bharath, Black Swan Event, Vocal for Local

Introduction and the recovery delayed. India, being the The outbreak of the Novel Corona virus fifth largest economy in the world, cannot (COVID-19), which originated in Wuhan, be seen lagging in taking necessary China in end-December 2019, has fast measures. In CII survey about 45 per spread its tentacles across the world and cent of the CEOs in India said they don’t resulted a major impact on all aspects of see economic normalcy returning before a society, With the World Health year. Another 36 per cent were more Organization declaring the COVID-19 optimistic but it would take 6 to 12 outbreak a pandemic and an months for economy to function with unprecedented global disruption. The normalcy. The global COVID-19 corona virus outbreak shut down schools pandemic has emerged as the “black and businesses, imposed social swan event which is going to require distancing, and completely up ended extraordinary measures from almost everything we thought of as governments across the globe to help typical daily life. resume economic stability. People are felt communal anxiety and SECTORAL IMPACT: The COVID-19 grief, their daily routines have likely pandemic impacted the economy across changed completely, and some have the sectors.These include a) Aviation and either lost their jobs or are risking their Transportation b) Hospitality & Tourism, health to keep essential services c)MSME Sector d)Stock Markets, e) functioning. Given the uncertainity over Energy& Power, f)E-Commerce, g) the duration of the pandemic, the Automobile Sector, h) Supply chain recession is bound to be prolonged still &Logistics, i) Real Estate and www.ijar.org.in 10

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] construction, i) Migrant Labor, j)Change The Indian MSME sector is the backbone in the FDI policy, k) Banking Sector of the national economic structure and has unremittingly acted as the bulwark a)AVIATION AND TRANSPORTATION: for the Indian economy, providing it It is the first affected sector of the resilience to ward off global economic economy. Spice jet, Indigo and other state shocks and adversities. With around 63.4 run domestic and international services million units throughout the geographical were disrupted, including the throwing expanse of the country. Around 51 per out of the crew. It is with the exception of cent of these are situated in rural India. the emergency and the cargo movers. MSMEs contribute around 6.11% of the Aviation is the worst affected sectors manufacturing GDP and 24.63% of the under corona virus. Airlines globally lost GDP from service activities as well as $113 billion due to corona. The aviation 33.4% of India's manufacturing output. has been under stress and distress since They have been able to provide March,23 and the internat5ional flights employment to around 120 million barred by India up to July,15. Aviation persons and contribute around 45% of And Tourism Sectors Under Increased the overall exports from India. The Stress Due To Covid-19.Global Aviation MSMEs are hit by the onslaught of the activity has sunk by more than 70 per pandemic. The demand on the ground cent in the wake of covid-19. has slowed to a trickle. Adding to the b)HOSPITALITY&TOURISM: woes, a good number of skilled In March 2020, various travel workforces have moved back to their restrictions were imposed by the home states due to the prolonged Governments across the globe. The lockdown. The crisis has impacted several COVID-19 impact is predicted to derail MSMEs so hard that many of these future growth of Indian tourism and entities are unable to even pay salaries to hospitality industries as a result of no existing workforce and pay rentals, countries will permit their citizens. according to industry officials. The effect of this Pandemic on the Indian According to a survey by the All India tourism industry will not finish soon in Manufacturers’ Organisation, about 35 the future because people will not feel percent of micro, small and medium safe to travel. The Indian tourism enterprises and 37 percent of self- industry is expected to book a revenue employed individuals have started loss of Rs 69,400 crore, denoting a year- shutting their businesses, saying they on-year loss of 30%.72% Employment saw no chance of a recovery in the wake loss. Hotel Industry experienced a of the Covid outbreak. The MSME sector rewinding, because of severe in India contributes over 28 percent of restrictions. United Nations: GDP and more than 40 percent of International tourism could decline by exports, while creating employment for 60-80 per cent in 2020 due to the Covid- about 11 crore people. In other words, 19 pandemic, resulting in the revenue MSMEs are one of the major employers loss of $910 billion to $1.2 trillion and in the Indian economy. This is the reason placing millions of livelihoods at risk, the why it is critical for the government to World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) ensure that the MSMEs survive the has said. pandemic.It has also been reported that c) MSME SECTOR: just like the first relief package, called the www.ijar.org.in 11

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

PM Garib Kalyan Yojana, which was sentiment towards telecom sector announced by the government on March improved due to the resilience of the 26, the second package, too, would sector during the lockdown. The pharma primarily focus on the MSME sector. sector has been the flavor of the season Stimulus packages due to higher visibility in earnings Individual countries have announced and growth. The average return of pharma initiated implementation of stimulus companies in the BSE 500 was almost 60 packages. But the sizes of these packages per cent in the last three months. The vary from 9 per cent of GDP in Austria, 5 stocks of the Aviation companies, Spice per cent in France, 4.5 per cent in jet and Indigo which lingered around the Germany, only 1.6 per cent in Spain and March lows for a long time have seen an 1.4 per cent in Italy. Following this uptick by about 50 per cent and 20 per Finance minister Mrs. Nirmala cent respectively, once the flight services Sitharaman announced the traunches. resumed. Global stock markets which She said that it is not our Dream but it is sunk due to the recession due to the the responsibility of all of us. The time impact of corona virus started floating has come for all of us to analyse the e) ENERGY& POWER: situation before corona and after corona. The central government has enforced we should progress by saving our lives. a nation-wide lockdown between March Rs. 20 lakh crores is the Financial 25 and June, 8 as part of its measures to stimulus in 2020- the support for contain the spread of COVID-19. During Land,Labor,Law and Liquidity the lockdown, several restrictions have It is to provide liquidity support to been placed on the movement of MSMEs, village industries and other individuals and economic activities have vulnerable sections come to a halt barring the activities I is stated that Local is our jeevan related to essential goods and services. If manthra. Local Market, Local we look at the consumption pattern by Manufacturing, Local Supply chain, Local consumer category, in 2018-19, 41% of Demand to be improved. Local Is Better total electricity consumption was for to grow Global with the slogan-Vocal for industrial purposes, followed by 25% for Local. domestic and 18% for agricultural d) STOCK MARKET UNDER purposes. As the lockdown has severely DOLDRUMS reduced the industrial and commercial With uncertainty persisting in the activities in the country, these segments corporate earnings, investors could face would have seen a considerable decline in more pain ahead in the coming months. demand for electricity. However, note The Indian stock Market has experienced that the domestic demand may have seen the March Blood bath. Due to the an uptick as people are staying indoors. transfusion by the Foreign Portfolio India’s growth projections also highlight Investors(FPI) and due to the generous a slowdown in the economy in 2020 stimulus package rolled out by global which will further impact the demand for central banks, the sensex has rallied electricity. On April 16, the International about 35 per cent since the low recorded Monetary Fund has slashed its on March23.The BSE mid cap and projection for India’s GDP growth in smallcap gained about 37 per cent and 42 2020 from 5.8% to 1.9%. per cent respectively. In this regard the www.ijar.org.in 12

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Note that, as of February 2020, the power distribution, marketing, sale or delivery sector has the largest share in the of goods and services by electronic means. deployment of domestic bank credit The World Trade Organization (WTO) among industries (Rs 5.4 lakh crore, has asked its members if there is a need 19.3% of total). to consider new and practical e-commerce Due to the demand drop of 46 per cent, solutions to enable fast and secure cross Discoms have suffered losses making it border movement of goods and services to difficult for the state governments to help economic recovery and job creation meet the challenges. Power producers' after the Covid-19 pandemic. Network total outstanding dues owed by capacity and higher bandwidth services distribution firms rose nearly 63 per cent have proved to be crucial, not only during to Rs 1.23 lakh crore in April 2020 over the pandemic itself, but also for e- the same month previous year, reflecting commerce and economic inclusion in stress in the sector. Distribution general. On line consumer protection and companies (discoms) owed a total of Rs compliance with health and safety 75,642 crore to power generation firms in regulations are the other challenges, April 2019, global cooperation in the area of e- In the stimulus package of the commerce, which could help to facilitate Government of India provision is made cross-border movement of goods and for Meeting Losses of Power sector Units. services, narrow the digital divide, and DISCOMs which provide benefits to the level the playing field for small power consumers will be provided businesses. The pandemic has made it Royalties with a stimulus package of clear that e-commerce can be an Rs.90000 crores. important tool or solution for consumers. f) SUPPLY CHAIN LOGISTICS- E-commerce for goods and services trade DISRUPTIONS has been adversely impacted by the The coronavirus pandemic is a health factors that have caused disruption in crisis like we’ve never seen before, so it’s supply and demand overall and such no surprise that it came with disruptions disruptions have resulted in delivery to the supply chain, hoarding of toilet delays or outright cancellation of orders. paper and hand sanitizer, empty shelves Focusing on ecommerce and D2C in a at grocery stores, and stress on Amazon’s way that allows for a mix of both retail warehouses. 1. Stop, relax, and don’t and online sales is how most brands are panic. 2. Evaluate your current images, finding success during the time of language, and tone of voice. 3. Adjust COVID-19. consumer discretionary marketing campaigns and timelines. 4. spending has dropped over 50%. With Have a positive mindset, but don’t be consumers spending less on insensitive A gold standard for this kind transportation, travel, restaurants, and of messaging pivot is what Nike did childcare in the light of coronavirus, and shortly after Americans were asked to strong discounts and ad placements being stay home if at all possible.If you ever placed near essential items being sold dreamt of playing for the millions of the online, non-essential ecommerce has world- play inside and play for the world continued to fare well despite this dip. g) E-COMMERCE: h) AUTOMOBILE SECTOR: The WTO Work Programme defines Automobile and component "electronic commerce" as the production, manufacturing plants are being shuttered www.ijar.org.in 13

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] around the world, consumer footfalls in market. All the global automakers, every showrooms have fallen sharply, vehicle visible brand or segment have been hit so sales are dropping dramatically and much severely. Startups will go down in almost every major industry event is dozens. The steady stream of investments either being cancelled or going the digital that has kept the Startups going would way. All of March has been packed with be the worst to hit. Many of the new coronavirus-related news and it all Startups in the mobility business would started with the cancellation of the 2020 face severe challenges in the months to Geneva Motor Show, which was to open come. Logger heads with China further on March 5. Still clouds of uncertainty accentuate the situation and the Indian are hovering over the Indian automotive dream of bringing the EVS on to the road industry and the coming months are stands impossible because of the expected to unleash a host of challenges dependence of the Indian Automobile to this sunshine sector. The future road market on China for Auto spares and also is full of challenges amid a huge tide of the Lithium Batteries. It need be noted unprecedented waves hitting the that 60 per cent of the Cobalt reserves , automotive the base material for the Lithium In the Indian market, the life of batteries, are in China. customers revolves around pure I) REAL ESTATE AND economics. Basically the money spent to CONSTRUCTION seal the transaction and sweet deals. The nationwide lockdown due to the Discounts have been the flavour of the COVID-19 pandemic has created an Indian automotive market forever. So in unprecedented predicament. Since the times of the coronavirus pandemic, millions of workers have migrated to there’s much at stake for the sector. their hometowns due to lack of work, According to industry insiders, the employers are dreading a nightmare purchase done by potential customers scenario. Even when the lockdown is would surely be downsized. So a larger lifted, kick-starting operations will be number of customers would be looking at extremely difficult for almost all sectors. smaller cars with lower price points, For a labor-intensive industry such as leading to downgrade in the purchase and real estate, the reverse migration is buying decisions. The Rs 10-20 lakh price tantamount to the last straw on the bracket might be a challenge to sell, while camel’s back. What may make matters the Rs 20 lakh price upwards would be worse, paradoxically, are the steps taken facing some shrinkage in demand. Indian by the Centre and States to ensure customers would be looking at affordable workers have adequate rations and mobility with safer means to travel. sustenance wages. Developers are now Indian passenger vehicle industry wondering – why will workers return to declined 18 percent. Most industry cities if they are receiving sustenance at pundits are predicting that sales would home? plummet by another 15-20 percent at No easy answers exist as COVID-19 is a least going by the current expected constantly-evolving crisis. Even if the trends. This time is clouded by a lockdown is removed, migrant workers worldwide pandemic which has taken a could remain reluctant to return because universal toll across continents and is of the uncertainties involved, especially if hitting every product and category of the the coronavirus threat still looms large www.ijar.org.in 14

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] over the country. In some instances, widespread. This scenario certainly migrant workers may still be stuck in defeats the interests of the start-up cities if they were unable to manage ecosystem in the country which relies on transport back home or were not allowed FDI inflows from China. to move out of their current workplaces. L) BANKING SECTOR UNDER Again, developers may not be able to DISTRESS capitalise on the presence of such The pandemic is impacting the financial ‘captive’ workers. services sector in multiple ways — from Though there is no doubt that the lives of business continuity issues and people are important against the operational considerations to the overall unparalleled threat posed by COVID-19, financial outlook. The current challenges the authorities, including the WHO, are are likely to translate into high capital realising that livelihoods are equally infusion requirements for the FIs to critical. Earlier, developers availed of FDI maintain both regulatory capital as well and PE funds to meet liquidity as growth capital. "For Asia-Pacific requirements. Unfortunately, due to Banks, COVID-19 Crisis Could Add USD volatility in the global economy, foreign 300 Billion To Credit Costs" S&P Global investors have exited the Indian markets Ratings said, it expects the non- in recent months. performing assets (NPA) ratio to increase by about 2 per cent in 2020, and credit K) FDI POLICYCHANGED losses, to increase by about 100 basis RESTRICTING THE CHINESE FIRMS points. The NPA ratio in India is likely to UNDUE TAKEOVER OF THE INDIN fare similarly to China's (1.9 per cent 2 ENTITIES. per cent) but the credit costs ratios could It was expected that India will really be worse, Reporting of losses, increasing moving into a new Global economic rate of NPAs and falling Asset Quality, order. In the after math of corona Increasing credit costs,decline in loan pandemic and thwe resultant asupply repayment,stress of marotorium on disruption the Investors seek to reduce liquidity are the potent problems. Despite reliance on China as a manufacturing the reduction of the repo rate from 75 base.India aims to be the next option. basis points to 44 basis points, and India is developing a land pool double the infusion of capital of Rs.1.37 lakh crores size of Luxemberg(243000 Hects) to lure the face of the Banking sector not industry and Business moving out of glowing. The rating agency's credit China. In this regard one meeting was analyst Gavin Gunning said in the report. held under the chairmanship of Modi on Gunning said there are concerns that the APRIL 30th.A. total of 4,61,589 Hects coronavirus will spread faster, further, were identified across the country for the and for longer.If such is the scenario the purpose.The Govt. has handpicked 10 woes of the banks intensify under focus sector for the purpose. A number of coronavirus. state Govts Started amending 38 labor laws in the country to facilitate the Change in FDI policy foreign players even at the detriment of Government started disowning the public the labor welfare and workforce in the sector leaving the economy to the private country. To curb Chinese imports, make sector. Even the space research and the Indian manufacturing competitive, initiations of space exploration are www.ijar.org.in 15

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] opened to the private sector on the same increased nearly 19% within a month, lines of the USA.On 18 April 2020, India reaching 26% unemployment across changed its foreign direct India, according to the "Centre for investment (FDI) policy to curb Monitoring Indian Economy". Around "'opportunistic takeovers/acquisitions' of 140,000,000 (14 crores) Indian lost Indian companies due to the current employment in the lockdown. More than pandemic", according to the Department 45% households across the nation have for Promotion of Industry and Internal reported an income drop as compared to Trade.[82] With the fall in global share the previous year. prices, there is concern that China may On 4 April, former Reserve Bank of take advantage of the situation, leading India chief Raghuram Rajan said that the to hostile takeovers. While the new FDI coronavirus pandemic in India may just policy does not restrict markets, the be the "greatest emergency since policy ensures that all FDI from countries Independence". The former Chief that share a land border with India will Economic Advisor to the Government of now be under scrutiny of the Ministry of India has said that India should prepare Commerce and Industry. for a negative growth rate in FY21 and The Government of India is aiming to that India would need attract companies that wish to move out a Rs.720 lakh crore (US$10 trillion) of China or are looking for an alternative stimulus to overcome the contraction. to China. The PM's office is conveying to Numerous companies are carrying out the government central and state measures within their companies to machinery to ready pro-investment ensure that staff anxiety is kept at a strategies. A total of at least 461,589 minimum. Hero MotoCorp has been hectares has been earmarked for the conducting video townhall meetings, Tata purpose, as reported by Economic Times. Group has set up a task force to make New FDI rules are intended to keep the working from home more effective and chinese out but the rigid polcies will keep the task force at Siemens also reports on the start ups out.The Goovernment want the worldwide situation of the COVID-19 to curb ther opportunistic take overs or pandemic. acquisitions by restricting the FDI Agriculture rules.But the restrictions may starve the Due to logistical problems following the start ups of needed capital and the lockdown tea estates were unable to technical know how from the Chinese harvest the first flush. The impact of this side. The Indian tech start ups are in dire on the second flush is not known. The need of foreign capital funds. The Indian entire Darjeeling tea based tea industry experts are of the belief that some will see significant fall in revenue.Tea exceptions to the restrictions will give big exports could drop up to 8% as a result. relief to the start-up eco-system. From 20 April, under the new lockdown In India up to 53% of businesses have guidelines to reopen the economy and specified a certain amount of impact of relax the lockdown, agricultural shutdowns caused due to COVID-19 on businesses such as dairy, tea, coffee, and operations (FICCI survey).[ Various rubber plantations, as well as associated business such as hotels and airlines are shops and industries, will reopen. cutting salaries and laying off employees. IMPACT OF CORONA ON ECONOMY By 24 April the Unemployment Rate had www.ijar.org.in 16

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

The economic impact of the 2019–20 factories producing corona virus pandemic in India has been essentials. Foxconn and Wistron Corp, largely disruptive. The World iPhone producers, have suspended Bank and credit rating agencies have production following the 21 days downgraded India's growth for fiscal lockdown orders.[122] year 2021 with the lowest figures India E-commerce has seen in three decades since In the third week of March India's economic liberalization in the 2020, Amazon announced that it would 1990s.The former Chief Economic stop sale of non-essential items in India Advisor to the Government of India has so that it can focus on essential said that India should prepare for a needs. Amazon has followed the same negative growth rate in FY21 and that strategy in Italy and France. On 25 the country would need a ₹10 trillion March, Walmart- stimulus to overcome the owned Flipkart temporarily suspended contraction. However, the International some of its services on its e-commerce Monetary Fund projection for India for platform and will only be selling and the Financial Year 2021-22 of 1.9% GDP distributing essentials. BigBasket growth is the highest among G- and Grofers also run restricted services, 20 nations. Within a month, facing disruptions in services due to the unemployment rose from 6.7% on 15 lockdown. Delhi Police began issuing March to 26% on 19 April.During the delivery agents curfew passes to make it lockdown, an estimated 14 crore easier for them to keep the supply chain (140 million) people have lost open. E-commerce companies also look employment. More than 45% of for legal clarity related to what are households across the nation have "essentials". On 20 reported an income drop as compared to April, Telangana extended the lockdown the previous year. to 7 May. Swiggy and Zomato will not be Major companies in India such as Larsen allowed to function during this extension and Toubro, Bharat Forge, UltraTech period. Cement, Grasim Industries, the fashion Defence and retail wing of Aditya Birla The Department of Military Affairs led by Group, Tata Motors and Thermax have the Chief of Defence Staff has postponed temporarily suspended or significantly all capital acquisitions until the reduced operations in a number of coronavirus pandemic recedes. No new manufacturing facilities and factories major defense deals will be made in the across the country. iPhone producing beginning of the financial year 2020– companies in India have also suspended a 21. While the delivery of S-400 missile majority of operations. Nearly all two- systems won't be affected, the delivery wheeler and four-wheeler companies have of Rafale fighter jets might be. put a stop to production till further An opportunity for reforms notice. Many companies have decided to We have entered, to borrow an oft- remain closed till at least 31 March such repeated phrase, ‘an era of radical as Cummins which has temporarily shut uncertainty’ in which we racing to craft its offices across Maharashtra. Hindustan appropriate responses, not only to secure Unilever, ITC and Dabur India have shut safe health outcomes for all, but also to manufacturing facilities except for www.ijar.org.in 17

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] ensure that lifestyles and livelihoods are protected. Life after lockdowns: Reviving the All crises are also opportunities for economy radical reform, for re-aligning priorities, Like other countries, India is also seeking and for tweaking policies in pursuit of the to steer a judicious path between the greater common good. History can serve, need to insulate the population, and to in the words of Pulitzer Prize winning revive the economic engine. The rigorous writer David McCullough, as “a guide to national lockdown has succeeded in navigation in perilous times” We might, slowing the spread of the virus, and the in these trying times, take inspiration current thinking in the government is to from President Franklin Delano open the country for business in a Roosevelt’s ‘New Deal’, a series of carefully calibrated manner, focusing on reforms enacted between 1933 and 1939 reviving sectors like agriculture, that lifted the United States out of the manufacturing, and services; while Great Depression and restored hope to isolating geographic hotspots and the American people. It focused on the vulnerable groups. The most compelling ‘three Rs’ of relief for the requirement for reviving the economy is vulnerable, recovery of the economy, to effectively manage the emergence from and reform of the financial system-- the lockdown, ensuring that supply useful Mantras to keep in mind, as India chains are reopened, that manufacturing seeks to re-invigorate its economy. and service enterprises are free to The pandemic has exposed fault lines in operate, while ensuring basic health the global trade and financial hygiene. architecture, disrupting our travel The first charge on the government is to patterns, global manufacturing value- protect the lives and entitlements of the chains, and governance systems. The most vulnerable people at the bottom of crisis brings home some potent lessons: the pyramid-a daunting task, given that individual health outcomes cannot be the unorganized sector represents over divorced from the health and hygiene 90 per cent of the workforce[2]. India has systems of the community that national millions of migrant workers, who are in borders are no defense against threats acute distress, bereft of income support from nature, and that collective global or home comfort. The first round of relief action is increasingly a sine-qua-non for has rightly been the package of INR1.7 our own individual protection from such trillion for the vulnerable, along with events. The hope remains that the measures like reopening Mahatma COVID-19 crisis brings about a global Gandhi National Rural Employment epiphany regarding the need for saner Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) work. Much responses to the other formidable (and more needs to be done, and much more is less immediately visible) threat: the expected, particularly a stimulus- cum- effects of climate change. Once this relief package that is imminent at the episode is behind us, if its only legacy is time of writing. There are demands and to bequeath us a wiser and more expectations that this package will be in deliberative approach to balancing the the region of at least INR5-6 trillion, often-conflicting objectives of economic around 3 per cent of the country’s progress and environment protection, GDP. This package could encompass then much good would have come of it. fiscal stimulus, liquidity in the system, www.ijar.org.in 18

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] tax deferral, credit-protection, and address it. According to Du & business-continuity and sustenance Bradstreet, COVID-19 no doubt assistance for small enterprises. The disrupted human lives and global supply agriculture sector, which constitutes chain but the pandemic is a severe around 15 per cent of the GDP, also demand shock which has offset the green needs immediate relief, in terms of shoots of recovery of the Indian economy facilitating market access for the that was visible towards the end of 2019 current rabi crop under harvesting, as and early 2020. The revised Gross well as funding support for farmers to Domestic Product (GDP) estimates for commit to the imminent kharif crop, India downwards by 0.2 percentage come June. points for the fiscal year 2020 to 4.8 per Apart from agriculture, sectoral stimulus cent and by 0.5 per cent for the fiscal year packages and prioritisation of relief and 2021 to 6 per cent. Further, it is stated rehabilitation measures are warranted, that the extent of the actual impact will given the substantial damages inflicted depend upon the severity and duration of on sectors like tourism, hospitality, the outbreak. transportation, which have very large There are three major channels of impact employment absorption levels. for Indian businesses according to the Another area of focus needs to be report namely linkages, supply chain and infrastructure, not just for creating assets macroeconomic factors. The data of the for the future, but also for absorbing Dun & Bradstreet shows that I.at least employment in sectors like construction. 6,606 Indian entities have legal linkages The government’s recently announced with companies in countries with a large National Infrastructure Pipeline of number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. around INR100 trillion[6] could be re- And business activity in the foreign prioritised by frontloading projects that markets is slow which implies a negative soak up relatively greater levels of impact on the top line of these employment. companies. Sectors that would be much affected includes logistics, auto, tourism, The prolonged lockdown along with rain metals, drugs, pharmaceuticals, and hailstorm in many regions has electronic goods, MSMEs and retail heightened rural distress, pushing among others anxious villagers to moneylenders — a Countries coped the pandemic situation which farm leaders say can trigger agitations and suicides unless The global economy is expected to suffer farmers get quick relief. The disruption USD 5.8-8.8 trillion in losses due to the in wholesale markets and transportation coronavirus pandemic, Asian hurdles have ravaged the rural economy. Development Bank (ADB). It is Farmers are chopping orchards, equivalent to 6.4 per cent to 9.7 per cent ploughing blooming fields of flowers and of the global GDP. The GDP in south selling produce at throwaway prices. The Asia will also be lower by 3.9-6.0 per cent, absence of field-level assessment by mainly reflecting the tight restrictions in insurance companies is making place in countries like Bangladesh, India compensation difficult.“There is a and Pakistan, ADB said in is updated looming food crisis and I fear hunger assessment of the Potential Economic deaths may take place if we cannot Impact of COVID-19. The People’s www.ijar.org.in 19

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Republic of China (PRC) could suffer per cent) and Italy (5.7 per cent). losses between USD 1.1 trillion and USD However, the WEF notes that there is 1.6 trillion. concern that the size of packages may The International Monetary Fund prove insufficient for the duration of the downgraded its outlook for the crisis; that disbursement may be slower coronavirus-ravaged world economy, than is needed; that not all firms in need projecting a significantly deeper recession would be targeted; and that such and slower recovery. The fund said programs may be overly reliant on debt Wednesday it now expects global gross financing. South Korea stands out, since domestic product to shrink 4.9 per cent business and economic activities were not this year, more than the 3 per cent completely stopped and therefore, their predicted in April. For 2021, the fund economy was not severely affected. China sees growth of 5.4 per cent, down from recently lifted its lockdown and has since 5.8 per cent. warned of the biggest slump then been gradually reopening its since the Great Depression, the IMF said economy without an aggressive second its increased pessimism reflected scarring wave of infections so far. from a larger-than-anticipated supply Further, even as economic activity shock during the earlier lockdown, in resumes gradually, the situation will take addition to the continued hit to demand time to normalise, as consumer from social distancing and other safety behaviours change as a result of measures. For nations struggling to continued social distancing and control the virus spread, a longer uncertainty about how the pandemic will lockdown also will take a toll on growth. evolve. For instance, in its World The cumulative loss for the world Economic Outlook report for 2020, the economy this year and next as a result of IMF mentions that firms may start hiring the recession is expected to reach $12.5 more people and expanding their payroll trillion. only slowly, as they may not be clear According to an assessment by the about the demand for their output. World Economic Forum (WEF), Therefore, along with clear and effective supporting SMEs and larger businesses is communication, broad monetary and crucial for maintaining employment and fiscal stimuli will be required to be financial stability. coordinated on an international scale for In India, Finance Minister Nirmala maximum impact, and would be most Sitharaman has announced some effective to boost spending in the details of the Atmanirbhar Bharat recovery phase. Abhiyan package, to provide relief to Medium, Small and Micro Enterprises A high degree of uncertainty surrounds (MSMEs) in the form of an increase in this forecast with both upside and credit guarantees. downside risks. On the upside, better Many advanced economies in the world news on vaccines and treatments and have rolled out support packages. While further policy support could trigger a India’s economic stimulus package is 10 faster recovery. On the downside, further per cent of its GDP, Japan’s is 21.1 per waves of infections can reverse increased cent, followed by the US (13 per cent), mobility in spending and rapidly tighten Sweden (12 per cent), Germany (10.7 per financial conditions, triggering debt cent), France (9.3 per cent), Spain (7.3 distress. Announced fiscal measures www.ijar.org.in 20

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected] amounting to about $11 trillion globally, coronavirus playbook". Livemint. up from $8 trillion estimated in April, Retrieved 16 April 2020. have helped cushion the blow to workers 6. Padmanabhan, Anil (12 April 2020). and businesses. But emergency spending "Opinion | New Delhi revisits the lives by governments is set to push the global versus livelihood debate". Livemint. debt ratio above 100 per cent for the first Retrieved 16 April 2020. time. The IMF presents two alternative 7. Sharma, Aman (12 May 2020). "Prime scenarios: In one, there's a second virus Minister Narendra Modi bats for outbreak in early 2021, with disruptions unlocking economy, CMs divided". The to domestic economic activity about half Economic Times. Retrieved 12 May 2020. the size of those assumed for this year. 8. Varma, Anuja, Gyan (11 April 2020). The scenario assumes emerging markets "PM Modi's meeting with chief ministers: experience greater damage than Five things to watch out for". Livemint. advanced economies, given more limited Retrieved 16 April 2020. space to support incomes. In the second 9. Yadav, Yogendra (15 April 2020). "No scenario, with a faster-than-expected matter how you look at it, India's recovery, global output would be about a lockdown-2 can cost as many lives as it half percentage point better than the will save". ThePrint. Retrieved 16 April baseline this year and 3 per cent above 2020. the baseline in 2021. 10.Slowly increase public activities, PM REFERENCES: throws challenge to CMs (Ld). Outlook 1. Vyas, Mahesh (21 April 2020). India. IANS. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 12 "Unemployment rate touches 26%". May 2020. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy 11. Prime Minister Interacts with the (CMIE). Retrieved 24 April 2020. Chief Ministers of all the states and UTs. 2. Sharma, Yogima Seth (24 June 2020). pib.gov.in. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 12 "Unemployment rate falls to pre- May 2020. lockdown level: CMIE". The Economic 12.Gupta, Shishir (11 May 2020). On Times. Retrieved 24 June 2020. exiting Covid-19 lockdown 3.0, PM Modi 3. Goyal, Malini (22 March 2020). "Covid- asks chief ministers to come up with 19: How the deadly virus hints at a blueprint. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 looming financial crisis". The Economic May 2020. Times. Retrieved 23 March 202 13. Misra, Udit (14 May 2020). "PM 4. John, Mark (6 May 2020). "How is the Modi's Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan world dealing with lockdown? This poll economic package: Here is the fine print". has captured the public's mood". World The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 May Economic Forum. Retrieved 11 May 2020. 2020. 67% of the 13,200-plus people 14. Prasad, Gireesh Chandra (28 April interviewed agreed that: "The 2020). "India needs a ₹10 rupee stimulus government’s highest priority should be to tide over a contraction in GDP: saving as many lives as possible even if it Subramanian". Livemint. Retrieved 29 means the economy will recover more April 2020. slowly." 15. Ray, Anulekha (22 May 2020). 5. Khanna, Utpal Bhaskar, Anuja, "India's GDP growth in 2020-21 to Pretika (11 April 2020). "Modi says 'jaan remain in negative territory: RBI". bhi jahaan bhi', signals a shift in India's Livemint. Retrieved 24 May 2020. www.ijar.org.in 21

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1 (1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.323; Email: [email protected]

Public Private Partnership for Transforming India-A Focus

P.Syamala Deepthi, M.Com., and N.Durga Someswara Rao, M.Com., Lecturers in Commerce, B.V.Raju college, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202 ABSTRACT

PPPs are an important tool for developing infrastructure and therefore fostering economic development. They are used with infrastructures like roads, airports, ports, power, water, and solid waste treatment and typically involve investment and operation and maintenance. PPPs are also used in social infrastructure like health and education, e.g.. construction and maintenance of a hospital or school facilities, but can also include total or partial clinical or education services. According to the National PPP Policy 2011 Government of India is committed to improving the level and the quality of economic and social infrastructure services across the country. In pursuance of this goal, the Government envisages a substantive role for Public Private Partnership (PPPs) as a means for harnessing private sector investment and operational efficiencies in the provision of public assets and services. There’s potential for PPPs in any sector. Interesting examples are agriculture or social housing.

Key Words: Public Finance Initiative, Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO), Operate- Maintain-Transfer (OMT). Introduction inviting private sectors to be involved in constructing infrastructure projects. Public-private partnership (PPP) refers to the procurement approach where the The public–private partnership (PPP or project is executed with a broader span of 3P) is a commercial legal relationship contractual relationships between the defined by the Government of India in public and private sectors to provide an 2011 as an arrangement between a asset and/or a service . It is a government / statutory entity / procurement model to deliver public government owned entity on one side and infrastructure and/or service crossing a private sector entity on the other, for various sectors including transportation, the provision of public assets and/or water treatment, energy, environment, public services. health, and education . PPP is believed to A public–private partnership is a provide benefits to the public sector, cooperative arrangement between two or private sector, and consumers by more public and private sectors, typically involving the participation of the of a long-term nature. It involves an government and the private financing arrangement between a unit of initiatives . However, conflicting opinions government and a business that brings exist considering the negotiation better services or improves the city’s efficiency, service quality, and capacity to operate effectively. A public- accountability within PPPs. PPP-based private partnership (PPP) is a long- research has aroused wide interests in term contract between a private party recent decades. Both developing and and a government entity, for providing developed countries have actively been www.ijar.org.in 22

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] a public asset or service, in which services across the country. In pursuance the private party bears significant risk of this goal, the Government envisages a and management responsibility, and substantive role for Public Private remuneration is linked to performance. Partnership (PPPs) as a means for Public-private partnerships involve harnessing private sector investment and collaboration between a government operational efficiencies in the provision of agency and private-sector companies that public assets and services. can be used to finance, build, and operate India has already witnessed considerable projects, such as public transportation growth in PPPs in the last one and half networks, parks, and convention centers. decade. It has emerged as one of the Financing a project through a public- leading PPP markets in the world, due to private partnership can allow a project to several policy and institutional initiatives be completed sooner or make it a taken by the central as well as many possibility in the first place. state governments. Government of India Need for PPP has set up Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee to streamline Economic survey 2009-10 brings out the appraisal and approval of projects. importance of PPP projects, “PPPs Transparent and competitive bidding provide variety of benefits in terms of processes have been established. To investing public capital to draw in private provide a broader cross sectoral fillip to capital and undertake a bigger number of PPPs, extensive support has been infrastructure projects, introducing extended through project development Private sector experience and cost- funds, viability gap funding, user charge reducing technologies further leading to reforms, provision of long tenor financing efficiencies in operations and and refinancing as well as institutional maintenance. Hence, other than financial and individual capacity building. PPPs implications, PPPs are unit tools to meet are now seen as the preferred execution the fundamental obligations of mode in many sectors such as highways, governments to produce higher ports and airports. Increasingly, PPPs infrastructure services (with massive are being adopted in the urban sector and externalities), by increasing the in social sectors. Over the years an answerability of the private sector as a elaborate eco-system for PPPs has service supplier.”The PPP model is developed, including institutions, needed for ensuring Better developers, financiers, equity providers, Infrastructure, Risk sharing, Optimum policies and procedures. allocation of Resources, Value for Money, Evolution of PPP Innovations, Aid in growth of other Sectors, Catalyst for the Economy, More We are in 21st century and still India is Employment generation, Improve Image an infrastructure deficit country. The of the country, Increase in GDP and need of the hour is to transform India Attracting FDI. into a developed economy by the integration of vital sectors, networking, Government of India is committed to technological advancement and improving the level and the quality of connecting the rural-urban economies. economic and social infrastructure The government sector both at the www.ijar.org.in 23

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] central and at state level find itself and short forms (BOT, BOOT, DBOT, helpless to cope with the growing PFI, PPP and so forth) have been used demands of the economy on its own for the same policy of providing public funds. Hence, need is to look for other services and infrastructure facilities sources of development and private which had formerly been delivered by participation through PPP which is the public sector alone. best viable option available. There is no exact date and year which PPP ventures guarantee proficient could speak of the beginning of PPP but utilization of assets, accessibility of it is said that the PPP story began with cutting edge innovation, better venture private sterling investments in Indian outline, ideal risk distribution, enhanced railroads in the latter half of the 1800s. deliverance of public services and push to By 1875, about £95 million was put by public sector reforms. Under the PPP British organizations in Indian "ensured" arrangement, the government part gets railroads. Then again we could follow it re-imagined as one of the facilitators and to the mid 1900s, when private makers empowering agents, while the private and merchants developed in power sector partner assumes the part of financer, in Kolkata. A new wave in PPP was felt manufacturer and operator of the when a policy was made by the Central services. PPPs expect to join the abilities, government in 1991 and it was decided to skill and experience of both people in allow private participation in the Power public and private segments to convey sector which opened up the doors for higher gauges of services to clients or independent power producers. The residents. The private division brings National Highways Act, 1956 was altered operational proficiency, creative advanced in 1995 to empower private support. In techniques, administrative efficiencies, 1994, through a focused offering process, access to extra funds, development and licenses were conceded to eight cell business risk sharing. Governments cellular telephone utility. globally have sought to enhance the participation of the private sector in the The major shift in PPP was delivery of public services. These experienced in true sense when the initiatives have taken numerous Infrastructure Development Finance structures, for example, the out and out Company (IDFC) was incorporated on 30 privatization of beforehand state- January 1997 in Chennai and was laid possessed businesses, contracting out of down upon the recommendations of the specific services and the utilization of “Expert Group on Commercialization of private money in the arrangement of Infrastructure Projects” under the social infrastructure (Private Partnership chairmanship of Rakesh Mohan. This was (PPP) offers a long haul, maintainable the government’s serious initiative way to deal with enhancing public towards allowing private participation in utilities conveyance and social base, infrastructure development by utilizing upgrading the estimation of public their expertise, capital and managerial resources and improving utilization of skills. citizens' funds. This thought of public and private sector going into joint How Public-Private Partnerships Work venture is not new and numerous names www.ijar.org.in 24

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

For example, a city government might be There are downsides, too. Physical heavily indebted and unable to undertake infrastructure such as roads or railways, a capital-intensive building project, but a involve construction risks. If the product private enterprise might be interested in is not delivered on time, exceeds cost funding its construction in exchange for estimates, or has technical defects, the receiving the operating profits once the private partner typically bears the project is complete. burden. In addition, the private partner faces availability risk if it cannot provide Public-private partnerships typically have the service promised. A company may not contract periods of 25 to 30 years or meet safety or other relevant quality longer. Financing comes partly from the standards, for example, when running a private sector but requires payments prison, hospital, or school. from the public sector and/or users over the project's lifetime. The private partner Demand risk occurs when there are fewer participates in designing, completing, users than expected for the service or implementing, and funding the project, infrastructure, such as toll roads, bridges, while the public partner focuses on or tunnels. If the public partner agreed to defining and monitoring compliance with pay a minimum fee no matter the the objectives. Risks are distributed demand, that partner bears the risk. between the public and private partners Public-private partnerships are typically according to the ability of each to assess, found in transport infrastructure such as control, and cope with them. Public- highways, airports, railroads, bridges, private partnerships are typically found and tunnels. Examples of municipal and in transport and municipal or environmental infrastructure include environmental infrastructure and public water and wastewater facilities. Public service accommodations service accommodations include school buildings, prisons, student dormitories, Advantages and Disadvantages of Public- and entertainment or sports facilities. Private Partnerships Partnerships between private companies Private Finance Initiative is the lifeline and government provide advantages to for PPP both parties. Private-sector technology A private finance initiative (PFI) is a way and innovation, for example, can help of financing public sector projects provide better public services through through the private sector. PFIs alleviate improved operational efficiency. The the government and taxpayers of the public sector, for its part, provides immediate burden of coming up with the incentives for the private sector to deliver capital for these projects. Under a private projects on time and within budget. In finance initiative, the private company addition, creating economic handles the up-front costs instead of the diversification makes the country more government. The project is then leased to competitive in facilitating its the public and the government authority infrastructure base and boosting makes annual payments to the private associated construction, equipment, company. These contracts are typically support services, and other businesses. given to construction firms and can last as long as 30 years or more. www.ijar.org.in 25

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

PFIs are used primarily in the United These enormously complex contracts Kingdom and in Australia. In the United between government and businesses can States, PFIs are also called public-private accomplish what neither side can do partnerships. Private finance initiatives alone-expanding infrastructure when were first implemented in the United funds are limited, for example. But they Kingdom in 1992 and became more also contain innumerable pitfalls. The popular after 1991. World Bank explains what it takes to create an effective public-private The concern of the World Bank for PPP partnership and how they can be used for innovation and capacity building. Building modern, sustainable, and PPPs for inclusive growth reliable infrastructure is critical for meeting the rising aspirations of billions The fundamental directive of our of people around the globe. constitution specifies that bridging the Infrastructure investment helps raise gap between the rich and poor is the economic growth rates, offers new foundation of our nation. The major economic opportunities, and facilitates group of people out of ignorance of these investment in human capital. PPPs can programs are lost in the crowd, thus the be a tool to deliver much needed benefit does not reach them. It is thus the infrastructure services. When public private partnership is required to governments choose to use public-private reach the marginalized, the forgotten partnerships (PPPs), the World masses and pull them in to the main Bank Group helps ensure they're stream. designed well, benefit from a balanced regulatory environment and good India had the world's third largest fishing governance, and are fiscally sustainable. industry. India is the largest producer in The World Bank aims to foster better, the world of milk, jute and pulses, and more efficient public services and also has the world's second largest cattle infrastructure. population with 175 million animals in About 800 million people live without 2008. It is the second largest producer of electricity, 2.2 billion people lack safely rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and managed drinking water service. groundnuts, as well as the second largest Congested and inadequate ports, airports, fruit and vegetable producer, accounting and roadways are a drag on growth and for 10.9% and 8.6% of the world fruit and trade. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) vegetable production respectively. India can be a tool to get more quality is also the second largest producer and infrastructure services to more people. the largest consumer of silk in the world. When designed well and implemented in Public extension services in the a balanced regulatory environment, PPPs agricultural sector have not kept pace can bring greater efficiency and with new challenges and opportunities. sustainability to the provision of public An integrated strategy for promotion of services such as energy, transport, agribusiness Vision, Strategy an Action telecommunications, water, healthcare, Plan for the Food Processing Sector has and education. also been approved by the Government. Vision 2015 was announced by the www.ijar.org.in 26

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Government of India, which suggested Indian economy is the future of the world the strategy to ensure faster growth of and all the nations will be eyeing it very the food processing sector. 100 per cent closely. Therefore, to renew the foreign direct investment (FDI) is allowed commitment of the nation to achieve the under automatic route in Floriculture, high standards of agriculture production, Horticulture, Development of Seeds, a call for public private partnership is Animal Husbandry, Pisciculture, must. There are many areas in which Aquaculture and Cultivation of government alone cannot get success but Vegetables and Mushrooms under the leading of government policies and controlled conditions and services related growth at the grassroots level can be to agro and allied sector. A new achieved through participative work. The framework by India’s ministry of call for investments in this area by the agriculture to encourage private-public foreign direct investment, government partnerships may open up opportunities machinery and standardization of the for entrepreneurs in the farm sector. mechanism can be done only through the Under the new scheme, such PPP participative mechanism. High standard projects will be supported by government of technology, training and expertise in funds provided to states under the agricultural area will help in inclusive Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). growth.

The public and private partnership Models and structuring of PPPs sustainable inclusive growth model can Commonly become a „in thing‟ if it is well designed adopted models of PPPs include Build- and well programmed. Operate-Transfer (BOT) ,Build-Own- Operate (BOO), Build-Operate-Lease- India being an agro based economy with Transfer (BOLT), Design-Build- the second highest farm output in the Fimnance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT), world needs more sustainable growth in Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO), Operate- this area. The public private partnership Maintain-Transfer (OMT), etc. The PPPs is one step towards attaining holistic are the complex long-term contracts. growth. The government alone is not the They typically span 15, 20, 25 years, answer to everything; the need is more sometimes more, depending on the than the capital investment. Two third of nature of the project. In that period of India’s population is depended on time, technology, demographics, agriculture and related activities for their environment, and politics can all change, livelihood. This sector is the backbone of so contracts needs to be flexible to adjust the nation and therefore to have a to the project’s life cycle. The art of a sustainable and inclusive growth. The PPP resides in the allocation of risks of focus of investment should be moved the project and in the definition of the towards the agriculture and the allied framework, principles, and rules to deal sectors. In the last two decades the with change, because it will occur. So agricultural related growth has been fundamentally in structuring a PPP slower than in the non agricultural sector contract we need to articulate a set of contributing to the widening of incentives and penalties to potential inequality. actions of the parties, so to ensure the stability and sustainability of the project. www.ijar.org.in 27

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

PPPs always take place in the arena of is the speed of a project since they need to the political economy because the parties be structured and awarded within a contracting are not equal. One party is a political cycle–and those are quite short, government/public entity, and the other since governments change every four or one is a private entity. Governments five years. change and so do policies. And in countries where the rule of law is not And something not always well enough established to maintain the understood is the issue of affordability of stability of the contract, investors see a users and/or government. Often significant political risk that will need to government projects are overdesigned or be mitigated. This applies to termination built for capacity not materializing in the of contracts but also to payment risks. A medium term. The externalization of main risk is the regulatory one, e.g., the costs of PPPs often makes these projects commitment of government to comply unfeasible because they are not with a tariff law. Adjustment of tariffs financeable without a substantial can be highly political, particularly in government subsidy. So when designing electoral years, and therefore a private PPPs, a particular attention is given to project can be easily politicized. Investors demand analysis and costing, so that a seek protection against such risks project is economically feasible. We have through guarantees, sometimes backed many cases where we proposed by a multilateral, international substantial changes to design, such has arbitration for dispute resolution and reducing the footprint of an airport, higher returns on equity. changing the number of stations in a metro, etc. The public party also needs protections from the private partner. Private Part of why it’s important to do things investors typically provide performance well up front, with all the roles and risks guarantees, sometimes parent guarantees clearly laid out in the contract, is because that can be unlimited or capped. If the if there are problems, there’s nothing company doesn’t deliver the product or more financially costly and politically service at the agreed level of quality or embarrassing than interrupting a PPP. the timing contracted if the building isn’t finished on time, if the water supply PPPs in India and the Government doesn’t meet the specified safety levels- policies the government draws on such guarantees. The Government of India recognizes several types of PPPs, including: User-fee As mentioned, to succeed in a PPP, a based BOT model, Performance based political champion is critical. It might be management/maintenance contracts and a key minister. In certain countries, it Modified design-build (turnkey) requires firm commitment of the contracts. Today, there are hundreds of president of the country. It has to be PPP projects in various stages of someone who can bring the stakeholders implementation throughout the country. along and has the power to make As outlined in its XII Five Year Plan decisions. Another critical key for success (2012–2017), India has an ambitious target of infrastructure investment www.ijar.org.in 28

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

(estimated at US$1 trillion). In the face PPPs relate to the delivery of public of such an enormous investment services by private entities, and are requirement, the Government of India is awarded through a competitive bidding actively promoting PPPs in many sectors process. PPP strategy holds promise for of the economy. According to the World infrastructure creation if the financing Bank, about 824 PPP projects have piece is tied up. The government’s reached financial closure since 1990 in renewed focus on PPP will hold India. infrastructure sector in good stead. For these PPP projects to materialize, the The Ministry of Finance centralizes the next critical path item will be financing. coordination of PPPs, through its The PPP model has delivered mixed Department of Economic Affairs' results in India, given problems on (DEA) PPP Cell. In 2011, the DEA account of overextended balance sheets, published guidelines for the formulation contract disputes, land acquisition and approval of PPP projects. This was problems and lack of a dispute resolution part of an endeavor to streamline PPP mechanism. Stalled projects, in turn, procedures and strengthen the regulatory have saddled banks, especially public framework at the national level to sector lenders, with large bad loans. expedite PPP projects approval, reassure Some of the key PPP projects are in the private parties and encourage them to physical infrastructure space. The Union enter into PPPs in India. This was one of government in August announced a new the main roles of the Public Private metro policy wherein it will approve and Partnership Appraisal Committee aid metro rail projects only if they have (PPPAC) which is responsible for PPP private participation and ensure last-mile project appraisal at the central level. connectivity for users. Also, a new PPP was announced last month to promote private investments in affordable housing Finally, the PPP Cell has produced a to help achieve the “housing for all" series of guidance papers and a 'PPP target by 2022. Toolkit' to support project preparation Benefits associated with PPPs and decision-making processes. The objective is to help improve decision- making for infrastructure PPPs in India 1. PPP in infrastructure projects brings and to improve the quality of the PPPs efficiency in service delivery, expertise, that are developed. The toolkit has been enterprise and professionalism apart designed with a focus on helping decision- from harnessing the needed investments making at the Central, State and in the public sector. Municipal levels. 2. The PPP in airport infrastructure projects has brought World class The NDA government has given a fresh infrastructure at airports, delivery of lease of life to the public-private efficient and timely services to the airport partnership (PPP) projects across sectors passengers, augmenting revenue stream such as housing, railways, roads, to the Airports Authority of India aviation, power distribution, mining and without making any investment, etc. of even school education and health these, for development of Greenfield services. Airports at Hyderabad and Bengaluru. Presently, the airports being managed www.ijar.org.in 29

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] under the PPP model include Delhi, laid out in the contract and that the Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and government monitors closely the work of Cochin. its private partner. 3. The PPP airports in India have been Furthermore, there is a cost attached to ranked among the top 5 in their debt and while private sector can help respective categories by the Airports access to finance, it the customers or the Council International (ACI) in terms of government may end up bearing much of Airport Service Quality (ASQ). this cost. 4. While these PPP experiments have helped create world class airports, it has Another critic of PPP projects is related also helped AAI in enhancing its revenues to their social and political consequences, and focusing on developing airports and which can be significant. For example, a Air Navigation infrastructure in the rest PPP project may result in the transfer of of the country. civil servants to the private sector, important tariff increases or resettlement India’s Pride and major infrastructure issues to name a few. projects include the Metro Rail,Chenab Finally, PPPs often end up being Bridge,Qazigund Tunnel and Eastern renegotiated. This is due to the long-term Freeway along with the Golden nature of the PPP projects (some run for Quadrilatera highway network,port up to 30 years) and their complexity. It is connectivity and national waterways. difficult to identify all possible These amazing infrastructure project of contingencies during project development India ranked well in the world and makes and events and issues may arise that us proud, other great infrastructure also were not anticipated in the documents or includes Tehri Dam,Pamban Bridge, by the parties at the time of the contract. Gurgaon Toll Plaza, high rise buildings and big IT parks. Other major drawbacks encountered in 3P projects in India include poorly Risks Associated with PPPs drafted contracts and lack of There have been a number of critics understanding of contracts, inadequate associated with Public Private resources, lack of managerial experience, Partnerships in India, in particular breaches of contract, failures in team related to the risks that come with such building, lack of performance measures, partnerships. corruption and political interference. It has been argued that PPP involve Conclusion greater costs that traditional government procurement processes (because of the The PPP arrangement has been accepted development, bidding and ongoing costs as a substitute to the overall burden of in PPP projects). Some have questioned the Indian Government for the expansion the value-for-money relevance of PPP of world-class infrastructure projects in India. development. The time is right to discuss The private sector does not provide a the sudden arrival and pertinence of service that is not specifically outlined in PPPs in India’s development strategy the PPP contract. It is thus critical that and investigate real alternatives for key performance indicators are precisely economic change. PPPs in India had its www.ijar.org.in 30

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] own share of obstacles and difficulties but References it has been realized that the need of PPP is immense. The future of PPP in 1. A. P. C. Chan, R. Osei-Kyei, Y. Hu, India looks bright as the country aims for and Y. Le, “A fuzzy model for assessing a higher growth trajectory through the risk exposure of procuring strong infrastructure investments. There infrastructure mega-projects through is significant untapped potential for use public-private partnership: the case of of ppp in various new sectors. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao bridge,” Government has to constantly addressing Frontiers of Engineering Management, factors constraining private investment vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 64–77, 2018. View at: and implement appropriate measures to Publisher Site | Google Scholar streamline PPP projects. With 2. A. P. Gurgun and A. Touran, policymakers keen to involve global firms ““Public–private partnership experience as well, the next decade promises a in the international arena: case of swathe of opportunities for domestic and Turkey,” Journal of Management in foreign investors alike in the sector. In Engineering, vol. 30, no. 6, Article ID line with this, the government has 04014029, 2014. View at: Publisher Site | undertaken measures to further Google Scholar rationalize PPP processes by formulating 3. B. Li, A. Akintoye, P. J. Edwards, a national PPP policy and developing and C. Hardcastle, “Critical success corporate bond markets. The formation factors for PPP/PFI projects in the UK of an exclusive PPP department in the construction industry,” Construction DEA to supervise and co-ordinate various Management and Economics, vol. 23, no. PPP proposals was also a part of this 5, pp. 459–471, 2005. View at: Publisher initiative. Furthermore, India Site | Google Scholar Infrastructure Finance Company Limited 4. H. P. Tserng, J. S. Russell, C.-W. (a non-banking financial company) was Hsu, and C. Lin, “Analyzing the role of established to provide financial support national PPP units in promoting PPPs: for projects with long gestation period. In using new institutional economics and a addition, to further simplify the case study,” Journal of Construction compliance process, a Public Private Engineering and Management, vol. 138, Partnership Committee (PPPAC) was no. 2, pp. 242–249, 2012. View at: formed. Since 2006 till date, PPPAC has Publisher Site | Google Scholar granted approval to projects Likewise, 5. L. Tang, Q. Shen, M. Skitmore, various funds such as Viability Gap and E. W. L. Cheng, “Ranked critical Funding Scheme and Project factors in PPP briefings,” Journal of Development Fund have been introduced Management in Engineering, vol. 29, no. by the central and the state governments. 2, pp. 164–171, 2013. View at: Publisher Some of the state governments – for Site | Google Scholar instance, in Karnataka and Andhra 6. R. Widdus, “Public-private Pradesh – have successfully built an partnerships for health: their main institutional framework to propel PPP targets, their diversity, and their future investment. directions,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 79, no. 8, pp. 713–720, 2001. View at: Google Scholar www.ijar.org.in 31

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Blooming of Indian Green Revolution

-Prathima M Bidarimath. Asst., Professor, Dept., of History GFGC Malleshwara, Bangalore -12

Abstract Prathima M Bidarimath Green Revolution in India was started in 1960’s by India’s Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to increase food production and to overcome the chronic food defects in India. Because of HYV seeds, fertilizers irrigation water, agricultural machineries, pesticides, agricultural knowledge of the farmers have brought a remarkable change in the field of agriculture and India became self – sufficient in food – front. This remarkable change in agriculture is technically known as Green Revolution or Agricultural Revolution.Green Revolution in Wheat took place in Punjab, Hariyana, Uttara Pradesh, Rajasthaan and other states in India also. Due to Green Revolution there was the considerable increase in the food grains production which was extremely necessary at that time Due to Green Revolution agricultural sector of India is able to meet the increasing demand for food grains.There are both positive and negative impacts of Green Revolution on Indian Economy. Substantial increase in food grains production especially wheat production. However, Green Revolution also has its negative consequences like due to HYVP depended for its success especially on the availability of proper irrigational facilities and various other inputs. Therefore it could be accepted only in those regions which possessed regular irrigational facilities and only by those farmers who could afford to purchase agricultural inputs. As a result of this it is said that green revolution had leaded to inter regional and inter personal inequalities. In this paper it will high light on the study how green revolution impacted on Indian economy and society, especially on farmers, how it changed the life style of farmers and rural development.

Introduction the leadership of Stalin. Jawaharlal Nehru was impressed by the five Year India became an independent dominion Plans of Russia. He proposed to adopt th of the common wealth on 15 August the five year plans in India. The 1947 and declared itself as Republic on planning commission was established 26th January 1950 giving herself a in March 1950 by an executive written constitution with a resolution of the Government of India parliamentary democracy and for implementation of five Year Plans. fundamental rights for her citizens and In 1951 the first five plans were the rule of law. Jawaharlal Nehru started. became the first Prime Minister of India in 1951. At that time agriculture We know that Indian economy is based was passing through a particular beat. on agriculture with a vast segment of In 1951 Nehru started five Year plans its population engaged in agriculture phase which were started in Russia in and allied pursuits; growth of the www.ijar.org.in 32

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Indian agriculture determines the production to feed the millions of overall growth rate of the National malnourished people throughout the Economy. Development of agriculture nation all of these reasons Prime (rural) economy and the improvement Minister Indira Gandhi started Green of the village life are the mail concerns Revolution in 1960’s3. of economy. That’s why the agriculture was given importance in five Year plan. When the import of food grains was In the first five year plan agriculture going on, the political scenario changed was given the top most priority. In the with Indo-China war in 1962 and Indo - first five plans, it was mainly directed Pak war in 1965.To further complicate towards increasing agricultural the situation there were two successive production and strengthening economic droughts in the year 1965 and 1966, infrastructure. The community leading to fall in agricultural output by development program ‘CDP’ was 17 percent, India was forced to import launched on 2nd October 1952, through more than 10 million tones of grains in which emphasis was given to the 1966 .Such a situation was defined as development of agriculture, irrigation, India’s desperate dependence on the energy and power, industry and US food4. minerals, transport and employment1.The production of food M. S. Swaminathan was an Indian grains increased from 54 million tons in geneticist and international 1950-51 to 65.8 million tons. administrator; he and Smt. Indira Production of all agricultural Gandhi started Green Revolution in commodities increased by 22.2% to 32% India. Green Revolution a program, at the end of the plan. under which high yield varieties of wheat and rice seedlings were planted In the second year plan, emphasis was in the fields of the poor farmers. From shifted from agriculture to industry 1966-1969 the three interim annual and only about The Intensive plans were made for development. Agricultural District Program “IADP” During this period high priority was was introduced in 1962 for increasing given to minor irrigation, followed by the production with the help of adoption of high yielding variety essential elements such as supply of program to increase agricultural fertilizers, pesticides and improves of production and productivity. It has seeds etc2. been credited with increasing yields of the places where the technology has The objectives of the five Year Plan been adopted. Mr. Swaminathan is known as the “Father of Indian Green were to achieve self-sufficiency in food Revolution”. grains and to increase the agricultural production to meet the needs of The Green Revolution package offered Industry and exports. In the third 5 high yielding seeds and the promise of Year Plan due to the drought condition, double or triple yields. This involved the country had to import Rs. 1100 the application of chemicals to enhance crores worth of food grains to meet the the quality of the soil as well as deter domestic demand and to increase food pests and insects. The native crops www.ijar.org.in 33

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] were unable to stand up to the chemical depended for its success especially on application. So the farmers had to the availability of proper irrigational purchase the seeds that were able to facilities and various other inputs. withstand heavy chemical applications. Therefore it could be accepted only in The high yielding varieties of seeds had those regions which possessed regular to narrow genetic base and the farmers irrigational facilities and only by those were sowing all their fields’ just one farmers who could afford to purchase type of seeds. This resulted in agricultural inputs. As a result of this it displacement of thousands of locally is said that green revolution had leaded indigenous species as well as to inter regional and inter personal in agricultural systems that have been equalities. built up over generations on the basis of knowledge accumulated over The major achievement of green centuries. This new 'agricultural revolution was that there was a strategy' was put into practice for the substantial increase in agricultural first time in India in the Kharif season production. Food grains output of 1966 and was termed High-Yielding increased in agricultural production. Varieties Program (HYVP). This Food grains output increased from 81 program was introduced in the form of million tons in third plan to 202 million a package since it is also known as tons in the tenth plan. However HYVP Agricultural Revolution.5 was restricted only five crops - Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Bajra and Maize. The Green revolution was started Therefore, non-food grains were initially in Punjab. Although it is excluded from the ambit of the new relatively dry, there had been extensive strategy. Wheat has remained the development of irrigation canals during mainstay of the Green Revolution over the colonial period. Additionally; the years. Thanks to the new seeds, Punjab was home to many large tons of millions of extra tones of grain a wealthy farmers who would become the year are being harvested. The first to receive the Green Revolution production of wheat had increased from packages. The new technology of the 11.1 million tons from third plan to miracle seeds and associated practices 70.2 million tons in the tenth plan. The was indeed successful in generating production of wheat had touched the high yields, wherever sufficient sources high level of 80.6 million tons the to effectively implement it could be overall contribution of wheat to total even be justifiably characterized as food grains has increased .Wheat has revolutionary. This was amply borne remained the mainstay of the green out by a number of studies carried out revolution over the years. The Green to make a scientific evaluation of the Revolution resulted in a record grain response of different crops in different output of 131 million tons in 1978/79. areas under the high yielding varieties (HYV) program6. The average annual production of rice also rose from 35.1million tons in the Implements of Green Revolution third plan to 85.6 million tons in the increase in food grains production tenth plan. It stood at 99.2 million tons especially wheat production. HYVP in 2008-09.The green revolution was www.ijar.org.in 34

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] mainly directed to increase the technology and modernization of production of food grains. It did not agriculture have strengthened the affect initially the production of linkages between agriculture and commercial crops or cash crops such as industry. Even under traditional sugarcane, cotton, jute, oilseeds and agriculture, the forward linkage of potatoes. These crops did not record agriculture with industry was always any significant improvement initially. strong, since agriculture many of the However, significant improvement in inputs to industry; but the backward the output of sugarcane took place after linkage of agriculture to industry- the 1973-74 Likewise there was former using the finished products of considerable in the production of other later was week. Now, however, cash crops such as oil seeds, potatoes agriculture modernization has created etc. In the year 1960-61 the production a large demand for inputs produced and of oil seeds was only 7 million tons supplied by industries to agriculture which was increased to 31.1 million and thus the backward linkage has also tons. Similarly the production of jute become quite strong. In this way, the increased from 4 million tons in 1960- linkage between agriculture and 61 to 10.6 million tons. The production industry has got strengthened. The of potatoes increased from 3 million Green Revolution also created plenty of tons in 1960-61 to 36.6 million tons. jobs not only for agricultural workers but also industrial workers by creating This established India as one of the related facilities such as factories and world's biggest agricultural producers. hydroelectric power stations. Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30% between 1947 (when Positive impact of Green Revolution India gained political independence) and 1979. The crop area under high  Increase in agricultural yielding varieties of wheat and rice production grew considerably during the Green Revolution. The introduction of green revolution in 1967- 68 has resulted in phenomenal The successful adoption of the new increase in the production of agricultural agricultural technology has led to crops especially in food – grains. From continuous expansion in areas under 1967 onwards, the green revolution crops, increase in total production and aimed at bringing about a certain raise in agricultural productivity. revolution. Impressive results have been achieved Among the food grains too ,it is the wheat in wheat, rice, maize, potatoes; etc. The crop which drew maximum benefit from adoption of new technology has also green revolution. The production of given boost to agricultural employment wheat increased by more than three because of diverse job opportunities times between 1967-68 and account of created by multiple cropping and shift this reason, it is said that the green towards hired workers. At the same revolution in India largely the Wheat time there has been displacement of Revolution. agricultural labor by extensive use of agricultural machinery. Again the new www.ijar.org.in 35

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

 Prosperity of farmers demand for different types of machines like tractors, harvesters, threshers, With increase in farm production the combines, diesel engines, electric motors, earnings of the farmers also increased pumping sets, tc. Besides, demand for and they became more prosperous. This chemical fertilizers, pesticides, has, especially been the case with big insecticides etc. Several agricultural farmers having more than ten hectares of products are used as raw materials in land. various industries. These industries are known as agro based industries. Textiles,  Reduction in import of food – sugar, vanaspati etc. are some grains outstanding examples of agro based The main benefit of Green Revolution industries. was the increase in the production of food –grains, as a result of which there was a  Political Strength drastic reduction in their imports. The Central and state government’s joint per capita net availability of food – grains venture is essential for the has also increased from 395 grams per implimentatiton of Green Revolution. day in early 1950s to the level of 436 Both have done with many programs to grams in 2003 boost agriculture products. After liberalization of Bangladesh during 1971  Capitalist Farming lacks of Pakistani war prisoners were Big farmers having more than 10 under Indian military care, the most of hectares of land have tended to get the the agricultural food grains produced maximum benefit from green Revolution during this five year plan were spent to technology by investing large amount of feed them. money in various inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, machines, etc. This has Other Practices started in Agriculture encouraged capitalistic farming. through Green Revolution  Irrigation infrastructure  Ploughing back of profit  Use of pesticides The introduction of Green Revolution  Use of insecticides helped the farmers in raising their level  Use of herbicides of income. Wiser farmers ploughed back  Land reforms their surplus income for improving  Improved rural infrastructure agricultural productivity. This led to  Supply of agricultural credit further improvement in agriculture.  Use of chemical or synthetic According to study conducted by Punjab fertilizers Agriculture University, Ludhiana  Use of sprinklers or drip farmers plough back about 55 percent of irrigational systems their income for agricultural progress.  Use of advanced machinery  Use of vector quantity  Industrial Growth Negative impact of Green Revolution Green Revolution brought about large scale farm mechanization which created www.ijar.org.in 36

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

HYVP was initiated on a small area of 1.89 million hectares in 1966-67 and  Frequent famines Famines in even in 1998-99 it covered only 78.4 India were very frequent during the million hectares which is just about 40 period 1940s to 1970s. Due to faulty per cent of the gross cropped area. distribution of food, and because Naturally, the benefits of the new farmers did not receive the true value technology remained concentrated in for their labour, the majority of the this area only. Moreover, since Green population did not get enough Revolution remained limited to wheat food. Malnutrition and starvation was a for a number of years, its benefits huge problem. mostly accrued to areas growing wheat.  Interpersonal  Lack of finance Marginal Inequalities: There seems to be a farmers found it very difficult to general consensus that in the early get finance and credit at economical period of the green revolution, large rates from the government and banks farmers benefited much more from new and hence, fell as easy prey to technology as compared with the small the money lenders. They took loans and marginal farmers. This was not from zamindars, who charged high unexpected as the new technology rates of interests and also exploited the called for substantial investments farmers later on to work in their fields which were generally beyond the means to repay the loans (farm of a majority of country's small and laborers).Proper financing was not marginal farmers. Larger farmers have given during the Green Revolution continued to make greater absolute period, which created a lot of problems gains in income because of lower costs and sufferings to the farmers of India. per acre and by reinvesting earnings in Government also helped those under non-farm and farm assets, including loans. purchase of land from the smaller cultivators who could not make the  Lack of self-sufficiency Due to transition to the new technology. traditional agricultural practices, low  Change in Attitudes: A healthy productivity, and a growing population, contribution of green revolution is the often food grains were imported - change in the attitudes of farmers in draining scarce foreign reserves. It was areas where the new agricultural thought that with the increased strategy was practiced. Increase in production due to the Green productivity in these areas has Revolution, the government could enhanced the status of agriculture from maintain buffer stock and India could a low level subsistence activity to a achieve self-sufficiency and self- money-making activity. The Indian reliability. farmer has shown his willingness to Agriculture was basically for accept technical change in the pursuit subsistence and, therefore, less of profit thus nullifying the age-long agricultural product was offered for criticism against him that he is sale in the market. Hence, the need was backward, traditional and unresponsive felt to encourage the farmers to to the price and productivity incentives. increase their production and offer a greater portion of their products for www.ijar.org.in 37

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] sale in the market. The new methods in out that widened the regional agriculture increased the yield of rice disparities between adopters and non- and wheat, which reduced India's adopters. Since, the HYV seeds dependence on food imports. technically can be applied only in land with assured water supply and  Indian Economic Sovereignty A availability of other inputs like main criticism of the effects of the chemicals, fertilizers etc. The green revolution is the cost for many application of the new technology in the small farmers using HYV seeds, with dry-land areas is simply ruled out. their associated demands of increased The states like Punjab, Haryana, irrigation systems and pesticides. A Western UP etc. having good irrigation case study is found in India, where and other infrastructure facilities were farmers are buying Monsanto BT able to derive the benefits of green cotton seeds-sold on the idea that these revolution and achieve faster economic seeds produced 'natural insecticides'. In development while other states have reality, they need to still pay for recorded slow growth in agriculture expensive pesticides and irrigation production. systems, which might lead to increased borrowing to finance the change from  Restrictive Crop Coverage The traditional seed varieties. Many new agriculture strategy involving use farmers have difficulty in paying for the of HYV seeds was initially limited to expensive technologies, especially if wheat, maize and bajra. The other they have a bad harvest. major crop i.e. rice responded much later. The progress of developing and  Environmental Damage application of HYV seeds in other crops Excessive and inappropriate use of especially commercial crops like fertilizers and pesticides has polluted oilseeds, jute etc. has been very slow. In waterway, killed beneficial insects and fact, in certain period a decline in the wild life. It has caused over-use of soil output of commercial crops is witnessed and rapidly depleted its nutrients. The because of diversion of area under rampant irrigation practices have led to commercial crop to food crop eventually soil degradation. production. The basic factor for non- Groundwater practices have fallen spread of green revolution to many dramatically. Further, heavy crops was that in the early 1960s the dependence on few major crops has led severe shortage in food grains existed to loss of biodiversity of farmers. These and imports were resorted to overcome problems were aggravated due to the shortage. Government initiated absence of training to use modern green revolution to increase food grain technology and vast illiteracy leading to productivity and non-food grain crops excessive use of chemicals were not covered. The substantial rise in one or two food grain crop cannot  Increased Regional disparities make big difference in the total Green revolution spread only in agricultural production. Thus new irrigated and high-potential rain fed technology contributed insignificantly areas. The villages or regions without in raising the overall agricultural the access of sufficient water were left production due to limited crop www.ijar.org.in 38

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] coverage. So it is important that the Governments should also take care revolutionary efforts should be made in against destruction of food grains while all major crops. transportation and storage. Recently in many states millions of tons of food grains were became deteriorated due to Conclusion lack of governments vigilance.

Though the Green Revolution was Introduced during 1960s and 70s, the fate From the above discussion we can see of Agriculturist not improved for their that there are both positive and negative domestic expenses like weddings, house impacts of Green Revolution on Indian constructions, religious rituals etc they Economy. Due to Green Revolution there are only depending on their agriculture was the considerable increase in the food products. Due to Atmospheric destructive grains production which was extremely things of the crops, farmers may not get necessary for a country like India whose any money even farmer gets good crop he population is increasing demand for food will not be in a position to get good grains. However, Green Revolution also amount of income. Therefore the has its negative consequences like due to government should always take care of Green Revolution there was a the farmers and their growing crops also. considerable increase regional and personal inequality. Green Revolution is In Present situation farmers in many only limited to certain crops like wheat states are facing many agriculture loss, and rice, and it is also limited to certain however apart keeping political areas like Punjab and U.P. Due to implementations, farmers care should be economic awareness of the recent past considered positively. days, among the farmers a change as seen to adopt modern technology in End Notes agriculture products though their growth of products in other states increased but 1. Vandana Shiva, The Violence Of they could not get the proper market Green Revolution, Research value for their agriculture products and Foundation For Science, Technology this made them not cope up with their And Ecology, New Delhi. 2010 P 34 loans availed through banks, and 2. Vandana Shiva, The Violence Of outsiders, caused many suicide deaths in Green Revolution, Research agriculture community. Foundation For Science, Technology And Ecology, New Delhi.2010 P 35 In addition, agricultural issues are no 3. Inder Malhotra, I Indira Gandhi Pp longer key public issues, and lack of 96 mobilization means that agriculturists 4. Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukharjee, are unable to form powerful pressure and Aditya Mukharjee. India After groups that can influence policy making Independence (1947-2000), Penguin in their favor. The government must take Books India, New Delhi 2010, P412. care of these points and wave agri loans 5. Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukharjee, and make farmers to involve themselves And Aditya Mukharjee. India After in the green revolution. The www.ijar.org.in 39

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Indipendence (1947-2000), Penguin Books India, New Delhi 2010, P413 6. NCAR, Vol. Appendix 4.2 Bibliography

1. Vandana Shiva, The Violence Of Green Revolution, Research Foundation For Science, Technology And Ecology, New Delhi. 2010 2. Inder Malhotra, ‘Indira Gandhi A Personnel and Political Biography’, Hay House Pablishers , New Delhi, 2014. 3. Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukharjee,

And Aditya Mukharjee. India After Independence (1947-2000), Penguin Books India, New Delhi 2010 4. Dutt. R. C, Economic History of India, Publication Division Delhi 1970 5. Shah C. H., Agriculture Development in India. Policy and Problems, Orient Longman 1979 Bombay. 6. Sharma, M. L. Green Revolution and Social Change, Published by South Asia

Books, 1990 7. Gupta, Akhil. Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Oxford University Press. Delhi. 1998. 8. Rao, V. K. R.V. ‘Planning in Perspectives: Policy Choices for Planning in Karnataka’ (1960-61 to 1979-80), Allied Publishers, Delhi, 1978.

www.ijar.org.in 40

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Thailooru VenkataKrishna Avara ‘SAMMILANA’ Kadambariyalli Manaviya Moulyagalu

-Sundari .D

vÉÊ®ÆgÀÄ ªÉAPÀlPÀȵÀÚ CªÀgÀ ‘¸À«Ää¼À£À’ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ°è ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼ÀÄ

-¸ÀÄAzÀj .r ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ «¨sÁUÀ, ¸ÀPÁðj ªÀÄ»¼Á ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄzÀeÉð PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ «dAiÀÄ£ÀUÀgÀ, ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ

¸Á»vÀåªÀÅ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ PÀ£ÀßrAiÀiÁVzÀÄÝ D PÀ£ÀßrAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄSÉãÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß w½¹ DUÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀ ¸ÁwéPÀ §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀÈwAiÀÄ°è vÀgÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdªÀ£ÀÄß DgÉÆÃUÀåPÀgÀ ºÁ¢UÉ PÉÆAqÉÆAiÀÄÄåªÀ°è ±ÉæõÀ× ¸Á»vÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸Á»wAiÀÄ dªÁ¨ÁÝjAiÀÄÄ §ºÀÄ zÉÆqÀتÀÄlÖzÁÝVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.EAvÀºÀ ¸Á»wAiÀÄ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ°è£À ªÀiË®åUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÉÃgÀªÁV NzÀÄUÀ£À ªÀÄ£ÀB¥Àl®zÀ°è ¸ÀAZÀ®£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸Àȶֹ DvÀ£À ªÀÄ£ÀB¥ÀjªÀvÀð£ÉUÉ ºÁ¢AiÀiÁUÀ§®èªÀÅ. D ªÀiË®åUÀ¼ÀÄ DgÉÆÃUÀåPÀgÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ ¤ªÀiÁðtPÁÌV vÀÄrAiÀÄĪÀ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼Éà DVzÀÄÝ EAvÀºÀ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÉÊ®ÆgÀÄ ªÉAPÀlPÀȵÀÚ CªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä PÀxÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼À°è vÀgÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdªÀ£ÀÄß wzÀÄݪÀ-JZÀÒj¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÄÄSÉãÀ DgÉÆÃUÀåPÀgÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ ¤ªÀiÁðtPÁÌV vÀÄrAiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ. EAvÀºÀ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À°è ‘ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄvÉ’ JA§ÄzÀÄ §ºÀÄzÉÆqÀØ ªÀiË®åªÁVzÀÄÝ EªÀgÀ CVßPÀÄAqÀ, ¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÁªÀðw PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼À°è F ªÀiË®åªÀ£ÀÄß PÁt§ºÀÄzÁVzÉ. ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß gÀƦ¸ÀĪÀ°è ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¥ÁvÀæ §ºÀÄzÉÆqÀØzÁVzÀÄÝ F ¤nÖ£À°è vÉÊ®ÆgÀgÀ ‘¸À«Ää¼À£À’ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ°è UÀªÀĤ¸ÀĪÀÅzÁzÀgÉ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¥Àj¹ÜwAiÀÄ avÀætªÀ£ÀÄß NzÀÄUÀ£À PÀtÚ ªÀÄÄAzÉ vÀgÀĪÀ F PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄÄ OzÁAiÀÄð ªÀÄ£ÉÆÃzsÀªÀÄðªÀ£ÀÄß¼Àî ²æêÀÄAvÀ ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀzÀ avÀæªÉÇAzÀ£ÀÄß ¤«Äð¹ CzÀPÀÆÌ PÉƼÀZÉ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ¨É¼ÉzÀ ¤UÀðwPÀ ªÀÄPÀ̽§âjUÀÆ £ÀAlÄ ºÁQ, DzÀ±Àð ¸ÀA§AzsÀ ¨É¼É¹ ²æêÀÄAvÀ ªÀUÀðzÀ ªÀÄ£ÉÆÃzsÀªÀÄð F ¢QÌ£À°è ºÀjzÀgÉ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ fêÀ£ÀzÀ ¸ËAzÀAiÀÄð JµÀÖgÀªÀÄnÖUÉ ªÀÈ¢ÞAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉA§ DPÁAPÉëAiÀÄ£ÀÄß F PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ C©üªÀåQÛ¹zÁÝgÉ. ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆj£À §¸ÀªÀ£ÀUÀÄr PÉÆA¥ÉAiÀÄ°ègÀĪÀ gÀAUÀAiÀÄå£À PÀÄlÄA§zÀ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ avÀætªÀ£ÀÄß ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ PÀnÖPÉÆqÀĪÀ ¥Àj EzÀÄ “£ÀªÀÄä CgÀV£À ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄïÁÒªÀt UÉÆÃt vÁlÄ, £É®Äè®Äè, vÀUÀqÀÄ, PÁUÀzÀ, §mÉÖAiÀÄ ZÀÆgÀÄ, ¥Áè¹ÖPï aîUÀ½AzÀ ¸À«Ää±ÀætUÉÆArvÀÄÛ. CAzÀgÉ CªÉ®è ºÉƸÀvÀ®è. ºÀ¼Éà aA¢UÀ¼ÀÄ CµÉÖÃ. EªÀÅ £ÀªÀÄä CgÀV£À ªÀÄ£ÉAiÉÆAzÀPÉÌ C®è £ÀªÀÄä Erà PÉÆA¥ÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄïÁÒªÀtÂAiÀÄ ªÉʨsÀªÀªÉà EzÀÄ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 1) JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ gÀAUÀAiÀÄå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀÄvÀÛªÀÄÄvÀÛ°£À PÉÆA¥É ªÀÄ£ÉUÀ¼À ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. EAvÀºÀ ªÀÄ£ÉUÀ¼À°è ªÁ¹¸ÀĪÀªÀgÀ §zÀÄPÁzÀgÀÆ ºÉÃV¢ÝÃvÀÄ? ¥ÁoÀ±Á¯É, ªÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ ¸Ë®¨sÀåUÀ½®èzÉà ºÉÃUÉÆà §zÀÄPÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ d£ÀgÀÄ “£ÉÆêÀÅ §AzÀgÉ C£ÀĨsÀ«¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, ¸ÁªÀÅ §AzÀgÉ ¸ÁAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀÄ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 3) EzÉà EªÀgÀ §zÀÄPÀÄ. gÀAUÀAiÀÄå£À ªÉÆzÀ® ªÀÄUÀ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ 8£Éà vÀgÀUÀw NzÀĪÀ ºÀÄqÀÄUÀ, PÀqÀħqÀªÀ£ÁzÀ FvÀ£À£ÀÄß ±Á¯ÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄPÀ̼ÀÆ ªÀiÁvÀ£Ár¸ÀÄwÛgÀ°®è, PÁgÀt “£Á£ÀÄ vÉÆqÀĪÀ vÉÃ¥É §mÉÖ EgÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 4). DzÀgÉ G¥ÁzsÁåAiÀÄgÀÄ ºÁUÀ®è FvÀ¤UÉ ºÀjzÀ ZÀrØ£ÉÆÃr ºÉƸÀ ZÀrØ ºÉƯɹPÉÆqÀ§®è ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ ªÀiË®åªÀżÀî UÀÄgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ. ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£À vÁ¬Ä PÀÆ°UÉÆgÀqÀĪÀ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä ¨É¼ÀV£À wArUÉ gÉÆnÖZÀÆgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆlÄÖ ªÀÄzsÁåºÀßzÀ HlPÉÌ vÀªÀÄäA¢gÁzÀ UÉÆÃ¥Á®, ¨Á§ÄªÀ£ÀÄß PÀgÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ ªÀÄzÀÄªÉ ªÀÄ£ÉUÉ ºÉÆÃUÀ®Ä ¨ÉÆùUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆlÄÖPÀ½¸ÀĪÀ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀ JAvÀªÀgÀ ªÀÄ£À¸Àì£ÀÆß PÀzÀ°¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. §ºÀÄ zÉÆqÀØ PÀAmÁæPÀÖgï gÁdtÚ CªÀgÀ ªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀgÉÆÃd ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÁgÁAiÀÄt¥Àà CªÀgÀ ªÀÄUÀ qÁ||dAiÀÄzÉêÀ CªÀgÀ «ªÁºÀ PÀªÀÄ®ªÀÄA¢gÀzÀ°è dgÀÄUÀÄwÛzÉ. DzÀgÉ F PÉÆA¥ÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄPÀ̽UÉ ¥ÀæzÉñ«®è ¨ÁV® §½ CªÀgÀÄ ¤ÃqÀĪÀ C£ÀßPÁÌV ¥ÁvÉæ »rzÀÄ PÁAiÀÄĪÀ ¹Üw. EAvÀºÀ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ°ègÀĪÀ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£À£ÀÄß ¸ÀºÀ¥Áp “¯ÉÆà ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ EzÉãÉÆà E°è¢ÝÃAiÀiÁ? £ÀªÀÄä eÉÆvÉ M¼ÀPÉÌ §wðAiÉÄãÉÆà ...... DvÀ£À vÁ¬Ä, ¯Éà ¸ÀÄgÉñÀ, D ©üPÀëÄPÀ ºÀÄqÀÄUÀ£À eÉÆvÉ ¤£ÀUÉãÉÆà ¸ÀºÀªÁ¸À...... £ÀrAiÉÆÃ.....” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 9) EAvÀºÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ°è ªÉÆzÀ® ¥ÀAQÛAiÀÄ HlªÁzÀ J¯ÉUÀ¼À gÁ²AiÀÄ°è C½zÀĽzÀÄzÀ£ÀÄß JwÛ ¥ÀgÀzÁr w£ÀÄߪÀ, vÀÄA©PÉƼÀÄîªÀ ¹Üw EªÀgÀzÀÄ. EAvÀºÀªÀgÀ ¹ÜwAiÀÄÄ »ÃUÉAiÉÄÃ

www.ijar.org.in 41

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

EgÀ¨ÉÃPÉÃ? §zÀ¯ÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÉ? §zÀ¯ÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ ºÉÃUÉ? AiÀiÁjAzÀ ? JA§ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¥Àæ±ÉßUÀ½UÉ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ F PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ GvÀÛgÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. F UÀ¯ÁmÉAiÀÄ°èAiÉÄà UÉÆÃ¥Á® ºÉÃUÉÆà £ÀĸÀĽ M¼ÀºÉÆÃV Hl ªÀÄÄV¹ CtÚ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ vÀªÀÄä ¨Á§Ä«UÁV eÉçÄUÀ¼À°è MA¢µÀÄÖ w¤¸ÀÄ vÀAzÀÄPÉÆnÖzÁÝ£É. ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀÄ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ°è C½zÀĽzÀ HlªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÁvÉæUÉ ºÁQ¹PÉƼÀÄîªÁUÀ C£Àß ºÁPÀĪÀªÀ£ÀÄ “¯Éà ¤ÃªÉãÀÄ £Á¬ÄUÀ¼ÉãÉÆæÃ? JµÉÆÖà w£ÉÆßÃzÀÄ wAzï ¥ÀÄ£ÀB E°èUÉ Nr§jÛgÀ¯ÉÆèà ¤ªÀÄVAvÀ D ©Ã¢ £Á¬ÄUÀ¼Éà ªÁ¹PÀuÉÆæÔ (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl - 15) JAzÀÄ ©Ã¢£Á¬ÄUÉ EªÀgÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆð¸ÀĪÀªÀ¤UÉ EªÀgÀ ºÀ¹«£À ¨É¯ÉAiÀiÁzÀgÀÆ ºÉÃUÉ w½¢ÃvÀÄ? CAvÀÆ ªÀÄzÀĪɬÄAzÀ ºÉÆgÀqÉÆÃtªÉAzÀgÉ gÁwæ ªÀÄzÀÄªÉ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ¢Ã¥Á®APÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀĪÀ D¸É UÉÆÃ¥Á® - ¨Á§Ä«£ÀzÀÄ CAvÀÆ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ CzÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀÆgÉʹ ºÉÆgÀqÀ®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁzÀgÉ UÉÆÃ¥Á®¤UÉ ªÀÄUÀzÉÆAzÀÄ D¸É CzÉãÉAzÀgÉ ªÀÄzÀÄªÉ UÀAqÀÄ-ºÉtÄÚ £ÉÆÃqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. CAvÀÆ QlQAiÀÄ°è £ÉÆÃr D D¸ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÆß ¥ÀÆgÉʹPÉƼÀÄîvÁÛ£É. QlQAiÀÄ°è EtÄPÀĪÀ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀªÀ£ÀÄß E°è ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ vÀgÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ-UÉÆÃ¥Á®gÀ §zÀÄQ£À°è ¨É¼ÀQ£À QlQ vÉgÉAiÀÄĪÀzÀgÀ ¸ÀÆZÀ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀĪÀ ¥ÀæwªÉÄAiÀiÁVAiÀÄÆ F ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀ PÁt¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. AiÀÄÄUÁ¢AiÀÄ ¢£ÀzÀAzÀÄ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CqÀÄUÉ ¨sÀlÖgÀ£ÀÄß vÀªÉÆänÖUÉà HlPÉÌ PÀÆj¹PÉÆAqÀÄ vÀªÀÄä ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ºÉtÄÚªÀÄPÀ̽UÉ Hl §r¸À¨ÉÃPÉ£ÀÄߪÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀÄ, AiÀÄÄUÁ¢AiÀÄ ¹» CqÀÄUÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£À ªÀÄ£ÉUÉ PÀ½¹PÉÆqÀĪÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀwAiÀÄgÀ £ÀqÀÄªÉ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ CgÀ¼ÀÄvÁÛ£ÁzÀgÀÆ ¹¤ªÀiÁUÉ ºÉÆÃzÁUÀ vÀ£Àß vÁ¬Ä vÀªÀÄä ©üPÉë ¨ÉÃqÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß PÀAqÀÄ ªÀĪÀÄä® ªÀÄgÀÄUÀÄvÁÛ£É. EzÀPÉÌ ¸Á®UÁgÀgÀ PÁlªÉà PÁgÀtªÉAzÀÆ, vÀAzÉ ªÀģɩlÄÖ ºÉÆÃVgÀĪÀ «µÀAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß w½zÀ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀ §½ ºÉüÀĪÀ ªÉÆzÀ¯Éà vÁ¬Ä ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÀªÀÄä£ÁzÀ ¨Á§Ä PÀÆqÀ ªÀģɩlÄÖ ºÉÆÃVzÁÝgÉ. FUÀ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ°èAiÉÄà KPÁAVAiÀiÁVgÀĪÀ UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À£ÀÄß ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ vÁ¤gÀĪÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀ ªÀÄ£ÉUÉ PÀgÉvÀAzÁUÀ®Æ UËgÀªÀÄä £ÁgÁAiÀÄt¸Áé«Ä OzÁAiÀÄð¢AzÀ¯Éà UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À£ÀÄß ªÀÄ£ÉUÉ ¸ÉÃj¹PÉƼÀÄîvÁÛgÉ. UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À N¢UÉ ¨sÀlÖgÀ UÉÆgÀPɬÄAzÁUÀĪÀ vÉÆAzÀgÉ vÀ¦à¸À®Ä DvÀ£À£ÀÄß ¨ÉÃgÉ PÉÆoÀrUÉ PÀgÉzÉÆAiÀÄÄåªÀ UËgÀªÀÄä£ÀAvÀ OzÁAiÀÄð UÀÄt G¼ÀîªÀjUÉ UÉÆÃ¥Á®£ÀAvÀºÀªÀgÀ §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß zÀqÀ ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ vÁæ¸ÀzÁAiÀÄPÀªÀ®è. ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ¤UÉ 25 ªÀµÀðUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. FUÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ PÁj£À qÉæöʪÀgï ±ÁªÀÄtÚ£À ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°è ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ¤zÁÝ£É. DvÀ£Éà ºÉýzÀAvÉ “£À£Àß AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀiÁäªÀgÀ ºÁUÀÆ §AUÀ¯ÉAiÀÄ ¥ÀæwAiÉƧâgÀ ¦æÃw, «±Áé¸À, ¸ÀºÀPÁgÀ¢AzÀ UÉÆÃ¥Á® ªÉÊzÀåQÃAiÀÄ PÁ¯ÉÃf£À°è NzÀÄwÛzÀÝ£ÀÄ. £À£Àß vÀªÀÄä qÁPÀÖgï JAzÀÄ £Á£ÀÄ M¼ÀUÉƼÀUÉà ºÉªÉÄä ¥ÀqÀÄwÛzÉÝ. £ÀªÀÄäAxÀ ¤¨sÁðUÀå §qÀªÀjUÉ ¹QÌzÀ ¸ÀºÀPÁgÀzÀ AiÉÆÃUÀ JµÀÄÖ ªÀÄA¢ §qÀªÀjUÉ ¹UÀ®Ä ¸ÁzsÀå”? (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl 67) EAvÀºÀ ªÀÄ£ÀB¹ÜwAiÀÄÄ ¹jªÀAvÀjUÉ ªÀÄÆrzÉÝà DzÀgÉ JµÉÆÖà ªÀÄPÀ̼ÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉÆAzÀÄ ¢£À dUÀvÉÛà ¤¨ÉâgÀUÁV £ÉÆÃqÀĪÀAvÀºÀ ¸ÁzsÀ£Á ²RgÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀȶÖAiÀiÁUÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. ¹é¸ï ¨ÁåAQ£ÉqÉUÉ ºÉÆgÀ¼ÀĪÀ avÀÛ ºÉÆgÀ¼À¨ÉÃPÁzÀÄzÀÄ JvÀÛ? JA§ÄzÀPÉÌ GvÀÛgÀªÀ£ÀÄß F PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ ¤ÃqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£Éà ºÉüÀĪÀAvÉ “§qÀªÀ ºÁUÀÆ ²æêÀÄAvÀ J£ÀÄߪÀ ¨sÉÃzÀ«®èzÀ D¨sÀgÀtªÉAzÀgÉ «zÁå¨sÀgÀt ªÀiÁvÀæ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 67) F «zÁå¨sÀgÀt ¤ÃqÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¸ÀªÀĸÀªÀiÁdzÀqÉUÉ vÀÄrªÀ ªÀÄ£À ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀzÀÄ. UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À£ÀÄß AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀÄ dAiÀÄzÉêÀ £À¹ðAUï ºÉÆëģÀ°è PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ ¸ÉÃj¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ¤UÉ D±ÀÑAiÀÄðªÉÇà D±ÀÑAiÀÄð, D ¢£ÀPÀÆÌ - F ¢£ÀPÀÆÌ JµÉÆÖAzÀÄ §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉ JAzɤ¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ PÁgÀt ²PÀët. F ²PÀëtPÉÌ PÁgÀt J¯ÉÆèà PÀªÀÄj PÉÆA¥ÉAiÀÄ PÀƸÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÁVzÀÝ UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À ºÉÆgÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉÆvÀÛ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ UËgÀªÀÄä£ÀªÀgÀÄ. ºÁUÁV EAvÀºÀ ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄìUÀ¼ÀÄ CUÀvÀåªÁV ¨ÉÃPÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ MwÛ ºÉüÀĪÀAwzÉ. “D ¢£À qÁ|| dAiÀÄzÉêÀgÀ ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀæªÀÄzÀ°è £À£Àß eÉÆvÉ UÉÆÃ¥Á® ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¨Á§Ä ¨ÉÆùUÀ¼À£ÀÄß »rzÀÄ C£ÀßPÁÌV ¥ÀgÀzÁrzÉÝêÉ. UÉÆÃ¥Á®¤UÉ CªÀgÀ ªÀÄzÀÄªÉ ¥ÀAQÛAiÀÄ Hl ¹QÌvÀÄ ! JAxÁ ¸ÀÄAiÉÆÃUÀ §A¢vÀÄ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 81) JAzÀÄ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ D±ÀÑAiÀÄð¥ÀqÀÄvÁÛ£É. eÉÆvÉUÉ D¸ÀàvÉæUÉ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÉÆnÖUÉ ºÉÆÃzÁUÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀÄ qÁ|| dAiÀÄzÉêÀ CªÀjUÉ “EªÀ£Éà £ÉÆÃr ¤ªÀÄä qÁ || UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À CtÚ. £À£Àß ¸ÁPÀÄ ªÀÄUÀ ! ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ CAvÀ. CrUÉ ªÀģɬÄAzÀ qÉæöʪÀgï PÉ®¸ÀzÀªÀgÉUÀÆ gÉrAiÀiÁVzÁݣɔ (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 87) JAzÀÄ ºÉý ¥ÀjZÀ¬Ä¸ÀĪÁUÀ £À£Àß ¸ÁPÀĪÀÄUÀ JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀĪÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀ OzÁAiÀÄð ªÉÄZÀÄѪÀAvÀzÀÄÝ. CªÀgÀÄ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£À£ÀÆß ªÀÄUÀ£ÁVAiÉÄà ¸ÁQzÀÝgÉA§ÄzÀgÀ°è AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà Cw±ÀAiÀÄ«®è. ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ¤UÉ qÁ|| dAiÀÄzÉêÀ CªÀgÀ ¸ÀA§A¢üPÀgÀ ªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÁªÀðwAiÀÄ eÉÆvÉUÉ, UÉÆÃ¥Á®¤UÉ qÁ||” dAiÀÄzÉêÀ CªÀgÀ ªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ dAiÀIJæÃAiÀÄ eÉÆvÉUÉ «ªÁºÀ ¤±ÀÑAiÀĪÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ PÁgÀt AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀÄ. UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À ªÀÄzÀĪÉUÉ UËgÀªÀÄä – AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀÄ ®UÀߥÀwæPÉ ºÀAZÀĪÀÅzÀÄ J®èªÀÇ ¸ÀºÀdªÁVAiÉÄà ¸ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À ªÀÄzÀÄªÉ ¤±ÀÑAiÀĪÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀÆ ¸ÀºÀ DvÀ aPÀ̪À¤zÁÝUÀ qÁ|| dAiÀÄzÉêÀgÀ ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀiÁzÀ CzÉà PÀªÀÄ®ªÀÄA¢gÀzÀ°è EzÀ£ÀÄß

www.ijar.org.in 42

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

£ÉÆÃrzÀ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ D±ÀÑAiÀÄðªÀåPÀÛ¥Àr¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ »ÃUÉ “EzÉà PÀªÀÄ® ªÀÄA¢gÀzÀ°è C®èªÉà UÉÆÃ¥Á®¤UÉ ¥ÀAQÛAiÀÄ Hl ®©ü¹zÀÄÝ. D C£ÀßzÀ IÄtPÉÌ F ªÀÄA¢gÀªÀÇ UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À£ÀÄß ©qÀ°®è. CªÀ£À ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀÄÆ F ªÀÄA¢gÀzÀ¯Éèà DUÀ¨ÉÃPÉà PÁ® ºÉÃUÉ J¼ÉzÀÄvÀA¢vÀÄ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 119).CAvÀÆ UÉÆÃ¥Á®£À ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀÄ ¢£À §AvÀÄ. ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀÄÄ CzÀÆÝjAiÀiÁVAiÉÄà £ÉgÀªÉÃgÀÄwÛzÉ. vÁ£ÀÄ vÀ£Àß vÀªÀÄäA¢gÀÄ C£ÀßPÁÌV CAzÀÄ ¥ÀjvÀ¦¹ ºÉÆgÀ¤AvÀAvÉ EA¢UÀÆ ¤AwzÁÝgÉ. PÁ® GgÀĽzÉAiÉÄà ºÉÆgÀvÀÄ ¥Àj¹Üw §zÀ¯ÁV®è. UÉÆÃ¥Á®, ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£À ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°è ¨ÉÃgÉAiÀĪÀgÀÄ ¤AwzÁÝgÉ. M§â UÉÆÃ¥Á®, M§â ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ¤UÉ £ÁåAiÀÄ zÀQÌzÀgÉ ¸Á®zÀÄ. EAvÀºÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ d£À ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ, UÉÆÃ¥Á®gÀ §zÀÄQ£À°è ¨É¼ÀPÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÆr¸À®Ä ºÀ®ªÀÅ £ÁgÁAiÀÄt¸Áé«Ä-UËgÀªÀÄä zÀA¥ÀwUÀ¼À CªÀ±ÀåPÀvɬÄgÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ MwÛ ºÉüÀºÉÆgÀngÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß E°è UÀªÀĤ¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. ºÀ¹«¤AzÀ ¥ÁvÉæ »rzÀªÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¤AvÀ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ¤UÉ ºÀ¹ªÉAiÀÄ £ÉÆêÀÅ UÉÆwÛzÉ. ºÁUÁVAiÉÄà DvÀ gÀ«AiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÀÄ, “CªÀjUÉ FUÀ¯Éà Hl ºÁQ ©qÉÆÃtªÉÃ?” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 122) JAzÀÄ PÉüÀÄvÁÛ£É. DzÀgÀzÀÄ DUÀzÀÄ. FUÀ®Æ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£À ªÀÄ£À¹ì£À°ègÀĪÀÅzÉÆAzÉà ¨Á§Ä – C¥Àà – CªÀé. DzÀgÉ PÁPÀvÁ½AiÀĪÉÇà JA§AvÉ »AzÉ §AzÀÄ ¤AvÀªÀ£ÀÄ ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ£À£ÀÄß PÉüÀĪÀÅzÀÄ “£À£ÀUÉ C£Àß..... ¨ÉÃqÀtÚ ¤Ã£ÀÄ ¨ÉÃPÀÄ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 125) CAvÀÆ C¥Àà, CªÀé, ¨Á§Ä CzÉà JAd¯É¯ÉAiÀÄ gÁ²¬ÄAzÀ zÀPÀÄÌvÁÛgÉ. FUÀ®Æ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£ÀgÀÄ ºÉüÀĪÀÅzÀÄ “£ÉÆÃqÉÆà ¤Ã®PÀAoÀ ¤£Àß ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤£Àß vÀªÀÄä£À ±ÀæªÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀÄtåzÀ ¥sÀ®” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 129) JAzÀÄ CAvÀÆ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÉà ºÉüÀĪÀAvÉ “ªÉÄÃ®Ä – QüÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁUÀªÀÄUÉÆArvÀÄ” (¸À«Ää¼À£À, ¥ÀÄl – 130) CAvÀÆ vÀAzÉ vÁ¬Ä CtÚ vÀªÀÄäA¢gÀ ‘¸À«Ää¼À£À’ K¥ÀðqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄÄ ¸ÀÄSÁAvÀåUÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ. PÉÆA¥ÉAiÀÄ°è PÀªÀÄgÀÄwÛzÀÝ ªÀÄPÀ̽UÉ OzÁAiÀÄð ªÀÄ£ÉÆÃzsÀªÀÄðzÀ zÀA¥ÀwUÀ½AzÁV ²PÀët D ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ªÉÄÃ®Ä – QüÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁUÀªÀÄUÉÆArzÀÄzÀgÀ avÀætªÀ£ÀÄß ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ AiÀıÀ¹éAiÀÄV PÀnÖPÉÆqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. F PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ£ÀÄß N¢zÁUÀ M§â ©üPÀëÄPÀ vÁ£ÀÄ ©üPÉë ¨ÉÃrzÀ ªÀÄzÀÄªÉ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄzÀĪÀÄUÀ£À ªÀÄUÀ¼À£Éßà ªÀÄÄAzÉÆAzÀÄ¢£À ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÁÛ£ÉA§ÄzÀÄ ¸ÁzsÀåªÉÃ? JAzÀÄ G¨ÉâÃj¸ÀĪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁrzÀgÀÆ EzÀÄ ¸ÁzsÀå JAzÀÄ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ F PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¥Àæw¥Á¢¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. CzÀÄ AiÀiÁªÁUÀ ¸ÁzsÀåªÉAzÀgÉà UËgÀªÀÄä, £ÁgÁAiÀÄt¸Áé«ÄUÀ¼ÀAvÀºÀ zÀA¥ÀwUÀ¼À ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì Erà ªÀÄ£ÀÄPÀÄ® ºÉÆA¢zÁUÀ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÁzsÀå JA§ ¸ÀvÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀÄvÁÛ ²PÀët ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À£ÀÄß AiÀiÁªÀ ªÀÄlÖPÁÌzÀgÀÆ MAiÀÄ姺ÀÄzÉA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄvÀÛ, EAvÀºÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¥ÀjªÀvÀð£É M§â ªÀåQÛ CxÀªÁ MAzÀÄ PÀÄlÄA§¢AzÀ ¸ÁzsÀå«®è. Erà ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄìUÀ¼ÀÄ D JqÉUÉ vÀÄrzÀÄ PÁAiÉÆÃð£ÀÄäRgÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ DUÀ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¥ÀjªÀvÀð£ÉAiÀÄÄ ¸ÁzsÀåªÉAzÀÄ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ F PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ w½¹PÉÆqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå CvÀåAvÀ vÀÄvÁðV F ¤nÖ£À°è §zÀ¯ÁUÀ¨ÉÃQzÉ. ªÉÄîÄ-QüÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁUÀªÀĪÁUÀ¨ÉÃQzÉ. ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢ MAzÁUÀ¨ÉÃQzÉ JAzÀÄ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄÄzÀÝPÀÆÌ w½¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¥ÀjªÀvÀð£ÉUÉ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ £ÁA¢ ºÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ.

¥ÀgÁªÀıÀð£À UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : 1. vÉÊ®ÆgÀÄ ªÉAPÀlPÀȵÀÚ : ¸À«Ää¼À£À, GzÀAiÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁ±À£À, ±ÀA¨sÀÆ£ÀºÀ½î, UÉÆgÀªÁ¯É CAZÉ, ªÀÄAqÀå vÁ®ÆèPÀÄ, 2010.

2. qÁ. zÉÃdUË (¸ÀA) : ¸ÀĪÀtð ªÀÄAqÀå, ªÀÄAqÀå f¯Áè PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÀjµÀvÀÄÛ, §A¢ÃUËqÀ §qÁªÀuÉ, ªÀÄAqÀå, 2006.

3. ¥ÉÆæ. gÁUË (UË.¸ÀA.) : CªÀÄÈvÀ ªÀÄAqÀå, CªÀÄÈvÀ ªÀĺÉÆÃvÀìªÀ ¸ÀägÀt ¸ÀA¥ÀÄl, f¯ÁèqÀ½vÀ, ªÀÄAqÀå, 2015.

4. ªÀ.£ÀA. ²ªÀgÁªÀÄÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ : gÀ¸ÀzÁ½, ªÀÄAqÀå vÁ®ÆèPÀÄ, 8£Éà PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀªÉÄäüÀ£À, vÁ®ÆèPÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÀjµÀvÀÄÛ PÁ¼ÉãÀºÀ½î ªÀĺÀzÉêÀÅ (¥Àæ.¸ÀA) 1£Éà wgÀĪÀÅ, §A¢ÃUËqÀ §qÁªÀuÉ, ªÀÄAqÀå.

www.ijar.org.in 43

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Use of Mobile Technology and Impact on Academic Libraries

-Muktai B.Halejolad Librarian Govt., First Grade College, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru

Abstract Adoption of information and communication technology has changed the way people access and communicates information. Digital technology has provided faster access to information. Today mobile phones are becoming the integral part of our life and are changing the way one connects and interacts with the world. In this direction application of mobile technology to provide library and information services are significant. The development of mobile technology has resulted in shifting the academic environment from traditional to mobile learning setting. This new technology will be of great help to libraries towards strengthening their relationship and providing enhanced user experience to existing users. community can be achieved due to the INTRODUCTION advancement in the mobile technology. Mobile Web is defined as ‘a web Librarians must be in which users are able to access commensurate with this trend and information from any location, regardless integrate themselves into the mobile of the type of device used’ (Villoldo and realm if they wish to deliver enhanced Salom, 2012). The use of mobile devices user services. Mobile devices and services to access the Internet and search for offer tremendous flexibility for those who information is growing considerably. In want to take advantage of library an electronic environment, learning and services. Beside from offering using of mobile technologies such as convenience, mobile technologies present mobile phones/smart phones, iPhones, new opportunities for libraries to PDAs, iPod are boon. The traditional promote access and expand reach. library services are now moving to mobile library information services. There are MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND the challenges in providing the necessary LIBRARIES in information to users at the right time. Technological improvements such Mobile technology has made as cell phones, low cost connectivity and communication and information access faster data transmission are among the very convenient and timely to users and most important factors which have led to can access information from their own the growing use of mobile devices. homes and offices, and from wherever Internet access from mobile devices has theyare. Mobile applications for changed not only the way people information seeker too have grown up communicate, but also has affected the tremendously with the growth of way users search, retrieve and use technology. Application of the mobile information to address their daily needs. technology in libraries is the need of an This was recognized by librarians, who hour. Interaction with the user saw their users using their mobile phones instead of laptops or desktops. Librarians www.ijar.org.in 44

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] quickly realized the need to provide following services to their users through library websites which could be searched the mobile technology. easily via mobile devices. 1. Mobile library site Today's students and 2. Mobile On-line Public Access professionals live in a 24/7 digital world. Catalogue (MOPAC) They conduct their lives in an integrated, 3. Circulation services mobile, just-in-time, and point-of-need 4. Reference Enquiry services fashion. Mobile devices are ubiquitous in 5. Current Awareness Service and today’s society, and there’s no evidence Selective Dissemination of that it is going to change. In libraries, the Information Service (CAS & SDI) Mobile Technology has now come up with 6. E-mail and SMS –Service “Libraries in Hand” trend. Librarians are 7. Distribution of E-Resources through in move to determine how these devices Mobile site are affecting information access and 8. Library News, Events and Blogs ensure that they are communicating with 9. Library Hours and library tours users and providing Web content in the 10. Inter library loan service most appropriate and effective ways. 11. List of new Arrivals Librarians utilize the mobile technology 12. Books and Article’s search and put their efforts to increase the 13. Mobile apps for library market and demand for mobile access to 14. Library instructional program personalized facts and information through mobile site anytime, anywhere on their own 15. Library Surveys handheld device. Since mobile handheld 16. Feedback / Comments / Suggestions devices truly are personal devices, search 17. Contacting library staff for help histories and physical locations can be MOBILE DEVICES USED IN harnessed to produce more accurate, LIBRARIES: individualized information and services.  PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant) MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND  Smart Phones LIBRARY SERVICES  Cell Phones In the distance mode of learning  iPods and MP3 players mobile technology can be very efficiently  Tablets used. Librarians are in move to provide The design of mobile devices and better services with the use of mobile services is important to accessibility. As technology to their users for information reading becomes more inclusive of diverse access and information retrieval and communities, libraries will need to ensure that they are communicating with address the ongoing accessibility their users and providing Web content in challenges of the mobile world. the most appropriate and effective ways. PREREQUISITES FOR Since mobile handheld devices are IMPLEMENTING MOBILE-BASED personal devices, search histories and LIBRARY SERVICES physical locations will harness to produce Mobile technology is unlikely to more accurate, individualized be able to supply the necessary service on information and services. Thus, the its own, but needs to be integrated with increase in mobile learning in the future digital technology. The following will give rise to higher usage of library prerequisites were identified: services. Many libraries offer the  Digitized information base www.ijar.org.in 45

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

 Information products designed these features are pre-installed on mobile for an e-platform devices or option for data plan packages.  Electronic information service Personalized Service delivery Personalized service helps users  Design of electronic access to interact with library staff to seek systems. specific information or reference away ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE from library. TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES Ability to Access Information Instant Communication and Time Saving Information access from Users need not record anywhere at any time will be of great information about resources while help for users who cannot visit library in browsing and searching library resources person and provides a constant link to or wait at library transaction counter to required information resources. renew/reserve books and hence the time DRAWBACKS OF MOBILE of the user is saved. TECHNOLOGY User Participation  compared to wired Internet Libraries can enrich OPAC by service, has relatively slow allowing users to incorporate user created transmission speed content like notes or imagesuploaded by  limited computational power users.  inconvenient input and output Location Awareness interface Mobile communication enables  insufficient contents libraries to offer location-based  high price services/content through global CONCLUSION positioning system (GPS) capabilities. Libraries can guide the users to the location of specific document or Service There is always a growing through maps and navigational tools. influence of mobile technology in Limitless Access Libraries with the network access All online resources accessible on becoming more affordable and reliable. their desktop also become accessible The task of libraries is to exploit new through mobiles. technology in a more effective way to Access to Print-disabled Users promote and integrate them into the Mobiles communications help design of future library services in a cost providing services orally to vision- efficient manner. Mobile applications disabled and physically-handicapped have seen mainstream acceptance in Users. teaching, learning, and research. User-friendly Aid Libraries especially use several tools and Familiarity with their own techniques to circulate the information to devices and technology helps the users in the user community. At the same time, accessing information quickly and does libraries should be advertised. For this not require orientation and training. purpose, the use of technology is very Mobile users are using the facilities on essential. Mobile technology has become mobile phones like SMS, instant boon to the libraries. It is very essential messaging, web browsing, e-mail for libraries to be dynamic and change effortlessly to communicate. Most of their outlook to adopt new technologies www.ijar.org.in 46

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] and to develop new kind of relationships with users. Reference: 1. Suthar , Ashokkumar A. Using Mobile Technology to Deliver Effective Library Service, Asian Journal of Library and Information

Science, Vol.5 (3-4) 2013 pp.72-75 2. Malathy S. and Kantha P. “Application of Mobile Technologies to Libraries”, DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, Vol. 33, No. 5, September 2013, pp. 361-366. 3. Mayank Trivedi and Vishnu Suthar. A plan of M-Library for Smt. Hansa Mehta Library: A study. International Journal of Information

and Communication Technology Research. 2011 (July); 1(3): 91-95 ISSN-2223- 4985 4. Mohan Lal Vishwakarma, Shyam Lal Maurya & Shivani Govil. Use of Mobile Technology in Indian Libraries. International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science ISSN: 2319-7242. 2013 (June); 2(6): 1799-1805 5. Sudesh Kumar Sood and Ipsita

Mukherjee. Mobile technology in emerging library and information services. Conference Papers; 1st SPL Annual Convention (NCLTDP-2013) , Agra, Y K Publishers, 2013, p I 211-I 218, ISBN978-93-80668-21-5

www.ijar.org.in 47

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Marginalization of Dalit: A Study of Meena Kandasamy’s The Gypsy Goddess

-Chaitra Pandurang Naik Research Scholar, Dept. of Studies in English Karnatak University Dharwad

Abstract:

Indian English literature has attained an independent status in the domain of world literature. It reflects Indian culture, convention, social extremes and ever Indian history through the delineation of life in India and Indians leaving somewhere else. Dalit literature shows the dramatic accounts of socio political experience of the Dalit community in the caste based society of India. It traces the conditions of the Indian social factors that surrounded the Dalit’s and there interactions with Dalit’s and non- Dalit’s. Dalit literature is an attempt to articulate unheard, unspoken, voices. Dalit literatures forms and important and distinct part of Indian literature. It is the literature about the Dalit’s their sufferings, anguish, experiences and consciousness. It presents the fight of the underdogs of society for liberty, honor security and freedom for intimidations from the powerful element of the society. Meena Kandasamy is an emergingDalit poet , fiction writer, translator, journalist and social activities. Her first collection of novel is the Gypsy Goddess (2014) . In activist the Gypsy Goddesses the spot light movestowardsDalit’s caught In a political fight between have and have not. Oppression and injustices acquires a totally new unbelievable dimension which is based on an actual massacre that took place in independent India .

Key words: annihilation, sufferings, untouchability, dehumanized condition, marginalization.

Introduction literatures forms and important and distinct part of Indian literature. Indian English literature has attained an Objectives of the study : independent status in the domain of world literature. It reflects Indian culture, 1. To know the Dalits conditions in convention, social extremes and ever India. Indian history through the delineation of 2. To study the background of Dalits in life in India and Indians leaving India. somewhere else. Dalit literature shows the 3. To understand the in depth view of dramatic accounts of socio political Meena Kandasamy’s concern towards experience of the Dalit community in the Dalits. caste based society of India. It traces the 4. Try to understand how Meena conditions of the Indian social factors that Kandasamy bringing Dalits in to the surrounded the Dalit’s and there limelight through her writing. interactions with Dalit’s and non-Dalit’s. Dalit literature is an attempt to articulate unheard, unspoken, voices. Dalit

www.ijar.org.in 48

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Dalit writing is a post- Dalit literature revolves around independenceliterary phenomenon. The the question of castediscrimination and emergence of Dalit literature has a great untouchability. As for as Dalit literature historical significance. The causes and is concerned with the phenomenology of effect leading to the age-old existence of the body and its plight in caste society oppression and despair of the lives of Dalit literature shows the visible markers marginalized class of nations vast of caste division in society. These population are also observed in many structuressegregation and deprivation do other parts of the world. not permit people a shared space. Dalit literature exceeds or complicate certain Arjun Dangle has defined Dalit theoretical premises linked to the literature as : “Dalit literature is one questions of marginality and subalternity which acquaints people with the caste in postcolonial contexts.Especially the system and untouchability in India…..It valorization of the pre-modern, pre- matures with the sociological points of colonial and of everything that seems to view and is related to the principles of have remained immune to the invasion of negativity, rebellion an and loyalty to colonial modernity. Dalit writers and science, thus finally ending as activities have located their struggle in revoluation”. the frame work and idiom of modernity. They have pitted ideas of nationality The word Dalit is referred to universality against the unequal Hindu broken ground down people who became system of values which they deem subject to deliberate act of exploitation by superstitious,magical and ritualistic . those above them in a hierarchical social system. The Dalit panthers, once a Dalit have been victims of in the militant organization had used the term hands of upper caste society, Kandasamy in it’s manifesto. It says, members of is a poet, translator and dynamic activist scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, from Chennai. As a contemporary Indian the working people, the landless poor women writer Kandasamy is Agonized to peasents, women’s and those who are witness the age-old social practices like being exploited politically, economically untouchability based on caste system and in the name of religion are called existing in Indiansociety. She voices her Dalit’s. anger against caste based injustice which has inspired the marginalized to Most ofthe marginalized groups dehumanized condition as they are all over the world have a similar system subjected to oppression and humiliation. of oppression but the titles are different Her collection of work portray the real as per the class divide. In India it was picture of the marginalized in Indian under the pretext of the caste in the society. western world was under the name of the race. Inequality was the main sources of Meena Kandasamy’s most this marginality which led to insecurity, popular fiction “The Gypsy Goddess” can injustices and exploitation. Marginalized be easily examined on the bases on the sections were always on the periphery caste issues. In this work caste a spotlight and distanced from the power centers. on the plight of the Dalit agricultural workers in the south Indian state of www.ijar.org.in 49

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Tamilnadu, who are murdered by several awards including DSC Prize for oppressive upper caste landlords . South Asian Literature, the international Dylan Thomas Prize, and the Tata “The Gypsy Goddess” is based on Literature live first Book Award. The a massacre that took place in the village novel has been translated into German of kilvenmani on Christmas day 1968. (Reis and Asche, Wunderhorn Verlag, The Gypsy Goddess can be easily 2016), Dutch ( Dezigeunergodian, Atlas examined on the basis of gender Contact, 2016 ) and In French ( La Colere inequality. de Kuruthi Amman, Plon / Feux Croises 2017). The gypsy goddess is the fictionalized retelling of the truth behind Meena Kandasamy’s novels is the story of kilvenmani and the wider more than a fictionalized account of a Tamilnadu region in 1968 that evokes the national tragedy . The book’sgrimness is lives of the people that suffered through tempered by many of the waynarrator’s the adversity of what was terrible writer- to -readers asides and met fictive situation. It also criticize the Indian devices. When we are told the novel in system, as all of the victims where our hands is Tamil in taste , English on untouchable Dalit agriculturallaborers the tongue free of all poetry and prosody. who were segmented and ostracized by the higher orders of society at the time. Dished out in pros wequestion In the same system their oppressors were the narratorsreliability for offsetting the landlords that were much higher up in stark and brutal imagery is an the hideous packing order, Which along abundance of public flourishes. with their money and power, unable them to treat these workers in the worst In kilvemani, village the possible ways imagined. untouchable people Who where working under the landlords have to wakeup The work by Meena Kandsamy is before the sunrise , walk in line the description of the daughter that everydaybreak. They have to wash their unfolds over five pages in a life bricks which where the color of their unflagging and unpunctuated sentence earth they work. they where not allowed we want the order to stop but kandasamy to wear more then a lain cloth. while knows that to convey the full force of the worker had to wakeup every morning horror means keeping A Foot On The with a prayer that there was some pedal and intensifying not abating. tamarind and dried chilli and half an onion in the home, Anything to make the Meena kandasamy wins this fight burning red hot chutheny that can be by cataloguing the fate of every victim licked from their fingers to tolerate the especially the children. the death of the tastelessness of the left over rice. children is a huge cultural thing. Kandaswmy’s novel is more than a These poor people had to carry fictionalized account of national tragedy. serattai, the coconut shell to the tea stall because they were not served in the The Gyspy Goddesess was chosen tumbler. Women from Cheri, could not as independent newspaper’s debut of the take water from the wells or the lakes . year and short- listed/long listed for www.ijar.org.in 50

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] they had to wait for the caste Hindu Dalit influences all spheres of their life, women to take pity and pour the water Violating basic human rights such as into their pot . the landlords built a civil, Political, Social, Economic and cement for their cows . But theseDalit cultural rights. people have to handle under a blanket of night to sky because they are considering The Gypsy Goddesses is part as “untouchables” . story, part communist commentary, one is treated to quotations from individual Marginality is an experience that like Gramsciandpost modernists such as affects millions of people throughout the Derrida. the novel imaginatively world people who are marginalized have reconstructs the buildup to the massacre, little control over their lives, and the the massacre itself , and its aftermath. resources available them.This results is The protagonist is Meena Kandasamy making them handicapped in delving her self. contribution to society. The writing is self-reflexive, Marginalization deprives a large constantly drawing attention to its majority of people across the globe from fictional nature an explaining its participating in development. If is a decisions. This is by no means unusual complex problem and there are many but Kandsamy thinks that it is an act of factors that Cause marginalization. This bombastic supervision. complex and serious problem needs to be addressed at the policy level. The marginalization of the Dalit and could be perceived through the The caste system is a strictly following patterns of practices : hierarchal social system based on segregation of the living location and underlying notions of purity and burial grounds. Step motherly treatment pollution. Brahmins are on the top of the meted out to them regarding there hierarchy and shudras or dignified participation in public events, Dalit’sconstitute the bottom of the social activities, community worship or hierarchy. The marginalization of Dalit’s governing institution. influences such as civil, political, socialeconomic and cultural rights. The rebellion against caste system is as old as the caste system itself. In Gypsy Goddesses, landlords, The power structures, legislature, without any shames, the loots from their judiciary, an executive right from the own servants whenCheri people were in ancient era up to the present neocolonial the rampage. era of market globalization and deployed as the Land maids serving the need of the The landlord entered the Cheri oppressive caste minded people. with their rowdies, they select the poorest Cheri’s in their spheres of As part of the self- assertion of influences and pillage them. The land the victims of untouchability against the lords punish the women by stripping derogatory treatment imposed by the them almost naked and whipping them caste people. They have closer the self by trying them in trees in front of the designation as Dalit’s to empower whole village. The marginalization of www.ijar.org.in 51

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] themselves by annihilation of the caste local Hindu temple and trust lands in system . vaivalam to members of the Dalit caste.

In the Gypsy Goddesses caste After a month later of kilvenmani violence has becomes an important massacre, elements in the political life of contemporary Tamil Nadu, we may Periyar, Said about the event : defined caste violence as systematic, “wage is not something you can organized and substance act of physical demand,a wage is that which is fixed by cultural violence directed against the less market conditions”, and he blamed the powerfu, marginal and in a hierarchical communists for the massacre. sense lower social groups by members of the dominant landed groups. Rural Conclusion : violence is not a new and novel feature. According to Meena Kandasamy, Medieval inscription record numerous Tamil Nadu has witnessed a sharp rise in instances of burning down of entire atrocities against Dalit’s because our villages in the 15th century during society was strongly structured by the clashes between the idankai and caste system. Dalit’s were considered the vallankai groups. lowest in social status and they were Caste hierarchy was reinforced subjected to untouchability . They all through a range of measures that were neglected , oppressed, downtrodden included dress codes,restrictions on the and exploited by the upper castepeople. use of certain Musical instruction, India is the largest democratic country In habitation exclusion by creating the world, yet a section of people are tindacheris in which particular social living a life of suppression unendurable groups where sequestered, limited excess and intolerable sufferings. Dalit’s are to common areas such as the sacred suffering from caste based violence at the space of the temple, educational hands of dominant caste people due to institutional and the like. their social economic and political status.

In the kilvenmani village , on Kandsamy views marginalization 25th December 1968 at around 10 pm, the of Dalit in a different way, she has landlords and their 200 handmen came in pioneered the third phase in the Dalit police lorries surrounded the hutments literature by assimilating the western cutting off all routes of escape. 44 theory and criticism in the Dalit peasants burnt alive by the upper caste literature. landlords. Bibliography The massacre led to wide spread 1. Bharati, Thummapudi. A History demand for changes in land ownership of Telugu Dalit literature, Delhi : and to attitudes regarding caste. kalpaz publications, 2008 print. Gandhian reformerKrishnammal 2. Ilaiah, Kancha. “Caste or Class Jaganathanand her husband led a series or Caste or Class :a study of Dalit of non-violent demonstrations, arguing bahujan consciousness and for the redistribution of land owned by struggle in Andra Pradesh in www.ijar.org.in 52

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

1980s . “Reading in Indian Government and Polititcs : Caste, Class and Gender. Ed. 3. Kandasamy Meena. The Gypsy Goddess London : Atlantic, 2014. Print. 4. Kandasamy, Meena. “ Dangerous

Dalit Women and with Hunters” Ultra Violent Word press, 2014. 5. Manoranjan Mohanty , New Delhi: Sage Publication India Pvt.ltd 2004 print. 6. Omvedt,G.(1987). Dalit Literature in Maharashtra : Literature of social protest and revolt in western India. South Asian Bulletin. 778. 7. Sharankumar ,L. (2004). : Dalit

Literature Form and Purpose . In: Mukharjee, A.K, (Ed). Towords an Aesthetic of Dalit Literarture : History, Controversies and considerations. Delhi: Orient Longman. P31-32.

www.ijar.org.in 53

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Aitihyagalalli Raja Manetanagalu -Dr.GireGouda Aralihalli

LwºÀåUÀ¼À°è gÁd ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

-qÁ.VgÉÃUËqÀ CgÀ½ºÀ½î PÀ£ÀßqÀ CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À «¨sÁUÀ, «.J¸ï.PÉ.«±Àé«zÁå®AiÀÄ, ¸ÁßvÀPÉÆÃvÀÛgÀ PÉÃAzÀæ, §¼Áîj.

ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß CPÀëgÀ §®èªÀgÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CPÀëgÀ ¨ÁgÀzÀªÀgÀ£ÀÄß DzsÁgÀªÁVlÄÖPÉÆAqÀÄ ²µÀÖ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ eÁ£À¥ÀzÀ JAzÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ §UÉAiÀÄ°è CxÉÊð¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. EªÉgÀqÀgÀ £ÀqÀÄªÉ CAvÀB¸ÀA§AzsÀ«zÀÝgÀÆ PÀÆqÀ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ PÀAzÀgÀ ¸ÀȶÖAiÀiÁVzÉ. ²µÀÖgÀÄ eÁ£À¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß G¥ÉÃQë¹zÀgÉ, d£À¥ÀzÀgÀÄ ²µÀÖªÀ£ÀÄß «gÉÆâü¸ÀÄvÁÛ §A¢zÁÝgÉ. ²µÀÖgÀÄ §ºÀĨÉÃUÀ£É vÀªÀÄä fêÀ£À ±ÉÊ° ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À°è §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÀAzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ DzsÀĤPÀgÀtPÉÌ M¼ÀUÁUÀĪÀgÀÄ. DzÀgÉ d£À¥ÀzÀgÀÄ ¨ÉÃUÀ£É §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §AiÀĸÀĪÀÅ¢®è. F CA±ÀªÉà EªÉgÀqÀgÀ £ÀqÀÄ«£À PÀAzÀgÀPÉÌ PÁgÀtªÁVgÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. »ÃUÁV ²µÀÖ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ d£À¥ÀzÀ ZÀjvÉæUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁVAiÉÄà ºÀÄlÖ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀªÀÅ. ²µÀÖgÀÄ ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ ªÉÄîĸÀÛgÀzÀ DzÀÀåvÉAiÉÆA¢UÉ °TvÀªÁV zÁR°¹zÀgÉ, d£À¥ÀzÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä ¸ÀgÀ¼À §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß PɼÀ¸ÀÛgÀzÀ DzsÀåvÉAiÉÆA¢UÉ ªÀiËTPÀªÁVAiÉÄà vÀªÀÄä ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆAqÀgÀÄ. EªÀj§âgÀÆ C£ÀĸÀj¹zÀ ªÀiÁUÀð §zÀ¯ÁzÀgÀÆ ªÀÄÆ® vÀ¼ÀºÀ¢AiÀÄ°ègÀĪÀ D±ÀAiÀÄ ªÀiÁvÀæ MAzÉ. CzÀÄ ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆqÀĪÀÅzÉà DVzÉ. °TvÀ ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄÄ ±Á¸À£À, vÁ¼ÉUÀj, vÁªÀÄæ¥Àl, ¥ÀæªÁ¹UÀgÀ §gÀºÀ, °TvÀ ¸Á»vÀå, «ÃgÀUÀ®Äè, ªÀiÁ¹ÛUÀ®Äè, ªÁ¸ÀÄÛ²®à ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼À°è zÁR¯ÁzÀgÉ ªÀiËTPÀ EwºÁ¸ÀªÀÅ d£À¥ÀzÀ ºÁqÀÄ, PÀxÉ, §AiÀįÁl, MUÀlÄ, MqÀ¥ÀÄ, UÁzÉ, LwºÀå ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼À°è zÁR¯ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ F ¯ÉÃR£ÀzÀ°è LwºÀåUÀ¼À°è CAvÀUÀðvÀªÁVgÀĪÀ gÁd ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼À ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.

ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÉÆA¢UÉ ºÀÄlÄÖ ¥ÀqÉzÀ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀåQÛ¬ÄAzÀ ªÀåQÛUÉ, PÁ®¢AzÀ PÁ®PÉÌ, ¥ÀæzÉñÀ¢AzÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀPÉÌ ªÀUÁð¬Ä¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛªÉ. EAxÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è LwºÀåzÀ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ ¸ÀAUÀw ªÀÄgɪÀiÁa PÁ®à¤PÀ J£ÀÄߪÀµÀÖgÀ ªÀÄnÖUÉ CzÀgÀ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉUÉÆArgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀgÀÆ PÀÆqÀ PÀ®à£ÉUÉ DzsÁgÀ PÉÆqÀĪÀ ¸ÀvÁåA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ C°ègÀÄvÀÛªÉ. EzÀjAzÁV ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ J®è ¸ÀÜgÀzÀ d£ÀgÀÄ CzÀ£ÉÆßAzÀÄ »AzÉ £ÉÊdªÁV £ÀqÉzÀ WÀl£É JAzÉà £ÀA©PÉÆAqÀÄ §A¢gÀÄvÁÛgÉ.

“EwºÁ¸ÀzÀ «²µÀÖªÁzÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼É®èªÀÇ °TvÀ gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°è zÁR¯ÉUÉƼÀÄîªÀÅ¢®è. EwºÁ¸ÀzÀ WÀl£ÉAiÉÆAzÀ£ÀÄß PÀuÁÚgÉ £ÉÆÃrzÀ d£ÀgÉ®ègÀÆ EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉ¢qÀ®Ä ±ÀPÀÛgÁVgÀĪÀÅ¢®è. EwºÁ¸ÀzÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CzÀgÀ°è ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¹zÀ §ºÀÄ¥Á®Ä ªÀÄA¢UÉ §gÉ¢qÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ UÉÆwÛgÀĪÀÅ¢®è. CAzÀgÉ CPÀëgÀeÁÕ£À EgÀĪÀÅ¢®è. DzÀgÉ EAvÀºÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ C£ÀPÀëgÀ¸ÀÜ d£À¥ÀzÀgÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀªÁV G½zÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ PÀAoÀ¸ÀÜ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉUÉ ¸ÉÃj ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.”1 »ÃUÁV d£À¥ÀzÀgÀ zÀȶÖAiÀÄ°è LwºÀåªÉà EwºÁ¸ÀªÉ¤¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

LwºÀå ¥ÀzÀ ¤µÀàwÛ :

EAzÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ°è §¼À¸À¯ÁUÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ‘LwºÀå’ ¥ÀzÀªÀÅ EAVèö£À ‘Legend’ JA§ÄzÀgÀ ¸ÀAªÁ¢ ¥ÀzÀªÁVzÉ. “Legend JA§ ¥ÀzÀªÀÅ ªÀÄzsÀåPÁ°Ã£À ¯Áån¤ß£À ‘Legenda’ ¢AzÀ ¤µÀà£ÀߪÁzÀÄzÀÄ. EzÀgÀ ªÀÄÆ® ‘Legere’ JA§ÄzÁVzÉ.”2 ªÀÄÆ®vÀB ¯Áån£ï ¥ÀzÀªÁzÀ Legend UÉ C°è ‘Things to be read’ JA§ CxÀð«zÉ.”3 »ÃUÁV ‘Legend’ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀzÀ°è ‘¥Àp¸ÀÄ’ªÀAxÀ CxÀðªÀżÀîzÁÝVvÀÄÛ. www.ijar.org.in 54

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

EzÀÄ »ÃUÉ EvÀÄÛ, »ÃUÉ EvÀÛAvÉ, »ÃUÉ EzÀÝzÀÄÝ JA§ CxÀðzÉÆA¢UÉ, ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøvÀzÀ Ew, EwºÀ (»ÃUÉ EvÀÄÛ) JA§ ªÀÄÆ® gÀÆ¥À¢AzÀ ¤µÀà£ÀߪÁVzÉ.

LwºÀåªÀ£ÀÄß d£À¥ÀzÀ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ MAzÀÄ ¥ÀæPÁgÀªÁV «AUÀr¹zÀ Dgï.J¸ï. ¨ÁUïì ¥ÀæPÁgÀ LwºÀåªÉAzÀgÉ “¤¢ðµÀÖ ªÀåQÛ, ¸ÀܼÀ, ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ¥ÀlÖ PÀxÉ” E£ÉÆßAzÉqÉ “ªÀåQÛ, ¸ÀܼÀ, WÀl£ÉUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ £ÀqÉzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÉà ºÉüÀ¯ÁUÀĪÀ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà ¤¢ðµÀÖ »£À߯ÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÁA¥ÀæzÁ¬ÄPÀ «µÀAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÆ ¸ÉÃj ºÀÄnÖgÀĪÀ ¤gÀÆ¥ÀuÉ”4 JAzÀÄ ºÉýzÀÝ£ÀÄß qÁ. ¸ÀħâtÚ gÉÊAiÀĪÀgÀÄ G¯ÉèÃT¹zÁÝgÉ. »ÃUÁV LwºÀåªÀÅ ‘¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgɬÄAzÀ §AzÀzÀÄÝ’ JA§ «±Á® CxÀðzÉÆA¢UÉ ‘d£À¥ÀzÀ ªÀiËTPÀ EwºÁ¸À’ªÀ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

PÀAoÀ¸ÀܪÁV ¸ÀAªÀºÀ£ÀUÉƼÀÄîªÀ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¤¢ðµÀÖ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ¤dªÁV £ÀqÉzÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼Éà JA§AvÉ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÁUÀvÀªÁV ¸ÁUÀ®Ä ¨sËwPÀ DPÀgÀªÉÇAzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁQëÃPÀj¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. C®èzÉà ¤¢ðµÀÖ ¥ÀæzÉñÀ, ªÀåQÛ ºÁUÀÆ WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀĪÀ LwºÀåªÀÅ, ¤¢ðµÀÖ PÁ®ªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀĪÀÅ¢®è. JAzÀ ªÀiÁvÀæPÉÌ EwºÁ¸ÀªÉà E®è J£ÀÄߪÀAw®è. “¥ÀæwAiÉÆAzÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÁt CxÀªÁ LwºÀåzÀ »AzÉ ZÁjwæPÀ WÀl£ÉAiÉÆAzÀÄ EzÉÝà EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ ; CªÀÅ ¥ÀæZÀÒ£Àß EwºÁ¸ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.”5 »ÃUÁV LwºÀåªÀÅ M«ÄäUÉà ¸Á»vÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ZÀjvÉæUÀ¼À ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀªÀ£ÀÄß vÁ¼ÀĪÀAxÀzÀÄÝ.

¸ÁA¥ÀæzÁ¬ÄPÀ EwºÁ¸ÀzÀ°è ªÀåPÀÛªÁUÀĪÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ CgÀ¸ÀgÀ dAiÀÄ-C¥ÀdAiÀÄ, PÉgÉ-¨Á«, zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£À PÀnÖ¹zÀ, zÁ£À-zÀwÛ ©lÖ, ªÀÄÆwð-±Á¸À£À-«ÃgÀUÀ®Äè-ªÀiÁ¹ÛUÀ®Äè PÉwÛ¹zÀ «ªÀgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. LwºÀå EzÀPÀÆÌ «ÄV¯ÁV EAvÀºÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À PÁAiÀiÁðPÁgÀt ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÀÄÛ d£À¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀågÀ fêÀ£À «zsÁ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EAxÀ C°TvÀ §ºÀĸÀASÁåvÀ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄzÀ ªÀiË®åAiÀÄÄvÀ §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß EwºÁ¸À gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀÄ°è PÀqÉUÀt¸À¯Á¬ÄvÀÄ. “EwºÁ¸À §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ ¥Àæ¸ÀAUÀzÀ°è °TvÀ ¸ÁªÀÄVæUÀ¼ÁzÀ ±Á¸À£Á¢UÀ½UÉ ¥ÀæzsÁ£À ¸ÁÜ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß, PÁªÁå¢üUÀ½UÉ UËt¸ÁÜ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ EwºÁ¸ÀPÁgÀgÀÄ C°TvÀªÁzÀ eÁ£À¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß wÃgÀ G¥ÉÃQë¸ÀÄvÁÛ §A¢zÁÝgÉ. ¤gÀPÀëjUÀ¼À ¸ÀAvÁ£ÀªÁzÀ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è °TvÀ gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°è G½zÀÄ §A¢gÀĪÀ DzsÁgÀªÁzÀ C£ÉÃPÀ ¸ÁªÀÄVæUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÀÆgÀPÉÌ LzÀgÀµÀÄÖ; C°TvÀ gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°è vÉÆA§vÉÛöÊzÀgÀµÀÄÖ EzÉ. »ÃVgÀĪÁUÀ EwºÁ¸À gÀZÀ£Á PÁAiÀÄðzÀ°è C°TvÀ ¸ÁªÀÄVæAiÀiÁzÀ eÁ£À¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß C®Që¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¥ÀæªÀiÁzÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄ£ÀUÀAqÀÄ EwºÁ¸ÀPÁgÀgÀ gÀZÀ£Á±Á¸ÀÛçªÀÅ EAzÀÄ °TvÀzÉÆA¢UÉ C°TvÀ ¸ÁªÀÄVæAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §¼À¹PÉÆAqÀÄ ªÁå¦ÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß «¸ÀÛj¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛ°gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀjAiÀiÁzÀ PÀæªÀĪÉAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.”6 JAzÀÄ JA.JA. PÀ®§ÄVðAiÀĪÀgÀÄ C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄ vÁ¼ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. »ÃUÁV ªÀiËTPÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ °TvÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ°è zÁR¯ÁUÀzÀ JµÉÆÖà £À«Ã£À «µÀAiÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß C£ÁªÀgÀtUÉƽ¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. PÁgÀt, EwºÁ¸À LwºÀåPÉÌ DzsÁgÀªÁzÀgÉ, LwºÀå EwºÁ¸ÀPÉÌ DPÀgÀªÁVzÉ JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. »ÃUÁV PÉ®ªÀÅ LwºÀåUÀ¼À ªÀÄÆ®PÀ PÉ® gÁd ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼À ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ£ÀÄß CªÀ¯ÉÆÃQ¸ÀĪÀ ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀߪÀ£ÀÄß E°è ªÀiÁqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.

LwºÀå-1

gÁAiÀÄZÀÆgÀÄ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ °AUÀ¸ÀÆUÀÆgÀÄ vÁ®ÆQ£À UÀÄqÀUÀÄAmÁ ¸ÀA¸ÁܤPÀgÀ ªÀÄ£ÉzÉêÀgÀÄ PÀPÉÌÃj ¸ÉÆêÀÄ£ÁxÀ£ÁVzÀÝ. ¸ÀA¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ zÉÆgÉ ¢£ÀA¥Àæw vÀ£Àß PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ªÉÄÃ¯É £À¢ DZÉUÉ ºÉÆÃV PÀÄ®zÉêÀgÀ zÀ±Àð£À ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ §gÀÄwÛzÀÝ£ÀÄ. MªÉÄä zÉêÀgÀ zÀ±Àð£À ªÀÄÄV¹PÉÆAqÀÄ wgÀÄV §gÀÄwÛgÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ, gÁd£À PÀÄzÀÄgÉ £À¢ ¤Ãj£À ¥ÀæªÁºÀPÉÌ ¹QÌvÀÄ. gÁd£ÀÄ ºÉÃUÉÆà ¥ÁæuÁ¥ÁAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ¥ÁgÁV ¸ÀA¸ÁÜ£À ¸ÉÃjzÀ£ÀÄ. CzÉà aAvÉAiÀÄ°è CgÀªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ®VgÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ, gÁd£À PÀ£À¹£À°è PÀPÉÌÃj ¸ÉÆêÀÄ£ÁxÀ£ÀÄ PÁt¹PÉÆAqÀÄ: “¤Ã£ÀÄ PÀPÉÌÃjUÉ §gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¨ÉÃqÀ, £Á£ÀÄ E¯Éèà UÀÄqÀUÀÄAmÁ UÀÄArUÉAiÀÄ°è PÁt¹PÉƼÀÄîvÉÛãÉ. ¤Ã£ÀÄ ¢£Á®Æ E¯Éèà ¤AvÀÄ ¥ÀÆeÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄ’ JAzÀÄ ºÉýzÀ£ÀÄ. ªÀÄgÀÄ¢£À gÁd£ÀÄ ¸Àé¥ÀßzÀ°è ¸ÉÆêÀÄ£ÁxÀ£ÀÄ ºÉýzÀ eÁUÀzÀ°è £ÉÆÃqÀ¯ÁV zÉÆqÀØ §AqÉUÀ°è£À ªÉÄÃ¯É ¸ÉÆêÀÄ£ÁxÀ MqÀªÀÄÆrzÀÝ£ÀAvÉ. »ÃUÉ UÀÄqÀUÀÄAmÁzÀ°è MqÀªÀÄÆrzÀ PÀPÉÌÃj ¸ÉÆêÀÄ£ÁxÀ¤UÉ zÉêÁ®AiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀA¸ÁܤPÀgÀÄ PÀnÖ¹zÀgÀAvÉ. F zÉêÁ®AiÀÄ »£À߯ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀܽAiÀÄ d£ÀgÀÄ F LwºÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀÄvÁÛgÉ. www.ijar.org.in 55

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

UÀÄqÀUÀÄAmÁ ¸ÀA¸ÁܤPÀgÀ PÀÄ®zÉêÀgÀÄ PÀPÉÌÃj ¸ÉÆêÀÄ£ÁxÀ J£ÀÄߪÀ «µÀAiÀÄzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É F LwºÀå ¨É¼ÀPÀÄ ZÉ®ÄèvÀÛzÉ. C®èzÉà UÀÄqÀUÀÄAn ¸ÀA¸ÁܤPÀjAzÀ¯Éà F zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£À ¤«Äð¸À®ànÖvÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀ ZÁjwæPÀ ¸ÀvÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ©aÑqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÁ® ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÀnÖ¹zÀ ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ ºÉ¸Àj£À «µÀAiÀĪÁV LwºÀå ªÀiË£ÀªÀ»¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ J£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀQÌAvÀ d£À¥ÀzÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtðªÁV PÁ¯ÁwÃvÀªÁzÀzÉÝA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß £É£À¦¹PÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. “ªÀiËTPÀ ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ°è PÁ® ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤¢ðµÀÖvÉAiÀÄÄ KPÀgÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ¸ÀgÀ¼À gÉÃSÁvÀäPÀ ¥ÀAZÁAVÃAiÀÄ £É¯ÉAiÀÄ°è UÀ滸À®àqÀĪÀÅ¢®è. CzÀgÀ §zÀ¯ÁV ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄUÀ¼À ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÀAPÀxÀ£ÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÆ®PÀ PÁ®ªÀ£ÀÄß CxÀðªÀiÁrPÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.”7 EAvÀºÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß E£ÀÄß ºÉaÑ£À ±ÉÆÃzsÀ£ÉUÉ M¼À¥Àr¹ £ÉÆÃrzÀgÉ, CzÀgÀ PÁ® ºÁUÀÆ ¤¢ðµÀÖ ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ §UÉUÉ w½zÀÄPÉƼÀî®Ä ¸ÁzsÀåªÁUÀ§®èzÀÄ. F LwºÀå zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£À AiÀiÁjAzÀ PÀlÖ®ànÖvÀÄ JA§ÄzÀQÌAvÀ AiÀiÁvÀPÁÌV PÀlÖ®ànÖvÀÄ JA§ÄzÀPÉÌ ¸ÀPÁgÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀÄvÀÛzÉ D ªÀÄÆ®PÀ zÁR°vÀ EwºÁ¸À AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ¤®ðQë¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆà CzÀ£ÀÄß F LwºÀå G¯ÉèÃT¹zÉ. C®èzÉà MAzÉà ºÉ¸Àj£À zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀ®ªÀÅ PÀqÉ ¤ªÀiÁðtªÁUÀ®Ä gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¹ÜvÀåAvÀgÀUÀ¼Éà PÁgÀt J£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß F LwºÀåzÀ°è PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ. gÁd£À PÀÄ®zÉêÀvÉ, Erà ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄzÀ, Hj£À zÉêÀvÉAiÀiÁV ªÀiÁ¥ÀðlÄÖ J®ègÀÆ DgÁ¢ü¸ÀĪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ ¤nÖ£À°èAiÀÄÆ F zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ ¤ªÀiÁðtzÀ ¸ÁzsÀåvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀÆqÀ vÀ½îºÁPÀĪÀAw®è.

LwºÀå -2

G½ªÉÄñÀégÀ (°AUÀ¸ÀÆUÀÆgÀÄ vÁ®ÆPÀÄ) zÀ°ègÀĪÀ F±ÀégÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀĪÀÅ ²æà PÀȵÀÚzÉêÀgÁAiÀÄ£À PÁ®PÉÌ vÀÄA¨Á ¥Àæ¹¢ÞAiÀiÁVvÀÄÛ. ²ªÀgÁwæAiÀÄ «±ÉõÀ ¥ÀÆeÉUÁV ºÀA¦¬ÄAzÀ ²æÃPÀȵÀÚzÉêÀgÁAiÀÄ E°èUÉ §gÀÄwÛzÀÝ£ÀÄ. PÀȵÀÚzÉêÀgÁAiÀÄ£ÀÄ E°èUÉ §AzÁUÀ £ÁUÀ¯ÁA©PÉ J£ÀÄߪÀªÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀÆeÁ ¸ÁªÀÄVæUÀ¼À£ÀÄß, ºÀƪÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀAzÀÄ PÉÆqÀÄwÛzÀݼÀÄ. PÀȵÀÚzÉêÀgÁAiÀÄ CªÀ¼À ¸ÉêÉUÉ ªÉÄaÑ ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ HgÀ£ÀÄß £ÁUÀ¯ÁA©PÉUÉ GA§½AiÀiÁV PÉÆlÖ£ÀAvÉ. »ÃUÁV D HjUÉ ‘£ÁUÀ¯ÁA©PÉ¥ÀÄgÀ’ JAzÀÄ PÀgÉzÀgÀAvÉ. £ÀAvÀgÀ d£ÀgÀ GZÁÒgÀuÉAiÀÄ°è ‘£ÁUÀ¯Á¥ÀÄgÀ’ JA§ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ §A¢zÉ JAzÀÄ ¸ÀܽAiÀÄgÀÄ ºÉüÀÄvÁÛgÉ.

»ÃUÉ CgÀ¸À F HgÀ£ÀÄß GA§½AiÀiÁV PÉÆlÖ £ÀAvÀgÀªÀÇ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¨Áj PÀȵÀÚzÉêÀgÁAiÀÄ G½ªÉÄñÀégÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀÄPÉÌ §AzÀgÀÆ £ÁUÀ¯ÁA©PÉAiÉÄà ºÀƪÀÅ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀÆeÁ¸ÁªÀÄVæUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀAzÀÄ PÉÆqÀÄwÛzÀݼÉAzÀÄ d£À ºÉüÀÄvÁÛgÉ.

£ÁUÀ¯ÁA©PÉ J£ÀÄߪÀªÀ¼ÀÄ Hj£À G½ªÉÄñÀégÀ zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ ¥ÀÆeÉUÉ ºÀƪÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀÄwÛzÀݼɣÀÄߪÀ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ avÀætªÀ£ÀÄß EzÀÄ G¯ÉèÃT¹zÉ. F »AzÉ “MAzÉÆAzÀÄ Hj£À ºÉÆgÀ¨sÁUÀzÀ°èAiÀÄÆ ‘¥ÀĵÀàªÁn’ UÀ½zÀݪÉAzÀÄ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ §tÂÚ¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÀtð£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÀgÉ CªÀÅ ¸ÁªÀðd¤PÀ «ºÁgÉÆÃzÁå£ÀUÀ¼ÉA§ ¨sÁªÀ£ÉAiÀÄÄ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EAvÀºÀ GzÁå£ÀªÉÇAzÀ£ÀÄß PÀnÖ¹ ¸ÁªÀðd¤PÀjUÁV ©lÄÖPÉÆlÖ «µÀAiÀĪÀÅ MAzÀÄ ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ°ègÀĪÀAwzÉ. (“¸Àé¹Û ²æà GgÁ CAiÀÄåzÉêÀ¥ÀgÀ «lÖ vÉÆrPÉ CgÀ«mÉÆÖgï”). zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀUÀ¼À ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°è CªÀÅUÀ½UÉ «ÄøÀ¯ÁzÀ ºÀÆzÉÆÃlUÀ½gÀÄwÛzÀݪÀÅ. D ºÀÆzÉÆÃlUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀiÁqÀĪÀªÀgÀÄ zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀPÉÌ EµÀÄÖ ºÀÆUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃPÉA§ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ«gÀÄwÛvÀÄÛ.8 F vÉgÀ£ÁV LwºÀåzÀ°è G¯ÉèÃRUÉÆArgÀĪÀ £ÁUÀ¯ÁA©PÉAiÀÄÄ PÀÆqÀ zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ ºÀÆzÉÆÃlªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁqÀÄwÛgÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. CzÀPÉÌ ¥ÀæwAiÀiÁV G½ªÉÄñÀégÀ zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀPÉÌ ¢£Á®Ä EAwµÀÄÖ ºÀÆUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ¸ÁzsÀåvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F LwºÀå ±Á¸À£ÀPÉÌ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁzÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÉÆß¼ÀUÉÆArzÉ. EzÀjAzÀ LwºÀå PÉêÀ® PÁ®à¤PÀªÀ®è, ZÁjwæPÀ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆqÀĪÀzÀ£ÀÄß E°è PÁtĪɪÀÅ. £ÁUÀ¯ÁA©PÉ AiÀiÁªÀ ¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ°è ºÀÆUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄwÛzÀݼÉA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß LwºÀåzÀ°è ªÀiÁ»w¬Ä®è. DzÀgÉ CzÀPÉÌ ¥ÀæwAiÀiÁV CªÀ½UÉ MA¢µÀÄÖ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß GA§½AiÀiÁV ©qÀ¯ÁVvÉÛA§ÄzÀÄ w½AiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. F ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÉÄà zÉêÀ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ ¥ÀĵÀàªÁnAiÀiÁVgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. F ªÉÄð£À LwºÀå £ÉÃgÀªÁV CgÀ¸À¤UÉ ¸ÀºÀPÀj¹zÀÝPÁÌV zÁ£À-zÀwÛ ¥ÀqÉzÀzÀÝ£ÀÄß G¯ÉèÃT¹ªÉ.

LwºÀå -3

gÁAiÀÄZÀÆgÀÄ vÁ®ÆQ£À ©ZÁÑ° UÁæªÀÄzÀ ªÀĺÁAvÀ ¸Áé«ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ vÀªÀÄä ²µÀågÉÆA¢UÉ MªÉÄä ©ÃzÀgÀ PÀqÉUÉ vÀªÀÄä AiÀiÁvÉæ ¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÀgÀAvÉ. ªÀiÁUÀð ªÀÄzsÀåzÀ°è UÀÄ®§UÁð f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ¸ÀįÉÃ¥ÉÃlzÀ°è ¨sÀPÀÛgÉƧâgÀ ªÀÄ£ÉUÉ ¥ÀÆeÉ ªÀiÁrPÉƼÀî®Ä ºÉÆÃVzÀÝgÀÄ. EvÀÛPÀqÉ £ÀªÁ§£À ¨sÀAlgÀÄ ¸Áé«ÄUÀ¼À ²ªÀ¥ÀÆeÁ ¸ÁªÀÄVæUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆvÀÄÛPÉÆAqÀÄ ºÉÆÃUÀĪÀ www.ijar.org.in 56

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

PÀAw JwÛ£À gÀÄAqÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀvÀÛj¹ ºÁQzÀgÀÄ. F ¸Áé«ÄAiÀÄ°è ¨sÀQÛ EzÀÝgÉ vÀ£Àß PÀAw JvÀÛ£ÀÄß §zÀÄQ¹PÉƼÀî° JAzÀgÀÄ £ÀªÁ§£À ¨sÀAlgÀÄ. EzÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÀ ²µÀå£ÉƧ⠪ÀĺÁAvÀ¸Áé«ÄUÀ½UÉ F «µÀAiÀÄ w½¹zÀ£ÀÄ. ¸Áé«ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ‘§gÀÄvÉÛÃ£É £ÀqÉ’ JAzÀÄ ²µÀå£À£ÀÄß JwÛ£À ºÀwÛgÀ PÀ½¹zÀgÀÄ. PÀAw JwÛ£À ºÀwÛgÀ §AzÀ ¸Áé«ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ JwÛUÉ wÃxÀð aªÀÄÄQ¹, vÀªÀÄä ºÉUÀ® ªÉÄð£À PÁ«AiÀÄ£ÀÄß JwÛ£À PÉÆgÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ºÁQ ‘§¸ÀªÀ JzÉÝüÀ¥Àà AiÀiÁPÀ ªÀÄ®V¢’ JAzÁUÀ, vÀPÀët JvÀÄÛ J¢ÝvÀAvÉ. gÁAiÀÄZÀÆgÀÄ f¯ÉèAiÀÄÄ »AzÉ £ÀªÁ§£À DqÀ½vÀPÉÌ M¼À¥ÀnÖvÉÛA§ ZÁjwæPÀ CA±À F LwºÀå¢AzÀ w½AiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. C®èzÉà £ÀªÁ§£À D½éPÉAiÀÄ°è d£À¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀågÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ fêÀ£ÀzÀ ¹ÜwUÀwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß CjvÀÄPÉƼÀî®Ä ¸ÀºÀPÁjAiÀiÁVzÉ. £ÀªÁ§gÀÄ »AzÀÆ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ ¸ÀAPÉÃvÀªÁzÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀÄ, ªÀÄoÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £Á±À ªÀiÁrzÀ «ªÀgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ zÁR¯ÁzÀ EwºÁ¸À¢AzÀ w½zÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀgÉ UÉÆà ºÀvÉå ªÀiÁrzÀ «ªÀgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉZÁÑV zÁR¯ÁVgÀ°QÌ®è. F ªÉÄð£À LwºÀå CAvÀºÀ LwºÁ¹PÀ ¸ÀvÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆgÀUÉqÀºÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

£ÀªÁ§£À PÁ®zÀ°è CªÀ£À ¨sÀAlgÀÄ »AzÀÆ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ°è ¥À«vÀæ ¸ÁÜ£À ¥ÀqÉ¢gÀĪÀ UÉÆêÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÀvÉå ªÀiÁr, d£ÀgÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁA¸ÀºÁjUÀ¼À£ÁßV ¥ÀjªÀwð¸ÀĪÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁd ¨Á»gÀ PÁAiÀÄðzÀ°è vÉÆqÀVzÀÝAvÉ, EzÀ£ÀÄß wgÀ¸ÀÌj¹zÀ »AzÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀæwAiÀiÁV C£ÉÃPÀ »AzÀÆ ªÀÄoÁ¢üñÀgÀÄ UÉÆúÀvÉå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀiÁA¸ÀºÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß «gÉÆâü¹ d£ÀgÀÄ zsÀªÀÄð¨sÀæµÀÖgÁUÀzÀAvÉ vÀqÉzÀzÀÝ£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÀÄÛ w¼ÀĪÀ½PÉ ¤ÃqÀĪÀ°è ¤gÀvÀgÁzÀ CA¢£À ªÀÄoÁ¢üñÀgÀ PÁAiÀÄðªÀ£ÀÄß F LwºÀåªÀÅ CAvÀUÀðvÀªÁV¹PÉÆArzÉ. “JgÀqÀÄ d£ÁAVÃAiÀÄ £É¯ÉAiÀÄ°è £ÀqÉ¢gÀ§ºÀÄzÁzÀ CxÀªÁ JgÀqÀÄ «©ü£Àß zsÁ«ÄðPÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄªÉ £ÀqÉ¢gÀ§ºÀÄzÁzÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀðªÀ£ÀÄß LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ©A©¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. zÉòÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw ªÀÄvÀÄÛ C£Àå¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄªÉ £ÀqÉ¢gÀ§ºÀÄzÁzÀ ©PÀÌlÄÖUÀ¼À£ÀÄß LwºÀåUÀ¼À ªÀÄÆ®PÀ UÀ滸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ”9 JA§ÄzÀÄ E°è ªÀÄ£ÀªÀjPÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F LwºÀå £ÀªÁ§£À PÁ®zÀ zsÁ«ÄðPÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀðzÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ §zÀÄQUÉ »rzÀ PÉÊUÀ£ÀßrAiÀÄAwzÉ.

MmÁÖgÉAiÀiÁV F LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ºÉƼÀºÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀ£Àß°è UÀ©üÃðPÀj¹PÉÆArªÉ. D¼ÀgÀ¸ÀgÀ PÀÄjvÁV gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀiÁzÀ °TvÀ ZÀjvÉæVAvÀ CªÀgÀ SÁ¸ÀV §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀgÀ DqÀ½vÁvÀäPÀ PÁAiÀÄðªÉÊRj ¸ÀÆPÀëöävÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß EªÀÅ ©aÑqÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ºÁUÀÆ °TvÀ zÁR¯ÉUÀ½VAvÀ EªÀÅ wÃgÁ ©ü£ÀߪÉA§AvÉ zÀ²ð¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. DAiÀiÁ ¸ÀܼÀ, ªÀåQÛ, WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À »£À߯ÉAiÀÄ°è C°è£À ¸ÀܽÃAiÀÄ ZÀjvÉæ vÀÄA¨Á ¥ÁæªÀÄÄRåvÉ ¥ÀqÉ¢gÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß PÁtÄvÉÛêÉ. F »£À߯ÉAiÀÄ°è LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀܽÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄlÖzÀ°è ZÀjvÉæ PÀnÖPÉÆqÀĪÀ°è vÀÄA¨Á ªÀĺÀvÀézÀ ¥ÁvÀæ ªÀ»¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉêÀ® EwºÁ¸ÀPÀ̵ÉÖà ¹Ã«ÄvÀªÁUÀzÉ UÀvÀPÁ®zÀ §zÀÄQ£À fêÀ£À ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÁUÀÆ D ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¨sÁ« ¨sÀ«µÀåvÀÛ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆqÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

PÉÆ£É n¥ÀàuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ

1. D£Àé¬ÄPÀ eÁ£À¥ÀzÀ-©.J. «ªÉÃPÀ gÉÊ, ¥ÀÄ.90.

2. D£Àé¬ÄPÀ eÁ£À¥ÀzÀ-©.J. «ªÉÃPÀ gÉÊ, ¥ÀÄ.91.

3. ¸ÀܽÃAiÀÄ ZÀjvÉæ-¸ÀA. ®PÀëöät vÉ®UÁ«. ¯ÉÃ. ©.²ªÀgÁªÀÄ ±ÉnÖ, ¥ÀÄ.47.

4. zÉêÀ£ÁA¦æAiÀÄ-¥Àæ..¸ÀA. §¸ÀªÀ°AUÀAiÀÄå ¸ÉƦàªÀÄoÀ, ¯ÉÃ. JA.J¸ï. ¨Á¸ÀÄvÀPÀgï.

5. ªÀÄÄzÀUÀ¯ï UÀvÀªÉʨsÀªÀ-¸ÀA. ²æà ¤Ã®PÀAoÀUËqÀ ¥ÉÆð¸ï¥Ánî, ¥ÀÄ.11.

6. ªÀiÁUÀð-2,-JA.JA. PÀ®§ÄVð, ¥ÀÄ. 329.

7. ¸ÀĪÀtð eÁ£À¥ÀzÀ II-¥Àæ.¸ÀA. JZï.eÉ. ®PÀÌ¥ÀàUËqÀ, ¯ÉÃ. f.Dgï. w¥ÉàøÁé«Ä, ¥ÀÄ.505.

8. PÀ£ÀßqÀ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À-JA.azÁ£ÀAzÀªÀÄÆwð, ¥ÀÄ. 406.

9. ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw ¹j-PÉ. a£ÀߥÀàUËqÀ, ¥ÀÄ. 290-291. www.ijar.org.in 57

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Tejaswiyavara ‘Swaroopa’Kadambariyallina Sangharshada Nelegalu

-Dr.ShankareGowda N.S

vÉÃd¹éAiÀĪÀgÀ ‘¸ÀégÀÆ¥À’ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ°è£À ¸ÀAWÀµÀðzÀ £É¯ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ

-qÁ.±ÀAPÀgÉÃUËqÀ J£ï.J¸ï. PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ, ¸ÀPÁðj ªÀĺÁ«zÁå®AiÀÄ ¸ÁéAiÀÄvÀÛ, ªÀÄAqÀå

‘¸ÀégÀÆ¥À’ £ÀªÀå PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼À ºÀ®ªÀÅ ®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀ©üÃðPÀj¹PÉÆAqÀÄ §AzÀ PÁzÀA§j. £ÀªÀåzÀ ¥ÀæªÀÄÄR vÀAvÀæUÀ¼ÁzÀ ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ DvÀä±ÉÆÃzsÀ, CAvÀgÀAUÀzÀ°è£À vÁPÀ¯ÁlUÀ¼À ºÉÆgÀ ºÁPÀÄ«PÉ, ¥Á¥À¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ PÁqÀÄ«PÉ, fêÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß JzÀÄgÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÁUÀ C£ÀĨsÀ«¹zÀ ªÀiÁ£À¹PÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀð, ¸ÀéUÀvÀ, ¤ªÉÃzÀ£É, DzÀ±ÀðPÁÌV ªÉÄʪÀÄ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß vÉgÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÁUÀ GAmÁUÀĪÀ ¹ÜvÀåAvÀgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÀåQÛ¤µÀÖ C£ÀĨsÀªÀzÉÆqÀ£É ¸ÀªÀÄ¶Ö ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ CxÀðªÀAwPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀjÃQë¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, DvÀ䤵À× ¸ÉÊzÁÞAwPÀvÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß PÀÄvÀƺÀ®¢AzÀ £ÉÆÃqÀĪÀ ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀß, ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À C¹ÛvÀézÀ £É¯ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀæeÁÕ¥ÀæªÁºÀ vÀAvÀæzÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ªÁåSÁ夸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, ¢ÃWÀð PÁ®¢AzÀ ¨É£ÀÄß ºÀwÛzÀ ªÀiË£ÀzÀ MUÀl£ÀÄß MqÉAiÀÄ®Ä ¥ÀæAiÀÄw߸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ JzÀÄÝ vÉÆÃgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ºÁUÉà £ÉÆÃrzÀgÉ C¥Ààl £ÀªÀå ¸Á»vÀåzÀ «²µÀÖ ¥ÀæwÃPÀzÀAwgÀĪÀ ‘¸ÀégÀÆ¥À’ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ §UÉÎ «ªÀıÀðPÀ ªÀ®AiÀÄ PÉêÀ® ªÉÄîàzÀj£À £É¯ÉAiÀÄ°è ªÁåSÁ夹gÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ PÁzÀA§j M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ ¸ÀAQÃtð vÀAvÀæ«zsÁ£À ºÁUÀÆ C£ÀĨsÀªÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀvÀÄÛUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ PÁgÀtªÁzÀAwzÉ. ¹¥ÉàAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸Àj¹ PÀÈwAiÀÄ MqÀ®°ègÀĪÀ wgÀļÀ£ÀÄß §UÉzÁUÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ £É¯ÉAiÀÄ CxÀðªÀAwPÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À UÉÆÃZÀgÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

ªÀåQÛ¤µÀ× ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ DAiÀiÁªÀÄUÀ¼À°è vÉgÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ, ªÉÊAiÀÄQÛPÀvÉAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀAiÀÄðªÀ¸Á£ÀUÉƼÀîzÉ ¸ÀªÀÄUÀævÉAiÀÄ ¥Àæw¤¢üAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß UÀªÀĤ¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. ªÀåQÛ¤µÀ× ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ°è£À ºÉƼÀºÀÄ DvÀä ±ÉÆÃzsÀ£ÉUÉ ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÀ®ªÀÅ ©r ©r WÀlPÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃd£É¬ÄAzÀ MAzÀÄ KPÁvÀäªÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁd £ÀªÀÄä UÀæ»PÉUÉ ¤®ÄPÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÁUÉAiÉÄà ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ £É¯ÉUÀ¼À ¥Àj¸ÀgÀzÀ°è §zÀÄPÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ dªÁ¨ÁÝj MAzÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ ªÀÄÆ®¨sÀÆvÀ ºÉÆuÉUÁjPÉAiÀÄÆ DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀàµÀÖ¥Àr¹PÉÆAqÁUÀ ‘¸ÀégÀÆ¥À’ PÁzÀA§j ªÀÄAr¸ÀĪÀ ©ü£Àß zsÀé¤ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÁxÀðPÀvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉ. ¤¢ðµÀÖ ©AzÀÄ«¤AzÀ ºÉÆgÀl vÁwÛ÷éPÀ vÀgÀAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ §ºÀÄ zÀÆgÀzÀªÀgÉUÉ ZÀzÀÄj ZÀ¯Á覰èAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. F ºÀgÀrPÉƼÀÄî«PÉAiÀÄ°è ºÀ®ªÀÅ ªÀÄ£À¹ÜwUÀ¼À ¸ÀAWÀµÀðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¤ZÀÒ¼ÀªÁV MqÉzÀÄ PÁtÄwÛzÀÄÝ ªÀÄvÉÆÛAzÀÄ PÉÃAzÀæ ©AzÀÄ«£À°è ªÀåPÀÛªÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¥ÀjeÁÕ£À«gÀĪÀ ²æäªÁ¸À vÀ£Àß UɼÉAiÀÄ£ÁzÀ ºÉêÀÄAvÀ¤UÉ vÀ£Àß PÀxÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀĪÀ vÀAvÀæzÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ PÁAzÀ§jAiÀÄ PÀxÉ ¸ÀªÉÃUÀªÁV ºÀjAiÀÄvÉÆqÀUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÀÈwAiÀÄ°è KPÀ ¥ÁvÀæzÀ ¤gÀÆ¥ÀuɬÄzÀÄÝ, ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÁA¥ÀæzÁ¬ÄPÀ ¥ÁvÀæ ¥ÀæzsÁ£À PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼À ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀåf¹gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ºÉƸÀvÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁQëÃPÀj¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¥ÁvÀæUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄÄRåªÁzÁUÀ PÁAzÀ§j ¥Àæw¥Á¢¸ÀĪÀ vÁwéPÀ DAiÀiÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉ®ªÉǪÉÄä UËtªÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄAlÄ. EAvÀºÀ ªÀĺÀvÀÛ÷ézÀ PÁgÀt¢AzÀ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ vÀAvÀæ «£Áå¸ÀPÉÌ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV C©üªÀåPÀÛUÉÆArgÀĪÀ «ZÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄÄRåªÁzÀAvÉ vÉÆÃgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

“C£ÉÃPÀ ¢£ÀUÀ½AzÀ £À£ÀߣÀÄß ¨ÉA§vÀÄÛwÛgÀĪÀ ªÀiË£À¢AzÀ PÉ®ªÀÅ PÀëtUÀ¼ÁzÀgÀÆ ©qÀÄUÀqÉ DUÀÄvÉÛãÉ...... F C£ÀĨsÀªÀzÀ czÀæUÀ¼À£Éß®è MlÄÖ ºÁQ MAzÀÄ «PÁgÀ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁqÀÄvÉÛãÉ.”1 PÁzÀA§j DgÀA¨sÀzÀ°è ªÀiË£À¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ, ¢ÃWÀð PÁ®zÀ ªÀĺÁªÀiË£À¢AzÀ PÉ®ªÀÅ PÀëtªÁzÀgÀÆ ©qÀÄUÀqÉAiÀiÁUÀ®Ä ¥ÀjvÀ¦¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÉêÀÄAvÀ£ÉÆqÀ£É vÀ£Àß PÀxÉ ºÉüÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ MlÄÖ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ PÀxÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ²æäªÁ¸À ©aÑqÀÄvÁÛ£É. ¨ÉA§wÛgÀĪÀ ªÀiË£ÀPÉÌ PÁgÀtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ²æäªÁ¸À£À C£ÀĨsÀªÀzÀæªÀåUÀ¼À°è, CAzÀgÉ ¯ÉÆÃPÁ£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀÄPÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À «WÀl£Á ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ¢AzÀ «PÀÈvÀ DPÀÈwAiÀÄ gÀÆ¥À ªÀÄÆvÀðUÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÀªÀÄPÁ°Ã£À vÀ®ètUÀ¼À ªÀÄĸÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆzÀÝ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå DPÀÈwAiÉÆAzÀÄ £ÀqɪÀ ºÁ¢AiÀÄ PÀÈwAiÀÄ°è£À ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¸ÀvÀåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀªÁ¢ www.ijar.org.in 58

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

£É¯ÉAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀæPÀl¥Àr¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀzÉà ¥ÀzÉà ²æäªÁ¸À£À£ÀÄß ¨ÉA§wÛ PÁqÀĪÀ ªÀiË£ÀPÉÌ, ªÀiË£À¢AzÀ ©qÀÄUÀqÉUÁV ºÀ¥ÀºÀ¦¸ÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ ºÀ®ªÀÅ DAiÀiÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄÄwÛPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉ.

ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå vÀ£Àß ªÀÄ£À¹ì£À vÀÄrvÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀAªÉÃzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß C©üªÀåPÀÛUÉƽ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ©qÀÄUÀqÉUÉ ¥ÀæAiÀÄw߸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀëtÂPÀ. §zÀÄQ£À ¥ÀAiÀÄtzÀ PÉÆArAiÀiÁV ªÀÄvÉÛ J¯ÉÆèà MAzÀÄ PÀqÉ eÉÆÃvÀÄ ©Ã¼À¨ÉÃPÁzÀzÀÄÝ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ. D¢ CAvÀåUÀ¼À ¸ÀàµÀÖ zÀȶÖPÉÆãÀ«®èzÀ AiÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è PÀxÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß DgÀA©ü¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, ¤²ÑvÀ C¤²ÑvÀvÉAiÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À°è ºÉÆAiÀiÁÝqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

¥Àj¥ÀPÀé C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À ¨É£ÀÄß ºÀwÛ CAUÀr UÁæªÀÄzÀ UÀ«UÀÄqÀØPÉÌ §AzÀ ²æäªÁ¸À¤UÉ N¢£À eÁÕ£À «ªÉÃPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¹zÁÞAvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, DzÀ±Àð, ¸ÀªÀiÁdªÁzÀ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥Àj¸ÀgÀzÀ PÀ§AzsÀ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼Àr ¹PÀÄÌ £ÀÄZÀÄÑ £ÀÆgÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. N¢ w½zÀÄPÉÆAqÀ ±ÉÆõÀuÉUÀ½UÀÆ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀzÀ°è C£ÀĨsÀ«¸À¨ÉÃPÁzÀ PËæAiÀÄðUÀ½UÀÆ CAvÀgÀ ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. “»AzÉ £Á£ÀÄ ¤Ã£ÀÆ DgÁ¢ü¹zÀ ¸ÉÆõÀ°¸ÀA, ±ÉÆõÀuÉ J£ÀÄߪÀ ªÀÄÆgÀPÀëgÀzÀ ¥ÀzÀ ºÀt PÀAqÉÆqÀ£É ¢V®Ä ©Ã¼ÀĪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¥Àæw £ÀÆgÀÄ gÀÆ¥Á¬Ä £ÉÆë£À »AzÉ MAzÀÄ CªÀiÁ£ÀĵÀ ºÉÃAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß UÀĪÀiÁ¤¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀgÉ £Á£ÀÄ E°èUÉ §AzÀÄ CzÀQÌAvÀ C£ÀåªÁzÀÄzÉÆAzÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÉ. ±ÉÆõÀuÉ PÉêÀ® §AqÀªÁ¼ÀUÁgÀ¤UÉ ¹Ã«ÄvÀªÀ®è J£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀÄ.... ±ÉÆõÀuÉ MAzÀ®è MAzÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ®è C¤ªÁgÀå. E®è GvÁࢸÀ®Ä ±ÉÆö¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. E®è ºÁ¼ÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ±ÉÆö¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. £Á£ÀÄ E°èUÉ §AzÁUÀ F JgÀqÀgÀ°è MAzÀ£ÀÄß Dj¹PÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÁAiÀÄÄÛ.”2

EªÀwÛ£À ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ G¹gÀÄUÀnÖ¸ÀĪÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è ¥ÀæeÁÕªÀAvÀ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄìUÀ¼Éà ±ÉÆõÀuÉUÉ ªÀÄÄAzÁªÀÅzÀÄ zÉÆqÀØ ªÀåAUÀåªÁVzÉ. ¸ÀªÀiÁdªÁzÀ - ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀvÉ - ±ÉÆõÀuÉ JA§ JgÀqÀÄ ©ü£Àß ±ÀÈAUÀUÀ½UÉ ªÉÄÊAiÉÆårØPÉÆAqÀÄ C¥ÀªÀiË®å ¥ÀæªÀÈwÛUÉ CAwªÀĪÁV ±ÀgÀuÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, zÀħ𮠪ÀÄ£À¹ì£À ¸ÀAPÉÃvÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. C®èzÉ C¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀvÉ JA§ÄzÀÄ dn®ªÁVzÀÄÝ £Á£Á gÀÆ¥ÀUÀ¼ÁV ZÀ°¸ÀĪÀ°è ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ, ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ zÀÄgÀAvÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÁzÀA§j zÁR°¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EA§¼ÀUÀ¼À ºÁUÉ Cj«®èzÀAvÉ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀågÀ gÀPÀÛªÀ£ÀÄß »ÃgÀĪÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜ ¥ÀæeÁÕªÀAvÀgÀ£ÀÄß vÀ£Àß «µÀ ªÀvÀÄð®zÉƼÀPÉÌ ºÉÃUÉ ªÀ²ÃPÀj¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ JA§ÄzÀÄ ¸ÀàµÀÖªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

“²æäªÁ¸À ºÀ½îUÉ §AzÁUÀ D JgÀqÀgÀ°è MAzÀ£ÀÄß Dj¹PÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. CªÀ£ÀÄ §zÀÄPÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ªÀÄÄRåªÁVzÀÄzÀjAzÀ ±ÉÆö¸ÀĪÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ£ÀÄß gÀÆrü¹PÉÆAqÀ. ªÀåQÛ vÁ£ÀÄ EzÀÝ ¹ÜwVAvÀ DyðPÀªÁV ªÀÄÄAzÀĪÀj¢zÁÝ£É JAzÀgÉ CªÀ£ÀÄ ±ÉÆõÀPÀ£ÁVzÁÝ£É JAvÀ¯Éà CxÀð. EzÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà PÉëÃvÀæPÉÌ C£Àé¬Ä¸ÀĪÀ ªÀiÁvÀÄ. DzÀgÉ EzÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀæªÀiÁtÂPÀªÁV M¦àPÉƼÀÄîwÛgÀĪÀ ²æäªÁ¸À ±ÉÆõÀuÉ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ CUÀvÀåªÁV gÀÆ¥ÁAvÀgÀUÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß vÀ£Àß ¸Àé¨sÁªÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀªÉà ªÀåPÀÛ¥Àr¸ÀÄwÛzÁÝ£É. ¸ÀªÀiÁd CªÀ£À ªÀåQÛvÀézÀ H£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀÄgÀÄw¹zÉ.”3 ²æäªÁ¸À£À ¸ÀéUÀvÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ºÉƪÀÄÄäªÀ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ ¥Á¥À PÀÈvÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ MlÄÖ ¸ÀªÀiÁd¢AzÀ D«¨sÀð¹zÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ. ¨Ë¢ÞPÀ ¥ÀjeÁÕ£ÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É §ÆeÁéð ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜ zsÁ½ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ zÀÄgÀAvÀPÉÌ £ÁA¢AiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ²æäªÁ¸À£À ¥ÀgÀPÁAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀæªÉò¹ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ¤µÀ× ¸ÀAUÀwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ±ÉÆâü¹zÁUÀ D¥ÁzÀ£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ CªÀ£À£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉÆAqÀAvÉ MAzÀÄ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛªÀj¢gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¢UÀãçªÉÄ ºÀÄnÖ¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EAvÀºÀ ¨ÉÃgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀÄgÀÄw¹PÉƼÀîzÉ ºÉÆÃzÀgÉ, MAzÀÄ ¥ÁvÀæªÉà J¯Áè «PÀÈwUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄªÉ ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛvÀÛzÉ JAzÀÄ ¨sÀæ«Ä¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀAUÀvÀªÁUÀ¯ÁgÀzÀÄ.

ºÀ®ªÀÅ «gÉÆÃzsÁvÀäPÀ vÁwéPÀvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ PÀlPÀmÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄÄSÁªÀÄÄTUÉƽ¹ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà wÃ¥Àð£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀzÉ ¸ÀºÀÈzÀAiÀÄgÀ aAvÀ£ÉUÉ D¸ÀàzÀ ¤ÃrgÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ°è ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ C£À£ÀåvÉ UÉÆÃZÀgÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÀªÀiÁdªÁ¢ aAvÀ£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÉÄÊUÀÆr¹PÉÆAqÀ ªÀåQÛAiÉƧ⠱ÉÆõÀuÉUÉ ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, eÁwAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß «gÉÆâü¸ÀÄvÀÛ¯Éà eÁwAiÀÄ £É¯ÉAiÀÄ ¥Àæw¥sÀ®PÉÌ ±ÀgÀuÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, fêÀ «gÉÆâü ¤®Ä«UÉ §zÀÞªÁV PÉÆ®ÄèªÀÅzÀPÉÌ ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, zÉêÀgÀÄ zɪÀézÀ §UÉÎ £ÀA©PÉ®è¢zÀÝgÀÆ CzÀ£ÀÄß ¤gÁPÀj¸À®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀ¢gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, UËgÀªÀ ¨sÁd£ÀgÁzÀ ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À ¸ÀA§AzsÀzÉƼÀUÉ C²èîvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀ°à¹PÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ, £ÁUÀjÃPÀ dUÀwÛ£À gÉÆÃUÀUÀæ¸ÀÜ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÉÆgÉzÀÄ C£ÀĨsÀªÀzÀ ºÉ¸Àj£À°è ºÀ½îUÁrUÉ §AzÀÄ ªÀÄvÉÆÛAzÀÄ gÉÆÃUÀUÀæ¸ÀÜ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ°è °Ã£ÀªÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, avÀÛ ZÀAZÀ®vÉUÉ UÀÄjAiÀiÁV, ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ©Ã¸Ár ¸À¨sÀå G¥ÁzsÁå¬Ä¤AiÉƧâ¼À PÀ£ÁåvÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÉr¸À°®è JAzÀÄ ªÀÄgÀÄUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, ¹ÛçÃAiÀÄgÀÄ PÁªÀÄ ¦¥Á¸ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÀt¸ÀĪÀ ¨sÉÆÃUÀzÀ ¨ÉÆA¨ÉUÀ¼ÉAzÀÄ ¥Àj¨sÁ«¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, fêÀ£ÀzÀ dAeÁlUÀ¼À°è UÉÆAzÀ®zÀ UÀÆqÁV DvÀäºÀvÉå ªÀiÁrPÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÉA§ D¯ÉÆÃZÀ£ÉUÉ ªÀÄÄAzÁzÀgÀÆ, §zÀÄQ£À ªÀÄÄA¨É¼ÀQUÁV PÁAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀÄ, EAvÀºÀ E£ÀÆß www.ijar.org.in 59

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

ºÀ®ªÀÅ ªÀiÁ£À¹PÀ §¼À°PÉAiÀÄ «©ü£Àß zÀȶÖPÉÆãÀUÀ¼À PÀÆqÀÄ zÁjUÀ¼À°è PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ PÁuÉÌ ºÀgÀ¼ÀÄUÀnÖPÉÆArgÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß C®èUÀ¼ÉAiÀįÁUÀzÀÄ. F §UÉAiÀÄ zsÉåÃAiÀÄ zsÉÆÃgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÁzÀA§j ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀ°è ‘¸ÀégÀÆ¥À’ «²µÀÖ ¸ÁÜ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ.

«±Àé«zÁ央AiÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÀ«vÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀ¸Àħ£ÁßV ªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÀÄ ¸Á»vÀåªÀ£ÀÄß C¥ÀªÀiË®åzÀ CAaUÉ PÉÆAqÉÆAiÀÄÄvÁÛ, C¥ÀPÀé C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀPÀÄ̪À C¥Àæ§ÄzÀÞgÀ §UÉÎ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ°è «µÁzÀzÀ zsÀé¤AiÉÆAzÀÄ ºÉÆgÀqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ‘¤Ã£ÉƧ⠣ÀgÀ¸ÀvÀÛ ºÁgÀĪÀ ªÀÄr ªÉÄÊ°UÉ, M§âlÄÖ EªÀÅUÀ¼À §UÉÎAiÉÄà §gÉzÀÄPÉÆArgÀÄ JAzÀÄ AiÀÄƤªÀ¹ðn¬ÄAzÀ ºÉÆgÀqÀĪÀ ²æäªÁ¸À£É ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀªÁV eÁwªÁ¢AiÀiÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ªÀåAUÀåªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. eÁwªÁ¢ ¥ÉÆæ¥É¸ÀgÉƧâgÀ ¸ÀºÁAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ²æäªÁ¸À ¥ÀjÃPÉÛAiÀÄ ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÁV ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ£É. »ÃUÉ ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄĪÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è CªÀ£ÀÄ JzÀÄj¸ÀĪÀ ªÀiÁ£À¹PÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀðzÀ vÉƼÀ¯Ál, £ÉÊwPÀ-C£ÉÊwPÀ ¥ÀæeÉÕUÀ¼À ºÉÆAiÀiÁÝl G£ÀßvÀ £É¯ÉUÉ ZÀ°¹zÀgÀÆ, CAwªÀĪÁV CzsÉÆêÀÄÄTAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. C£ÉÊwPÀ ªÀiÁUÀðªÀ£ÀÄß ±ÀgÀtÄ ºÉÆÃzÀgÀÆ, CzÀ£ÀÄß UË¥ÀåªÁVqÀzÉ ¥Á¥À¥ÀæeÉÕ¬ÄAzÀ ²æäªÁ¸À ºÉÆgÀ ºÁQ ©qÀÄvÁÛ£É. “¸ÀvÀåªÁV ¤£Àß §½ ºÉüÀĪÀÅzÁzÀgÉ £À£Àß §½ DgÁ¢ü¸À§ºÀÄzÁzÀ D²¸À§ºÀÄzÁzÀ ¸Ë¨sÁUÀå UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ MAzÁzÀgÀÆ E®è”4 “£À£ÀßAxÀªÀgÀÄ E£ÉÆßA¢µÀÄÖ d£À EzÀÝgÉ F PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ°è ªÀÄgÁåzÀ¸ÀÛgÉà G½AiÀÄĪÀÅ¢®è”5 EAvÀºÀ WÉÆÃgÀ ¥Àj¹ÜwAiÀÄ°è£À ªÀåQÛ¤µÀ× ±ÉÆÃzsÀPÉÌ PÁgÀtªÁzÀ MlÄÖ ¥Àj¸ÀgÀzÀ »£É߯ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß UÀ滹PÉÆAqÀgÉ, DvÀä ¤ªÉÃzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ M¼À ¥ÀzÀj£À CxÀð ¥À®èlUÉÆAqÀÄ aAvÀ£À ®ºÀj ¹ÜvÀåAvÀgÀUÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ.

zÉêÀgÀÄ zɪÀéUÀ¼À §UÉÎ ¥Àj¸ÀgÀzÀ°è£À wêÀævÀgÀªÁzÀAvÀºÀ £ÀA©PÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀPÁðwÃvÀªÁzÀ zÀȶ֬ÄAzÀ ²æäªÁ¸À ¥Àj¨sÁ«¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀħzÀÞ ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ°è£À ªÀiËqsÀåvÉUÉ E°è£À PÀAzÁZÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ GzÁºÀgÀuÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. FgÀ¥Àà£ÀªÀgÀÄ zÁPÀÄ ºÁQ¹PÉƼÀÄîªÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è CªÀgÀ vÉÆý£À°è £Á£Á §UÉAiÀÄ vÁAiÀÄvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ UÉÆÃZÀgÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ©VAiÀiÁV zÁgÀ PÀnÖzÀÝjAzÀ ZÀªÀÄð ºÀjzÀÄ ªÀiÁA¸À PÁtÄwÛgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. £ÉÆêÀ£ÀÄß ¸À»¸ÀĪÀ CªÀ£À ¤µÉ×AiÀÄ£ÀÄß ²æäªÁ¸À UÉð ªÀiÁqÀ¯ÁgÀ. EzÀÄ ²æäªÁ¸À£ÉƧâ£À ¸ÀªÀĸÉåAiÀiÁUÀzÉ, ªÀiËqsÀåvɬÄAzÀ PÀĹzÀÄ PÀAUÁ¯ÁUÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ªÀiËqsÀåvÉUÀ¼À ºÉÆgÉ ºÉÆvÀÛ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ d£ÀgÀ ¥Àæw¤¢üAiÀiÁV «¸ÁÛgÀ ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ. DzÀgÉ ²æäªÁ¸À ¨ÁæºÀät£ÁzÀ ºÉêÀÄAvÀ¤UÉ »ÃUÉ ºÉüÀÄvÁÛ£É. “¤Ã£ÀÄ ªÀiÁzsÀé ¨ÁæºÀät vÁ£É. ¤ªÀÄä d¤ªÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß UÀnÖzÁgÀ MAzÀgÀ°è ©VzÀÄ PÀnÖPÉÆ½î £ÉÆÃqÉÆÃt. CzÀÄ PÀÄwÛUÉAiÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÉÆAlzÀ §½ ZÀªÀÄðªÀ£ÀÄß MAzÉÆAzÉà ¥ÀzÀgÀ ¥ÀzÀgÀªÁV PÀÄAiÀÄå°..... ¤£ÀUÉ ¤Ã£É ¤zsÀðj¹ FUÀ qÉƽî£À ªÉÄÃ¯É vɼÀîUÉ Hl ªÀiÁqÀĪÁUÀ ¸ÀºÀ vÉÆAzÀgÉAiÀiÁUÀzÀAvÉ PÀnÖgÀĪÀ D d¤ªÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß Hl ªÀiÁqÀĪÁUÀ ¸ÀºÀ vÉÆAzÀgÉAiÀiÁUÀzÀAvÉ PÀnÖgÀĪÀ D d¤ªÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆAZÀ ©VzÀÄ PÀnÖPÉÆÃ. ºÀÈzÀAiÀÄzÀ ªÀiË£ÀzÀ°è UÀÆqsÀ vÀPÀð MAzÀÄ PÀÆvÁUÀ ¤AvÁUÀ d¤ªÁgÀ PÀÄAiÀÄÝAvÉ PÉ®¸À ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ZÀªÀÄð ¹Ã¼ÀĪÀÅzÀgÉƼÀUÉ zsÀªÀÄð ºÁj ºÉÆÃVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.”6 JgÀqÀÄ vÉgÀ£ÁzÀ ªÀiËqsÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ E°è C£ÁªÀgÀtUÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉ. DzÀgÉ ªÀiËqsÀåvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉÆgÀ½£À GgÀļÁzÁUÀ eÁw, zsÀªÀÄð, ªÀÄr ªÉÄÊ°UÉUÀ¼ÀÄ UËtªÁV ©qÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ¨sÀÆvÀ ¥ÉæÃvÀUÀ¼À §UÉÎ CwêÀ ¨sÀAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ºÀÄnÖ¸ÀĪÀ Pɦl°¸ïÖUÀ¼ÀÄ zÉêÀgÀÄ zsÀªÀÄðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀªÀÄä »vÁ¸ÀQÛUÉ gÀPÁëPÀªÀZÀªÀ£ÁßV ªÀiÁrPÉÆArgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ UË¥ÀåªÁUÉãÀÄ G½¢®è.

¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®zÀ £É£À¦£À zÉÆÃtÂAiÀÄ°è «ºÀj¸ÀĪÀ ²æäªÁ¸À£À ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå ¸ÀA§AzsÀzÉƼÀUÉ ºÀ®ªÀÅ d£À ºÁzÀÄ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. DzÀgÉ J®ègÀ£ÀÄß ªÉÊAiÀÄQÛPÀ zÀȶÖPÉÆãÀ¢AzÀ DvÀ ¯ÉPÀÌZÁgÀ ºÁPÀÄvÁÛ£É. PÀÄPÀÌ£ÀºÀ½î PÉgÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É JzÀÄgÁzÀ ºÀÄqÀÄVAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÉÊPÀ¯ï£À°è CªÀ¼À ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ºÀwÛgÀ ©lÄÖ §gÀÄvÁÛ£É. DzÀgÉ D ºÀÄqÀÄVAiÀÄ «¼Á¸À, ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ w½zÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄgÉvÀÄ ¨sÀÆvÀ PÁ®ªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀgÁªÀIJð¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. UÀ°è UÀ°èUÀ¼À¯Éè¯Áè FUÀ DPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÀÄqÀÄQ AiÀiÁgÉAzÀÄ w½AiÉÆÃt J£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÁéxÀð zÀȶ֬ÄAzÀ GzÀãªÀUÉÆAqÀ «ZÁgÀ. “¥ÀæwQæAiÉÄUÀÆ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä ¥ÀgÁå¯ÉÆÃa¸ÀÄvÉÛãÉ; ºÉÃUÉ £ÀqÉzÀgÉ £À£ÀUÉ ¯Á¨sÀ JAzÀÄ. §zÀÄPÀÄ JAzÀgÉ £À£ÀUÉ C£ÀAvÀªÀÇ §Ä¢ÞAiÀÄÄvÀªÀÇ DzÀ vÀAvÀæ, gÁdvÀAvÀæ”7

C£ÀåeÁwAiÀÄ ºÉuÁÚzÀ dAiÀÄAwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¦æÃw¹zÀ ²æäªÁ¸À »jAiÀÄjUÉ ºÉzÀj ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅ¢®è. ¥ÉæêÀÄ DvÀ£À §zÀÄQ£À°è fêÀ£ÉÆÃvÁìºÀPÉÌ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁUÀzÉ «ªÀÄÄRvÉUÉ PÁgÀtªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¨sÀ«µÀåzÀ §UÉV£À ¨sÀAiÀÄ ºÉeÉÓ ºÉeÉÓUÀÆ DvÀ£À£ÀÄß PÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. £ÀA©¹ DPÉUÉ ªÉÆøÀ ªÀiÁr, zÉÆqÀØvÀ£ÀzÀ vÀ£Àß ªÀåQÛvÀéªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀAPÀÄavÀUÉƽ¹PÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ ¥Àj¹ÜwAiÀÄ MvÀÛqÀ¢AzÀ. CªÀ¼À QëÃtUÉÆAqÀ ¦æÃwAiÀÄ §UÉÎ ¨ÉøÀgÀ«®è¢zÀÝgÀÆ, DPÉ ¨ÉÃgÉAiÀĪÀgÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀiÁzÁUÀ www.ijar.org.in 60

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

CªÀ¼À PÀ£ÁåvÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÉr¸À°®èªÉÃPÉ JAzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ C¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ªÀÄ£À¹ì£À ¥ÀæwÃPÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¦±ÁZÀ ¸ÀzÀȱÀ ªÀåQÛvÀézÀ ¥ÉÆgÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ ªÀÄÄAzÉ ºÉýPÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀjAzÀ ²æäªÁ¸À£À ªÀåQÛvÀé ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

zÀ°vÀ ¹ÛçÃAiÀÄgÀ §UÉÎ §gÀĪÀ ²æäªÁ¸À£À ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸À£ÁvÀ£À ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ ±ÉæÃtÂÃPÀÈvÀ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥Àæw¥Á¢¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. “ºÉƯÉAiÀÄ ºÉAUÀ¸ÀgÉAzÀgÉ ºÁ¹UÉAiÀÄ ªÀiÁvÀÄ §AzÀÄ wÃgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ CzÀÆÝj aAvÀ£ÉAiÀiÁVzÉ. ²æäªÁ¸À PÀÆqÀ CzÀ£ÀÄß §¼À¹PÉƼÀÄîvÁÛ£É. PÉêÀ® J¯É CrPÉ D¸ÉUÉ CªÀgÀÄ ªÀÄ®UÀĪÀÅ¢®è JA§ÄzÀgÀ »£É߯ÉAiÀÄ°è CµÀÄÖ eÁ¹Û PÉÆlÖgÉ ¹UÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ JA§ D±ÀAiÀÄ EzÉ. ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è ºÉtÄÚ §AzÁUÀ¯É®è ¸ÀA¨sÉÆÃUÀ £ÀqɹzÀÄÝ. ²æäªÁ¸À£À G¥ÁzsÁå¬Ä¤ ¥ÉæÃAiÀĹ zÀÆgÀªÁzÁUÀ CªÀ¼À PÀ£ÀåvÀéªÀ£ÀÄß PÉr¸ÀzÉ G½¹zÀÄÝ vÀ¥Áà¬ÄvÀÄ CAzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ. EªÀÅ ºÉtÄÚ C¢üãÀ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ CAUÀªÁVAiÉÄà G½AiÀĨÉÃPÉA§ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ£À MvÁÛ¸ÉAiÀÄ aAvÀ£ÉAiÀiÁVzÉ.”8 F §UÉAiÀÄ D¯ÉÆÃZÀ£Á PÀæªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ²æäªÁ¸À£À aAvÀ£ÉAiÀiÁVgÀzÉ, ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ ¥ÀæzsÁ£À ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ zsÉÆÃgÀuÉUÀ¼À ºÀ¹ ºÀ¹ avÀætªÁVzÉ. ¸À¨sÀå ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ£ÉƧâ C¸À¨sÀåvÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß wgÀ¸ÀÌj¹gÀÄvÁÛ, vÁ£Éà D¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ £É¯ÉAiÉÄqÉUÉ ºÉÆgÀ¼ÀÄvÁÛ£É. CrPÉ vÉÆÃl, UÀzÉÝ, §AiÀÄ®Ä, ©¹®Ä, ªÀiÁ¢UÀgÀ ºÉtÄÚUÀ¼ÀÄ, ²PÁj, ¹» §UÀ¤ ºÉAqÀ, ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ G£ÁäzÀzÀ ¹ÜwUÉ PÉÆAqÉÆAiÀÄÄåªÁUÀ MAzÀÄ §UÉAiÀÄ ¢V®Ä GAmÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F ¢V®Ä ¢ÃWÀð ªÀiË£ÀPÉÌ ªÀÄÆ®ªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. CzÀÄ CAwªÀĪÁV DvÀäºÀvÉåUÉ ¥ÉæÃgÉæ¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

C£ÀĨsÀªÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ C©üªÀåQÛUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÀºÀ feÁÕ¸ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ GzÀÝPÀÆÌ ZÀzÀÄjPÉÆArªÉ. ºÉƸÀUÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è £ÀªÉÇÃzÀAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ªÉÆzÀ®ÄUÉÆAqÀÄ zÀ°vÀ §AqÁAiÀÄzÀ vÀ£ÀPÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ C©üªÀåQÛUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀ aAvÀ£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ §ºÀĪÀÄÄT £É¯ÉAiÀÄ°è ºÀjzÁrªÉ. ¯ÉÃRPÀ£ÁzÀ ²æäªÁ¸À ¸À±ÀPÀÛ C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß C©üªÀåQÛ¹ vÀ£Àß ¥Àæw¨sÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß JgÀPÀ ºÉÆAiÀÄå®Ä PÁr¤AzÀ £ÁrUÉ §AzÀªÀ£ÀÄ. ¥ÀlÖtzÀ KPÁAvÀ, AiÀiÁAwæPÀ ¸ÀÄRªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÄà ºÉÆgÀvÀÄ, ¸ÀÈd£À²Ã®vÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §rzÉ©â¸ÀĪÀÅ¢®è. DzÀÝjªÀÄzÀ ²æäªÁ¸À£À aAvÀ£É ¨ÉÃgÉqÉUÉ ºÉÆgÀ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. “¤£Àß ¸Á¤ßzsÀå £À£ÀߣÀÄß £Á£ÀÄ awæ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ°è JµÉÆÖAzÀÄ G¥ÀPÁjAiÀiÁVzÉ. ¸ÀȶÖUÉ KPÁAvÀ ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. vÁ¬Ä ªÀÄUÀĪÀ£ÀÄß vÀ£Àß UÀ¨sÀðzÀ KPÁAvÀzÀ°è ¸ÀȶָÀĪÀAvÉ ¸Á»w vÀ£Àß PÀ®à£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀÈf¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É.”9 EAvÀºÀ PÀqÉUÀ¼À¯Éè¯Áè vÉÃd¹éAiÀĪÀgÀ ¸ÀÈd£À²Ã® £É¯ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀ滹PÉƼÀÀÄzÀÄ. ¤dªÁzÀ ¸Àȶֲî ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì vÀ£Àß ¸ÀÈd£ÉUÉ KPÁAvÀªÀ£ÀÄß §AiÀĸÀÄvÀÛzÉ JA§ÄzÀÄ «¢üvÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. §ºÀıÀB EAvÀºÀ MAzÀÄ ªÀĺÀvÀÛ÷ézÀ PÁgÀt¢AzÀ¯ÉÆà K£ÉÆÃ, vÉÃd¹éAiÀĪÀgÀÄ £ÀUÀgÀ fêÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß vÉÆgÉzÀÄ CgÀtåzÀ fêÀ£ÀPÉÌ ªÀiÁgÀĺÉÆÃzÀgÀÄ J¤¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

²æäªÁ¸À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÉêÀÄAvÀ ²PÁjUÁV PÀĽwgÀĪÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è, ²æäªÁ¸À vÀ£Àß ¨sÀÆvÀ PÁ®zÀ PÀxÉAiÀÄ §ÄwÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ©ZÀÄÑvÁÛ£É. ªÀiË£ÀPÉÌ ¥ÀPÁÌUÀĪÀ ºÁUÀÆ ºÀ®ªÀÅ PÁ®¢AzÀ ªÀiË£ÀPÉÌ ±ÀgÀuÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀPÀÆÌ MAzÀÄ ¤PÀlªÁzÀAvÀºÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ«zÉ. “DPÁ±ÀzÀ C£ÀAvÀ ªÀiË£À J®è ¥Àæ±ÉßUÀ¼À£ÀÆß ¤£ÉßzÉUÉ ¥ÀÄl ¹r¸ÀĪÁUÀ? £À£Àß ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÉ PÀĽvÀÄ ¦Ãr¸ÀĪÀ ªÀiË£ÀzÀ°è ©üÃvÀ£ÁV zÀÆgÀzÀ Vj PÀAzÀgÀUÀ¼À£Éßà PÁt¢zÀÝgÀÆ PÀAqÀAvÉAiÉÄà £ÉÆÃrzÉÝãÉ. ¸ÀÛ§Þ ªÀiË£ÀzÀ°è zÀÆgÀzÀ ¸Á«£À°è ºÉeÉÓ ¸À¥Àà¼À PÉüÀÄvÀÛzÉ. AiÀi˪Àé£À C¯É JzÀÝ PÉƼÀzÀAvÉ. ¸Á«£À ©A§ C¯ÉUÀ¼À Kj½vÀzÀ°è ¥ÀÄr ¥ÀÄrAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀgÉ MªÉÆäªÉÄä fêÀ£ÉÆÃvÁìºÀ E½zÁUÀ C¯É PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁzÀ PÉƼÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì - ºÁUÉà £ÉÆÃqÀÄwÛgÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ EzÀÝQÌzÀÝAvÉ avÁVßAiÀÄAvÉ zÀÆgÀzÀ°è GjAiÀÄĪÀ PÁ½ÎaÑ£À gÉÃSÉAiÉÆAzÀÄ PÁtÄvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÁªÀÅ ¤zsÁ£ÀªÁV ªÀiË£ÀªÁV, PÀvÀÛ¯ÁV, GjAiÀÄĪÀ ¨ÉAQAiÀiÁV, ¸ÀÄvÀÄÛUÀnÖzÀAvÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DUÀ ¤nÖ¸ÀĪÀ PÀvÀÛ°UÉ PÀ£Àßr »rzÀ £À£Àß PÀtÄÚUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £Á£Éà awæ¹PÉƼÀÉè. C°è JgÀqÀÄ PÁ½ÎaÑ£À gÉÃSÉ EgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. PÀë«Ä¸ÀÄ ¨sÁªÀ£ÁªÀ±ÀªÁzÀ PÀ«AiÀiÁzÉ£ÉAzÀÄ PÉÆArAiÀiÁ? E®è. F ªÀiË£ÀªÁzÀÄzÀ£ÀÄß PÀAqÀgÉ, C£ÀAvÀªÁzÀÄzÀ£ÀÄß PÀAqÀgÉ K£ÉÆà MAzÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ ¢V®Ä £À£ÀUÉ.”10 “²PÁj JAzÀgÉ G½«£À C½«£À ºÉÆÃgÁl ªÀĺÀgÁAiÀiÁ, F vÀgÀ ªÀiË£ÀªÁV KPÁAvÀzÀ°è ªÀÄgÀzÀ PɼÀUÉ PÀĽvÀÄ ¤£ÀUÉ ºÁUÉ ºÉýzÀgÉ CzÀÄ ¤£ÀUÉ CxÀðªÁUÀ¢gÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.”11 E°è ªÀiË£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ²PÁjUÀÆ ©r¸À¯ÁUÀzÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ«gÀĪÀAvÉ vÉÆÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀiË£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ²PÁj MAzÀPÉÆÌAzÀÄ «gÀÄzÀÞ £É¯ÉAiÀÄ ¥ÀæwªÉÄUÀ¼ÁV zÀÄrAiÀÄÄvÀÛªÉ. fêÀeÁ®UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀ®Ä ²æäªÁ¸À ¥ÉÆzÉAiÀÄ°è CqÀVzÁÝ£ÉAiÉÆÃ, CxÀªÁ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÆà ¸ÀȶÖAiÀÄ ¤UÀÆqsÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜ ²æäªÁ¸À£Á¢AiÀiÁV J¯Áè fëUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¨ÉÃmÉAiÀiÁqÀ®Ä ºÉÆAZÀÄ ºÁPÀÄwÛgÀĪÀÅzÉÆà MqÉAiÀįÁUÀzÀ MUÀlÄ. D ¨ÉÃmÉ CxÀªÁ ²PÁjAiÀÄ PËæAiÀÄð CxÀªÁ §zÀÄQ£À ¸ÀÄvÀÛ ºÉuÉAiÀÄ®ànÖgÀĪÀ PÀÆægÀvÀéPÉÌ ¢V®ÄUÉÆAqÀÄ ²æäªÁ¸À ªÀiË£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß C¦àPÉÆArzÁÝ£ÉAiÉÄÃ? JA§ÄzÀÄ AiÀÄPÀë ¥À±ÉßAiÀiÁV PÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. dUÀwÛ£À C£ÀAvÀ fêÀ «gÉÆâü ¨ÉÃmÉUÀ¼À gÁPÀë¹ ¥ÀæªÀÈwÛUÉ ªÀiË£ÀªÀÅ DªÀj¹PÉÆArgÀ§ºÀÄzÉà ? ¨ÉÃmÉ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À£ÀÄß PÉÃAzÀæªÀ£ÁßV¹PÉÆArzÉAiÉÄÃ? JA§ ¥Àæ±Éß PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è JzÀÄgÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀiË®åªÀiË®åUÀ½UÉ www.ijar.org.in 61

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

¸ÀAWÀµÀðªÁUÀÄvÁÛ ºÉÆÃzÀAvÉ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À, ºÀ®ªÀÅ UÀÄtUÀ¼À, ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀUÀ¼À ¥ÀæwÃPÀªÁUÀÄvÁÛ£É ²æäªÁ¸À. ºÀ®ªÀÅ QæAiÉÄ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄUÀ¼À PÉÆArAiÉÄà ²æäªÁ¸À£ÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ©ü£Àß ªÀåQÛvÀéUÀ¼À ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À CªÀ£À ZÀAZÀ® ªÀÄ£ÉÆùÜwAiÀÄ°è ªÀåPÀÛªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

²æäªÁ¸À£À czÀæ czÀæUÉÆAqÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß MlÖAzÀzÀ°è ¥ÉÃj¹zÁUÀ §zÀÄQ£À DzÀ±Àð – ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ – CwªÁ¸ÀÛªÀUÀ¼À CwgÉÃPÀzÀ°è zÀ±Àð£ÀªÉÇAzÀÄ ºÉÆgÀqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÉêÀÄAvÀ¤UÉ ²PÁjAiÀÄ C£ÀĨsÀªÀªÀ£ÀÄß «¸ÀÛj¸ÀĪÁUÀ ºÀA¢AiÉÄAzÀÄ ¨sÀæ«Ä¹ ¨ÉÃmÉUÁgÀ£ÉƧâ£À£ÀÄß UÀÄArQÌ PÉÆ®ÄèvÁÛ£É. £É®zÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ªÉÆtPÉÊ PÉÆlÄÖPÉÆAqÀÄ GgÀĽgÀĪÀ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå, ±ÀÆ£Àå zÀȶÖAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ©Ãj PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄĹgɼÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ£É. wªÀÄäAiÀÄå¤UÉ PÉÆÃgÉ ºÀA¢ w«zÀÄ zÀ馅 ªÀÄAeÁV E¤ß®èzÀ ¥ÁqÀ£ÀÄß C£ÀĨsÀ«¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. F JgÀqÀÆ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è ²PÁjUÉ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£Éà §°AiÀiÁUÀÄvÁÛ£É.

PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ°è ªÀåPÀÛUÉÆArgÀĪÀ ²PÁjAiÀÄ OavÀåªÀ£ÀÄß f.JZï. £ÁAiÀÄPÀgÀÄ »ÃUÉ ªÁåSÁ夸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. “²PÁj EzÀÄ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°è vÀAvÀæ¨sÁUÀªÀÇ ºËzÀÄ; vÀvÀÛ÷é¨sÁUÀªÀÇ ºËzÀÄ. ²æäªÁ¸À ²PÁjUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ »A¢£À JgÀqÀÄ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥Áæ¸ÁÛ¦¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. (1) ©ü®ègÀ wªÀÄäAiÀÄå ºÀA¢AiÉÄà £ÀÄVÎ PÉÆgÉ £ÁnzÀÝjAzÀ zÀ馅 ªÀÄAeÁV ¥ÀqÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ¥ÁqÀÄ. (2) ºÀA¢AiÉÄAzÀÄ ¨sÁ«¹ eÉÆvÉAiÀÄ ¨ÉÃmÉUÁgÀ£ÉƧâ£À£ÀÄß ²æäªÁ¸À£Éà UÀÄArQÌ PÉÆAzÀ ¸ÀAUÀw. F JgÀqÀÆ ²PÁjAiÀÄ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðUÀ¼À°è ¨ÉÃmÉUÉ UÀÄjAiÀiÁzÀzÀÄÝ ¥ÁætÂAiÀÄ®è; ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£ÉÃ. EzÀÄ E°è UÀªÀĤ¸À¨ÉÃPÁzÀ CA±À.”12

£ÀÆgÀÄ PËæAiÀÄðUÀ¼ÀÄ £Á°UÉ ZÁazÀgÀÆ, ºÀ®ªÀÅ zÀÄgÀAvÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀgÀªÀiÁ¯É WÀn¹ ºÉÆÃzÀgÀÆ, DvÀäºÀvÉåAiÀÄ CAa£ÀªÀgÉUÀÆ ¸ÁVzÀÝ ²æäªÁ¸À §zÀÄQUÉ «ªÀÄÄRªÁUÀzÉ QæAiÀiÁ²Ã®£ÁUÀÄvÁÛ£É. £ÀÆgÀÄ §ªÀuÉUÀ¼À £ÀqÀĪÉAiÀÄÄ fêÀ£ÉÆÃvÁìºÀ PÀªÀÄj ºÉÆÃUÀzÉ D±ÁªÁzÀzÉqÉUÉ ZÀ°¸ÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀÄ ¨É¼ÀQ£À PÁAiÀÄÄ«PÉ PÁgÀtªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. “£Á£ÀÄ AiÀiÁPÉ DvÀäºÀvÉå ªÀiÁrPÉÆAr®è? ªÀÄvÀÄÛ F ªÀÄÄA§gÀĪÀ PÀëtzÀ°è KPÉ ªÀiÁrPÉƼÀÄîªÀÅ¢®è? F G¹gÀ£ÉßÃPÉ J¼ÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÉÛãÉ? ºÀÈzÀAiÀÄ KPÉ §rAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ? F ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ ¥ÀgÀªÀÄ ªÀĺÀ¶ðUÀ¼À ¥Àæ±ÉßAiÀÄ §UÉÎAiÉÄà £Á£ÀÄ D¯ÉÆÃa¸ÀÄwÛzÉÝ. §ºÀıÀB ºÀÄaÑ£À ªÀÄÄA¨É¼ÀVgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ CzÀÄ. CµÉÆÖAzÀÄ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀPÉÌ F ¥Àæ±ÉßUÀ½UÉ GvÀÛgÀ ¹PÀÄ̪À M¼À zÁjAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÀÄqÀÄQzÉ.”13

C¥ÀªÀiË®åUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼ÁV «dÈA©ü¸ÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À C¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀvÉ, ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ºÉÆuÉUÁjPÉAiÀÄ vÀ¼ÀªÀļÀ, C¹ÜgÀ §zÀÄQ£À C¤²ÑAiÀÄvÉ, EªÉà ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀªÀÅ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£ÉÆqÀ£É vÀ¼ÀÄPÀÄ ºÁQPÉÆArªÉ. “¸ÀégÀÆ¥À ªÀ£Àå ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ PÁzÀA§jAiÀiÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ CzÀÄ M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ ªÀåQÛ ¥ÀæeÉÕUÉ ºÉZÀÄÑ MvÀÛ£ÀÄß PÉÆnÖgÀĪÀ PÁgÀt¢AzÀ. ªÀåQÛ vÀ£Àß ªÀÄ£À¹ì£À M¼À ¯ÉÆÃPÀªÀ£ÀÄß «±ÉèõÀuÉUÉ M¼À¥Àr¸ÀĪÀ PÀæªÀĪÉà £ÀªÀå ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ §gɪÀtÂUÉAiÀÄ ¤gÀÆ¥ÀuÁ vÀAvÀæUÁjPÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄÄRåªÁV PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ PÀªÀÄð ºÁUÀÆ QæAiÀiÁ²Ã®vÉAiÀÄ §UÉÎ ºÉƸÀ w¼ÀĪÀ½PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀĪÀ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀzÀAvÀºÀ PÁzÀA§jUÀ½UÉ ¥Á±ÁÑvÀå vÀvÀÛ÷éeÁÕ£ÀªÉà ¥ÉæÃgÀuÉAiÀiÁVzÉ.”14 ºÀ®ªÀÅ vÀvÀÛ÷éeÁÕ¤UÀ¼À ¸ÀA±ÉèõÀuÁvÀäPÀ ¥Àæw¨sÁ ªÁå¥ÁgÀ JzÀÄÝ vÉÆÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÀ®ªÀÅ CA±ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀA«Ä±Àæt¢AzÀ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀªÀ£ÀÄß CxÀðªÀiÁrPÉƼÀÄîªÀ ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀß AiÀıÀ¹éAiÀiÁVzÉ.

ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå ¸ÀA§AzsÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß CjAiÀÄÄvÁÛ, ¸ÀvÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ±ÉÆâü¸ÀÄvÁÛ, ªÀåQÛ PÉÃA¢ævÀ zÀȶÖPÉÆãÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄPÁ°Ã£À ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀÄAa¹gÀĪÀ ªÀiÁl, §zÀÄQ£À C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀÆPÀëöävÉAiÀÄ JgÀPÀ ºÉÆAiÀÄÝAvÁVzÉ. ¸Á»vÀåzÀ C©ügÀÄaAiÀÄļÀî AiÀÄĪÀPÀ£ÉƧ⠺À½îUÀ½UÉ ºÉÆÃV MlÄÖ ¥Àj¸ÀgÀzÀ £Á£Á ªÁå¥ÁgÀUÀ½UÉ ¥ÀæwQæAiÉÄ vÉÆÃj¹gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ‘¸ÀégÀÆ¥À’ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ C£ÀĨsÀªÀ zÀæªÀå. KPÀªÀÄÄR ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß MqÉzÀÄ «µÀAiÀÄ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÀ£ÀÄß ©ü£Àß zÁjUÀ¼À°è ¸ÁégÀ¸Àå¥ÀÆtðªÁV PÀÄvÀƺÀ®PÁjAiÀiÁV ¤gÀƦ¹gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ CxÀð¥ÀÆtð.

“²æäªÁ¸À PÉêÀ® vÀ£Àß UɼÉAiÀÄ£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ vÀ£Àß ªÉÊAiÀÄQÛPÀ UÉÆüÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÉÆÃrPÉƼÀÄîªÀAvÉ PÁtĪÀÅ¢®è. Erà ¸ÀȶÖAiÀÄ JzÀÄgÀÄ ¤AvÀ, ¸ÀȶÖAiÀÄ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CxÀðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀ£Àß ¹Ã«ÄvÀ ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ°è CxÉÊð¹PÉƼÀî¯ÁUÀzÀ ªÀÄ£ÀµÀå£À ¥ÁqÀ£Éßà CªÀ£ÀÄ zsÀ餸ÀÄwÛzÁÝ£É. ºÁUÁV ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ ªÉÊAiÀÄQÛPÀ PÀxÀ£ÀªÉÇAzÀÄ ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ PÀxÀªÀ£Éà DV ©qÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀÄvÀÄÛ F PÀxÀ£À ªÉÊAiÀÄQÛPÀ §zÀÄQ£À WÀl£ÁªÀ½UÀ¼À£ÀÆß «ÄÃj, MmÁÖgÉ fêÀ£ÀzÀ CxÀð±ÉÆÃzsÀ£ÉAiÀÄvÀÛ ªÀÄÄR ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ.”15 JA§ n.¦. C±ÉÆÃPÀ CªÀgÀ ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ AiÀıÀ¹éAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀàµÀÖ¥À¹¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. §zÀÄQ£À UÀÄj, zsÉåÃAiÀÄ, zsÉÆÃgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÉÊzÁÝAwPÀ «ªÉÃZÀ£ÉUÉ M¼À¥Àr¹, CªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ D¯ÉÆÃZÀ£Á ¸ÀgÀtÂAiÀÄ §ÄqÀPÉÌ PÉÆqÀ° www.ijar.org.in 62

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

¥ÉlÖ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÉA§ÄzÀÄ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ WÀ£ÀvÉ. CvÀåAvÀ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀªÁzÀ ªÁåSÁå£ÀPÉÌ PÁzÀA§jAiÀÄ£ÀÄß UÀÄj¥Àr¹zÀgÉ ¥ÀÄgÉÆÃUÁ«Ä ¤®Ä«UÉ «gÀÄzÀÞªÁV ©qÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ EAvÀºÀ ¸ÀÆPÀëöä PÀ¯Á PÀÈwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß «±Éèö¸ÀĪÁUÀ §ºÀĪÀÄÄT £É®AiÀÄ JZÀÑgÀ CUÀvÀå. “²æäªÁ¸À vÀ£Àß PÀvÉAiÀÄ vÀPÀðzÀ §UÉÎ ªÀiÁvÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀjAiÀiÁVAiÉÄà EzÉ. AiÀiÁPÉAzÀgÉ CªÀ£À £É£À¥ÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÁ® ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À zÀȶ֬ÄAzÀ KPÀ¸ÀÆvÀævÉ EgÀ¢zÀÝgÀÆ, CªÀÅUÀ¼À PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è MAzÀÄ ªÉÊZÁjPÀ ¸ÀĸÀA§zÀÞvÉ EzÉ. gÁdQÃAiÀÄ, zsÁ«ÄðPÀ £ÀA§ÄUÉUɼÀÄ, eÁwÃAiÀÄvÉ, vÀvÀÛ÷éeÁÕ£À, CªÀÅ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹ªÉ.”16 JA§ C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄ PÁAzÀ§jAiÀÄ£ÀÄß UÀA©üÃgÀªÁV ¥Àj²Ã°¹zÁUÀ ªÀÄvÀÛµÀÄÖ ¸ÀàµÀÖªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. n¥ÀàtÂUÀ¼ÀÄ

1. PÉ.¦.¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 55-56 2. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 58 3. qÁ. J£ï.PÉ. PÉÆÃzÀAqÀgÁªÀÄ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀxÁ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ°è ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀð, ¥ÀÄ. 234 4. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 63 5. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 64 6. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 60 7. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 67 8. qÁ.J£ï.PÉ. PÉÆÃzÀAqÀgÁªÀÄ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀxÁ ¸Á»vÀåzÀ°è ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀð, ¥ÀÄ. 235 9. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 70 10. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 71 11. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 75 12. f.JZï. £ÁAiÀÄPÀ, C¤ªÁAiÀÄð, ¥ÀÄ. 90 13. PÉ.¦. ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, ¥ÀÄl 81 14. qÁ. JZï.JA. ªÀĺÉñÀégÀAiÀÄå, ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀæ vÉÃd¹é, ¥ÀÄ. 43 15. n.¦. C±ÉÆÃPÀ, vÉÃd¹é PÀxÀ£À, ¥ÀÄ. 16 16. f.J¸ï. DªÀÄÆgÀ. PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀxÀ£À ¸Á»vÀå, ¸ÀtÚ PÀxÉ, ¥ÀÄ. 282

¥ÀgÁªÀıÀð£À UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

1. qÁ.PÉÆÃzÀAqÀgÁªÀÄ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀxÁ¸Á»vÀåzÀ°è ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀð, UÁAiÀÄwæ ¸ÁägÀPÀ UÀæAxÀªÀiÁ¯É, zÁj¢Ã¥À «zÁå¸ÀA¸ÉÜ DªÀgÀt, ¨ÉÆÃUÁ¢, ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ 1996

2. f.JZï. £ÁAiÀÄPï, C¤ªÁAiÀÄð, CPÀëgÀ ¥ÀæPÁ±À£À ¸ÁUÀgÀ 1980

3. qÁ.JZï.JA.ªÀĺÉñÀégÀAiÀÄå, ¥ÀÆtðZÀAzÀævÉÃd¹é, £ÀªÀPÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀæPÁ±À£À, JA¨É¹ ¸ÉAlgï, PÉæ¸ÉAmï gÀ¸ÉÛ, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ 2002

4. n.¦. C±ÉÆÃPÀ, vÉÃd¹é PÀxÀ£À, CPÀëgÀ ¥ÀæPÁ±À£À ºÉUÉÆÎÃqÀÄ ¸ÁUÀgÀ PÀ£ÁðlPÀ 2004

5. f. J¸ï. CªÀÄÆgÀ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀxÀ£À ¸Á»vÀå : ¸ÀtÚPÀvÉ, ¦æAiÀÄzÀ²ð¤ ¥ÀæPÁ±À£À, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ

www.ijar.org.in 63

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Comprehensive scenario of urban local bodies’ elections-2007, in Shimoga District, Karnataka

-R.Suresha Research scholar, Dravidian university, Kuppam, Andra Pradesh.

-Dr.K.Chandrappa Research guide & Asst., Professor, PG dept. Of political science, Shyadi Arts college Shimoga

ABSTRACT

This article throws light on electoral arena of Shimoga disrtict Urban local bodies. which includes political significance of the area, and it provides the electoral data until the results. The data includes gender wise classifications of the voter ,No. of Wards, No. of polling stations, gender wise candidate details, party wise contested candidates and the result details party wise, finally the study says that the ruling party in the state has placed by the voter in the apex position.

Key words: Ulbs,(urban local bodies), Dudc (district urban development

INTRODUCTION bodies elections – 2007, in Shimoga In a democratic polity the quality District of political leadership gets inevitably linked to the process of recruitment of OBJECTIVES: To collect comprehensive leadership and one cannot, or rather information on shimoga district Urban should not, expect any improvement in local bodies during the period of the this respect unless we first obtain a fair election, which was went through on and healthy procedure of selection of our September 2007. ( it includes 8 Ulbs) leaders. An election conducted in a free, fair and upright manner backed with a SOURCE: To fulfill the objectives both rational and mature voting- behavior, in primary and secondary data were fact, a basic pre-requisite of the collected. The primary data were emergence of a competent political collected from the officials of Shimoga leadership and, thereby, of an efficient District Urban Local bodies, District functioning of the system. A faulty Urban Development cell (DUDC) the conduct of election resulting in an Project directors of DUDC, the Chief improper selection of leaders, on the officers of Town Panchayaths, and City other hand, not only means incompetent Municipal councils and Deputy leadership or non-achievement of goals Commissioners (DC) of Shimoga district. but also gives rise to various forms of The secondary data were, gathered from conflicts, frustrations, malpractices, published and unpublished sources like apathies and other such negative trends books, articles, news papers, various in the society. This paper will focus on committee reports, which set up by the comprehensive scenario of urban local Governments on Urban Local Bodies and www.ijar.org.in 64

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Urban Governments, Gazetteers, the and politically this district is having its debates of Karnataka state Legislature own prominence, and also this district (i.e., Legislative assembly and Legislative has produced, 04 chief ministers for council), the annual reports of Karnataka state. Government of Karnataka. SHIMOGA DISTRICT URBAN LOCAL TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS: The collected BODIES ELECTIONS-2007 SCENARIO data were examined by using simple - A BIRD VIEW. perfect mean, and ratios, etc., 1) DETAILS OF THE VOTERS. YEAR OF REFERENCE: The secondary data collected for the study for a period of The details of the voters have been shown 2005 to 2010 based on availability. in the following Table No. 1. AREA OF RESEARCH: The Urban Local Table.1 reveals that total voters for this Bodies (ULBs) of Shimoga district has election in Shimoga Dist was 4,29,898, been selected for the study to observe the out of which 2,18,189 (50.74%) were men facts that, it is one of the pioneering and 2,11,800 (49.26%) were women district in Karnataka state. Historically voters. TABLE NO. 1

SL.No. Male/Female Strength PERCENT 1 Male 2,18,189 50.74 2 Female 2,11,800 49.26 TOTAL 4,29,989 100.00 Source : Field Survey

2) DETAILS OF WARDS OF SHIMOGA DIST URBAN LOCAL BODIES

The details of Shimoga Dist Urban Local Bodies have been shown in the following Table No.2. TABLE NO.2

SL. Name of the local bodies Total No. of Wards No. 1 Shimoga City Municipal Council 35 2 Bhadravathi City Municipal Council 35 3 Sagar City Municipal Council 31 4 Shikaripura Town Municipal Council 23 5 Hosanagara Town Panchayath 11 6 Thirthahalli Town Panchayath 15 7 Soraba Town Panchayath 11 8 Shiralakoppa Town Panchayath 15 Total 176 Source: Field Survey www.ijar.org.in 65

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Table.2 reveals that, Shimoga City Municipal Council is having 35 wards, Bhadravathi City Municipal Council is having 35 wards , Sagar City Municipal Council is having31 wads, Shikaripura Town Municipal Council is having 23 wards, Hosanagara Town Panchayath is having 11 wards, Thirthahalli Town Panchayath is having 15 wards, Soraba Town Panchayath is having 11 wards, and Shiralakoppa Town Panchayath is having 15 wards.

3) DETAILS OF POLLING STATIONS

The details of the polling stations have been shown in the following Table No.3

TABLE NO.3

Name of the Urban No.of Polling stations SL.No. Local bodies 1 Shimoga 246 2 Bhadravathi 140 3 Thirthalli 15 4 Sagar 40 5 Hosanagar 11 6 Shikaripira 28 7 Soraba 11 8 Shiralakoppa 11 Total 506 Source: Field Survey

Table.3 reveals that the arrangements of details collected 192 candidates were the polling stations made for this contested for Shimoga City Municipal election. As per this arrangement there Council, out of which 159 were male and were 246 polling stations in Shimoga city 33 were female candidates. In Municipl Council, 140 in Bhadravathi Bhadravathi out of 139 candidates 105 City Municipal Council, 15 in were male and 34 were female Thirthahalli Town Panchayath ,40 in candidates. In Sagar City Municipal Sagar City Municipal Council , 11 in Council out of 142 candidates 119 were Hosanagara Town Panchayath , 28 in male and 23were female candidates. In Shikaripura Town Municipal Council , 11 Hosanagar town Panchayath, out of 29 in Soraba Town Panchayath ,and 11 in candidates 16 were male and 13 were Shiralakoppa Town Panchayath. female candidates. In Shikaripura Town Municipal Council out of 126 candidates 1) DETAILS OF CONTESTED 107 were male and 19 were female CANDIDATES candidates. In Soraba Town Panchayath out of 33 candidates, 08 were male and 25 The details of contested candidates have were female candidates. In Shiralakoppa been shown in the following Table No. 4 Town Panchayath out of 62 candidates 38 Table.4 gives the picture of candidates were male and 24 were female who are contested gender wise. As per the candidates. www.ijar.org.in 66

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

TABLE NO.4

Sl.No Name of the Urban Male Female Total Local bodies 1 Shimoga 159 33 192 2 Bhadravathi 105 34 139 3 Thirthalli 18 19 37 4 Sagar 119 23 142 5 Hosanagar 016 13 29 6 Shikaripura 107 19 126 7 Soraba 08 25 33 8 Shiralakoppa 38 24 62 Total 570 190 760 Source: Field Survey

5) DETAILS OF CONTESTED CANDIDATES PARTY WISE.

The details of Party wise contested candidates have been shown in the following Table No.5

TABLE NO.5

Sl Name of the No. Urban Local B.J.P J.D.S S.P Indepen Bodies INC(I) Dent Total 1 Shimoga 35 35 20 09 93 192 2 Bhadravathi 35 35 26 03 40 139 3 Thirthalli 15 15 -- -- 07 37 4 Sagar 31 31 17 01 61 142 5 Hosanagar 11 11 -- -- 07 29 6 Shikaripura 23 23 10 -- 70 126 7 Soraba 11 11 02 01 08 33 8 Shiralakoppa 15 15 01 -- 31 62

Total 176 176 76 15 317 760 Source: Field Survey

Table.5 reveals that in this election, for nominated 35, candidates I.N.C.(I) has Shimoga City Municipal council , B.J.P nominated 35, J.D.S has nominated 26 has nominated 35, candidates, I.N.C.(I) candidates, S.P has nominated 03 has nominated 35 candidates, J.D.S. has candidates and 40 were independent nominated 20 candidates, S.P. has candidates, for Thirthahalli Town nominated 09 candidates, and 93 were Panchayath B.J.P has nominated 15 independent candidates, for Bhadravathi candidates I.N.C.(I) has nominated 15 City Municipal Council B.J.P has candidates and 07 were independent www.ijar.org.in 67

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] candidates, for Sagar City Municipal candidates, J.D.S has nominated 10 Council B.J.P has nominated 31 candidates, and 70 were independent candidates, I.N.C. (I) has nominated candidates, for Soraba Town Panchayath 31candidates, J.D.S has nominated 17 B.J.P has nominated 11 candidates, candidates, S.P has nominated 01 I.N.C.(I) has nominated 11 candidates, candidate and 61 were independent J.D.S has nominated 02 candidates, S.P candidates, for Hosanagar Town has nominated 01 candidate, and 08 Panchayath, B,J,P has nominated 11 candidates were independent, for candidates, I.N.C. has nominated 11 Shiralakoppa Town Panchayath B.J.P candidates and 07 candidates were has nominated 15, candidates, I.N.C.(I) independent, for Shikaripura Town has nominated 15 candidates, J.D.S has Municipal Council, B.J.P has nominated nominated 01 candidate and remaining 23 candidates, I.N.C(I) has nominated 23 31candidates were independent. 6) Details of party supported and independent candidates: The details of Party Supported and Independent candidates has shown in Table No.6

TABLE NO.6

Sl. Details Strength No. 1 Party supported candidates 443 2 Independent candidates 317 Total 760 Source: Field Survey

Table.6 reveals that in this election out of 7) Details of Shimoga Dist Urban Local 760 candidates 443 were party supported Bodies elections (party wise result break- candidates, and 317 were independent, up): On 30th September 2007 the candidates were contested in the Shimoga election counting process was done by the District for Urban Local Bodies elections designated authorities. The details of the 2007. results of Shimoga District Urban Local Bodies elections has shown in Table No.7 Table No. 7. Name of the Sl. Urban Local B.J.P INC(I) J.D.S S.P Indepen Total No. Bodies dent 1 Shimoga 19 11 01 02 02 35 2 Bhadravathi 02 18 13 -- 02 35 3 Thirthalli 10 04 -- -- 01 15 4 Sagar 16 05 03 -- 07 31 5 Hosanagar 02 01 07 01 -- 11 6 Shikaripura 18 02 -- 02 01 23 7 Soraba 02 05 -- 04 -- 11 8 Shiralakoppa 11 04 ------15 Total 80 50 24 09 13 176 www.ijar.org.in 68

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Table.7 reveals that in this election in panchayath out of 11seats , BJP has Shimoga City Municipal council out of 35 secured 02 seats, INC has secured 01seat, seats , BJP has secured 19 seats, INC has JDS has secured 07 seats, SP has secured secured 11seats, JDS has secured 01 seat, 01seat and independent candidates has SP has secured 02seats and independent not secured any seats, in Shikaripura candidates had secured 02 seats, in Town Municipal council out of 23 seats , Bhadravathi City Municipal council out BJP has secured 18 seats, INC has of 35 seats BJP has secured 02seats, INC secured 02 seats, JDS has not secured has secured 18seats, JDS has secured 13 any seats, SP has secured 02 seats and seats, SP has not won any seats, and Independent candidates had secured 01 independent candidates had secured 02 seat, in Sorab Town Panchayath out of seats, in Thirthalli Town panchayth out 11 seats , BJP has secured 02 seats, INC of 15 seats , BJP has secured 10 seats, has secured 05 seats, JDS has not INC has secured 04 seats, JDS, and SP, secured any seats, SP has secured 04 has not secured any seats, and seats and independent candidates also independent candidates had secured 01 had not secured any seats, in seat, in Sagar City Municipal council out Shiralakoppa Town Panchayath out of of 31 seats , BJP has secured 16 seats, 155 seats , BJP has secured 11 seats, INC INC has secured 05 seats, JDS has has secured 04 seats, and JDS , SP and secured 03 seats, SP, has not secured any Independent candidates has not secured seats, and Independent candidates had any seats. secured 07 seats, in Hosanagar town 8) DETAILS OF PARTY WISE RESULTS OF SHIMOGA DIST URBAN LOCAL BODIES

Details of party wise results of Shimoga Dist Urban Local Bodies have been shown in the following Table No.8

TABLE NO.8.

Sl. Name of the Total No.of No. Urban Local wards B.J.P J.D.S S.P Indepen Bodies INC(I) dent 1 Shimoga 35 19 11 01 02 02 2 Bhadravathi 35 02 18 13 -- 02 3 Thirthalli 15 10 04 -- -- 01 4 Sagar 31 16 05 03 -- 07 5 Hosanagar 11 02 01 07 07 -- 6 Shikaripura 23 18 02 -- 02 01 7 Soraba 11 02 05 -- 04 -- 8 Shiralakoppa 15 11 04 ------

Total 176 80 50 24 09 13 Source: Field Survey

www.ijar.org.in 69

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Table.8 reveals that in this Urban Local than other Ulbs. It can be say that in the Bodies elections out of 176 seats in the contestant list again male are dominant Shimoga District B.J.P has secured 80 than female, in the case of political seats, and I.N.C.(I) has secured 50 seats, parties the Bjp and Inc(I) were the direct J.D.S. has secured 24 seats, S.P has contestants. Here one more point has secured 13 seats and remaining 13 seats observed, that is independent candidates were secured by the Independent has shown more interest to participate in candidates . the Urban electoral politics, finally the result shows that the Bjp which was the SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ruling party in the state was emerged as a dominant political party, and in one The major findings based on Cmc(Sagar) the Independent candidates primary and secondary data are as below, were played a major role in the urban 1) The total voters for this election in electoral politics. Shimoga District was 4,29,898, out of which 2,18,189 were men and 2,11,800 REFERENCS: were women voters. 1. P.S.N. Rao, “ Good Urban 2) In Shimoga District there are 176 Governance in India – The Road Ahead’, Wards in the Municipal bodies. Nagaralok, Vol. XXXVI, No. 2, April-June 3) For this election 506 polling stations 2004, p. 52.”” were established. 2. Gurumukhi.“K.T. and Srinivas 4) Total 760 candidates contested, R., Urban Local Governance – among them 570 were male and Reengineering Regulatory Process, remaining 190 were female. Nagarlok, Vol. XXXVI, October- 5) The political party BJP nominated December, 2005. its candidates to all wards in the district 3. Economic and political weekly, the number is 176 , INC(I) also November 23, 2000. nominated 176 candidates, JDS 4. Economic and political weekly, nominated 76 candidates, SP nominated November 24-30, 2007. 15candidates and the independent candidates were 317. 6) In this election among 760 candidates, there were 443 party supported candidates, and remaining 317 were independent. 7) As per declared result BJP has secured 80 seats INC(I) has secured 50 seats, JDS has secured 24 seats, SP has secured 09 seats and the independent secured 13 seats in the district. CONCLUSION: In this election of Shimoga district Ulbs, this can be note that male voters are more than female, there are 3 Cmcs,01 Tmc and 4 Tps. In Shimoga there are more polling stations, i..e,246, www.ijar.org.in 70

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Vyavasaya-Kodavara LokaDrushti (Oyyakakuva paat na Hinnaleyinda)

-Bhagyavathi .B

ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄ-PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀ馅 (MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ¥Ámï £À »£À߯ɬÄAzÀ)

¨sÁUÀåªÀw.© fAzÁ¯ï ªÀÄ»¼Á PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ. vÀĪÀÄPÀÆgÀÄ gÀ¸ÉÛ, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ

PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ EvÀgÀ ¸ÁA¥ÀæzÁ¬ÄPÀ PÉ®¸ÀUÀ¼À PÀÄjvÀAvÉ «ªÀgÀuÁvÀäPÀ ªÀiÁ»wUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ d£À¥ÀzÀ ¥Ámï(ºÁqÀÄ)UÀ¼À°è, PÀÄtÂvÀzÀ ºÁqÀÄUÀ¼À°è zÉÆgÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. PÉÆqÀV£À°è ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀ ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¨sÀvÀÛzÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ §UÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ «zsÁ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄ vÀ½UÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ «zsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÀÄtÂÚ£À ¥sÀ®ªÀvÀÛvÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀAgÀPÀëuÉ, DºÁgÀ ¸ÀAgÀPÀëuÉ, C¼ÀvÉAiÀÄ ªÀiÁ¥À£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, PÀȶAiÀÄ ¸À®PÀgÀuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¤ÃgÁªÀj ¥ÀzÀÞw, PÀÆ° PÁ«ÄðPÀjUÉ ¤ÃqÀĪÀ PÀÆ°, PÉ®¸ÀzÀ D¼ÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀAWÀl£É EvÁå¢ ªÀiÁ»wUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ EvÀgÀ ¸ÁA¥ÀæzÁ¬ÄPÀ PÀ¸ÀħÄUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ¥ÀlÖ «ªÀgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀªÀ d£À¥ÀzÀ ºÁqÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ. PÀȶ EwºÁ¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉÆqÀĪÀ PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ PÀȶ ¸ÀA§A¢üvÀ ¥ÁmïUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉÆqÀªÀ ªÀiËTPÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¸ÁªÀiÁVæUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. PÀȶ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ EvÀgÀ PÀ¸ÀħÄUÀ¼ÀÄ DºÁgÉÆÃvÁàzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ fêÀ£ÉÆÃ¥ÁAiÀÄzÀ ªÀiÁUÀðUÀ¼ÉA§ÄzÁV ¥ÀjUÀt¹gÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ PÉÆqÀªÀgÀÄ PÀȶAiÉÆA¢UÉ ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÁvÀäPÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÁªÉà ºÁqÀĪÀ ¥ÁmïUÀ¼À°è C©üªÀåQÛ¹zÁÝgÉ. PÉ®¸ÀzÀ ªÉÃ¼É ºÁUÀÆ PÀȶ ¸ÀA§A¢üvÀ ºÀ§â DZÀgÀuÉAiÀÄ°è ºÁqÀĪÀ F PÁªÁåvÀäPÀ PÀxÀ£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß EwºÁ¸À gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀÄ DPÀgÀUÀ¼ÁV £ÉÆqÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ, PÀȶAiÀÄ §UÉUÉ PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ D±ÀAiÀÄUÀ¼ÉãÀÄ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÆß UÀ滹PÉƼÀÀÄzÀÄ. MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ¥Ámï£À°ègÀĪÀ PÀȶ ¸ÀA§A¢üvÀ «ªÀgÀUÀ½gÀĪÀ ¥ÀoÀå¨sÁUÀUÀ¼À£ÀßµÉÖà E°è «±ÉèõÀuÉUÉ M¼À¥Àr¸À¯ÁVzÉ. ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ ¥Àæ§AzsÀzÀ°è PÉëÃvÀæPÁAiÀÄðzÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ PÀAqÀÄPÉÆAqÀ PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ UÀæ»PÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß «±ÉèõÀuÉ ªÀiÁqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. PÉÆqÀVUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹ ¥ÀÄgÁtªÉÇAzÀgÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀ ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ zÉñÀzÀ GvÀÛgÀzÀ°è ªÀÄvÀìöåzÉñÀªÉA§ gÁdåªÉÇA¢vÀÄÛ. C°è£À gÁd ¹zÁÝxÀð. CªÀ¤UÉ £Á®ÄÌ UÀAqÀÄ ªÀÄPÀ̼ÀÄ. QjAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄ ZÀAzÀæªÀªÀÄð. FvÀ §Ä¢ÞªÀAvÀ ºÁUÀÆ zÉʪÀ¨sÀPÀÛ. »AzÀĸÁÜ£ÀzÀ ¥ÀÄtå¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀÄvÁÛ ¥À²ÑªÀÄWÀlÖzÀ §æºÀäVjUÀÆ §AzÀ£ÀÄ. C°è EªÀ¤UÉ vÀ£ÀßzÉà gÁdå£ÉÆAzÀ£ÀÄß PÀlÖªÀ ªÀÄ£À¸ÁìV ¥ÁªÀðw zÉëAiÀÄ£ÀÄß zsÁ夹 GUÀæ vÀ¥À¸ÀÄì PÉÊUÉÆAqÀ. ¥ÁªÀðw EªÀ£À vÀ¥À¹ìUÉ ªÉÄaÑ ªÀgÀ PÉüÀĪÀAvÉ ºÉýzÁUÀ ZÀAzÀæªÀªÀÄð£ÀÄ vÀ£ÀUÉ vÀ£Àß vÀAzÉAiÀÄ gÁdåQÌAvÀ GvÀÛªÀĪÁzÀ gÁdå ¨ÉÃPÀÄ, vÀ£Àß eÁwAiÀĪÀ¼Éà ¥Àwß ¹UÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ,±ÀvÀÄæUÀ½AzÀ dAiÀÄ ¨ÉÃPÀÄ, ¸ÀvÀÛ £ÀAvÀgÀ PÉʯÁ¸À ¨ÉÃPÀÄ JAzÀÄ ªÀgÀ PÉüÀÄvÁÛ£É. DzÀgÉ J¯Áè PÉÆÃjPÉUÉ C¸ÀÄÛ JAzÀ zÉë ¸ÀéeÁwAiÀÄ ¥ÀwßAiÀÄ PÉÆÃjPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß FqÉÃj¸À°®è. »A¢£À d£ÀäzÀ°è ªÀiÁrzÀ ¥Á¥ÀzÀ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄ, F d£ÀäzÀ°è ¸ÀéeÁw ºÉAqÀw zÉÆgÉAiÀÄĪÀÅ¢®è. DzÀgÉ ±ÀÆzÀæ eÁwAiÀÄ ºÉtÄÚ PÀëwæÃAiÀÄ vÀAzÉAiÀiÁzÀ ¤¤ßAzÀ «ÃgÀgÀÄ, ±ÀÆgÀgÀÆ DzÀ ºÀ£ÉÆßAzÀÄ ªÀÄPÀ̼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄÄªÉ JAzÀÄ, ¸ÀzÀÄÎtÂUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¸ÀvÀå¸ÀAzÀgÀÆ, gÁdjAzÀ UËgÀ«¹ D¼ÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ AiÉÆÃUÀågÀÆ DzÀ ªÀÄPÀ̼À£ÀÄß zÀAiÀÄ¥Á°¸ÀÄvÁÛ¼É. F gÁd£À ªÀÄPÀ̼ÀÄ ªÀÄzÀĪÉAiÀiÁV £ÀÆgÁgÀÄ ªÀÄPÀ̼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ. EªÀgÉ®ègÀÆ E°è ¨É¼ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÁqÀÄ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼ÀAvÉ PÉÊUÀ¼À GUÀÄgÀÄUÀ½AzÀ¯Éà ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄ AiÉÆÃUÀå ªÀiÁrzÀ PÁgÀt F zÉñÀPÉÌ PÉÆæÃqsÀzÉñÀªÉAzÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ §AzÀÄ EzÉà PÉÆqÀUÀÄ JAzÁ¬ÄvÀÄ JA§ PÀxɬÄzÉ.1(ªÀiÁ»w ¨ÁZÀgÀtÂAiÀÄAqÀ C¥ÀàtÚ, PÀıÁ®£ÀUÀgÀ)F ¥ÀÄgÁtPÀxÉ PÉÆqÀV£À d£ÀgÀÄ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀĪÀ£Éßà ¥ÀæzsÁ£À ªÀÈwÛAiÀiÁV ¹éÃPÀj¹gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ RavÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÉÆqÀV£À ¨sËUÉÆýPÀ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀªÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀgÉÆA¢UÉ ©üÃPÀgÀvÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÁ°£À UÀÄtªÀ£ÀÆß ºÉÆA¢zÉ. E°è PÀȶAiÀÄ£Éßà PÀ¸ÀĨÁV ªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÀgÀÆ. PÀȶ MAzÀÄ ±ÀæªÀÄzÁAiÀÄPÀªÁzÀ PÉ®¸ÀªÁV PÁtzÉ CzÀ£Éßà fêÀ£ÀzsÀªÀÄðªÁV, ¥ÀzÀÞwAiÀiÁV, MAzÀÄ DZÀgÀuÉ JA§AvÉ vÉÆqÀV¹PÉÆArzÁgÉ. ¥ÀæPÀÈwAiÀÄ DgÁzsÀ£ÉAiÉÆA¢UÉ fêÀ£À ¤ªÀðºÀuÉAiÀÄ ªÀiÁUÀðªÀ£ÀÄß PÀAqÀÄPÉÆArzÁÝgÉ. PÉÆqÀªÀgÀÄ PÀȶ PÁAiÀÄðªÀ£ÀÄß DgÀA©ü¸ÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ°è MAzÀÄ £ÀA©PÉ EzÉ. PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ ºÉƸÀ ªÀµÀð DgÀA¨sÀªÁUÀĪÀ JqÀªÀiÁågï(EzÀÄ PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ wAUÀ½£À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ)£À ªÉÆzÀ®£É ¢£ÀªÉà PÀȶ PÁAiÀÄð DgÀA¨sÀPÉÌ ±ÀĨsÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀð JAzÀÄ ¨sÁ«¹zÁÝgÉ. PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ PÀȶAiÀÄ J¯Áè «ªÀgÀUÀ¼ÀÆ CªÀgÀÄ ºÁqÀĪÀ MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ¥Ámï£À°è ¹UÀÄvÀÛzÉ. d£À¥ÀzÀ VÃvÉAiÀÄ UÉÃAiÀÄvÉAiÉÆA¢UÉ, MAzÀÄ PÁ®zÀ www.ijar.org.in 71

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

PÀȶAiÀÄ «zsÁ£À, PÀȶAiÀÄ°è PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ ¸ÁªÀÄÆ»PÀ ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀÄ«PÉ, PÉ®¸ÀzÀ DAiÀiÁ¸À ¥ÀjºÁgÁxÀðªÁzÀ ªÀÄ£ÉÆÃgÀAd£É J®èzÀgÀ ªÀiÁ»wAiÀÄ£ÀÆß ¤ÃqÀ®Ä ¸ÀªÀÄxÀðªÁVzÉ.

PÉÆqÀV£À d£À¥ÀzÀgÀÄ ªÀµÀðzÀ ºÉaÑ£À CªÀ¢üAiÀÄ£Éß®è UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄ, PÁ¦ü,QvÀÛ¼É, K®èQ vÉÆÃlUÀ¼À°è zÀÄrAiÀÄĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ QæAiÀiÁªÀiË®åªÀ£ÀÄß ¸Á¢ü¹zÁgÉ. F ªÀiË®åzÀ°è zÉʪÀ±ÀQÛAiÀÄ »£À߯ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÆß DZÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À£ÀÆß vÀA¢lÄÖ ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ PÀȶ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄzÀ ¥ÀæwÃPÀUÀ¼ÁV ¨Á¼ÀÄvÁÛ §A¢zÁÝgÉ PÉÆqÀªÀ gÉÊvÀgÀÄ. PÉÆÃj PÉÆqÉ(PÀÄgÀħgÀ PÉÆqÉ-ªÀļɬÄAzÀ gÀPÀëuÉ ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄ®Ä §¼À¸ÀĪÀ ¥ÀjPÀgÀ) D¸ÀgÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ¼É ¸ÀÄjAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝgÀÆ PÀȶPÁgÀåzÀ°è vÉÆqÀVPÉƼÀÄîvÁÛgÉ. PÉÆqÀV£À £ÁnAiÀÄ §UÉAiÀÄÆ «±ÉõÀªÁVzÉ. £Án ªÀiÁqÀĪÁUÀ ¸ÀAvÉÆõÀ¢AzÀ ºÁqÀĪÀ ºÁqÉà `MAiÀÄå PÁPÀĪÀ' CAzÀgÉ £Án ºÁqÀÄ. ªÀµÀðzÀ DºÁgÀPÉÌ C£ÀĪÀÅ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ, EvÀgÀjUÀÆ C£ÀĪÁUÀĪÀ, ¸ÉêÁzsÀªÀÄðªÁVzÉ. ¸ÀéAvÀPÉÌAzÀÄ ºÉÆgÀlgÀÆ ¸ÀªÀiÁdPÉÌ M½vÁUÀ° J£ÀÄߪÀ D±ÀAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢zÁÝgÉ. PÉÆqÀV£À ªÉÄÊzÁ£À ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ¨sÀvÀÛzÀ ¨É¼É ºÀĮĸÁUÀ®Ä C°è£À £ÁnAiÀÄ ¸ÉÆUÀ¸ÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ ¸À¤ßªÉõÀ PÁgÀt. CUÉ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ (¨sÀvÀÛzÀ ¸À¹) MlÖ°¤AzÀ ¥ÉÊgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß zÉÆqÀØ UÀzÉÝUÉ vÀAzÀÄ £ÉqÀĪÀÅzÉ £Án; ¤ÃgÀÄ ¤AvÀ PɸÀgÀÄ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÀzÀªÀiÁr £Án PÁgÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. PÉÆqÀV£À UÀzÉÝUÀ¼À°è £ÁnAiÀÄ CAvÀåzÀ°è ºÁqÀĪÀ ºÁqÉà `MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ¥Ámï'. EzÀÄ §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß PÀ¯ÉAiÀiÁV £ÉÆÃr ºÁqÀĪÀ ¸ÀªÀÄƺÀVÃvÉ. ¥sÀ®zÀ ¨sÀgÀªÀ¸ÉAiÀÄ°è PÀÈvÀdÐvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀƪÀð¨Á«AiÀiÁV ¸À°è¸ÀĪÀ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ E°èªÉ. ºÀ¹j£À ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀ UÀA©üÃgÀ d£À¥ÀzÀ eÁAiÀĪÀiÁ£ÀªÁVzÉ. MAiÀÄå ºÁqÀÄ : `MAiÀÄå'; (ªÀAiÀÄå) J£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀÄ £ÁnPÁgÀ¤UÉ `PÁPÀÄ' JAzÀgÉ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀÄ CxÀªÁ PÀÆUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ JAzÀxÀð. ¨sÁªÁxÀðªÉAzÀgÉ `MAiÀÄå' ºÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀA¨ÉÆâ¹ ºÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. ¸ÁªÀÄÆ»PÀ zÀ¤AiÀÄ »ªÉÄäüÀªÀÅ EzÀgÀ DAiÀiÁªÀÄUÀ½UÉ JqÉPÉÆqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÁr£À°è ¸ÀgÀ¸À ºÁ¸ÀåzÀ ¨sÁªÀ«zÉ. £ÁnAiÀÄ°è vÉÆqÀVzÀªÀgÀ£ÀÄß ºÀÄjzÀÄA©¹, PÉ®¸ÀzÀ ZÉÊvÀ£ÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉZÀÄÑ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EAvÀºÀ ¸ÉƧV£À PÁAiÀÄPÀªÀ£ÀÄß QæÃAiÀiÁ²Ã®vÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÀÄA©PÉÆqÀĪÀ `MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ'zÀ°è F ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄPÉÌ PÁgÀtªÁzÀ ¸ÀAUÀwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÁqÀÄvÁÛ MAiÀÄåPÁgÀgÀÄ ¸ÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ.

F ºÁqÀ£ÀÄß ºÁqÀĪÀªÀgÀÄ UÀAqÀÄ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ. ¸ÀzÀåPÉÌ MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ºÁr£À ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è ¢ÃWÀðªÉAzÀgÀÆ, ±ÀQÛAiÀÄÄvÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À §¼ÀPÉ d£À¥ÀzÀ G¥ÀªÉÄ, gÀÆ¥ÀPÀUÀ¼À ¸ÉÆUÀqÀÄ, CAvÀå¥Áæ¸À, C£ÀÄ¥Áæ¸ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀ C¼ÀªÀrPÉ J®è ¸ÉÃj UÀA©üÃgÀ UÀw MzÀVzÉ. MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ¥Ámï `PÉÆqÀªÀqÀ CAzÉÆüÀvï ¥Ámï'£À®Æè ¥ÀæPÀlªÁVzÉ. E°è£À ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ®°vÀªÁV ¸ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. MnÖ£À°è £Án CAvÀåªÁUÀĪÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ°è ºÉüÀĪÀ `MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ' ºÁr£À ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è PÉÆqÀV£À PÀȶ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ PÀÄgÀĺÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ PÁt §gÀÄvÀÛªÉ. F d£À¥ÀzÀ ºÁqÀÄ PÀȶ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀjZÀ¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÉÆqÀªÀgÀÄ ¥ÀæzsÁ£ÀªÁV PÀȶPÀgÀÄ. zÀÄrªÉÄAiÀÄ PÀ¸ÀĪÀ£ÀÄß vÀÄA©PÉÆAqÀªÀgÀÄ. CªÀgÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ C¢üzÉêÀvÉ EUÀÄÎvÀ¥Àà. CªÀ£À eÉÆvÉUÉ ¨sÀÆ«ÄPÁtÂUÀ¼À gÀPÀëPÀ UÀĽUÀgÁd. EªÀgÀ D¸ÀgÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ PÁAiÀiÁðgÀA¨sÀ. MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ºÁqÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV PÉÆqÀªÀgÀÄ DµÁqÀ ªÀiÁ¸ÀªÉ¤ß¸ÀĪÀ PÀPÀÌqÀ (Dl) ªÀiÁ¸ÀzÀ°è (dįÉÊ-DUÀ¸ïÖ) ªÀiÁvÀæ ºÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÉA§ PÀlÄÖ¥ÁrzÉ. F ºÁr£À°è £ÁnPÁ® MzÀUÀĪÀ ªÀÄÄ£Àß ªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÀ ¹zÀÝvÉ, ªÀÄ¼É ©zÀÝ ªÉÄÃ¯É GvÀÄÛ ©vÀÄÛªÀ §UÉ, £ÁnAiÀÄ jÃw-¤Ãw, £Án NlzÀ ¸ÀàzsÉð, £Án £ÉnÖzÀPÉÌ ¥sÀ®±ÀÄæw, ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄ §UÉÎ ¤jÃPÉë, EUÀÄÎvÀ¥Àà, PÁªÉÃgÀªÉÄäAiÀÄgÀ ¥ÁæxÀð£É, vÀªÀÄä MPÀÌzÀ EwºÁ¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÉÆÃt¹ ºÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄAlÄ. ªÀÄ£É, ¸ÀªÀiÁd ºÁUÀÆ zÉñÀPÉÌ ¨É¼ÉzÀ ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀ ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀ PÀvÀðªÀå. £ÉqÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀªÀgÀÄ, £ÁnPÁgÀjUÉ §r¸ÀĪÀ vÀgÀvÀgÀ CrUÉAiÀÄ «ªÀgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, £ÁnUÉ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸ÀĪÀ ¨sÀvÀÛzÀ ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼ÀÄ, ºÁUÀÆ £ÀAdÄAqÀ zÉêÀgÀ ¥ÁæxÀð£É - EªÀÅUÀ¼À §UÉÎ ¸Á®ÄUÀ½ªÉ. ªÉÄà wAUÀ½¤AzÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄPÉÌ ¹zÀÞªÁUÀĪÀ «ªÀgÀUÀ½AzÀ DgÀA¨sÀ. ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀzÀ°è M§â£Éà £ÁnPÁgÀ ªÀÄÄAzÁ¼ÀÄ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä `EqÀ EqÀ...... EzÉÆ EzÉÆ....`CAzÀgÉ ¹zÀÞvÁ£É? JAzÀÄ PÉýzÁUÀ ¹zÀÞ JA§ ªÀiÁzÀð¤ PÉüÀÄvÀÛzÉ. £ÀAvÀgÀ ¥Àæw ¸Á°£À PÉÆ£ÉUÉ `N ªÀAiÀÄå (ªÉÇà ºÉÆà ªÀAiÀÄå) JAzÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄƺÀ ¸ÉÆ®è£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. d£À¥ÀzÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀPÉÌ §zÀÄQ£À MqÀ£Ál PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀzÀ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ »ÃUÉ DgÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. N£ÀAiÀÄå ªÀAiÀÄåPÀgÀ CtÚAUÉ CtÂÚ `MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ' - wAUÀ®vï wAUÀ®vÀÛ¯É KrªÀiÁågï wAUÀvÀÛ¯É £ÁgÀAiÀÄAqÀ ¸Áé«Ä| NªÀAiÀÄå UÁ½vïqï DqÀZÀw D°ªÀÄ¼É §ÄzÀÝvï NªÀAiÀÄå| D £ÁqÀPÉà ªÉÄÃ®Ä ¨ÉÆnÖAiÀÄvï£ÁqÀÄ N (ºÉÆÃ) ªÀAiÀÄå| www.ijar.org.in 72

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

MPÀÌPÉà ªÉÄïï D¼ïPÉà ªÉÄïï NªÀAiÀÄå| PÁqïPÉà ªÉÄïï zÉêÀqÀPÁqÀÄ NªÀAiÀÄå| ªÀÄgÀPÉÌ ªÉÄïï ZÀ¥ÉàAiÀĪÀÄgÀ NªÀAiÀÄå| ¥ÉÆ£ÀPÉÌà ªÉÄÃ¯ï ¨sÀlÖ¥ÉÆÃ£É NªÀAiÀÄå| £ÉÆUÀ ªÀÄgÀvïgÀ £ÉÆÃUÉÆà PÀwÛ ¨sÀnÖ¥ÉÆÃ£É EAiÉÆÃPÉwÛ| d¥Éà PÉÆqÀUÀÄlÖ PÉʪÀÄgÀ £ÉÆUÀ¥Àt L®è ¥ÀtÂwÃvï| d¥Éà ªÀÄgÀvï £ÉÃAVAiÀÄÆ PÉwÛ NªÀAiÀÄå| PÉʯï£Ágï NªÀAiÀÄå| ¥ÉÆZÉÑmïÖ ªÀÄĦàjUÉÆAqï...... | vÀ«ÄAiÀÄÆ vÉÆqÀPïmï«mï NªÀAiÀÄå! CAzÀgÉ £ÁnAiÀÄ°è ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¹zÀgÉ®ègÀÆ ºÉý, ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ PÉ®¸À ªÀÄÄV¸ÉÆÃt. MAzÉà zÀ¤AiÀÄ°è J®ègÀÆ zsÀé¤ PÉÆr JAzÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÁ¼ÀÄ £ÁnPÁgÀ «£ÀAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ¥Áæyð¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. ºÁqÀÄ ¸ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ: K¦æ¯ï, ªÉÄà wAUÀ¼À ©¸ÀÄ ¸ÀAPÀæªÀÄt (ªÉÄõÀ ªÀiÁ¸À) ªÀÄÄVzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄ, zÉêÀgÀ£ÀÆß £É£ÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîvÁÛgÉ. £ÁgÁAiÀÄt¸Áé«ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß £É£ÉzÀÄ ºÁqÀÄ ¸ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. UÁ½ UÀÄqÀÄUÀÄ PÀÆr D°PÀ®Äè ªÀÄ¼É ©vÀÄÛ. ©¹°¤AzÀ ©gÀÄPÀÄ ©nÖzÀÝ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ®è ªÀÄ¼É ¤ÃgÀÄ PÀÄrzÀÄ ªÀÄÈzÀĪÁ¬ÄvÀÄ JAzÀÄ ¥ÀæPÀÈw vÀªÀÄUÉ MzÀV¹zÀ ¹zÀÝvÉAiÀÄ §UÉÎ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ £É£ÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ. ¥ÀæPÀÈwAiÀÄ «±ÉõÀ ±ÀQÛUÉ vÀ¯É¨ÁUÀÄvÁÛ, ±ÀQÛ £ÀªÀÄä PÁAiÀÄPÀPÉÌ MzÀUÀ° JA§ zsÀé¤ E°èAiÀÄzÀÄ. £ÀAvÀgÀ ºÁr£À°è vÁ«gÀĪÀ £ÁqÀÄ , PÀÄlÄA§zÀ ªÉʲµÀÖöå, CzÀPÉÌ ¸ÉÃjzÀ PÁqÀĪÀÄgÀUÀ¼À §UÉÎ ¥Àæ¸ÁÛ¥À §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. £Ár£À¯Éè®è ¨ÉÆnÖAiÀiÁvï£ÁqÀÄ »jªÉÄ ¥ÀqÉ¢zÉ. D £Ár£À ±ÉæõÀ× PÀÄlÄA§ vÀªÀÄäzÀÄ, CzÀgÀ°è ¥Àæ¹zÀÞ PÁr£À F vÀgÀÄt £ÁnPÁgÀgÀ zÉêÀgÀPÁAiÀÄðPÉÌ «ÄøÀ¯ÁzÀ zÉêÀgÀ PÁqÀÄ vÀªÀÄä°èzÉ. (zÉêÀgÀ ºÉ¸Àj£À°ègÀĪÀ «ÄøÀ®Ä PÁqÀÄ. E°è ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀrAiÀÄĪÀÅ¢®è) EAvÀºÀ PÁr£À°è ¸ÀA¦UÉ ªÀÄgÀ ±ÉæõÀ×, ºÉAqÀ E½¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼À°è zÉÆqÀØ¥ÉÆÃ£É ªÀÄgÀªÉà ±ÉæõÀ×. (F ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉ¸Àj¸ÀĪÀ PÁgÀt. £ÉÆÃUÀ £ÉÃV®Ä EªÀÅUÀ½AzÀ¯Éà DUÀÄvÀÛzÉ) £ÉÆUÀzÀ ªÀÄgÀzÀ°è £ÉÆUÀ, zÉÆqÀØ¥ÉÆÃ£É ªÀÄgÀzÀ°è £ÉÃV°UÁUÀĪÀ GzÀÞ£É ªÀÄgÀzÀ vÀÄAqÀÄ PÉwÛzÉ. d¥Éà ªÀÄgÀ¢AzÀ £É® MwÛ JgÀqÀÄ ¸Á®Ä G¼ÀĪÉÄ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ°è zÀ£ÀUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄPÀÆ°¸ÀĪÀ `PÉÆqÀUÀÄlÖ' ºÁUÀÆ PÉʪÀÄgÀzÀ £ÉÆUÀ¥ÀtÂAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÀAiÀiÁj¹zÉ. E°è d£À¥ÀzÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀPÉÌ §zÀÄQ£À ¸ÀÆPÀëöä MqÀ£ÁlUÀ¼À£ÀÄß C¼ÀªÀr¹PÉÆAqÀÄ PÁAiÀÄPÀ £ÀqɹgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ «²µÀÖªÁVzÉ. F £ÉÃV°UÉ PÀlÖ®Ä ºÀUÀÎ ¨ÉÃPÀ®è. CzÉà PÉʯï£ÁgÀÄ. vÉÆUÀmÉ 18-20 ¢£ÀUÀ¼À vÀ£ÀPÀ MtºÁQ ±ÀÄ¢Þ ªÀiÁr ºÉƸÉAiÀÄĪÀ £ÁgÀÄ ºÀUÀÎ CzÀÄ. ªÀÄÆgÀÄ PÉʯï£ÁgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj¹ £ÉÆUÀ PÀlÄÖªÀ ºÀUÀÎ vÀAiÀiÁj¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ PÁAiÀÄðPÉÌ J®è ¹zÀÞvÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀiÁr M¼ÉîAiÀÄ ¢£À £ÉÆÃr DgÀÄ PÀlÄÖvÁÛgÉ.

PÉÆýqÁ PÀÆvÀvï NªÀAiÀÄå! ªÀÄÆAzï PÀÄj PÉÆý KA¢ PÀÆVa ¨ÉÊA§Aqï ¥ÀÆZÀðPï £ÉnÖvï| HgÀ zÉêÀ¼À £É£Àwvï ªÉÄïï PÉÆqÀw| J¢Ývï ¨ÉÆ½î ¥Àr¤ÃPÀw ¸ÀÆAiÀÄðAUï vÉÆwvï NªÀAiÀÄå| ZÉƽî ZÀA¨ï £ÉÃgÁ¬Ä PÁ¯ï ªÀÄÆqï PÀwÛvï NªÀAiÀÄå| `ªÀÄÆvÀð £ÉÆÃnvï £À¯ÉÆèÃgï ¢ªÀ¸Àvï¯ï vÁ£ï ¨ÉZÀÑ D¼ïªÀ¼À' ZÉÆêÀÄAUÀqÀ PÉÆmïÖPï ¥ÉÆìÄvï| ¸ÀÆgÀå£ÀÄ ZÀAzÀæ£ÀÄ £ÀAzÀ£ÀÄ ªÀÄÄzÀÝ£ÀÄ PÁgÉQZÀÑ£ÀÄ ¨É£ï vÀnÖ G¼ÀĦa| ¨Éƽî G§â¤ÃQvï ZÉÆêÀÄAUÀ¼É®è vÀPÉÌmïÖ E¼À¦Ã NªÀAiÀÄå

CAzÀgÉ ªÀÄÄAeÁ£É PÉÆý PÀÆVzÁUÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À¤UÉ JZÀÑgÀªÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. ¥ÀƪÀðPÉÌ ªÀÄÄR ªÀiÁr zÉêÀgÀ£ÀÄß £É£É¹zÀ. JzÀÄÝ ¨ÁV®Ä vÉUÉzÀÄ ¸ÀÆAiÀÄð¤UÉ £À«Ä¹zÀ. ¨ÁºÀåPÀªÀÄðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄV¹ -¨É½î ZÉÆA©£À°è ¤ÃgÀÄ vÉUÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ PÉÊPÁ®Ä vÉƼÉzÀÄ, KrªÀiÁågÀÄ (K¦æ¯ï-ªÉÄõÀ ªÀiÁ¸À) ªÀiÁ¸ÀzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄ, «ÄãÀ ªÀiÁ¸À ºÉÆÃV KrªÀiÁågï MAzÀ£Éà vÉâUÉ ¸ÀAPÀæªÀÄt PÀlÖ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. ©¸ÀÄ ¸ÀAPÀæªÀÄtzÀ ªÀÄgÀÄ¢£ÀªÉà DgÀÄ(¥ÉÆ£ÁßgÀÄ) PÀlÖ¨ÉÃPÀÄ ªÀiÁgÀ£É ¢£ÀªÉà PÀȶ www.ijar.org.in 73

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

PÁAiÀÄð¤gÀvÀgÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. JrªÀiÁågï£À ¢£ÀUÀ¼É®è M¼ÉîAiÀÄzÀÄ JA§ ¨sÁªÀ£É EzÉ. CAvÉAiÉÄà ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ PÁAiÀÄPÀ ªÀÄÄRå JA§ zÀÈqsÀ ªÀÄ£À¸ÀÄì E°èzÉ. AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À PÁAiÀÄðPÉÌ vÉÆqÀUÀĪÀÅzÁzÀgÀÆ ºÉÃUÉ: DwäÃAiÀÄ zÀ¤AiÀÄ°è J®ègÀ£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÀÄ ºÉüÀÄvÁÛ£É. `C®è PÉý D¼ÀļÉ, £Á¼É C®è ¸ÀAPÁæAw, J®è PÉÆÃ¥ÀÄ PÀÆn K½' £Á¼É ¸ÀAPÁæAw C®èªÉÃ? M¼ÉîAiÀÄ ªÀÄĺÀÆvÀðzÀ°è PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ ºÉÆÃUÉÆÃt. ¤ªÀÄä G¼ÀĪÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸Àj ªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÀÄ §¤ß. PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ vÉÆqÀÄUÀĪÀ ¢£ÀzÀAzÀÄ ºÀ§âzÀAwgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. CzÀPÁÌV D¼ÀÄUÀ½UÉ®è zÉÆøÉ, »lÄÖ ¥ÁAiÀĸÀzÀÆl EzÉ. AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À£À ªÀiÁvÀÄ F D¼ÀÄUÀ½ »vÀ.

zÀ£ÀzÀ PÉÆnÖUÉUÉ ºÉÆÃUÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. ¸ÀÆgÀå, ZÀAzÀæ, £ÀAzÀ ªÀÄÄzÀÞ ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ UÉÆêÀÅUÀ¼À ¨É£ïvÀnÖ K½¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄA¢£À UÉÃn£À (©¢j£À)ªÀÄgÀzÀ CqÉØ PÉÆîÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸Àj¹, zÀ£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß E½¹ PÀgÉ vÀgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. »ÃUÉ ¥À±ÀÄ ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄ CPÀÌgɬÄAzÀ PÁtĪÀ §UÉ UÀªÀÄ£ÁºÀð, zÉʪÀ±ÀQÛAiÀÄ ¨ÉA§®zÀ°è ¢£ÀZÀjAiÀÄÄ ¸ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¤¸ÀUÀðzÀ ªÀÄr®°è ZÉÊvÀ£Àå²Ã® £Án PÁAiÀÄPÀ £ÀqÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. zsÁgÁPÁgÀ ªÀļÉAiÀÄ®Æè vÀ¯É ¨É£ÀÄß £É£ÉAiÀÄzÀAvÉ gÀQë¸ÀĪÀ PÀÄgÀÄA¨ÉÊ (PÀÄgÀħgÀ PÉÆqÉ) AiÀÄ£ÀÆß ºÉÆzÀÄÝ £Án PÁAiÀÄPÀ £ÉqɸÀÄvÁÛgÉ. (»AzÉ zÉÆqÀØ UÀzÉÝUÀ¼À°è CAzÀgÉ KPÀ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ JPÀgÉ «ÄÃjgÀĪÀ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ £Án PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ 30 jAzÀ 300gÀªÀgÀUÉ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ ¥Á¯ÉÆμÀÄîwÛzÀÝgÀAvÉ. F UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ «¸ÁÛgÀªÀ£ÀÄß vÀÄAqÀÄUÉƽ¹ FUÀ PÁ¦ü vÉÆÃl ªÀiÁrgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÁgÀt £ÁnPÁgÀgÀ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÆ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄwÛzÉ.) £ÁnAiÀÄ°è PÉÆr£Án CAzÀgÉ PÉÆqÀV£À°è EzÀ£Éß zsÁgÉ£Án CxÀªÁ ¸Á®Ä£Án. PÀgÉ£Án JA§ JgÀqÀÄ jÃw¬ÄAzÀ UÀÄgÀÄw¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. `zÁgÀ£Án'. PÉÆqÀV£ÀªÀgÀÄ EzÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgɬÄAzÀ®Æ ªÁå¥ÀPÀªÁV £ÉqɹPÉÆAqÀÄ §A¢zÁÝgÉ. zsÁgÉ£Án PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ PÀȶ P˱À®åPÉÌ ªÀiÁzÀjAiÀiÁVzÉ.

ªÉÆzÀ°UÉ PÀÄlÄA§zÀªÀgÉ®è F £Án PÁAiÀÄðzÀ°è ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀÄwÛzÀÝ PÁ®«vÀÄÛ. FUÀ D¼ÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉåAiÉÄà ºÉZÁÑV, ºÉaÑ£À PÉÆqÀªÀ PÀÄlÄA§UÀ¼ÀÄ PÀȶAiÀÄ°è vÉÆqÀUÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄgÉAiÀÄÄwÛªÉ.(ªÀiÁ»w-wªÀÄäAiÀÄå ªÀÄÄPÁÌngÀ) EAzÀÄ D¼ÀÄUÀ½UÀÄ §gÀªÁVzÉ. ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgɬÄAzÀ §AzÀ F zsÁgÉ£ÁnAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÁæzÁAiÀÄ PÉÆqÀV£À ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ MAzÀÄ ¥Àæ¹zÀÞ PÉÃAzÀæªÁzÀ £Á¥ÉÆÃPÀÄè ¸ÀgÀºÀ¢Ý£À°è «±ÉõÀ ¥ÁæªÀÄÄRåvÉ ¥ÀqÉ¢zÉ. C®èzÉ £Án Nl (Nmï£Án) ¸ÀàzsÉðUÀ¼ÀÆ DPÀµÀðPÀªÁVzÉ. PÉÆr£ÁnAiÀÄÄ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. JvÀÛgÀ, MAzÉà £ÉÃgÀ EgÀĪÀ F £ÁnUÉ C£ÀĨsÀ« PÀıÀ® £ÁnPÁgÀjAzÀ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÁzsÀå. ¥ÉÊj£À vÀÄ¢ ºÉZÀÄÑ PÀrªÉÄ EzÀÝgÉ MAzÉà ªÀÄlÖPÉ ªÀÄÄjzÀÄ £ÉqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ºÁUÁV CqÀØ¢rØAiÀiÁV £ÉlÖ `PÉÊ¥ÀÄr' ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀAw®è. MAzÉà JvÀÛgÀPÉÌ PÁtĪÀAvÉ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä JgÀqÀ£Éà ¸Á®£ÀÄß (CAzÀgÉ £ÀqÀÄ«£À ¸Á®Ä) £ÉqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. DzÀgÉ £ÉÃgÀzÀvÀÛ UÀªÀÄ£À«lÄÖ JqÀ§®zÀ°è 1 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 3£Éà ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. F PÉÆr£ÁnAiÀÄÄ C£ÀĨsÀ« £ÁnPÁgÀ¤®è¢zÀÝgÉ vÀqÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÉÆr£ÁnAiÀÄ CAzÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV 4-5 PÉÆr £ÁnUÀ¼À£ÀÆß UÀzÉÝUÉ ºÁPÀÄvÁÛgÉ F £Án £ÉÆÃqÀ®Ä CAzÀªÀµÉÖà C®è, £Án ªÀÄÄPÁÛAiÀÄzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ £ÀqɪÀ `Nmï£Án' ¸ÀàzsÉðUÀÆ C£ÀÄPÀÆ®ªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EªÀÅ zÉÆqÀØ UÀzÉÝUÀ¼À°è §®¨sÁUÀzÀ ªÀÄzsÉå, ¸ÀtÚ UÀzÉÝUÀ¼À°è ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðd DPÁgÀzÀ°ègÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÉÆr£ÁnAiÀÄ D §¢UÀÆ §zÀÄ«£À §¢AiÀÄ°è 6 jAzÀ 9 CAUÀÄ® zÀÆgÀPÉÌ £ÉqÀĪÀ £ÁnAiÉÄà PÀgÉ£Án. EzÀÄ ¸ÀgÀ¼À gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ°ègÀ¯Éà ¨ÉÃPÉA§ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ«®è. PÉÆr£ÁnUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄªÉ PÀ¤µÀ× 5 ¸Á®Ä PÀgÉ£ÁnUÀ¼ÀÄ §gÀÄvÀÛªÉ. PÉÆr£Án ºÁPÀĪÀ°è G½zÀ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ PÁAiÀÄÄÝ CzÀÄ ªÀÄÄVzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°è £ÉqÀ®Ä £ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ ¸ÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. KjPÀgÉAiÀÄ°è ºÁPÀĪÀ ºÁUÀÆ ¤zsÁ¤ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀ£ÀÄß `CAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀ' J£ÀÄßvÁÛgÉ. ªÀÄgÀ¼ÀÄ «Ä²ævÀ ªÀÄtÂÚ£À UÀzÉÝAiÀiÁzÀgÉ F £ÁnPÁgÀ¤UÉ £ÁnUÉ PÉÊ E½¸À®Ä PÀµÀÖ. C£ÀĨsÀªÀ¸ÀÜ£ÁzÀgÉ £ÁnºÁPÀÄvÁÛ »AzÉ ¸ÀjAiÀÄĪÀ°è PÁ°£À ºÉ¨ÉâgÀ½¤AzÀ CzÀÄ«ÄzÀ ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°è ¥ÉÊgÀÄ £ÉÃqÀĪÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄPÉÌ ¸Àj ªÀiÁrPÉƼÀÄîvÁÛ£É. CzÉà eÉÃrªÀÄtÄÚ ªÀiÁzÀjAiÀÄ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è DAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀ¤UÀÆ PÉÊ E½¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀ. £Án (¥ÉÊgÀÄ)AiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀªÁV £ÉqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV M§â PÉÆr£ÁnPÁgÀ¤UÉ E§âgÀÄ CAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ eÉÆvÉ CAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀ vÀÄAqÀÄ, vÀÄAqÀÄ eÁUÀ ©lÄÖ £ÉqÀÄvÁÛ£É. ¸Á®Ä£ÁnPÁgÀ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ ªÀÄzsÉå £Án »rzÀÄ ¸ÁUÀÄvÁÛ£É. ( ªÀiÁ»w ²æÃ. «ÄlÄÖ ¸ÀÆ®ð©)

DPÀvÉAªÀgï £ÉÃgï EmïÖ...... ZÉ°è| CAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀ vÀÄAqï EmïÖ ¥ÀÄra| Nmï £ÁnPÁgÀ PÉÆr£ÁnPÁgÀ eÉÆÃvÉÃ®Æ ¥ÀÄra| NªÀAiÀÄå. `JAvÀ ¥ÉÆAUÀqÀ ¥ÀÄrAiÉÆà ZÁ¬Ä¯Éè JaÑPï MAqÀAzï w¯Éè | JAvÀ ¥ÀÄrAiÀÄ¥Àà £ÁnPï www.ijar.org.in 74

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

ZÁ¬Ä¯Éè..... NªÀAiÀÄå' zÉÆqÀØUÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è ZÉ°èzÀ ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß vÉUÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ CAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀ, ¸Á®Ä£ÁnPÁgÀ, Nmï£ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ J®ègÀÆ ¸ÉÃj £ÁnºÁPÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ºÁUÉ ºÁPÀĪÀ°è vÀªÀÄUÉ MzÀVzÀ PÀµÀÖªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉýPÉƼÀÄîªÀ £É¥ÀzÀ°è ¸ÀgÀ¸À ºÁ¸ÀåzÀ ZÀmÁQAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ±ÀÈAUÁgÀzÀ ªÉÄgÀÄVlÄÖ ºÁj¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. CUÉUÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è PÉÊ¥ÀÄr ºÉAUÀ¸ÀgÀÄ PÀlÄÖvÁÛgÉ. CAvÉAiÉÄà CªÀgÀ£ÀÄß UÀAqÀÄ£ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ ºÉüÀÄvÁÛgÉ. JAxÀ ºÀÄqÀÄVAiÀÄgÀ¥Àà JAvÀºÀ ºÉtÄÚ ºÀÄqÀÄVAiÀÄgÀ¥Àà| ¹PÀÄÌ ©r¸ÀzÉ ¥ÉÊgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀnÖzÀgÉ £Án ºÁPÀ®Ä ZÉ£ÁߺÀĪÀÅzÉÃ? CµÀÄÖ w½ªÀ½PÉ E®è. J£ÀÄßvÁÛ eÉÆvÉVgÀĪÀ ºÉAUÀ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß vÀªÀiÁµÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ªÀÄ¼É zsÁgÁPÁgÀ«zÀÝgÀÆ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀÄ £ÉÃgï ¥ÀÄrAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÉÆÛªÉÄä ¤Ãj£À°è C¢Ý PÉÊ ¥ÀÄrAiÀiÁV »rzÀ ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß JgÀqÀÄ ¸ÀPÉArUÉ MAzÀgÀAvÉ ¥ÉÊgÀÄ £ÉÃqÀĪÀ £ÉÆÃlªÉà PÀÄvÀƺÀ®PÁj. ªÀAiÀĸÁìzÀªÀgÀÄ 5-6 ¸ÉPÉArUÉ MAzÀgÀAvÉ £Án £ÉqÀ§®ègÀÄ. UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è ¤ÃgÀÄ 5 CAUÀÄ® «ÄÃj JvÀÛgÀPÉÌ ¤AwzÀgÉ £Án ¤zsÁ£ÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀÄzsÁåºÀß £Án vÀÄA©zÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É £ÁnPÁgÀ¤UÉ «±ÉõÀ Hl«gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÀtÚQÌ PÀƼï L¥ÀAeÉPÀj ªÉǪÀÄävï «£ï PÀÄA§¼ÀPÀj, EvÁå¢UÀ½gÀĪÀAvÀºÀzÀÄ CzÀPÁÌV ºÁr£À°è `vÀgÀvÀgÀ CrUÉãÀ GArvï Da' JA§ vÀȦÛAiÀÄ ºÁqÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. DzÁzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ G½zÀ £ÁnAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄV¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ªÀÄÄPÁÛAiÀÄzÀ WÀlÖzÀ°è `ªÀAiÀÄå'ºÁPÀÄvÁÛgÉ. EzÀ£Éß `ªÀAiÀÄå ºÁPÀĪÀ' `ªÀAiÀÄå PÀÆUÀĪÀ' J£ÀÄßvÁÛgÉ. F ªÀÄÄPÁÛAiÀÄzÀ WÀlÖ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ vÀÄ¢AiÀÄ°èAiÉÄà DUÀ¨ÉÃPÉA¢®è. ¸ÀÄvÁÛ £Án ºÁPÀÄvÁÛ §AzÀÄ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ ªÀÄ F ªÀÄÄPÁÛAiÀÄ WÀlÖzÀ°è ºÁqÀĪÀ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁ¼ÀÄ £ÁnPÁgÀ `EzÀ EzÀ..... EzÉÆà EzÉÆ....' CAzÀgÉ ¹zÀÞvÁ£É JAzÀÄ PÉüÀÄvÁÛ£É. ¹zÀÞ J£ÀÄߪÀ ªÀiÁzÀð¤ G½zÀªÀjAzÀ DV§gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀÄÄAzÁ¼ÀÄ ªÉÇà ªÀAiÀÄå JAzÀÄ DgÀA©ü¹zÁUÀ G½zÀªÀgÀÄ ¸Á°£À DvÀåAPÉÌ `NªÀAiÀÄå' JAzÀÄ ¥À®è« ElÄÖ £Án ºÁPÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ªÀÄÄAzÁ¼ÀÄ ºÁqÀ£ÀÄß ºÁrzÁUÀ ªÀiÁzÀð¤UÀ¼ÀÆ ¸ÀjÃPÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. PÉüÀÄUÀgÀÄ vÀ£ÀäAiÀĪÁUÀĪÀ ZÁ®£É C°ègÀÄvÀÛzÉ. zÉêÀ¼ï £É£Àavï vÁ£ï¨ÉZïÑ D¼ÀĪÀ PÉÆý PÀÄAf ªÀÄj¥ÉÆÃ¯É ZÉÆêÀÄ §AiÀÄå PÉÃgÉÆïÉ, ZÀÆzï, ¨ÉÊAiÀÄå £ÀÆ¥ÉÆÃ¯É Nr ¥Áj §A¢vï NªÀAiÀÄå! - PÉÆýAiÉÆqÀ£É §gÀĪÀ ªÀÄjUÀ¼ÀAvÉ, ¸ÀÆfAiÀÄ »AzÉ £ÀÆ®Ä ºÉÆÃUÀĪÀAvÉ, zÉêÀgÀ£ÀÄß £É£É¸ÀÄvÀÛ D¼ÀÄ ªÀÄPÀ̼ÀÄ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À£ÉÆqÀ£É UÀzÉÝUÉ ¸ÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. F ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼À°è vÀAzÉ ªÀÄPÀ̼À DwäÃAiÀÄ£ÀÄß UÀÄgÀÄw¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ. JvÀÄÛUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆqÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ §AzÀgÀªÀgÉ DPÀAvÉªï ¤A¢vï £ÉÆUÀ PÀnÖvï| £ÉÃAV PÀnÖvï ¸Á¯ï«lvï GvÀÛw| GvÀÄÛ, ¸ÀtÚ ©Ãd ¨sÀvÀÛªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁgÀÄ ElÄÖ ZÉ®ÄèvÁÛgÉ. EzÀ£ÀÆß «ªÀgÀªÁV »ÃUÉAiÀÄÆ ºÉüÀĪÀÅzÀÄAlÄ. DPÀvÉAªÀPÉÌ §AzÀvÉà E¼ÀAZï NªÀAiÀÄå| D£ÉÆUÀ¨ÉaÑ NªÀAiÀÄå| £ÉÃAVAiÀÄÆ PÀnÖ, DPÀvÉAªÀvÀ£À ¸Á®mï GvïÛ, CqÉÆØãɼÉÆà GvïÛvï vÉÊavï! CPÀvÉAªÀPï £ÁnPï½Ad zÉÆqÀØ UÀzÉÝUÉ §AzÀÄ E½zÀÄ £ÉÆUÀ £ÉÃV®£ÀÄß JwÛUÉPÀnÖ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è ¸Á®Ä ºÁQ CqÀØ GzÀÝ GvÀÄÛ CzÀ ªÀiÁr D¬ÄvÀÄ. £ÁnUÉ CAvÉAiÉÄà ¹zÀÞªÁUÀÄvÉÛÃªÉ J£ÀÄßvÁÛgÉ. £Án ±ÀÄgÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä MlÖ®Ä ¥ÉÊj£À Ml֮ī£À°è EzÀgÀ «ªÀgÀ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¸ÀtÚ ©Ãd ¨sÀvÀÛªÀ£ÀÄß MlÖ®Ä UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è ¸À¹ ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄ®Ä ºÁPÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ¥ÁwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ©r¹ ©Ãd ºÁQgÀĪÀ°è ¥ÁwAiÀÄ ¸À¹UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É §AzÁUÀ MvÁÛV vÀÄA©zÀ ¸Á®Ä PɸÀgÁzÀAvÉ PÁtÄvÀÛzÉ. 8-9EAZÀÄ JvÀÛgÀzÀ ¸À¹UÀ¼À PÀAvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀlÄÖvÁÛgÉ. PÀAvÉAiÀÄ §ÄqÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¤Ãj£À°è PÀ®Q CzÀPÉÌ CAnzÀÝ ªÀÄuÉÚ®è vÉUÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ. ¹PÀÄÌ ©r¹zÀ PÀAvÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÁnªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ¤Ãj£À D¸ÀgÉ PÀrªÉÄ EgÀĪÀ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ JvÀÛgÀ eÁUÀzÀ QgÀĨsÁUÀªÁzÀ ªÀiÁ¤UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ®Æè MlÖ®Ä ºÁPÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ªÁrPÉAiÀÄ°èzÉ. ¨É¼ÉzÀ ¸À¹AiÀÄ£ÀÄß £ÀAvÀgÀ zÉÆqÀØ UÀzÉÝUÉ £Án ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä MAiÀÄÄåvÁÛgÉ. C°è zÉÆqÀØ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ £ÀqÀĨsÁUÀzÀ°èAiÉÄà CxÀªÁ ªÀÄzsÀåPÉÌ §zÀÄ«£À ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°è ºÀjªÀ ¤ÃgÀÄ ¸À¹AiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆaÑ ºÉÆUÀĪÀÅ¢®è. ©Ãd ªÉƼÀPÉAiÉÆqÉzÁUÀ ¸À¹AiÀÄ PɼÀV£À G½PÉ ©Ãd¨sÁUÀªÀ£ÀÄß w£Àß®Ä §gÀĪÀ ºÀA¢AiÀÄ PÁl PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÁUÀÆ zÀ£ÀUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀªÁV ¨Á¬Ä ºÁPÀ®Ä ¸ÁzsÀåªÁUÀzÀÄ. ¸À¹AiÀÄ UÉÆAZÀ®£ÀÄß UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ J®èqÉUÉ PÉÃAzÀæ¢AzÀ MAiÀÄå®Ä ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀ. ¸À¹UÉ CUÀvÀåªÁzÀ ¸ÀÆPÀÛªÁzÀ ¤Ãj£À D¸ÀgÉ G½zÉqÉVAvÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ C£ÀÄPÀÆ®ªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. §AiÀÄ®Ä ¹ÃªÉÄAiÀÄ UÀzÉÝUÀ¼À°è ºÀA¢UÀ¼À PÁl ºÉaÑ®è. £ÉÃV®Ä ºÉÆÃUÀ¢gÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ¯É CAZÀÄUÀ¼À°è PÉÆîÄUÀÄzÀÝ°, www.ijar.org.in 75

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

J¯ÉUÀÄzÀÝ° ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ¥ÀÄr ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. CzÀÄ £Án ºÁPÀĪÀ ºÉuÁÚ¼ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß ±Á¸ÀÛçPÉÌ £ÉlÖAvÉ D¨sÁUÀzÀ°è GzÁ¹Ã£À ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. C°è `PɸÀgÉÆnÖ®Ä' ªÀÄvÀÄÛ `§gÉÆnÖ®Ä' JAzÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ §UÉ. PɸÀgÉÆnÖ°UÉ, CzÀ ªÀiÁrzÀ w¥ÉàUÉƧâgÀ. ªÀÄtÄÚ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ©vÀÛ£É ¨sÀvÀÛªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÆmÉPÀnÖ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¤ÃgÀÄ ZÀĪÀÄÄQ¹ ªÉƼÀPÉ §AzÀ ªÉÄïÉ, ºÀzÀªÀiÁrzÀ MlÖ®Ä UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è CªÀ£ÀÄß ZÉ®ÄèvÁÛgÉ. ¸À¹ ¨É¼ÉzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É £ÁnUÉ vÉUÉzÀÄ ºÁPÀÄvÁÛgÉ. EzÀgÀ°è MzÀUÀĪÀ E¼ÀĪÀj JPÀÌgÉUÉ 18-20 QéAmÁ¯ï ¨sÀvÀÛ.(ªÀiÁ»w-wªÀÄäAiÀÄå ªÀÄÄPÁÌngÀ) CzÉà §gÉÆlÖ°£À°è eËUÀÄ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ©ÃdzÀ `PÉÊZÀ®è£É'AiÀÄ £ÀAvÀgÀ §AzÀ ¸À¹AiÀÄ£ÀÄß CAvÀºÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°èAiÉÄ £Án ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. EzÀjAzÀ §gÀĪÀ ¨sÀvÀÛPÉÌ §gÀ¨sÀvÀÛ J£ÀÄßvÁÛgÉ. E¼ÀĪÀj JPÀgÉUÉ 4-5 QéAmÁ¯ï MzÀUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EAvÀºÀ ¨sÀvÀÛªÀ£ÀÄß `¢tÂÚ ¨sÀvÀÛ' J£ÀÄßvÁÛgÉ. PÉ®ªÉqÉ F ¨sÀvÀÛzÀ ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß zÀ£ÀPÀgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÄëUÉ ©qÀĪÀÅzÀÄAlÄ. F ªÉÄð£À «zsÀUÀ½UÉ ºÉÆð¹zÀgÉ GvÀÛgÀ PÉÆqÀV£À £Án ¥ÀzÀÞvÉAiÀÄ ªÉʲµÀÖ PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÉÆqÀV£À JgÀqÀÆ ¨sÁUÀUÀ¼À°è ªÀAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ºÁr£À¯ÉèãÉÆà ºÉZÀÄÑ PÀrªÉÄ MAzÉà CxÀð §gÀĪÀ ºÁr£À ¸Á®ÄUÀ½ªÉ. `ZÉ°èa wAUÀ zÀÄA§ÄªÀPÀÌ GvÀÄÛ G¼ÀĪÉÄ ªÀiÁrvï £À¯ÉÆèÃgï ¢ªÀ¸Àvï¯ï ªÀÄÄ¥Ààzï D¼ï CPÀÌAUÀ CtÚAUÀ Q¤ßvï £ÀnÖvï `NªÀAiÀÄå|' ©Ãd ZÉ°èzÀ wAUÀ¼À £ÀAvÀgÀ C°èAiÀÄ PÀ¼É QvÀÄÛ ¸À¹AiÀÄ £ÉgÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÀ¸À£ÀÄ ªÀiÁrzÉ. M¼ÉîAiÀÄ ¢£À £ÉÆÃr ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ ºÉuÁÚ¼ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÆ ¸ÉÃj ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß MlÖ°¤AzÀ QvÀÄÛ ¤Ãj£À°è C¢Ý PÀÄ®ÄQ ªÀÄtÄÚ ºÀAmÉ ©r¹ ¸À¹AiÀÄ PÀAvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸À¹¬ÄAzÀ¯É ©VzÀÄ gÁ² ¸ÉÃj¹ £ÉÃgï §ÄnÖ (¥ÉÊj£À PÀÄPÉÌ) AiÀÄ°è £ÁnUÉ PÀ¼ÀÄ»¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. (AiÀiÁPÀvÀ ªÀÄvÀ¯ï ªÉǪÀÄäPÀ¥ÀÄr PÀnÖnÖ ¥ÉgÀa) MlÖ®Ä UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è ºÉAUÀ¸ÀgÀÄ ¥ÀågÀÄ »r PÀlÄÖvÁÛgÉ. UÀAqÀ¸ÀgÀÄ vÀgÀÄvÁÛgÉ. vÀAzÀ ¥ÉÊgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ §zÀÄ«£À°è gÁ² ¸ÉÃj¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. PÀqÀªÉ CxÀªÁ PÁqÀÄPÉÆÃtzÀ ZÀªÀÄðzÀºÁ¼ÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É ºÀUÀÎPÀnÖ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ ¤ÃgÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É J¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ ºÉÆÃV £ÁnPÁgÀjUÉ vÀ®Ä¦¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. EzÀÄ ªÉÆzÀ® ºÀAvÀ. ºÉZÀÄÑ ¥Á®Ä £Án ºÁQzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ZÀªÀÄðzÀ ºÁ¼ÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÁV¸À®Ä vÁt«gÀzÀ PÁgÀt CqÉØ PÉÆðUÉ ¥ÉÊgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¹V¹ £ÁnPÁgÀgÀ §½UÉ §AzÀÄ UÉÆAZÀ®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß J¸ÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛgÉ. £Án DgÀA©ü¸ÀĪÀ°è ªÉÆzÀ®Ä »jAiÀÄ CxÀªÁ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À §AzÀÄ »r ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß vÉUÉzÀÄ UÀzÉÝUÉ ºÁPÀĪÀ£ÀÄ. E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ »rAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀƪÀ𠢸ÉUÉ ªÀÄÄRªÀiÁr ¥Áæyð¹ £Án £ÉqÀÄvÁÛ£É. G½zÀ ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß D¼ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ CªÀ¤AzÀ ¥ÀqÉzÀÄ £Án DgÀA©ü¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. £Án PÁAiÀÄðPÉÌ GvÁìºÀzÀ vÀÄA§®Ä MAiÀÄå¥Ámï, eÉÆvÉUÉ F ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è ZÀÄgÀÄPÁV £ÉqÀĪÀªÀjUÉ ªÉÄZÀÄÑUÉ ¤Ãr Nmï £ÁnUÉ ¹zÀÞªÁUÀ®Ä »jAiÀÄ PÀgÉ EqÀÄvÁÛ£É. »AzÉ ©zÀÝ ¸ÀAUÀrUÀgÀ£ÀÆß JZÀÑj¸ÀÄvÀÛ ¸À®ºÉ ¤ÃqÀÄvÀÛ ºÀjzÀÄA©¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. G½zÀªÀgÀÄ ªÉÄüÀUÉÆqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. N £Án NªÀAiÀÄå ¨ÉjAiÀÄ vÀÄA§qï £Án| £ÉÃgï ¥ÀÄr ZÁ¬Ä¯Éè NªÀAiÀÄå ZÀÄgÀÄPï¯ï £ÀqÀPÉÆAqÀÄ £Án NªÀAiÀÄå| KjgÀ PÀgÉPÁ¯ÉPÀÄgïvÀAqÀ ªÉÆmïÖ NªÀAiÀÄå| Nmï£ÁnPÁgÀ PÉÊ¥ÀÄr PÀÄvïa NªÀAiÀÄå PÉÆr£ÁnPÁgÀ, CAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀ NªÀAiÀÄå| UÀÄzÀÝvï §ÄzÀÝvï NªÀAiÀÄå| £ÁnPÁgÀ£É £ÁnAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¨ÉÃUÀ vÀÄA§Ä. ¥ÉÊj£À »r »r¢gÀĪÀ jÃw ZÉ£ÁßV®è ©r¹ ZÀÄgÀÄPÁV £ÉqÀÄ. ©r¹ ©r¹ ¨ÉÃUÀ vÀÄA§Ä. UÀļÉî£Àj vɪÀjAiÀÄ §¢AiÀÄ°è KrUÁV ºÀÄqÀÄPÀÄvÁÛ £ÉÃgÀ«®èzÀ £ÉqÉAiÀÄ°è G¥ÁAiÀĪÁV ¸ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¤£Àß PÁ®Ä D UÀļÉî£ÀjAiÀÄ ºÉeÉÓ ªÉÄnÖzÀAvÉ PÁtÄvÀÛzÉ. Nmï £ÁnPÁgÀ£É £Án vÀÄA©zÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É «ÄQÌgÀĪÀ »r ¥ÉÊgÀ£ÀÄß UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è MAzÉqÉ £ÉqÀÄ. CAqÀ£ÁnPÁgÀ£É ¤£Àß eÉÆvÉAiÀĪÀgÉ®è £Án ªÀÄÄV¹zÁÝgÉ. ¤Ã£ÀÄ ¨ÉÃUÀ£É ªÀÄÄV¹ ¨Á NªÀAiÀÄå JAzÀÄ PÀÆUÀĪÀ°è `NºÉÆÃ, NºÉÆÃ....' JA§ ¸ÀªÀÄƺÀ GvÁìºÀzÀ »ªÉÄäüÀ MzÀUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. »ÃUÉAzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É G½zÀ PÉÊ¥ÀÄrAiÀÄ£ÀÄß MAzÉqÉ UÉÆAZÀ¯ÁV £ÉqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. F ¥ÀågÀÄ UÉÆAZÀ®Ä £Án jÃ¥Éj PÁAiÀÄðPÉÌ «ÄøÀ®Ä, EzÀ£Éßà `JqÉ£Án' J£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀÄ. £ÉqÀĪÁUÀ ¸Á®ÄvÀ¦àzÀgÉ, ¥ÉÊgÀÄ ¸ÀjAiÀiÁV ¤®èzÉ vÉð ºÉÆÃVzÀÝgÉ, PÉAZÀÄUÀnÖzÀ ¥ÉÊgÀÄ £ÉnÖzÀÝgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À §zÀ°UÉ ºÁPÀ®Ä F PÉÊ¥ÀÄrUÉÆAZÀ®Ä §¼ÀPÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. JqÉ£ÁnAiÀÄ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀªÀzÀÄ. £Án J®è ªÀÄÄVzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¸Á®Ä £ÁnUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄªÉ Nmï£ÁnUÉ (£Án UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ Nl) vÀgÀÄtgÀÄ ¹zÀÞgÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. F ¸ÀàzsÉðAiÀÄ°è £Án £ÉlÖªÀgÀµÉÖ C®èzÉ, EvÀgÀ D¸ÀPÀÛgÀÆ ¥Á®ÄUÉƼÀÀÄzÀÄ. UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ PɸÀgÀÄ ºÁgÀĪÀ PÁgÀt ªÉÄîĪÀ¸ÀÛçUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÉUÉzÀÄ, PÉÆr£ÁnAiÀÄ ¸Á°£À°è UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ DgÀA¨sÀ ¸ÁÜ£ÀzÀ°è ¸ÀàzsÁð¼ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¤®ÄèªÀgÀÄ. UÉzÀݪÀjUÉ §ºÀĪÀiÁ£À«gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DPÀvÉAªÀvï® NqÀĪÀPï E½Af...... | www.ijar.org.in 76

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

NmïPï½Afvï NqÀĪÀ ¸ÀàzsÉÃð° UÉzÀÝvï ¨Ávï...... | «ÄAk §AzÀªÀAUï ¥Àvï gÀÆ¥Á¬Ä; zÀAqÀ£É §AzÀªÀjUÉ CAeï gÀÆ¥Á¬Ä | ªÀÄÆAzÀ£É §AzÀªÀAUï ªÀÄÆAzï gÀÆ¥Á¬Ä. UÉzÀݪÀjUÉ §ºÀĪÀiÁ£À. zÉÆqÀØ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ°è MqÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ E½zÀÄ, NlzÀ ¸ÀàzsÉðAiÀÄ°è UÉzÀݪÀjUÉ ºÀtzÀ §ºÀĪÀiÁ£ÀUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ. ªÉÆzÀ°UÉ ¨Á¼ÉUÉƼÉ, vÉAV£ÀPÁ¬Ä, ºÀÄgÀÄPÀ®Äè (CgÀ½£À wAr) PÉÆqÀÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄ. £Á®Ì£ÉAiÀĪÀ¤UÉ J¯É CrPÉAiÀÄ UËgÀªÀ ¸À®ÄèwÛvÀÄÛ. CAzÀgÉ. MAzï, zÀAqï, ªÀÄÆAzïAUÉ §ºÀĪÀiÁ£À NªÀAiÀÄå, ¨ÁQ G¼ÀîAUÀPï J®è NªÀAiÀÄå | ¥Éj¨Á¼É ¥sÀ¯ÁgÀ PÉÆqïvï NªÀAiÀÄå? J¯ÁègïPï PÁ¦Ã£À PÀÄr¥ÀPï PÉÆqïvï NªÀAiÀÄå | ªÉÆzÀ® ªÀÄƪÀjUÉ §ºÀĪÀiÁ£À ¸Àj. ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¹zÀ EvÀgÀjUÉ ºÀÄgÀÄPÀ®Ä, ¨Á¼ÉºÀtÄÚ vÉAV£ÀPÁ¬Ä, PÁ¦ü EvÁå¢ G¥ÁºÁgÀ zÉÆgÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. §ºÀĪÀiÁ£ÀzÀ ªÉÆvÀÛªÀ£ÀÄß £ÁnUÀzÉÝAiÀÄ PÀÄlÄA§zÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À PÉÆqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. «eÉÃvÀgÀÄ §ºÀĪÀiÁ£À ¹éÃPÀj¸ÀĪÁUÀ, ¥ÁzÀªÀÄÄnÖ £ÀªÀĸÀÌj¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. DUÀ AiÀÄdªÀiÁ£À ªÀÄÄA¢£À ¨Áj ¸ÁzsÀ£É ªÀÄvÀÛµÀÄÖ ¥ËæqÀªÁUÀ°, zÉêÀgÀÄ ¤£ÀߣÀÆß PÁAiÀÄ° JAzÀÄ ºÀj¸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. ¸ÀàzsÉðAiÀÄÄ PÉ®ªÉqÉUÀ¼À°è ªÉÆzÀ®Ä PÉÆqÀªÀgÁ¢AiÀiÁV £ÀAvÀgÀ zÀ°vÀªÀUÀðzÀªÀjUÉ £ÀqÉzÀgÀÆ §ºÀĪÀiÁ£ÀzÀ ªÉÆvÀÛzÀ°è ¨ÉÃzsÀ«®è. EwÛÃZÉUÉ £ÁnAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄAzÀĪÀj¢zÀÝgÀÆ Nmï£ÁnAiÀÄ ¸ÀàzsÉðUÀ¼ÀÄ C¥ÀgÀÆ¥ÀªÁUÀÄwÛªÉ. ¸ÀàzsÉð ªÀÄÄVzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ £ÁnUÉ ªÀåQÛvÀé gÀƦ¹ ¥Áæyð¸ÀĪÀ §UÉ CxÀð¥ÀÆtðªÁVzÉ. MªÀÄäPÉà ªÀÄÆAzïPÀÆvï PÉÆqÀvï...... | £ÁnPÁgÀ CtÚAUÀ PÀgÉ¥ÀwÛ¤Azï NªÀAiÀÄå | £ÁnPÁgÀgÉ®ègÀÆ MªÉÄä¯Éà ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨Áj PÀÆV UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ vɪÀjAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¤AvÀÄ ºÉüÀÄvÁÛgÉ : PÀ½PÀ½ £ÁnAiÀÄ PÀPÀÌqÀ wAUÀvï PÀ½£ÁnAiÉÄà aAYËgÀ wAUÀ¼ï¯É aAiÀÄÆ£ÁnAiÉÄÃ| PÀ£Àåvï PÁAiÀÄ £ÁnAiÉÄà | ¥ÀÄAqÀ¥ÉÆÃ¯É kÉÃqÀÄUÀÆr, PÁAqÀ¥ÉÆÃ¯É PÀzÀgÁ¬Ä | DPÀAiÀiÁPÀ PÀÄAqÀ£ÀÄ PÀÄgÉÆÃlÄ Pï¥ÀÄàt ªÉÄ¥ÀÄàt MAzÁV ¨ÉƼÀAzï ¨Á £ÁnAiÉÄà | EqÀÄAUÀÆr ¨Á £ÁnAiÉÄà | ¹AºÀªÀiÁ¸ÀzÀ°è (DUÀ¸ïÖ- ¸É¥ÉÖA§gï) ¨ÉÃgÀÄ PÀZÀÄѪÀ PÁgÀt ©¹°£À PÉÆgÀvÉAiÀÄ PÁgÀt ¤£Àß ¨É¼É¸ÀÄ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. DzÀgÉ PÀ£ÁåªÀiÁ¸ÀzÀ (¸É¥ÉÖA§gï-CPÉÆÖçgï). ©¹®Ä PÁAiÀÄÄÝ ©¢j£ÀAvÉ ºÉÆgÀªÁV ¨Á, PÁAqÀzÀAvÉ GzÀÝ PÀ¢gÁV ¨É¼ÉzÀÄ ¨Á zÉÆqÀØ, ¸ÀtÚ, PɼÀUÀt, ªÉÄÃUÀt UÀzÉÝUÀ¼À J®è ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è MAzÉà jÃwAiÀiÁV ¨É¼ÉzÀÄ vÀÄA© MvÁÛV ¨É¼ÉAiÀÄ ¨Á PÀ¼ÉPÀ¼ÉAiÀiÁV ¨Á £ÁnAiÉÄ | JA§ PÀ¼ÀPÀ½ F ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è PÁt§gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. JgÀqÀ£ÉAiÀÄ ªÀiÁzÀj `NAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ'zÀ°è, UÀt¥Àw, PÁªÉÃjªÀiÁvÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀÄÛw, £ÁnPÁgÀ ºÀÄnÖ §zÀÄPÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ £É¯É, EgÀĪÀ PÀÄlÄA§UÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÀļÉUÁ® §gÀĪÀ jÃw, ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄPÉÌ vÉÆqÀUÀ®Ä ¥ÀæPÀÈw ¤ÃqÀĪÀ ¸ÀAPÉÃvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, CzÀPÁÌV gÉÊvÀgÀ ¹zÀÞvÉ £ÁnAiÀÄ PÀæªÀÄ EvÁå¢UÀ¼À «ªÀgÀUÀ®ªÀgÉUÀÆ §A¢ªÉ. CAvÀåzÀ°è §gÀĪÀ ¥ÁæxÀð£Á ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨sÀQÛ ¥ÀæzÁ£ÀªÁVzÉ. Pï¥ÀÄàt ªÉÄ¥ÀÄàt | ªÉÇvïÛ ¨ÉƼÀAzÁ | AiÉÄÃjPÀÄ ¨ÁjPï | §ÄzïÝ ¨ÉƼïAzÀ DAiÀÄAUÀÄ zÉêÀAUÀÄ | ¥Á®ÄAUÀƼÁ¬Ä | ¥ÀvÁÛAiÀÄzÀÄA© | ¥ÉÆ°AiÀÄqï £É¯ÉÆèà £ÉÃqÀ PÀƼÀÄAqï | ¥ÉÆ®gÀqï eÉ£Á | ºÉƪÀAiÀÄå | £ÀAdÄAqÀzÉêÁ www.ijar.org.in 77

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

-MAiÀÄå »rzÀ §AzsÀÄUÀ¼É®è JzÀÄÝ UÀzÉÝAiÀÄ §zÀÄ«£À ªÉÄÃ¯É ¤AvÀÄ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨Áj zÉêÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¥Áæyð¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. £ÀAvÀgÀ ¥sÀ®±ÀÄæwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉüÀÄvÁÛgÉ. £ÀmÉÖöÊAUÀqÀ ¨Á¬ÄPï ¥Á®ÄPÀƼÀÄ PÉÆqï £ÁnAiÉÄà | PÀzÀݪÀAqÀ ¨Á¬ÄPï £ÀAf ªÀÄgÀAf ¥ÉÆÃqÀÄ £ÁnAiÉÄà | £Án £ÉlÖªÀjUÉ ºÁ®Ä C£Àß ¥ÉÊgÀÄPÀzÀݪÀjUÉ £ÀAf£À Gt¸ÀÄ C£ÀÄߪÀ CxÀð«zÉ. ±ÀæªÀÄPÉÌ ¤ÃrgÀĪÀ ¨É¯É E°èzÉ. F ¸Á®Ä ªÀÄÄV¸ÀĪÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄPÉÌ, D ªÀiÁwUÉ G½zÀªÀgÀÄ `EzÀ EzÀ ºÀÆÕ , EzÀ EzÀ ºÀÆÕ , EzÀ EzÀ ºÀÆÕ , - JAzÀÄ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨Áj M¦àUÉAiÀÄ PÀÆUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. F `NAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ¥Ámï£ÀÄß `PÀPÀÌqÀ' ªÀiÁ¸À (dįÉÊ- DUÀ¸ïÖ) PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ DµÁqÀ ªÀiÁ¸ÀzÀ°è ªÀiÁvÀæ ºÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÉ£ÀÄߪÀ £ÀA©PÉ PÉÆqÀªÀ d£À¥ÀzÀgÀzÀÄ. £Án ªÀÄÄVAiÀÄ®Ä ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÀÄ 10 ¤«ÄµÀ«zÉ J£ÀÄߪÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ°è. DzÀÆ £Án ªÀÄÄVAiÀÄĪÀÅ¢zÀÝgÉ; F ºÁqÀÄ E®è¢zÀÝgÉ ºÁqÀĪÀÅ¢®è. F £Án ºÁr£À°è §gÀĪÀ PÉÆqÀªÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ zsÁn PÀ£ÀßqÀ d£À¥ÀzÀ ºÁrUÉ wÃgÀ ºÀwÛgÀªÁVzÉ JA§ÄzÀÄ UÀªÀÄ£ÁºÀð. Erà ªÀµÀðzÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ «ªÀgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß VÃvÁvÀäPÀªÁV vÀÄA© `MAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ ¥Ámï£ÀÄß ºÁqÀĪÀ ¥ÉæÃgÀuÉ, £ÁnAiÀÄ PÉ®¸À ªÀÄÄV¹, »ÃUÉ ±ÀĨsÀ ºÁgÉʹ CªÀgÀÄ £À«Ä¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ªÁrPÉ. ©vÀÛ£É, G¼ÀĪÉÄ EvÁå¢ PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ §¼À¹zÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ ¥ÀjPÀgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ZÉÆPÀÌ ªÀiÁr ¹AºÀ ªÀiÁ¸ÀzÀ°è §gÀĪÀ DAiÀÄÄzsÀ ¥ÀÆeÉAiÀÄ ºÀ§âPÉÌ ¹zÀݪÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. F £ÀqÁªÀ½UÀ¼ÀÄ ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀ PÉÆqÀV£À J®è gÉÊvÀgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ¸ÁPÀµÀÄÖ ©¢ÝgÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ EA¢£À CªÀgÀ DZÀgÀuÉUÀ¼É ¸ÁQëAiÀiÁVªÉ. ªÁ¶ðPÁªÀvÀð£ÀªÁzÀ PÀȶAiÀÄ°è vÉÆqÀUÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß QæÃAiÀiÁ²Ã®ªÁV ªÀiÁvÀæªÀ®èzÉ ¸ÀÈd£À²Ã®ªÁVgÀĪÀAvÉAiÀÄÆ £ÉÆÃrPÉÆArzÁÝgÉ. NAiÀÄåPÁPÀĪÀ' PÀȶPÉ®¸ÀzÀ ¸ÀºÀd ZÉÊvÀ£ÀåzÀ ºÁqÀÄ DVzÉ. PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ F d£À¥ÀzÀ ºÁqÀÄ ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ §UÉV£À PÉÆqÀªÀgÀ £ÀA©PÉ ºÁUÀÆ ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀȶÖUÉ ¸ÁQëAiÀiÁVzÉ.

Cr n¥ÀàtÂ: 1. r.J£ï. PÀȵÀÚAiÀÄå, PÉÆqÀV£À EwºÁ¸À, ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ «±Àé«zÁ央AiÀÄ,2014,¥ÀÄl.22

DPÀgÀ UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ: 1. LwZÀAqÀ gÀªÉÄñï GvÀÛ¥Àà, PÉÆqÀªÀ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À, PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÀjµÀvÀÄÛ,2014 2. qÁ. JA.f £ÁUÀgÁeï, PÉÆqÀV£À ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ £É®UÀ¼ÀÄ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÀjµÀvÀÄÛ,2014 3 £ÀrPÉÃjAiÀÄAqÀ atÚ¥Àà, ¥ÀmÉÆÖÃ¯É ¥À¼ÀªÉÄ, PÉÆqÀªÀ ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÀ«Ä, ªÀÄrPÉÃj. 2012 4 JA.f.£ÁUÀgÁeï, PÉÆqÀV£À ºÁ¯ÉÃj gÁdªÀA±ÀªÀÅ ¨sÁUÀ 1, ¥ÁæZÀåªÀ¸ÀÄì ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀAUÀæºÁ®AiÀÄUÀ® ¤zÉÃð±À£Á®AiÀÄ,ºÉƸÀ¥ÉÃmÉ 2004 5 qÁ.£ÁUÉÃ±ï ºÉ¨Áâ¯É,PÉÆqÀªÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ¥ÀzÀPÉÆñÀ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ «±Àé«zÁ央AiÀÄ, ºÀA¦,2018

PÉëÃvÀæPÁgÀå ªÀPÀÛøUÀ¼ÀÄ: 1. ¨ÁagÀtÂAiÀÄAqÀ C¥ÀàtÚ, ¤ªÀÈvÀÛ ²PÀëPÀgÀÄ, PÀıÁ®£ÀUÀgÀ 2. «ÄlÄÖ, PÀȶPÀgÀÄ, ¸ÀÆ®ð© 3. wªÀÄäAiÀÄå ªÀÄÄPÁÌngÀ, PÀȶPÀgÀÄ, ªÀiÁzÁ¥ÀÄgÀ

www.ijar.org.in 78

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Aitihyagalu Mattu Aakhyanagalu-Ondu PakshiNota

-Dr.Sumithra

LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DSÁå£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ - MAzÀÄ ¥ÀQë£ÉÆÃl -qÁ.¸ÀÄ«ÄvÀæ ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ EwºÁ¸À «¨sÁUÀ, «±Àé«zÁ央AiÀÄ ®°vÀ PÀ¯Á PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ, ªÀiÁ£À¸ÀUÀAUÉÆÃwæ, ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ

§ºÀÄPÁ®¢AzÀ®Æ vÀ¯ÉªÀiÁj¤AzÀ vÀ¯ÉªÀiÁjUÉ ¨Á¬ÄªÀiÁw£À°è §gÀĪÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À §UÉVgÀĪÀ ¤gÀÆ¥ÀuÉ CxÀªÁ PÀxÉUÀ¼Éà LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ. ¸ÁzsÀĸÀAvÀgÀÄ, IĶUÀ¼ÀÄ EvÀgÀ ªÀĺÁ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀ£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÀ PÁ®à¤PÀ E®èªÉà ¥ÀÄgÁt PÀxÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DSÁå£ÀUÀ¼É£ÀߧºÀÄzÀÄ. EªÀÅ ªÀiÁåPïìªÀÄÄ®ègï ¥ÀArvÀgÀÄ ºÉýzÀAvÉ ¸ÀAªÁzÀ gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°è ¨É¼ÉzÀÄ §gÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV EªÀÅ ªÀĺÁ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀ CzÀÄãvÀ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÁVzÀÄÝ d£ÀgÀ°è CªÀgÀ ¥Àæ¹¢ÞAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÀgÀqÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ¥ÀÄgÁt PÀxÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆPÀëöäªÁV CªÀ¯ÉÆÃQ¹zÀgÉ PÉÆAZÀªÀÄnÖUÉ ¸ÀvÀåªÀ£ÀÄß PÁt§ºÀÄzÁzÀgÀÆ EwºÁ¸ÀzÀ gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀįÁèUÀ°, ªÁåSÁå£ÀzÀ¯ÁèUÀ° CªÀÅ ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð «±Áé¸ÁºÀðªÁUÀ¯ÁgÀªÀÅ. ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ EwºÁ¸ÀzÀ°è ºÀ®ªÀÅ LwºÀåUÀ¼À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀÄgÁtUÀ¼À G¯ÉèÃR«zÀÄÝ ¨ÉÃgÁªÀÅzÀÆ ¸ÁPÁëöåzsÁgÀUÀ½®è¢gÀĪÀ PÀqÉUÀ¼À°è EªÀÅUÀ½AzÀ C®à ¸Àé®à ¸ÀºÁAiÀĪÁUÀĪÀÅzÀAvÀÆ RavÀ. LwºÀåUÀ¼À ZÁjwæPÀ ¸ÀvÀå K£Éà EgÀ°, d£ÀgÀ fêÀ£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÀqÉ£ÀÄrUÀ¼À£ÀÄß gÀƦ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ°è CªÀÅ ªÀĺÀvÀézÀ ¥ÁvÀæ ªÀ»¹ªÉAiÉÄA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß C®èUÀ¼ÉAiÀÄĪÀAw®è. ªÀĺÁPÁªÀåUÀ¼À°è ¤gÀƦvÀªÁzÀ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ vÀ¯ÉvÀ¯ÁAvÀgÀUÀ½AzÀ DAiÀiÁ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ¥ÀæZÀ°vÀªÁVgÀĪÀ eÁ£À¥ÀzÀ ¸Á»vÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀܼÀ¥ÀÄgÁtUÀ¼À CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀªÀÅ d£ÀgÀ fêÀ£ÀzÀ°è ±ÉæõÀ× ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼À ºÉÆAzÁtÂPɬÄzÀÄÝzÀ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ, ¸Á»vÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è °TvÀªÁVgÀĪÀAvÉ EwºÁ¸ÀzÀ DgÀA¨sÀPÁ®¢AzÀ®Æ PÀuÁðlPÀªÀÅ ¨sÀgÀvÀªÀµÀðzÀ C«¨sÁdå CAUÀªÁVzÉ. F ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ EvÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄAvÉAiÉÄà ªÉÊ¢PÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÉÃzÉÆÃvÀÛgÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ LwºÀåUÀ½AzÀ ¥Àæ¨sÁ«vÀªÁVªÉ. EªÀÅUÀ¼À°è ªÉÃzÉÆÃvÀÛgÀ PÁ®zÀªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß »ÃUÉ «AUÀr¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ

1) gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À, 2) DqÀ½vÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜ, 3) zsÁ«ÄðPÀ ¥ÀzÀÞw, 4) UÀȺÀPÀÈvÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 5) PÀ¯É, ²®à EvÁå¢. EªÉ®èªÀÅUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄÆ ªÀĺÁPÁªÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀĺÀvÀézÀ ¥ÁvÀæ ªÀ»¹ªÉ. Qæ.±À. JgÀqÀ£ÉAiÀÄ ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è zÀR£ï£À°è ±ÁvÀªÁºÀ£ÀgÀ GzÀAiÀÄzÉÆA¢UÉ PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ EwºÁ¸ÀªÀÅ DgÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. C£ÀAvÀgÀ §AzÀ PÀzÀA§gÀÄ GvÀÛgÀ PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ ªÉÊdAiÀÄAw (§£ÀªÁ¹) AiÀÄ°è D½zÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ zÉÆgÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, £ÁUÁAPÀ£À £Á£ÀWÁmï ±Á¸À£ÀªÀÅ zsÀªÀÄð, EAzÀæ, ¸ÀAPÀµÀðt, ªÁ¸ÀÄzÉêÀ, ZÀAzÀæ ¸ÀÆgÀågÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £Á®égÀÄ ¢PÁà®PÀgÁzÀ AiÀĪÀÄ, ªÀgÀÄt, PÀĨÉÃgÀ, ªÁ¸ÀªÀ EªÀgÀÄUÀ½UÉ ¥ÁæxÀð£É ¥ÀæuÁªÀÄUÀ½AzÀ DgÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EªÉgÉ®ègÀÆ ªÉÊ¢PÀ E®èªÉ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ zÉêÀvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ. £Á¹PÀzÀ ¥ÀÄ®ªÀiÁ¬Ä ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ°è ±ÁvÀPÀtÂðAiÀÄ£ÀÄß gÁªÀÄ, PÉñÀªÀ, CdÄð£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ©üêÀĸÉãÀgÀAvÉ ªÀĺÁ±ÀPÀÛ ¸ÁªÀiÁæl£ÉAzÀÄ ªÀtÂð¸À¯ÁVzÉ. Qæ¸ÀÛ±ÀPÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀUÀ¼À°è PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ gÁdªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É ªÉÊ¢PÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀĺÀvÀézÀ ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀ ©ÃjzÀÄݪÉA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß EzÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄyð¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

PÀzÀA§gÀ ªÀÄÆ®¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀÄ ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀgÀ CAzÀgÉ ªÉÃzÀzÀ±ÀðPÀgÁzÀ IĶUÀ¼À ¸ÀAvÀwAiÀĪÀgÀAvÉ, vÀ®PÁr£À UÀAUÀgÀÄ PÀ¯Áåt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¨ÁzÁ«ÄAiÀÄ ZÁ®ÄPÀågÀÄ, ªÀiÁ¯ÉÍÃr£À gÁµÀÖçPÀÆlgÀÄ, PÀ¯ÁåtzÀ PÀ¼ÀZÀÄgÀågÀÄ, AiÀiÁzÀªÀgÀÄ, www.ijar.org.in 79

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

ºÉÆAiÀÄì¼ÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÉÆ£ÉPÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄzÁV «dAiÀÄ£ÀUÀgÀzÀ CgÀ¸ÀgÀÄ F AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà gÁdªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀzÀ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À CªÀvÀgÀtÂPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃrzÁUÀ DAiÀiÁ gÁdªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ£ÀÄ ªÉÊ¢PÀ CxÀªÁ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ £ÁAiÀÄPÀ£ÉAzÀÄ ºÉüÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ZÁ®ÄPÀåjUÉ vÀªÀÄä ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀzÀ »jªÉÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¨sÀUÀªÁ£ï «µÀÄÚ«UÉà DzsÁågÉÆæ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ°è «±ÉõÀ D¸ÀQÛ. «µÀÄÚªÀÅ ªÀgÁºÁªÀvÁgÀªÉwÛzÁUÀ zÀR¤ß£À°è gÁdåªÉÇAzÀ£ÀÄß EªÀjUÉ C£ÀÄUÀ滹zÀ£ÀAvÉ, ªÉÊ¢PÀ zÉêÀvÉAiÀiÁzÀ «µÀÄÚªÀÅ ªÀgÁºÁªÀvÁgÀªÀ£ÉßwÛ, C¸ÀÄgÀ »gÀuÁåPÀë£ÀÄ ¸ÁUÀgÀzÀrAiÀÄ°è CqÀV¹nÖzÀÝ ¨sÀÆ«ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÉÄîPÉÌ JwÛ ¥ÀÄ£ÀB ¸Áܦ¹zÀ£ÉA§ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ PÀxÉ vÀÄA§ d£À¦æAiÀĪÁzÀÄzÀÄ. vÀªÀÄä ªÀA±ÀzÀ QÃwð¸ÁÜ¥À£ÉUÉ gÁdªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀªÀgÀÄ «µÀÄÚ«£À ¸ÁºÀ¸ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §¼À¹PÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀgÀ »£É߯ÉAiÀÄ°è F ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ PÀxÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀàµÀÖªÁV PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ. gÁµÀÖçPÀÆlgÀÄ, AiÀiÁzÀªÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÉÆAiÀÄì¼ÀgÀÄ AiÀÄzÀĪÀA±ÀzÀ PÀȵÀÚ£Éà vÀªÀÄä ªÀÄÆ®¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ£ÉAzÀÄ ºÉüÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ vÀªÀÄä ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀzÀ UËgÀªÀ, WÀ£ÀvÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉaѹPÉƼÀÄîvÁÛgÉ. »ÃUÉ PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ gÁd ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼À EwºÁ¸ÀªÀÅ D¢PÁ®¢AzÀ®Æ DAiÀiÁ AiÀÄÄUÀzÀ°è ¥ÀæZÀ°vÀªÁVzÀÝ ±ÉʪÀ CxÀªÁ ªÉʵÀÚªÀ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ d£ÀfêÀ£ÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ©ÃjzÀÝ ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀàµÀÖ¥Àr¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ªÀĺÁPÀÆlzÀ ¸ÀÛA¨sÀ±Á¸À£ÀzÀ°è ¥Àæ¹zÀÞ ZÁ®ÄPÀå ZÀPÀæªÀwðAiÀiÁzÀ ªÀÄAUÀ¼ÉñÀ£À£ÀÄß ªÀĺÉÃAzÀæ£ÀAvÉ CeÉÃAiÀÄ, ¥ÀgÀ±ÀÄgÁªÀÄ£ÀAvÉ C¸ÁzsÀå. O¶£ÀgÀ ²©UÀ¼ÀAvÉ GzÁj, AiÀÄÄ¢ü¶×gÀ£ÀAvÉ ¸ÀvÀå¸ÀAzsÀ EvÁå¢AiÀiÁV CxÀð¥ÀÆtðªÁzÀ «±ÉõÀtUÀ¼À ªÀiÁ°PɬÄAzÀ PÉÆAqÁqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. ªÀĺÁ¨sÁgÀvÀ, gÁªÀiÁAiÀÄtªÉà ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ ªÀĺÁPÁªÀåUÀ¼À »jªÉÄ, DzÀ±ÀðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß gÁdgÁtÂAiÀÄjUÉ ¨ÉÆâü¸À¯ÁUÀÄwÛvÀÄÛ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À £ÁAiÀÄPÀgÀ ±ÉæõÀ× £ÀqÉ£ÀÄrUÀ¼ÀÄ, DzÀ±ÀðfêÀ£À, C°è£À ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ CªÀgÀ (gÁdgÁtÂAiÀÄgÀ) ZÁjvÀæöåªÀ£ÀÄß gÀƦ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ°è £ÉgÀªÁUÀÄwÛzÀݪÀÅ. EzÉà ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è gÁdaºÉßUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÁtåUÀ¼À CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀºÀ ¥Àæ¸ÁÛ«¸À§ºÀÄzÁVzÉ. ¹AºÀ, UÀgÀÄqÀ, ºÀ£ÀĪÀÄAvÀ, ZÀPÀæ, wæ±ÀÆ®, ªÀgÁºÀ ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀuÁðoÀPÀzÀ gÁd ªÀÄ£ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼À £ÁtåUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀÄÄzÉæUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É awævÀªÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ. EªÀÅUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉÆA¢UÉ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ PÀ°à¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ ¸ÀܼÀªÀÈvÁÛAvÀUÀ¼À°è EªÉà ¸ÀAUÀwUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥À槮 ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀéUÀ¼À GzÀAiÀÄPÀÆÌ gÁdªÀA±ÀUÀ¼À°è C«aÒ£ÀߪÁzÀ DvÀä «²µÀÖ ¥ÉÆõÀPÀªÁVªÉ. PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ DqÀ½vÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜUÀ¼ÀÄ ‘d£À¥ÀzÀ’ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ‘ªÀĺÁd£À¥ÀzÀ’UÀ¼À ªÀÄÆ®PÀªÁV £ÀqÉzÀħAzÀ ¸ÀAWÀnvÀ dªÁ¨ÁÝj vÀvÀéªÀ£ÀÄß DzsÀj¹zÀAiÉÄà gÀƦvÀªÁVªÉ. PÀ£ÀßqÀ£Ár£À ‘ªÀĺÁd£À’ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ‘zÉʪÀ’ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÊ¢PÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¨ËzÀÞ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼À CªÀ±ÉõÀUÀ¼ÀÄ. EªÀÅUÀ¼À ¥ÀæPÁgÀ ºÀ½îAiÀÄ Erà d£ÀvÉ UÁæªÀÄzÀ DqÀ½vÀ £ÀqɸÀ®Ä C¢üPÁgÀ ºÉÆA¢¢ÝvÀÄ. ¥ÁæaãÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħgÀĪÀ ‘¥À¢£ÉuÁãgÀÄA ¥À¢£ÁªÀðgÀÄ PÁ¥ÁqÀĪÀgï’ (ºÀ¢£ÉAlÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÀ¢£ÁgÀÄ d£ÀgÀÄ (¥Àæw¤¢üUÀ¼ÀÄ) F PÉÆqÀÄUÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß zÀÄgÀÄ¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀªÁUÀzÀAvÉ gÀQë¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ) JA§ «¢üªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÊ¢PÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¨ËzÉÝÃAiÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ°è ¨sÁgÀvÀªÀ£ÀÄß ºÀ¢£ÉAlÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÀ¢£ÁgÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£Á¢üPÁgÀªÀżÀî d£À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÁV «¨sÁV¹zÀÄÝzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. F ¥ÀÄgÁvÀ£À ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄ zÀQët ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è «±ÉõÀªÁV PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ°è ªÀiÁvÀæ G½zÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ §A¢zÉ.

ZÁjwæPÀ ªÀiË®åªÀżÀî E£ÀÄß PÉ®ªÀÅ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀÆqÀ EzÉà ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è UÀªÀĤ¸À®Ä vÀPÀÄ̪ÁVªÉ. ªÀiËgÀågÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÀuÁðlPÀjUÉ ¨É¼É¢zÀÝ ¸ÀA¥ÀPÀðªÀÅ ‘ªÉÆÃgÉgÀAUÀr’ (ªÉÆÃgÉÃgÀ CxÀªÁ ªÀiËgÀågÀ ªÀĽUÉUÀ¼ÀÄ) JA§ ¸ÀܽÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼À°è ¥Àæw©A©vÀªÁVzÉ. §ºÀÄ¥ÁæaãÀ PÁ®zÀ°èà PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ a£ÀßzÀ UÀtÂUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ±ÉÆâü¹zÀ Ff¥ïÖ ªÁå¥ÁjUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÁæPï ZÁjwæPÀAiÀÄÄUÀzÀ CªÀ±ÉõÀUÀ¼À°è vÀªÀÄä ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼À £É£À¥À£ÀÄß G½¹ ºÉÆÃVzÁÝgÉ. «avÀæ DPÁgÀzÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢ü ¢§âUÀ¼ÁzÀ PÉÃgÀ£ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ Q¸ÀÛªÀ£ï JA§ MgÀlÄPÀ®Äè UÀÄqÉØUÀ¼ÀÄ F eÁwUÉ ¸ÉÃjzÀ CªÀ±ÉõÀUÀ¼ÀÄ. ºÁªÉÃj vÁ®ÆèQ£À zsÁgÀªÁqÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ CUÀr ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CzÀgÀ ¸ÀÄvÀÛªÀÄÄvÀÛ® PÁqÀÄ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħA¢gÀĪÀ ²¯ÁªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼À£ÀÄß E°è GzÁºÀj¸À§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ ¨sËUÉÆýPÀ «¨sÁUÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼À CzsÀåAiÀÄ£ÀªÀÅ ¸ÀºÀ ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ zÀȶ֬ÄAzÀ §ºÀ¼À ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃd£ÀPÁj. ºÉZÀÄÑ PÀrªÉÄ ¥ÀæwAiÉÆAzÀÄ ºÀ½îUÀÆ vÀ£ÀßzÉà DzÀ MAzÀÄ ºÉªÉÄäAiÀÄ PÀxɬÄzÉ. M¨Áâ£ÉƧ⠪ÀĺÁPÁªÀå £ÁAiÀÄPÀ¤UÀÆ CxÀªÁ ªÉÃzÀPÁ®zÀ IĶUÀÆ D ºÀ½îUÀÆ EgÀĪÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ awævÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ EAxÀ PÀxÉAiÀÄ°è. «µÀAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß RavÀ¥Àr¸À®Ä PÉ®ªÀÅ GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ: UÀ®UÀ° JA§ ºÀ½î UÁ®ªÀ IĶAiÀÄ ªÁ¸À¸ÁÜ£ÀªÀAvÉ; ºÁUÉAiÉÄà ªÀiÁ£ÀÄgï ªÀiÁAqÀªÀå IĶAiÀÄzÀÄ. ªÁvÁ¦ (¨ÁzÁ«Ä) JA§ÄzÀÄ zÀAqÀPÁgÀtåzÀ°è CUÀ¸ÀÛöå IĶ¬ÄAzÀ ºÀvÀ£ÁzÀ ªÁvÁ¦ JA§ gÁPÀë¸À£À HgÀÄ. ¨ÁzÁ«ÄAiÀÄ PÉgÉ ‘CUÀ¸ÀÛöåwÃxÀð’ªÉAzÀÄ IĶAiÀÄ ºÉ¸Àj¤AzÀ vÀÄA©zÉ. PÉÆqÀV£À §æºÀäVj¬ÄAzÀ PÁªÉÃj £À¢ ºÀÄnÖzÀÄzÀgÀ LwºÀå www.ijar.org.in 80

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

»ÃVzÉ: CUÀ¸ÀÛöå ¥ÀwßAiÀiÁzÀ ¯ÉÆÃ¥ÁªÀÄÄzÁæzÉëAiÀÄÄ IĶAiÀÄ PÀªÀÄAqÀ®zÀ°èzÀÝ UÀAUÁd®zÀ°è CqÀPÀªÁVzÀݼÀÄ. PÀªÀÄAqÀ®ªÀ£ÀÄß VjAiÀÄ ªÉÄðmÁÖUÀ DPÉAiÀÄÄ £À¢AiÀÄ gÀÆ¥À vÀ¼ÉzÀÄ PÁªÉÃjAiÀiÁV ºÀjAiÀÄvÉÆqÀVzÀ¼ÀAvÉ.

²æà ±ÀAPÀgÁZÁgÀågÀ ¥ÀæªÀÄÄR ªÀÄoÀUÀ¼À¯ÉÆèAzÀÄ ¸ÁܦvÀªÁVgÀĪÀ aPÀ̪ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ±ÀÈAUÉÃjAiÀÄÄ «¨sÁAqÀPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ IĵÀå±ÀÈAUÀ ªÀÄĤUÀ¼ÉÆqÀ£É ¸ÀA§AzsÀ ºÉÆA¢zÉ. vÀÄAUÁ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¨sÀzÁæ£À¢UÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀÄlÄÖªÀ ªÀgÁºÀ ¥ÀªÀðvÀªÀÅ «µÀÄÚ«£À ªÀgÁºÁªÀvÁgÀzÀ £É£À¥ÀÄ vÀ¼ÉzÀÄ ¤AwzÉ. F £À¢UÀ¼ÉgÀqÀÆ ªÀgÁºÀzÀ zÉúÀzÀ ¨ÉªÀj¤AzÀ¯Éà GzÀ㫹zÀªÉA§ PÀ®à£É ¥ÀæZÀ°vÀ«zÉ.

¥ÁæaãÀ ªÀĺÁPÁªÀåUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄÆ, ¥ÀÄgÁtUÀ¼À°èAiÀÄÆ ºÉ¸ÀgÁVgÀĪÀ PÉ®ªÀgÀÄ zÉÊvÀågÀÄ CxÀªÁ C¸ÀÄgÀgÀ £É£À¥ÀÄ ¸ÀºÀ PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ºÀjºÀgÀzÀ°è UÀĺÁ¸ÀÄgÀ£À, avÀæzÀÄUÀðzÀ°è »rA¨Á¸ÀÄgÀ£À £É£À¥À£ÀÄß PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ. PÉÆïÁgÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ PÉʪÁgÀzÀ §½AiÀÄ ¨ÉlÖPÉÌ §PÁ¸ÀÄgÀ£À ¸ÀA§AzsÀ«zÉ. F HgÀÄ ªÀĺÁ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ KPÀZÀPÀæ£ÀUÀgÀªÁVzÀÝvÀAvÉ. ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ JA§ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ ªÀÄ»µÁ¸ÀÄgÀ¤AzÀ §AzÀÄzÀÄ. ZÁªÀÄÄAr ¨ÉlÖ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ ±ÀQÛzÉêÀvÁ DgÁzsÀPÀjUÉ ¥À«vÀæ ¸ÀܼÀ. ¨ÉÆA¨Á¬Ä¬ÄAzÀ PÀ£ÁåPÀĪÀiÁjAiÀĪÀgÉUÉ ºÀgÀrgÀĪÀ PÀgÁªÀ½AiÀÄ wÃgÀ¥ÀæzÉñÀªÀÅ ¥ÀÄgÁvÀ£À PÁ®¢AzÀ®Æ ¥ÀgÀ±ÀÄgÁªÀÄPÉëÃvÀæªÉAzÀÄ ¥Àæ¹zÀÞ«zÉ. ¥ÀgÀ±ÀÄgÁªÀÄ£ÀÄ PÀgÁªÀ½AiÀÄ F ¥ÀæzÉñÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ C°è ¸À¥ÀÛ PÉÆAPÀtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸Áܦ¹zÀ£ÉAzÀÄ w½AiÀħºÀÄzÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀ£Ár£À°è ¥ÀgÀ±ÀÄgÁªÀÄ£À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ vÀ¼É¢gÀĪÀ E£ÀÆß ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ½ªÉ. ¸ËAzÀwÛAiÀÄ ¸À«ÄÃ¥ÀzÀ°è ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀUÀqÀªÉA§ ¥ÀlÖt«zÉ. EzÀÄ gÉÃtÄPÁzÉë (¥ÀgÀ±ÀÄgÁªÀÄ£À vÁ¬Ä) £É®¹gÀĪÀ AiÀÄ®èªÀÄä£À UÀÄqÀØPÉÌ ºÉÆA¢PÉÆAqÀAvÉAiÉÄà EzÉ. C®èzÉ EzÀgÀ ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°èAiÉÄà ¥ÀgÀ±ÀÄgÁªÀĤUÁV PÀnÖ¹zÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀĪÀÇ MA¢zÉ. avÀæzÀÄUÀð f¯ÉèAiÀÄ dnAUÀgÁªÉÄñÀégÀ UÀÄqÀتÀÅ dmÁAiÀÄĪÀÅ gÁªÀt£ÉÆA¢UÉ ºÉÆÃgÁr ¥ÁætªÀ£Àߦð¹zÀ ¸ÀܼÀªÉAzÀÄ £ÀA§¯ÁVzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ ºÀvÀÛ£ÉAiÀÄ ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ ±Á¸À£ÀªÉÇAzÀgÀ DzsÁgÀªÀÇ GAlÄ (E.L. ªÉƼÀPÁ®ÄägÀÄ Qæ.±À. 961).

“®PÀÄÌAr (¥ÁæaãÀ ±Á¸À£ÀUÀ¼À ¯ÉÆQÌUÀÄAr) UÀÆ ²æÃgÁªÀĤUÀÆ EgÀĪÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß “gÁªÀÄzÀwÛ ªÀĺÁUÀæºÁgÀ ¯ÉÆPÀÄÌUÀÄAr” JA§ ºÉýPÉAiÀÄ°è PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ. PÀævÀÄ¥ÀÄgÀ (UÀzÀUï) ªÀÅ d£ÀªÉÄÃdAiÀÄ£À CUÀæºÁgÀ. ¥À£ÀĪÀίï (zsÁgÀªÁqÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ºÁ£ÀUÀ¯ï) £ÀÄß ªÀĺÁ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ «gÁl£À gÁdzsÁ¤AiÉÄAzÀÄ FUÀ®Æ £É£É¹PÉƼÀÄîvÁÛgÉ. gÁdåªÀ£ÀÄß PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆArzÀÝ ¥ÁAqÀªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄä CeÁÕvÀªÁ¸ÀzÀ MAzÀÄ ªÀµÀðªÀ£ÀÄß PÀ¼ÉzÀzÀÄÝ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ zÀĵÀÖ QÃZÀPÀ£À£ÀÄß PÉÆAzÀzÀÄÝ E¯ÉèÃ.” ¥ÀÄgÁvÀ£À PÁ®zÀ°è LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ DSÁå£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ d£ÀªÀÄ£ÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ©ÃjzÀÝ ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀàµÀÖ¥Àr¸À®Ä EAvÀºÀ GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß «¥sÀÄ®ªÁV PÉÆqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. PÀȵÁÚ£À¢ zÀAqÉAiÀÄ°è ©eÁ¥ÀÄgÀ f¯ÉèAiÀÄ ¹ÃwªÀĤ, ªÀÄÄzÉÝéºÁ¼ÀzÀ ¸À«ÄÃ¥ÀzÀ bÁAiÀiÁ ¨sÀUÀªÀw, ¨ÁUÀ¯ÉÆÌÃmÉ vÁ®ÆèQ£À zÀ£ÀPÀnÖ ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ ¥À«vÀæ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ²æÃgÁªÀÄZÀAzÀæ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÀ£ÀĪÀÄAvÀgÀÄ ©ÃqÀÄ ©nÖzÀÝgÀ ¸ÀägÀuÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß G½¹PÉÆAqÀÄ §A¢ªÉ. ºÉƸÀ¥ÉÃmÉAiÀÄ ¸À«ÄÃ¥ÀzÀ ºÀA¦ CxÀªÁ ªÀĺÁPÉëÃvÀæªÀÅ gÁªÀiÁAiÀÄtzÀPÁ®zÀ ¸À«£É£À¥ÀÄUÀ½AzÀ vÀÄA©zÉ. ªÀÄvÀAUÀ IĵÀåªÀÄÆPÀ ¥ÀªÀðvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, Q¶ÌAzÀ (D£ÉUÀÄA¢), ªÁ°¨sÀAqÁgÀ, ªÁ°¢§â (gÁªÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ Dad£ÉÃAiÀÄgÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¸ÀAzÀ±Àð£À ¸ÀܼÀ) CAd£ÁzÉëAiÀÄÄ vÀ¥À¸ÀÄìªÀiÁr Dad£ÉÃAiÀÄ£À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀ CAd¤¥ÀªÀðvÀ, ¥ÀA¥Á¸ÀgÉÆêÀgÀ EªÉ®èªÀÇ ¸ÉÃj gÁªÀiÁAiÀÄtzÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß fêÀAvÀªÁV¹ªÉ. ªÉÄÃ¯É ºÉýzÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¥ÉæÃPÀëtÂÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À PÀtÂÚUÉ PÀlÄÖªÀAvÀºÀ ªÀtð£É, ªÁ°äÃQ gÁªÀiÁAiÀÄt avÀæUÀ½AzÀ ¥ÀĶÖUÉÆAqÀÄ «±Áé¸ÁºÀðªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À°è EA¢UÀÆ ®¨sÀå«gÀĪÀ ¸ÁägÀPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÀAqÁUÀ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ £ÁAiÀÄPÀgÉÆqÀ£É CªÀÅUÀ¼À ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀÄjvÀÄ ¸ÀA±ÀAiÀÄ vÁ¼ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ C¸ÁzsÀåªÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ªÉÃzÉÆÃPÀÛ AiÀÄdÕAiÀiÁUÁ¢ «¢üUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÃzÀAiÀÄÄUÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ §ÄzÀÞ¥ÀƪÀðAiÀÄÄUÀUÀ¼À°è gÁdgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄwÛzÀÝ AiÀÄdÕAiÀiÁUÁ¢UÀ¼À ¥À槮 ¸ÁPÁëöåzsÁgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß G½¹ºÉÆÃVªÉ. PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ¯Éèà EgÀĪÀ EµÀÖV (E¶ÖPÁ-EnÖUÉ) JA§ ¸ÀܼÀªÀÅ UÀgÀÄqÀZÀAiÀÄ£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CVßµÉÆÖêÀÄ AiÀiÁUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ DZÀgÀuÉAiÀÄ°èzÀÄÝzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ±ËævÀ¸ÀÆvÀæUÀ¼À°è «¢ü¹gÀĪÀAvÉ F AiÀiÁUÀUÀ¼À DZÀgÀuÉUÉ EnÖUɬÄAzÀ gÀavÀªÁzÀ ªÉâPÉ CvÀåUÀvÀå, vÀÄAUÀ¨sÀzÁæ wÃgÀzÀ ¹gÀºÀnÖAiÀÄ ¸À«ÄÃ¥ÀzÀ EnÎAiÀÄ°è Qæ.±À. 1£Éà ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀPÉÌ ¸ÉÃjzÉ “GR¥ÁvÀæ” JAzÀÄ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀ AiÀÄdÕ¥ÁvÉæAiÀÄÄ EnÖUÉUÀ¼À PÀĽAiÉÆAzÀgÀ°è ¹QÌvÉA§ CA±À UÀªÀÄ£ÁºÀðªÁVzÉ. CPÀëgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉwÛzÀ, AiÀÄƪÀ¸ÀÛA¨sÀUÀ¼ÉAzÀÄ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀ AiÀiÁUÀzÀ PÀA§UÀ¼ÀÄ PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼À°è PÀAqÀħA¢ªÉ. ªÀqÁÎ£ï ªÀiÁzsÀªÀ¥ÀÄgÀzÀ µÀqÀÄÖ eÁPÀÈwAiÀÄ CVß²¯Á¸ÀÛA¨sÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¥ÁæPÀÈvÀ - ¨Áæ»äð¦UÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆgÉ¢zÉ. MnÖ£À°è ªÉÊ¢PÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ°è C«aÒ£ÀߪÁV ªÀÄÄAzÀĪÀj¢zÉ. MAzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄ°PÉò, ªÉÆzÀ®£ÉAiÀÄ QÃwðªÀªÀÄð www.ijar.org.in 81

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ gÁdgÀÄ C±ÀéªÉÄÃzsÀ, ¥ËAqÀjPÀ, ªÁd¥ÉÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ºÀ®ªÀÅ ªÉÃzÉÆÃPÀÛ AiÀiÁUÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £Àqɹ ¥ÀæSÁåvÀgÁVzÁÝgÉ.

PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ PÀ¯É, ªÁ¸ÀÄÛ²®à ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸Á»vÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀºÀ ªÉÃzÀUÀ½AzÀ®Æ, ªÀĺÁPÁªÀåUÀ½AzÀ®Æ ¸ÁPÀµÀÄÖ ¥Àæ¨sÁ«vÀªÁVªÉ. E°è£À PÀ¯ÉUÁgÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ²°àUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÁæaãÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgɬÄAzÀ ¸ÀÆàwð, ¥ÉæÃgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉ¢zÁÝgÉ. PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀÄUÀ¼À gÀZÀ£Á¥ÀzÀÞw, «£Áå¸ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÊ¢PÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ°è PÀAqÀħgÀĪÀ «²µÀÖ ®PÀëtUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁVAiÉÄà EªÉ. ¥ÀlÖzÀ°è£À «gÀÆ¥ÁPÀëzÉêÁ®AiÀÄzÀ JzÀÄj£À £ÀA¢PÉñÀégÀ ªÀÄA¢gÀzÀ UÉÆÃqÉUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É Ej¹gÀĪÀ ¸ÀÆPÀëöä¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀÄ ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼ÀÄ D PÁ®zÀ°è ¥ÀæZÀ°vÀªÁVzÀÝ ««zsÀ ¸ÀܽÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀzÀÞwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀjZÀAiÀÄ ªÀiÁrPÉÆqÀĪÀAwªÉ. ¨ÁzÁ«Ä, LºÉƼÉ, ¥ÀlÖzÀPÀ®ÄèUÀ¼À Qæ.±À. 6-8£Éà ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÆwð²®à, PÉvÀÛ£É ªÀÄvÀÄÛ zÉêÁ®AiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÁæaãÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ zÀȵÁÖAvÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. J¯ÉÆèÃgÁzÀ UÀĺÁAvÀgÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀÄUÀ¼ÀAvÀÆ PÀ¯Á¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄ CªÀÄÆ®å ¤¢ü. E°è ¥ÀÄgÁtUÀ¼À ¸ÀªÀĸÀÛ zÉêÀvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ zÉʪÁA±À ªÀåQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ CvÀåAvÀ PÀıÀ® ºÀ¸ÀÛUÀ½AzÀ awævÀªÁVzÁÝgÉ. ¥ËgÁtÂPÀ PÀxÉUÀ¼Éà C®èzÉ §ÄzÀÞ eÁvÀPÀUÀ¼À°è §gÀĪÀ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀAZÀvÀAvÀæzÀ PÀxÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀºÀ zÉêÁ®AiÀÄzÀ avÀæUÀ½UÉ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÁVªÉ.

»ÃUÉ PÀuÁðlPÀzÀ°è ªÁrPÉAiÀiÁVgÀĪÀ LwºÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ GZÀÒ ¤ÃZÀ ªÀUÀðUÀ¼É®èzÀgÀ ªÉÄïÉAiÀÄÆ ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀ ©ÃjªÉ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß M¥Àà¯ÉèÉÃPÁzÀ ¸ÀAUÀw.

¥ÀgÁªÀıÀð£À UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ:

1) PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ, ¸ÀA¥ÀÄl – 1, D¢PÁ® (¥ÁæUÉÊwºÁ¹PÀ PÁ®¢AzÀ «dAiÀÄ£ÀUÀgÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁædå PÁ®zÀªÀgÉUÉ), PÀ£ÀßqÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw E¯ÁSÉ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¨sÀªÀ£À, eÉ.¹. gÀ¸ÉÛ, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ. 2) PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ, ¸ÀA¥ÀÄl – 2, ªÀÄzsÀåPÁ® ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DzsÀĤPÀ PÁ® («dAiÀÄ£ÀUÀgÀ PÁ®¢AzÀ Fa£ÀªÀgÉUÉ), PÀ£ÀßqÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw E¯ÁSÉ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¨sÀªÀ£À, eÉ.¹. gÀ¸ÉÛ, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ. 3) Dgï. £ÀgÀ¹AºÁZÁgï, PÀ£ÁðlPÀ PÀ«ZÀjvÉ 4) J¦üUÀæ¦ D¥sï PÀ£ÁðlPÀ 5) PÀ£ÀßqÀ «µÀAiÀÄ «±ÀéPÉÆñÀ

www.ijar.org.in 82

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Vasudhendrara Kathegalu: Nagara Jeevana Chitrana

ªÀ¸ÀÄzsÉÃAzÀægÀ PÀxÉUÀ¼ÀÄ: £ÀUÀgÀ fêÀ£À avÀæt

-qÁ.zÉÆgÉñÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ, ¸ÀPÁðj ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ zÀeÉð PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ, PÀqÀÆgÀÄ-577548

¸ÀȶÖAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå¤UÉ «²µÀÖ ¸ÁÜ£ÀªÀiÁ£À«zÉ. ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄÄ MAzÀÄ ¥ÀæªÁºÀzÀAvÉ, ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉAiÀÄAvÉ, ¸ÀgÀtÂAiÀÄAvÉ £ÀqÉzÀÄ ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀUÀ½AzÀ ¸ÁUÀÄvÁÛ §A¢zÉ. F ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ°è ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀUÀ¼À »A¢£À C¢üãÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼ÉÆA¢UÉ DzsÀĤPÀ «ZÁgÀ ¥ÀæuÁ½PÉUÀÆ QæAiÀiÁvÀäPÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À eÁÕ£ÀzÀ dUÀwÛ£ÉÆA¢UÉ ªÀiÁvÀÄPÀvÉUÉ vÉÆqÀVzÀAvɯÁè ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À ¸ÁzsÀåvÉUÀ¼Éà «¸ÁÛgÀUÉƼÀÄîvÁÛ §A¢gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ EwºÁ¸ÀªÀÅ zÁR°¸À®Ä ¸ÁzsÀåªÁVzÉ. ¥ÀæeÁÕ ¥Àæ¥ÀAZÀPÉÌ ºÀwÛgÀªÁzÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀAªÉÃzÀ£ÁvÀäPÀvÉAiÉÄà ªÀÄÆ®zÀæªÀå. ¸Á»vÀåªÀÇ EzÀPÉÌ ºÉÆgÀvÁUÀzÀÄ. ¸Á»wAiÀÄÄ AiÀiÁªÀ PÁ®PÉÌ ¹Ã«ÄvÀªÁV®è. CªÀ£ÀÄ PÁ®PÉÌ vÀPÀÌAvÉ vÀ£Àß «ZÁgÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀ滸ÀÄvÁÛ£É. F ºÉÆwÛ£À eÁUÀwÃPÀgÀtzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄPÁ°Ã£ÀzÀ°è F UÀæ»PÉE£ÀßµÀÄÖ §®ªÁVzÉ. eÁUÀwÃPÀgÀtzÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ §ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ jÃwAiÀÄ°è w½AiÀÄ®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁVzÁÝ£É. D¢PÀ« ¥ÀA¥À£ÀÄ ¤ÃqÀĪÀ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À ¤ªÀðZÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß UÀªÀĤ¹zÀgÉ ºÀvÀÛ£ÉÃAiÀÄ ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ªÀiË®åUÀ¼ÀÄ, ªÉÊAiÀÄQÛPÀ ¨ÁzsÀåvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀªÁzÀ C£ÉÃPÀ «ZÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀA¥À£À ªÉÄÃ¯É ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀ ©ÃjªÉ. ¸Á»vÀåªÀÅ «²µÀÖ ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ DAiÀiÁAiÀÄ PÁ®zÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀ滸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ ºÁUÀÆ ¥ÀæwQæ¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EAvÀºÀ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ DvÀ£À£ÀÄß «©ü£Àß £É¯ÉUÀ¼À C¤¢ðµÀÖªÁV ¨É¼É¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ªÀÄÆ®vÀBÀ ««zsÀ ¥ÀæeÉÕUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÀªÀÄä ¸Á»wUÀ¼ÀÄ, «ªÀıÀðPÀgÀÄ PÀ£ÀßqÀPÉÌ ¥ÀjZÀ¬Ä¹zÁÝgÉ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À C£Àé¬ÄPÀ £É¯ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀjUÀt¹zÁUÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå PÉëÃvÀæzÀ J¯Áè WÀlÖUÀ¼À®Æè CªÀÅUÀ½UÉ ¤zÀ±Àð£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¹UÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

F PÁ®WÀlÖzÀ°èAiÉÄ §AzÀ ªÀ¸ÀÄzsÉÃAzÀæ CªÀgÀ PÀxÀ£À¸Á»vÀå §ºÀĪÀÄnÖUÉ ªÀiÁ£À«ÃAiÀÄvÉ, CªÀªÀiÁ£À, PÀ£ÀßqÀPÀlÄÖ«PÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ CxÀð ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÁåSÁ夸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F D±ÀAiÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß «ÄÃj ¨É¼É¢gÀĪÀ EªÀgÀ PÀvÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼ÀÄ EA¢£À eÁUÀwÃPÀgÀt, ªÁtÂfåÃPÀgÀt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀܽÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwÃPÀgÀtzÀ ««zsÀ ªÀÄUÀÄήÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀjZÀ¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ªÀ¸ÁºÀvÀıÁ» ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀð zÁnzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É £ÀªÀ ªÀ¸ÁºÀvÀıÁ»AiÀÄ ¸ÀªÁ®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÉÆèç¯ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¯ÉÆÃPÀ¯ï ¸ÀªÀĸÉåUÀ¼À ¸ÀAQÃtð ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀzÀrAiÀÄ°è ZÀað¸ÀĪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛªÉ. AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà DyðPÀ C©üªÀÈ¢ÞAiÀÄÄ, ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ CxÀð ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉƼÀî¢zÀÝgÉ CzÀÄ ºÀĹ £ÁUÀjPÀvÉAiÀÄ ¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉAiÀiÁUÀĪÀ C¥ÁAiÀĪÀ£ÀÄß EªÀgÀ PÀxÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ JzÀÄj¸À§ºÀÄzÁzÀ jÃw PÀÄvÀƺÀ®PÁjAiÀiÁzÀÄzÀÄ. ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¥ÀAxÀ, ªÀUÀð, ªÀiÁzÀjUÀ¼À ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ¤gÁAiÀiÁ¸ÀªÁV ºÀjzÀÄ §AzÀ EªÀgÀ PÀxÀ£À PÀ¯Á Q£ÁgÉ ªÉÄÊzÀÄA© ¨sÉÆÃUÀðgÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉ.

ªÀ¸ÀÄzsÉÃAzÀæ CªÀgÀÄ UÁæ«ÄÃt ¸ÀAªÉÃzÀ£ÉAiÀÄ eÉÆvÉ eÉÆvÉ EA¢£À £ÀUÀgÀ fêÀ£ÀzÀ vÀ®èt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CzÀgÀ C¥ÁAiÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀªÀÄä PÀxÀ£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¤gÀƦ¹zÁÝgÉ. £ÀUÀgÀ §zÀÄQ¤AzÀ ¸ÀÈf¸ÀĪÀ PÀÈvÀPÀvÉ, ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À C¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀvÉ, MAnvÀ£À, zÀéAzÀé EªÉà ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ºÉƸÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼À ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ avÀæt EªÀgÀ PÀxÀ£ÀUÀ¼À°è C©üªÀåPÀÛªÁVzÉ. ªÀ¸ÀÄzsÉÃAzÀægÀ £ÀUÀgÀ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ PÀxÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ £É¯ÉUÀnÖ£À »£À߯ÉAiÀÄ°è ¸Àȶ×AiÀiÁzÀAvÉ UÉÆÃZÀj¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. F PÁgÀt¢AzÀ¯Éà §zÀ¯ÁUÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ £ÀUÀgÀ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ fêÀ£À ±ÉÊ°, CzÀgÀ vÀ®ètUÀ¼À£ÀÄß EªÀgÀ C£ÉÃPÀ PÀxÉUÀ¼ÀÄ M¼ÀUÉÆArªÉ.

‘ºÉqïºÀAlgï’ PÀxÉAiÀÄ°è £ÁAiÀÄPÀ£À vÁPÀ¯ÁlUÀ¼ÀÄ E£ÀßµÀÄÖ CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ¼ÀļÀî PÉ®¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß »rAiÀÄĪÀÅzÀgÀ §UÉÎ «ªÀj¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÀxÉAiÀÄ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ°è §gÀĪÀ dªÁ£À vÀ£ÀUÉ 800 gÀÆ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÀA§¼À §gÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ¹Üw. CzÀjAzÀ fêÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß »ÃUÉ §AiÀĸÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ JAzÀÄ w½¢®è? Cw ¯Á¨sÀzÀ UÀÄA¥ÀÄ, ¯Á¨sÀzÀ ¥ÀjZÀAiÀĪÉà E®èzÉ UÀÄA¥ÀÄ JAzÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ UÀÄA¥ÀÄUÀ¼ÁV, MAzÉà ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀ MAzÉà d£ÀgÀÄ §AzÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ C£ÀåUÀæºÀzÀ fëUÀ¼ÀAvÉ §zÀÄPÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. MAzÀÄ PÀqÉAiÀÄ°è ¹«¯ï EAf¤AiÀÄgï L.n.AiÀÄ ªÀÄjÃaPÉAiÀÄ°è vÀ£Àß ¸ÀéAvÀzÀ D¹ÛAiÀÄ£É߯Áè PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆjUÉ §A¢zÁÝ£É. ¸ÉßûvÀ£À ºÉAqÀw, ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ¸ÀAUÀwUÀ¼ÀÄ CªÀ¤UÉ QjQjAiÀÄÄAlÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛªÉ. C¸ÀÆAiÉÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ C¥ÀgÁ¢ü ¥ÀæeÉÕ ªÀÄÆr¸ÀĪÀ ¯ÉÆÃPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ©aÑqÀ®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁVzÁÝ£É. ¥ÁæeÉPïÖ ¸ÀjAiÀiÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄzÀ°è ªÀÄÄV¸ÀzÀ d£ÀgÀÄ www.ijar.org.in 83

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

£ÉªÀÄ䢬ĮèzÉ §zÀÄQzÁÝgÉ J£ÀߪÀ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ ¸ÀÄvÀÛ®Æ PÁtÄvÀÛzÉ.PÁ¥ÉÆðgÉÃlgï dUÀwÛ£À ªÉÆzÀ® DzsÀåvÉ ºÀt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ AiÀıÀ¸ÀÄì. CªÀÅUÀ½AzÀ gÀÆrüAiÀiÁzÀ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄÆ §zÀÄPÀĪÀªÀgÀ DzsÀåvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ AiÀıÀ¸ÀÄìUÀ¼É DVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß F PÀxÉ CxÀðªÀvÁÛV ¤gÀƦ¹zÉ. ¸ÀàzsÁðvÀäPÀ ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀ°è CAQ CA±ÀUÀ¼ÉÆA¢UÉ ¸ÀºÀPÁgÀ ¸ÁzsÀåªÁzÀµÀÄÖ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À eÉÆvÉ ¸ÁzsÀåªÁUÀĪÀÅ¢®è. F dUÀwÛ£À°è zÀÄqÀÄØ CwAiÀiÁzÀAvÉ ¸ÉPïì PÀÆqÁ Cw . E°è ¸ÉPïì ¥ÁªÀðqÉqï DzÀ d£ÀUÀ½zÁÝgÉ. vÀªÀÄäzÉ DzÀ jÃwAiÀÄ°è ¨sÀæªÉÄAiÀÄ°èzÁÝgÉ. ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ PÀAzÀgÀUÀ¼À°è ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄzÀÄ MAzÀÄ §¼Áîj, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ ¯ÉÆÃPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨ÉÃgÉAiÀiÁUÀĪÀAvÉ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CzÀgÀ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄÄ EAVèÃµï ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ eÉÆvÉUÀÆqÀzÉ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EAVèÃµï ¨sÁµÉ §®è ¥ÀjtwUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¨sÁµÉ§®è «zÁåªÀAvÀ ªÀUÀð PɣɥÀzÀgÀzÀ°è vÀªÀÄä£ÀÄß UÀÄgÀÄw¹PÉÆAqÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ¨ÉÃgÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÁÛ vÉÆÃj¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄAiÀÄ §¼ÀPÉUÉ ºÉZÀÄÑ ¥ÉæÃgÀuÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. «zÉñÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀA¥ÀPÀð PÀ°à¸ÀĪÀ CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀĪÀ §ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ ºÉƸÀ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. DzÀgÉ CªÀgÀ §gÀªÀtÂUɬÄAzÀ ºÉƸÀzÉÆAzÀÄ ªÀiÁUÀðªÀÅ ªÀÄÆqÀĪÀ ®PÀët UÉÆÃZÀj¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EzÀPÉÌ PÁgÀt ¸ÀvÀå ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÉæÃgÀuÉUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ°è d£ÀgÀ fêÀ£À PÀæªÀÄ, D¯ÉÆÃZÀ£É «zsÁ£À J®èªÀÇ §zÀ¯ÁVzÉ. §zÀ¯ÁzÀ ¸À¤ßªÉñÀªÀ£ÀÄß »rAiÀÄ®Ä ºÉƸÀ ¸Á»wåPÀ DPÀÈwUÀ¼À CUÀvÀå«zÉ. ºÉƸÀ vÀ¯ÉªÀiÁj£À ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀ£ÀÄß UÀA©üÃgÀªÁV vÁ¼Éä¬ÄAzÀ JµÀÖgÀ ªÀÄnÖUÉ N¢zÁÝgÉ. ¸Á»vÀåªÀÅ ºÁUÉ ºÉƸÀ ºÉƸÀ C£ÀĨsÀªÀzÀ , ºÉƸÀvÀ£À ºÀ¼ÉvÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ DVªÉ. ºÉÆvÀ¯ÉªÀiÁj£À ºÉaÑ£ÀªÀgÀÄ vÀAvÀæeÁÕ£À «eÁÕ£À ªÀiÁzsÀåªÀÄ PÉëÃvÀæUÀ¼À°è zÀÄrAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ. CzsÀðzÀµÀÄÖ ¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ «zÉñÀUÀ¼À°è E®èªÉà ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è §ºÀÄgÁ¶ÖçÃAiÀÄ PÀA¥À¤UÀ¼À°è PÉ®¸À ªÀiÁqÀĪÀªÀgÀÄ.

VfUÀÄqÀĪÀ ºÉÆUÉ PÁgÀĪÀ ªÀĺÁ£ÀUÀgÀUÀ¼À gÀ¸ÉÛUÀ¼À°è PÁj£ÉƼÀUÉ PÀĽvÀÄ §gÀªÀtÂUÉ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ ¥ÀjAiÀÄÄ §zÀ¯ÁzÀ fêÀ£À PÀæªÀÄPÉÌ MAzÀÄ PÀ£ÀßrAiÀiÁVzÉ. UÁæ«ÄÃt ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ºÀÄlÄÖ ¨É¼ÉzÀÄ C°è£À C£ÀĨsÀªÀUÀ¼ÀÄ vÀ¥ÀÄàUÀ¼ÀÄ §UÉÎ §gÉ¢zÁÝgÉ. eÉÆvÉUÉ £ÀUÀgÀUÀ¼À ºÀÄnÖ ¨É¼ÉzÀgÀÄ ¸ÀºÀ PÀxÉ PÁzÀA§jUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §gÉ¢zÁÝgÉ. UÁæ«ÄÃt J£ÀߧºÀÄzÁzÀ dUÀvÀÄÛ £ÀUÀgÀzÀ J¯Áè ®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÀ¼ÉzÀÄ gÀÆ¥ÀUÉÆArzÉ. ºÀÄnÖzÀ HgÀ£ÀÄß ©lÄÖ zÀÆgÀzÀ «zÉñÀzÀ°èzÀÄÝ §gɺÀ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀgÀ°è vÁAiÀiÁßr£À §UÉÎ ¨ÁªÀÅPÀ ¤®ÄªÀÅ EgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀºÀd. £ÀUÀgÀUÀ¼À°è ªÉÄÃ®Ä ªÀUÀðUÀ¼À°è vÀAvÀæeÁÕ£ÀzÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀªÁzÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉZÀÄÑ ºÉ¥ÀÄàUÀlÄÖwÛzÉ. EAVèÃµï ¥ÀgÀªÁzÀ M®ªÀÅ C°è ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV PÁt¹UÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzsÀĤPÀ vÀAvÀæeÁÕ£À §¼ÀPÉAiÀÄ £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ DPÀµÀðuÉUÉ M¼ÀUÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. PÀ¼ÉzÀĺÉÆÃzÀ ¨Á®åzÀ ¯ÉÆÃPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ElÄÖPÉÆAqÉ §gÉAiÀÄĪÀ EªÀgÀÄ £ÀUÀgÀ fêÀ£ÀzÀ PÀÄjvÀÄ w½¹zÁÝgÉ. ¥ÀlÖtUÀ½AzÀ PÀÈvÀPÀ §zÀÄPÀÄ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀå£À C¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀvÉ, MAnvÀ£À, zÀéAzÀé EªÉà ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ºÉƸÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ E°è£À PÀxÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀºÀ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀzÀ »£À߯ÉAiÀÄ°è ¸Àȶ×AiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. £ÀUÀgÀ fêÀ£ÀzÀ°è AiÀiÁAwæPÀ §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß vÀAzÉ zÀÄrzÀÄ Erà ¸ÀA¸ÁgÀzÀ dªÁ¨ÁÝjAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀj¹zÁÝ£É. ºÉƸÀ ºÀgÉAiÀÄ PÀxÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄUÀ C©ü ºÀgÉAiÀÄzÀ ¦æÃwUÉ ¹®ÄQ AiÀiÁªÀ jÃwAiÀiÁV vÀ£Àß «zÁå¨sÁå¸ÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ §zÀÄQ£À ¹ÜwUÀwUÀ¼ÀÄ C®èzÉ vÀAzÉ ²æÃzsÀgï EAf¤AiÀÄgï ²æêÀÄAvÀ£ÁVzÀÝ£ÀÄ. DzÀgÉ ªÀÄUÀ F ºÉƸÀ ¦æÃw ¥ÉæêÀÄUÀ½UÉ ©zÀÄÝ ªÀÄ£É ©lÄÖ §AzÀÄ PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ ¸ÉÃj vÀ£Àß ¨sÀ«µÀåªÀ£ÀÄß vÀ£ÀßzÁV¹PÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÀÄ JA§ D¸É DvÀ£ÀzÀÄ. PÁ¯ï¸ÉAlgï£À°è PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ ¸ÉÃj wAUÀ½UÉ 2000 gÀÆUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄÄwÛgÀÄvÁÛ£É. vÀAzÉ ¸ÀA§¼À ºÉZÁÑVzÀÝgÉ ºÉƸÀ DPÀµÀðuÉUÉ MAzÀÄ PÀqÉ fêÀ£ÀzÀ ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ WÀl£ÉUÀ½UÉ ¸ÁQëAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. §zÀÄQ£À §UÉÎ D¸É eÉÆvÉUÉ vÀAzÉ vÁ¬ÄAiÀÄgÀ ¦æÃw ªÀÄgÉvÀÄ ºÀÄqÀÄVAiÀÄ ¦æÃwAiÀÄ »AzÉ ©zÀÄÝ CªÀ¼À eÉÆvÉ fêÀ£À £ÀqɸÀ®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀÄvÁÛ£É. ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è vÀ®ètUÀ¼À ºÀ¢ºÀgÉAiÀÄgÀ ¦æÃw ºÉZÁÑV £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÁtÄvÀÛzÉ.

eÁUÀwÃPÀgÀtzÀ ¥ÀjuÁªÀĪÁV vÀAvÀæeÁÕ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ D«µÁÌgÀ¢AzÀ £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À°è ªÁºÀ£ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ ºÉZÀÄÑwÛzÉ. ºÀ¢ºÀgÉAiÀÄzÀªÀgÀÄ GzÉÆåÃUÀ CgÀ¹ §AzÀÄ vÀªÀÄUÉ ¨ÉÃPÁzÀ jÃwAiÀÄ°è ¸ÁévÀAvÀæªÁV §zÀÄPÀ£ÀÄß PÀnÖPÉƼÀî®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. C®èzÉ Ln, ©n PÀA¥À¤UÀ¼ÀÄ GzÉÆåÃUÀ CgÀ¹ §AzÀªÀjUÉ PÉʩù PÀgÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉ. £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ¹UÀĪÀ J¯Áè ¸ËPÀAiÀÄðUÀ½AzÁV C°è£À §tÚ §tÚzÀ ¯ÉÆÃPÀzÀ°è EgÀ®Ä §AiÀĸÀÄvÁÛgÉ. £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À°è£À ªÀÄ£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, gÀ¸ÉÛUÀ¼ÀÄ, J°è £ÉÆÃrzÀgÀÆ §tÚ §tÚzÀ ¢Ã¥Á®APÁgÀUÀ¼À ¸ËAzÀAiÀÄð ªÀiÁgÀÄ ºÉÆÃUÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. PÉ®ªÀÅ d£ÀgÀÄ ªÉñÁåªÁnPÉUÀ½UÉ §°AiÀiÁUÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. ¹ÛçÃAiÀÄgÀ ªÉÄð£À ªÁåªÉÆúÀ½AzÀ £ÀUÀgÀzÀ PÀqÉ ªÀ®¸É §gÀÄvÁÛgÉ. gÀ¸ÉÛUÀ¼À°è£À NqÁqÀĪÀ ¨ÁºÀ£ÀUÀ¼À DPÀµÀðuÉ ¸ÀéZÀÒªÁzÀ ªÁvÁªÀgÀt E®è¢zÀÝgÀÄ J°è £ÉÆÃrzÀgÀ°è zÉÆqÀØ zÉÆqÀØ PÀlÖqÀUÀ¼Éà PÁt¹UÀÄvÀÛªÉ. UÁæ«ÄÃt ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è£À D ¥ÀæPÀÈw ¸ËAzÀAiÀÄð ¸À«AiÀÄ®Ä MAzÀÄ ZÉAzÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ C°è£À GvÀÛªÀÄ ªÁvÁªÀgÀt, ±ÀÄzÀÞªÁzÀ UÁ½, ¨É¼ÀPÀÄUÀ½AzÀ vÀÄA© vÀļÀÄPÀÄwÛzÉ. §qÀvÀ£À MAzÀÄ PÀqÉAiÀiÁzÀgÉ ¤gÀÄzÉÆåÃUÀ CgÀ¹ ªÀ®¸É §gÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß «ÄÃj §zÀÄPÀĪÀ PÀÄlÄA§UÀ¼ÀÄ eÁw ªÉʱÀªÀÄåªÀ£ÀÄß E®èzÉ £ÁªÉ®ègÀÆ MAzÉà JA§ ªÀÄ£ÉÆèsÁªÀ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. G£ÀßvÀ ²PÀët ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄ®Ä £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÉZÀÄÑ d£ÀdAUÀĽ¬ÄAzÀ vÀÄA© www.ijar.org.in 84

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] vÀļÀÄPÀÄwÛªÉ. £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è£À gÁdQÃAiÀĪÁV ¥Àj¸ÀgÀ CgÀ¹ §gÀĪÀ ªÀiÁgÀÄ ºÉÆÃVzÁÝgÉ. E°è ºÀt RZÀÄð ªÀiÁr ZÀÄuÁªÀuÉUÀ¼À°è ¤AvÀÄ AiÀÄĪÀd£ÀgÀ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄzÀªÀgÀÄ gÁdPÁgÀtÂUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀwÛgÀ ¸ÀĽzÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. d£ÀgÀÄ ¥ÀæzÉñÀ, ¸ÀA¥ÀæzÁAiÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß «ÄÃj §zÀÄPÀÄvÁÛgÉ. £ÀUÀgÀzÀ d£ÀgÀÄ ºÉZÁÑV UÁæ«ÄÃt §zÀÄQ£À jÃw §zÀ¯ÁVzÉ. KPÁAVvÀ£À ¸ÀzÁ PÁqÀÄvÀÛ¯Éà EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. E°è£À vÀAvÀæeÁÕ£À¢AzÀ J¯Áè jÃwAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀzÁ GzÉÆåÃUÀ CªÀPÁ±À ºÉZÁÑV ¹UÀĪÀ D¸É¬ÄAzÀ ºÉZÁÑV GvÀÛgÀ PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ d£À ªÀ®¸É §AzÀÄ fêÀ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁV¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ.

ºÀt ¸ÀA¥ÁzÀ£É eÉÆvÉUÉ LµÁgÁ«Ä fêÀ£À £ÀqɸÀ®Ä DPÀµÀðuÉUÉ M¼ÀUÁV E°è£À ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜUÀ¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀ jÃw EzÉ. ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ, ªÀÄÄA¨ÉÊ CAvÀ ¸ÉÆqÀØ £ÀUÀgÀzÀ°è GzÉÆåÃUÀ CgÀ¹ §AzÁUÀ C°è£À ªÉÆøÀ ªÀAZÀ£É eÉÆvÉUÉ §zÀÄQ£À dAeÁlUÀ½AzÀ fêÀ£ÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É ºÉZÀÄÑ MvÀÛqÀ ©Ã¼ÀÄwÛzÉ. MAzÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ°è £ÀUÀgÀªÀÅ £ÀUÀgÀ DPÀµÀðuÉAiÀÄ PÉÃAzÀæ ©AzÀĪÁV §qÀvÀ£À, ºÀ¹ªÀÅ, ¤gÀÄzÉÆåÃUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁV £ÁªÀÅ §zÀÄPÀ®Ä AiÀiÁªÀ ¸ÀܼÀ ¸ÀÆPÀÛ JAzÀÄ GzÉÆåÃUÀ CgÀ¹ §gÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ°è £ÀUÀgÀ J¯Áè ¸Ë®¨sÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ ¹UÀÄvÀÛ¯Éà ²PÀëtªÀAavÀ d£ÀgÀÄ E°è §AzÀÄ fêÀ£À PÀæªÀĪÀ£ÀÄß §zÀ¯Á¬Ä¸À®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁVzÁÝgÉ. DzÀgÉ £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è vÀªÀÄä C£ÀÄPÀÆ®, D¸É, ¸ÉÊlÄ, ªÀÄ£É, ºÀt EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄ®Ä §gÀĪÀ ªÀÄA¢ EzÁÝgÉ. ªÀ¸ÀÄzÉÃAzÀæ ªÀÈwÛAiÀÄ°è EAf¤AiÀÄgï PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ £ÉÆêÀÅ-£À°ªÀÅ, eÉÆvÉUÉ C°è£À ¹ÜwUÀwUÀ¼ÀÄ MAzÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ°è §zÀ¯ÁUÀÄwÛgÀĪÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdPÉÌ JZÀÑjPÉAiÀiÁ UÀAmÉAiÀiÁV ¥Àjt«Ä¹zÀÄÝ. EzÀjAzÀ §ºÀ¼Àd£À £ÉªÀÄä¢ PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ HgÀÄ ©lÄÖ £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ½UÉ UÀÄ¼É ºÉÆgÀlÄ C®èAiÉÄà ªÁ¹¸À®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀÄvÁÛgÉ. vÀAvÀæeÁÕ£ÀzÀ D«µÁÌgÀ¢AzÀ AiÀÄAvÀæUÀ¼À §¼ÀPÉ ºÉZÁÑVvÀÄÛ. EzÀjAzÀ DyðPÀªÁV d£ÀgÀÄ ¤gÀÄzÉÆåÃVUÀ¼ÁzÀgÀÄ. ºÉÆ ºÉƸÀ jÃwAiÀÄ°è AiÀÄAvÀæUÀ¼ÀÄ §AzÀÄ UÁæ«ÄÃt ¸ÉÆUÀqÀÄ ªÀiÁAiÀĪÁV J°è £ÉÆÃrzÀgÀÄ AiÀÄAvÀæUÀ¼À PÉ®¸ÀªÉà eÁ¹ÛAiÀiÁVzÉ.

PÉ®ªÀÅ ªÀÄA¢ £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀªÀ£ÀÄß ©lÄÖ ºÀ½îUÀ¼À ¸ÉƧUÀÄ ¥ÀæPÀÈwAiÀÄ ªÀÄr®°è EgÀ®Ä EZÉÒ¥ÀlÄÖ §gÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. UÁæªÀÄUÀ¼À PÀqÉ £ÀUÀgÀ¢AzÀ ªÀÄÄRªÀiÁqÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. ºÉƸÀ vÀ¯ÉªÀiÁj£À vÀ®ètUÀ¼À ªÀÄÆ®PÀªÁV §ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ jÃwAiÀÄ°è PÀ«UÀ¼ÀÄ vÁªÀÅ EgÀĪÀ ¹ÜwUÀwUÀ¼ÀÄ eÉÆvÉUÉ £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ªÁvÁªÀgÀt ¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ. AiÀiÁAwæPÀ §zÀÄQUÉ §°AiÀiÁUÀÄwÛzÁÝ£É ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ. EzÀjAzÀ §ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ jÃw £ÉÆAzÀÄ ¨ÉAzÀÄ Erà ªÁvÁªÀgÀtªÉ PÀ®Ä²vÀUÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ. E°è£À ªÁºÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ ¢£Éà ¢£Éà ºÉZÀÄÑwÛzÉ. CwAiÀiÁzÀ AiÀÄAvÀæUÀ¼À §¼ÀPɬÄAzÀ DºÁgÀ ¥ÀzÁxÀðUÀ¼ÀÄ «µÀAiÀÄÄPÀÛªÁUÀÄwÛªÉ. UÉƧâgÀ, ©ÃdPÁ¼ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ «µÀzÀ jÃwAiÀÄ°è DUÀÄwÛªÉ. UÁæ«ÄÃt ¸ÉƧUÀÄ ªÀiÁAiÀĪÁUÀÄwÛzÉ. J¯Áè PÉ®¸ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß AiÀÄAvÀæUÀ¼Éà §AzÀÄ ¤ªÀð»¸ÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ°è ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ d£ÀgÀÄ MAzÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ°è PÀ¸À, PÀrØ, ¥Áè¹ÖPï §¼ÀPɬÄAzÀ §ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ jÃwAiÀÄ°è J°è £ÉÆÃrzÀgÀÄ C°è PÀ¸ÀzÀ gÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ PÁt¹UÀÄvÀÛªÉ. £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀzÀ MAzÀÄ PÀ¸ÀzÀ gÁ²UÀ½AzÀ d£À PÀAUÉlÄÖ ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ°è vÉÆAzÀgÉUÀ½UÉ PÁgÀtªÁUÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. vÀªÀÄä ¤vÀå fêÀ£ÀzÀ ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ ¸ÀªÀĸÉåUÀ¼ÀÄ, eÉÆvÉUÉ §zÀÄQ£À fêÀ£À ¹ÜwUÀwUÀ¼ÀÄ §zÀ¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛ¯Éà ºÉÆÃUÀÄwÛªÉ. ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀªÁV, DyðPÀªÁV, gÁdQÃAiÀĪÁV ºÀt ¸ÀA¥ÁzÀ£É ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÉà EA¢£À vÀ¯ÉªÀiÁj£À ºÀ®ªÀgÀ ªÀÄÄRå UÀÄjAiÀiÁVgÀĪÀAvÉ PÀAqÀħgÀÄwÛzÉ.

DPÀgÀ UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

1. QÃwð£ÁxÀ PÀÄvÀÄPÉÆÃn, AiÀÄÄUÀzsÀªÀÄð ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸Á»vÀå zÀ±Àß, PÀ£ÀßqÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw ¤zÉÃð±À£Á®AiÀÄ. ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ, 1983. 2. PÉÆÃzÀAqÀgÁªÀÄ. J£ï.PÉ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ PÀxÁ ¸À»vÀåzÀ°è ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ¸ÀAWÀµÀð, UÁAiÀÄwæ ¸ÁägÀPÀ UÀæAxÀªÀiÁ¯É. ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ. 1999. 3. wgÀĪÀįÉñÀ.PÉ.«. C¹ÛvÀéªÁzÀ, PÀ£ÀðlPÀ ¸Á»vÀå CPÁqÉ«Ä, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ, 1989. 4. ±ÉõÀVjgÁªï.J¯ï.J¸ï., ºÉƸÀUÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå, PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÀjµÀvÀÄÛ. 1968. 5. ºÉÆ£ÀßAiÀÄå.¹.©. PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸ÀtÚPÀxÉUÀ¼À°è zÀ°vÀ 7. VgÀrØ UÉÆëAzÀgÁeï, ªÀ馅 ¸ÀªÀĶÖ. ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw, PÉ.J¸ï.ªÀÄÄzÀÝ¥Àà ¸ÁägÀPÀlæ¸ïÖ. (PÀ£ÀßqÀ £ÀªÀå PÀxÉUÀ¼À CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À) CdAvÀ ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ. ¥ÀæPÁ±À£À, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ. 1983.

6. f.n «ÃgÀ¥Àà (¸ÀA) D¯ÉªÀÄzÉ. ªÀÄAqÀå f¯Áè 8. gÀºÀªÀÄvï vÀjÃPÉgÉ. ¥Àæw¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw. PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸ÀAWÀ PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¸Á»vÀå ¥ÀjµÀvÀÄÛ, ªÀÄAqÀå 1995. PÉæöʸïÖ PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ. ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ. www.ijar.org.in 85

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

COVID-19 related experiences of Tibetan refugees in Bylakuppe

Dickey Choedon Department of Sociology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University

Abstract

This paper is a reflective of emotional encounter experienced by the Tibetan refugees living in Bylakuppe during the Global Pandemic (COVID-19). The experiences include both positive and negative experiences, which have impacted the socio-economic and psychological condition of Tibetan refugees. The experiences shared by small number of participants might considered as minor, but the impact of Global Pandemic in the lives of Tibetans could not be ignored. Global Pandemic have impacted the daily lives of many; be it daily wage laborers or farmers and nations economy as well, at larger scale, but only few certain sections have been highlighted. The study aimed to express the experiences encountered by the participants (Tibetans) during nationwide lockdown through this article. The study does not intend to generalize the experiences shared by the participants as mass experiences as it included only small number of participants from the settlement. The study focused only on the cases of individual’s experience, which is solely personal experience. It is also seen that much of these experiences have occurred by the labeling them in association with the virus.

Keywords: Corona, Tibetan refugee, stigmatization, label bias

INTRODUCTION period of time, the virus has impacted the mental health of the human than of In contemporary world, we have seen physical health. The waves of Corona many Humanitarian Crisis, such as have hit the world population by crossing poverty, hunger, disease, Wars and then, the boundaries of Wuhan city (in China) COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In the past and spread over to all seven continents of few decades, we, the world has been the world. It is assumed that the first victim of several waves of diseases which human cases of COVID-19 had been spread all over, effecting the psycho-socio, reported in the month of December 2019 economic and politics of the world, such by the officials of Wuhan city in China. as Ebola, Nipah, Zika and now Corona viruses (CoVs). The newly identified According to WHO (World Health coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a Organization, 2020), the virus has worldwide pandemic of respiratory affected 216 countries1 with more than 50 illness, called COVID-19 (Sauer, 2020). lakhs of confirmed cases with high Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly 1 discovered coronavirus (World Health This data is as of May 2020. The number Organization, 2020). Over the short could be more each passing day. www.ijar.org.in 86

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] number of deaths along with cured cases. among Tibetan living in different parts of As per latest report in (worldometer, the country via Instagram, Facebook, 2020), COVID-19 has affected 218 WhatsApp. The survey aimed to countries around the world. understand the general awareness of COVID-19 among the community. The This virus has been considered as one the study does not focus on specific gender of most dangerous viruses of the decades age as the virus could be found in any causing the weakening of human immune human beings. The focus of the study system. The death rate caused by aims to put forward the oral interactions COVID-19 is still prevailing in the world shared by both the parties: researcher without any specific symptoms shown in and the respondents. The experiences a week or two. It is difficult to shared in the study are the expression of understand the symptom of Corona virus, feelings caused by COVID-19, in many cases, the report on symptoms of individually. Due to COVID-19 constraint individual differs. Various symptoms in the neighborhood, the number of discovered in many cases includes fever, Sample size is small. The study focused in cough, sore throat, diarrhea, breathing TDL settlement through snowball problem, muscle aches and headache, sampling by interviewing 40 Tibetans. which are very familiar among the The study has used both quantitative population. (Survey) and qualitative method (face to face In-depth interviews) to study the The COVID-19 has also had its impact in experiences faced by the respondents. the lives of Tibetans refugees living in Bylakuppe. Apart from physical, Covid-19 Affective Financial Distress: has impacted the psycho-social experience of an individual or group. Though the As mentioned earlier, COVID-19 has virus was originated in China, the impacted the lives of the people around prejudice made by certain group of people the world, which includes Tibetan had caused tension and worry in the daily refugees around the world. In the survey lives of Tibetans in Bylakuppe. The lived conducted, it was found out that COVID- experience of Tibetans caused by the 19 has significantly affected the psycho- virus is analyzed by the application of social and economic conditions of the labeling Theory; one is labeled by other Tibetans around the world, especially group of people in association with Tibetans living in TDL settlement. Much something. Tibetans are complete aware of these effects can be understood from of the prejudice existing in the minds of the current psycho-socio and economic few local Indians. situation of the respondents.

METHODOLOGY It is known that epidemic and economic crisis have disproportionate impact on This study was inspired by the the most vulnerable segments of the observations made by the researcher in populations, which can trigger the the settlement during the nation-wide worsening inequality. The cases of lockdown. The study begun with a survey Tibetan refugees share similar experience was conducted via Google form to as rest of the world. Tibetans, being a understand the impact of COVID-19 minority in the locality face existing fact www.ijar.org.in 87

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] of being minority group, which majority at large. The impact of Corona is differentiate them from local Indians. It elaborated by (Lora James, 2020) in the is important to address the treatment of article stating that many people have lost inequality towards Tibetans during the their jobs and seen their income cut due pandemic and the nation-wide lockdown. to the coronavirus crisis. And On the creamy level, the economy of unemployment rates have increased Tibetan seemed to be less affected by the across the major economies as a result. ongoing pandemic, but the economy of As the nation’s economy struggle with Tibetan refugees in Bylakuppe have been effects of virus through 2025 (Nag, 2020), deeply affected due to COVID-19. Nation- one can assume the impact on Tibetans wide lockdown made Tibetans to stay in sweater business traders. denial for the seasonal sweater business as majority of the Tibetans refugees in Similar experience shared by Paldon, Bylakuppe are involved in the seasonal “My source of income depends on sweater migration for every winter. For some, business and this year, nobody is going there are other alternative source of for business. I don’t know how I will income, but for others like Tsering manage as I don’t have any other sources Dolma: (as stated) like others. It will be difficult for my family to survive. This is all because of “I don’t know whether I will be able to go Corona. I don’t know why China spread for sweater business or not. I am very such a deadly virus”. tensed because this is the only source of Despite these tough experiences, income for me. I can’t go for other job experiences like unable to withdraw due to lockdown in every place. I even money, no pocket money, no salary have have so many left over stocks of last year. been common issues among the I have taken huge loan for the business respondents. It is difficult to process the and I won’t be able to pay the loan experiences shared by the participants amount and extra interest will be put on during Global Pandemic. me”. Social Experiences Another financial difficulty experience shared by Chokey Tibetan refugees in India, being stateless, are not allowed to own property or “I used to study in Bangalore and before businesses, and are mostly confined to lockdown I have come home. Since the rural Tibetan refugee settlements, far lockdown begin, I have been paying for away from the cities. This discrimination, my rented room in Bangalore in which I which is heavily restrict their haven’t stayed for 4 months. The owner employment opportunities and ability to charges full amount. It is difficult to pay take root in cities, where there are more 8000 every month as a student”. she jobs. Thus, majority of them have adds, my owner doesn’t follow the order returned to their settlement during issued by the PM. lockdown. Many Tibetans, who have been working in other places have returned to Economic instability has always been their settlement during Nationwide part of everyone’s life, but the impact of lockdown. The return of family members Corona Virus has affected the lives of has brightened the home environment of www.ijar.org.in 88

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] the families. The home environment of a epidemic which made them stay out from family was gathering of family members public and receive fewer visitors (Schoch- together, which wasn’t possible in the Spana, 2020). For Tsering Dickey, being a past due to certain circumstances. Diabetic patient, the misconception arises Positive environment can be noticed in as “I heard diabetic patients have high the life of Youdon as she states, “Because tendencies to get infected by the virus. of Corona, I have got to spend a quality That’s why I am isolating myself from time with my family. After many years, others. I didn’t go out of my house since we are able to spend some good time the lockdown began. I think from march, together with family specially, with my I didn’t go out of my house” children”. The misconception of high chances of Dhondup also shared her positive infection on existing health complications experience, “I have never spent so much has feared many Tibetans, making them of time together with my husband in our unable to have social interaction with 15 years of marriage. He works in others. They must provide clear guidance Government job and have been posted to and suggestion to stay away from different places, where rest of the family infection of corona. It is clearly seen that members stay here in the settlement. we there was incomplete awareness spread have been spent 4 months and it feels within the community without providing good to be together. resolution to the misconception. Many of these individuals have felt solidary and But experience is different for Tenzin, “I resilience messages were not provided to have stayed at home for too long. I am them. These individual with existing feeling suffocated because I am not able health complications are unable to take to go out or hand out with my friends. firm decision to make interaction within the community. Thus, the pandemic has brought mixed feeling for the Tibetans; some felt joyous “if not properly addressed through policy being at home and for few like Tenzin, the social crisis created by the COVID-19 this long stay at home made him unable pandemic may also increase inequality, to spend quality time with his friends. exclusion, discrimination and global The social experiences faced by Tibetans unemployment in the medium and long during pandemic was more with family to term” (United Nation, 2020). maintain legal uniformity within the community and the mixed experiences Theoretical Framework: were confined with the family or in the neighborhood. Stigma and discrimination: Tibetans, who have been living in Bylakupppe for Effects of COVID-19 on Mental state: nearly 60 years, are racially different to the local Indians faced racial and ethnic People with preexisting health minority communities. Tibetans in complications, such as Diabetic, Bylakuppe were associated with the virus heightened their anxious thoughts and and prejudice by another group of people. compulsive behaviors. Disrupted support The experiences cause an emotional system and self-isolation made them outbreak while coping with ongoing vulnerable to acute stress reactions in an www.ijar.org.in 89

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] crisis. Such experiences have left depends on the experience that one goes Tibetans to battle the emotional trauma through. The experiences encountered of socio-economic along with isolation builds certain ideas on the mindset of that a group of local Indians have labelled victim. This idea is caused by the created. The prejudice of local Indian as social interactionism that one interacts many interconnect Chinese race and with other group of people. Most of us Tibetan race as same; intentionally or have experienced self-labeling or been unintentionally. The experiences part of labeling bias in our lifetime. We encountered are similar to the are often labeled in one way or other in discrimination and stigmatization by the comparison with others by race, local population, livelihoods and health background and physical diagnosis. services. Therefore, the labeling bias occurs when we are labeled and others’ view and Self-labeling/ labeling bias: expectation of us are affected by that labeling (Social Science , 2019). It is The theory of self and labeling is unexpected to find out the labeling of interconnected with the experiences that Tibetans by the local Indians despite an individual face in his/her lives. The living in the locality for nearly six labeling of an individual occurs in the decades. This labeling is associated with society, where one labels other based on corona virus has impacted the self-esteem dissimilarities shared by both the actors. of young Tibetans as stated by Sherap: Durkheim’s theory of self-labeling and labeling bias might have originated in the “When I was travelling to market, people th 19 century, but the implication of call me Chinese or Corona. They have labeling theory in the experiences made a signature to call out different Tibetans refugees living in Bylakuppe names. I feel bad when they Tag us as during nationwide lockdown. Labeling Chinese or corona because it has nothing might not be a new thing to discuss, but to do with me or us. We are Tibetans and the existence of labeling of Tibetans in we have no relationship with the associated with Corona virus is origination of corona virus”. They are something that needed to be discussed. trying to tease as I look like Chinese.

Labeling theory argues that Such incident has affected the Self- disadvantaged groups are more likely to esteem of Tibetan for being a minority in experience labeling as compared to other the society of mainstream. groups. Minorities and impoverished Tannenbaum’s theory of labeling individuals may be more vulnerable to highlight on the labels that is tagged informal labeling as well. As mentioned along with person or his activities by (Bernburg, 2009), the stereotypes that (Barmaki, 2019). The label used here, are associate deviant with racial minorities in relation to detrimental the psychology and impoverishment, members of such caused by virus in the lives Tibetans groups may be more likely to be living in Bylakuppe. Much of these associated with social stigma experiences of labeling occurred when an individual interacted with other group of Labeling Bias: The construction of self- people (Local Indians). The stigma image of what others think of self attached with the physical appearances www.ijar.org.in 90

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] were suspected to co-relate with the The stigma and experiences make virus, which seem challenging to explain. Tibetans vulnerable to fit in the society, In these types of situation, one self-label making them struggle to show their as internalized prejudice; the prejudice worth. This experience is similar to the which occurs in an individual who see the Merton’s theory of labeling; people prejudice directed to them by others. become deviant when a deviant label is Internal prejudice occurs when a person applied to them. Here, the virus is labeled is treated differently by the members of to Tibetans by the local group of Indians various other groups. Dawa shared (Lumen, 2020). The experience of similar experience, rejection also caused a hostility in the experience shared by Tsewang, “Whenever they shout Corona, I feel, they are directing it to me. I don’t know “I have gone to Periyapatna to buy how to explain them. They don’t know vegetables and one man asked me go anything about Corona and starts to away from the market. I got frustrated shout Corona to Tibetans”. and go into trouble with him. I didn’t like how he assumed that I will have virus. Not just me, many Tibetans have faced Another social influence on our self- such situation in the market”. esteem is through our group While some struggles to justify the social memberships. For example, we can gain stigma and discrimination, old Tibetan self-esteem by perceiving ourselves as lives in the hope of prayer as their instill members of important and valued groups Hope for the future. that make us feel good about ourselves. Prayer as the Hope: Instill Hope Social Identity is expressed through group memberships. The sense of Tibetan The older members of the community identity is explained through consider prayer as the instill hope to disassociation of two different identities safeguard them from the virus. They as shared by Sonam, expressed that Prayers help them to cope up with the situation with faith and for “Whenever the local people call me better future. For them, prayer is a sign Corona, I explain them, I am Tibetan, not of hope during the crisis and it gives Chinese. They should know that I am them peace of mind. Due to nationwide Tibetan, not Chinese. Though we have lockdown, they believe that reciting been living here for years, many are still Buddhist mantras might keep them away confused and unable to distinguish from outreach of the virus. between Chinese and Tibetan”. As shared by Po Passang “I can’t do This provides a positive feeling for Sonam anything to this virus. China has spread because he perceives that his group such a dangerous virus in the world. The members are not associated with the only thing I can do is sit at home and origin of Virus and gives him positive pray for the virus to go away from the energy to defend himself as a group world”. member of specific group of people.

www.ijar.org.in 91

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Tseten Lhamo “I wish the medicine for virus comes out soon. Other than that, I can only hope for the peace in my prayers. Daily I am reciting mantras to safeguard the world from this virus”. The schedule of reciting mantras at home had helped them to stay away from social gathering and strongly believes in the effectiveness of mantras for better social environment. The prayer encouraged them to avoid social interaction during the pandemic.

Conclusion:

The experiences shared by the participants were affected by social organization, individuals, media and most of all, misconceptions. The discrimination and stigmatization encountered by Tibetans have caused them to self-label, bias and deviant behavior in some way. For some, the stage of lockdown had been a crucial period of their lives causing financial insecurities, mental health pressure and social distance with loved ones. Tibetans experienced different social situation, where the realization of social identity came out stronger than individual identity. The officials and health authorities should empathize the fear of masses and normalize the stress that has been caused by the misconception, Discriminations and stigmatization.

References:

1. https://academic.oup.com/ ije/article/30/4/668/705885

2. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/340092482_Perso

nality_and_the_Coronavirus_Covi d-19_Pandemic

www.ijar.org.in 92

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Differential cultural system in modern India –A Study

Dr. B. Raveendra Naik Project Director (IMPRESS – ICSSR, New Delhi), Department of Population Studies and Social Work, S.V University, Tirupati – 517502, Andhra Pradesh.

Dr. K.S.Deeparani Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Chadalawada Ramanamma Engineering College, Tirupati - 517 502,Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT The word ‘caste’ owes its origin to the Spanish word ‘casta’ which means ‘bread, race, strain or a complex of heredity qualities. The development of 4 castes in India took place from the Varnas. Society is divided into diff. castes. Earlier there were 4 but now over 3000 and work education etc, are associated with it. Role, prestige etc, is fixed according to his caste. The leaders of independent India decided that India will be democratic, socialist and secular country. In modern India the term caste is used for Jat and also for Varna. The term, caste was used by the British who ruled India until 1947. The word ‘race’ has been sometimes used to denote the classification of human beings on the basis of the skin’s colour such as black race or white race. Culture of prejudice refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. Culture consists of all learned, normative behaviour patterns – that is all shared ways or patterns of thinking and feeling as well as doing.

KEY WORDS: Caste System, Community, Racism, Families, Illiterates, Untouchability

birth and can't change it later and one INTRODUCTION has is follow the set rules and regulations The word ‘caste’ owes its origin and gets punishment on their violation to the Spanish word ‘casta’ which means and one can even be thrown out of his ‘bread, race, strain or a complex of caste. If one dares to go out of his caste heredity qualities. The Portuguese he can never return. In class one may applied this term to the classes of people change it with effort like in a illiterate in India known by the name of ‘Jati’. class one can became literate and The English word caste is an adjustment therefore go over to the literate class i.e. of the original term. “Caste is a collection caste is hereditary in nature and once of families or group of families bearing a born in a caste one can't change it. The common name; claiming a common development of 4 castes in India took descent from a mythical ancestor, human place from the Varnas. Varna was not or divine professing to follow the same strictly based on birth and one could hereditary calling and regarded by those change his Varna. It was based on who are competent to give an opinion as "Karma theory" Parashurama became forming a single homogeneous kshatriya by karma from a Brahmin community. You belong to a caste by Vishwamitra was a Kshatriya and www.ijar.org.in 93

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] became Brahmin. This is not allowed in behaviour, ranging from the regularised caste system. activities of persons to their internal reasons for so doing. In other words, we CULTURE cannot see culture as such we can only Meaning of Culture see human behaviour. This behaviour Sometimes an individual is occurs in regular, patterned fashion and described as “a highly cultured person”, it is called culture. meaning thereby that the person in question has certain features such as his 3. Culture is a Pattern of Learned speech, manner and taste for literature, Behaviour music or painting which distinguish him The definition of culture from others. Culture, in this sense, refers indicated that the learned behaviour of to certain personal characteristics of an people is patterned. Each person’s individual. Sometimes culture is used in behaviour often depends upon some popular discourse to refer to a celebration particular behaviour of someone else. The or an evening of entertainment, as when point is that, as a general rule, one speaks of a ‘cultural show’. In this behaviours are somewhat integrated or sense, culture is identified with aesthetics organized with related behaviours of or the fine arts such as dance, music or other persons. drama. This is also different from the technical meaning of the word culture. 4. Culture is the Products of Behaviour Culture is used in a special sense in Culture learning’s are the anthropology and sociology. products of behaviour. As the person behaves, there occur changes in him. He Characteristics of Culture acquires the ability to swim, to feel 1. Learned Behaviour hatred toward someone, or to sympathize Not all behaviour is learned, but with someone. They have grown out of most of it is learned; combing one’s hair, his previous behaviours. In both ways, standing in line, telling jokes, criticizing then, human behaviour is the result of the President and going to the movie, all behaviour. The experience of other people constitute behaviours which had to be are impressed on one as he grows up, and learned. Sometimes the terms conscious also many of his traits and abilities have learning and unconscious learning are grown out of his own past behaviours. used to distinguish the learning. For example, the ways in which a small child 5. Culture includes Attitudes, Values learns to handle a tyrannical father or a Knowledge rejecting mother often affect the ways in There is widespread error in the which that child, ten or fifteen years thinking of many people who tend to later, handles his relationships with other regard the ideas, attitudes, and notions people. which they have as “their own”. It is easy to overestimate the uniqueness of one’s 2. Culture is Abstract own attitudes and ideas. When there is Culture exists in the minds or agreement with other people it is largely habits of the members of society. Culture unnoticed, but when there is a is the shared ways of doing and thinking. disagreement or difference one is usually There are degrees of visibility of cultural conscious of it. Your differences however, www.ijar.org.in 94

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] may also be cultural. For example, traditions, customs, and values that suppose you are a Catholic and the other reflect a deep and enduring cultural person a Protestant. identity, and a desire to keep that identity intact. Social class, which 6. Culture is shared by the Members of includes socioeconomic status or SES, Society documents another form of cultural The patterns of learned inequality. Gender is what our culture behaviour and the results of behaviour symbolizes as maleness and femaleness, are possessed not by one or a few person, and is further defined by prescribed roles but usually by a large proportion. Thus, for men and women. Other factors: many millions of persons share such Sexual Orientation, Religion, Age, etc. behaviour patterns as Christianity, the use of automobiles, or the English Subculture of Medical Workers language. Persons may share some part Culture is the collection of of a culture unequally. For example, as beliefs, ideas, artifacts, and other traits Americans do the Christian religion. To of a group of people. Because culture some persons Christianity is the all- encompasses virtually everything that important, predominating idea in life. To can be learned, it is ever-shifting, and others it is less preoccupying / important, not everyone follows the group’s and to still others it is of marginal beliefs. Subcultures are smaller groups significance only. within the larger culture that have slightly different or additional 7. Culture is a way of Life traditions and ideas. They tend to Culture means simply the “way share much in common with the larger of life” of a people or their “design for culture and typically interact with living.” Kluckhohn and Kelly define it in members of the majority on a regular his sense,” A culture is a historically basis. Most people belong to at least derived system of explicit and implicit one group that can be classified as a designs for living, which tends to be subculture. Large groups of friends shared by all or specially designed or family members tend to form their members of a group.” Explicit culture own subcultures. refers to similarities in word and action which can be directly observed. For Infallible example, the adolescent cultural The physicians described values behaviour can be generalized from and norms associated with expectations regularities in dress, mannerism and of being flawless and never committing conversation. Implicit culture exists in any errors, which the physicians abstract forms which are not quite experienced as something of a burden. obvious. They were aware that such expectations could negatively affect physicians’ Diversity willingness to have open dialogue about Diversity Race is a system of mistakes, slips and lapses they make, social identity constructed over thus restricting potential learning from generations through cultural, social, errors. The values and norms related to economic, and political relations. the highly competent and almost Ethnicity is associated with static omnipotent physician appear to be www.ijar.org.in 95

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] present from the outset of medical All people are morally obliged to their training. During training, physicians are own castes and sub-castes i.e. there are expected to push their own boundaries in certain rules and regulations which one order to develop and hone their skills. has to follow and are punished if they These expectations were predominantly don't. They are not so much to that expressed by the interns and residents. society or community but more to his caste. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CASTE SYSTEM Social Hierarchy: In caste system, 1. Based on birth, or birth is the Hierarchy is found and the Brahmin are determinant factor of caste system. Once it the highest level and the Indra's are the born in a caste he has to remain the lowest and therefore are the same. Status, position prestige is fixed untouchables and even unseables. according to his caste. i.e. A scribed. The Sanskritiation is Ghuray's concept i.e. castes are divided into sub-caste. this can initiate the higher caste and 2. Endogamy and exogamy – In a therefore change their position. caste syst. There is restriction on marriage. Westermarck- "Restriction on Restriction on food: In the caste system marriage Endogamy and Exogamy are there is restriction in the food too. The the essence of the caste system. members of the higher caste can't take "Endogamy their one's own caste or sub- food from the lower caste. caste. Exogamy –same caste but not same Kalahari- fruits can be eaten by the clean i.e. Gotra. higher caste from anyone and nothing 3. Social Hierarchy is found in caste will happen. syst. Brahmin is high and sudra have the Pakka Khana – from the Kshatriya and inferior position and prestige. Prof. Vaishya. Tried in ghee etc. Bhurey – Sanskritisation in this the Kachna Bhajan – rice or Kheer – This can lower caste people can initiate the upper be taken only from his own caste. caste. De-Sanskritisation – Upper caste can initiate the lower caste. All these are the 3 types of food and this 4. Occupational restriction and is in ref. to the Brahmin, the highest hereditary occupation – your occupation class. There is no restriction in water too. is fixed by your caste. A black smith son Only the kahar can give them water and will always be a black smith. they can drink from no other caste 5. Economic disparity – The higher generally the maids are Ramani Kahar, caste people are generally economically and because of this they feel somewhat better off and the lower caste people work proud cause they are not so backward so harder and yet they get little benefit i.e. that their touched food may not be eaten. they are poorer. FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT Segmental division of society i.e. society OF CASTE is divided into different castes. Earlier Traditional Theory – Vedas, mainly Rig there were 4 but now over 3000 and work Veda, Maha Bharat, Geeta, Upanishad, education etc, are associated with it. Role, Manu Smuriti. It says caste system. prestige etc, is fixed according to his Originated from the body Bramha, i.e. caste. Every caste has moral obligation. from the mouth came Brahmin, www.ijar.org.in 96

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Keshahiya, arms, Vaishyas – thighs and varmas of Anolog and sub-caste was Shudras from feet. And the place was formed. given to the hierarchy of organs in the body. Varma, status and position is fixed FEATURES OF CASTE SYSTEM according to this. Therefore 1st come 1. There was a segmental division of Brahmins then Kshatriyas then society in which they were classified in Vaishayas and last Sudras. The month several units called as caste. The term for preaching, learn, ceremonial caste used to present race or breed of a preformation, the arms – protections, person. There have been 2800 different thighs – to cultivate or business feet – castes found in India and they have their helps the whole body therefore the duty own set of norms and beliefs. of the Sundras is to serve all the others. 2. Hierarchy system was evolved in Manu – C.S. has developed due to Auolay those times. There has been the degree of and pratilog. highness and lowness amongst people. 3. Endogamy can be seen as a vital feature of the caste system. Endogamy is 1. Religious theory given by Hocart' practicing marriage function in the same C.S. Originated due to religious factor a caste and it has been followed in India till due to performance of various religious now up to maximum extent. For example, rites. In India religion plays an imp. even if anyone wishes to marry someone place. Everything is based on this of other caste and class, he/she can face a religion. He gave – pure work i.e. to powerful opposition and sometimes it can perform religious work. Those who do lead to Honor Killing. Honor killing is Yagya they are Brahmins, the ones who practicing death of people in love with gather flower – messages – impure work – different castes. In UP a couple was killed those who sacrificed the low caste brutally just to satisfy caste ego which (Dasas). does not permit people to marry someone from other castes. 2. Political theory – Abbe Dubois, - 4. Hereditary Status and Hereditary C.S. originated due to the supremacy of occupation are some of the basic features Brahmins – the Brahmanism, theory. To which can be called as an ascribed maintain their superiority diff. castes and status of a person. It clearly means that sub-castes came into being Ghuray – caste is not something which is achieved 'Caste is the Brahmin child of the Indo- by a man on the basis of merit. Indeed it Arjun culture, cradled in the Ganges and is clearly a place which cannot be altered Yamuna and then transferred in other or switched. For example, a person born parts of the country'. in Shudra category will do chores like cleaning toilets till his/her death. 3. The hierarchy is according to Likewise, a Brahmin’s son was bound to occupation. The higher the occupation follow the priest culture; he was not the higher the position and status in allowed to go to his career choices. societies. If the according is considered 5. One of the most negative good in a place that caste is high but it influences of the Caste system is also may necessarily be higher in another counted in its feature that is Food and place. In general C.S. originated from the Drinks indifference attitude by upper- Varmas and then in marriage but these class people. For example, if a Shudra www.ijar.org.in 97

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] prepared food and a Brahmin arrived at a the society to accept untouchables within temple where he is hungry. He will die of them. hunger but will not touch the food prepared by the lower class people. RACE Race is one of those terms which are used CASTE SYSTEM IN MODERN INDIA with a variety of meanings. The Greeks The leaders of independent India decided classified all mankind as either Greek or that India will be democratic, socialist barbarian, yet none of these is a racial and secular country. According to this group. The term ‘race’ is sometimes used policy there is a separation between as synonymous with nationality. A religion and state. Practicing nation does not necessarily consist of untouchability or discriminating a person individuals with uniform physical based on his caste is legally forbidden. characteristics. Sometimes it has been Along with this law the government frequently confused with language, as allows positive discrimination of the well as with religion. The word ‘race’ has depressed classes of India. The Indians been sometimes used to denote the have also become more flexible in their classification of human beings on the caste system customs. In general the basis of the skin’s colour such as black urban people in India are less strict about race or white race. But race cannot be the caste system than the rural. equated with colour of the skin. In cities one can see different caste people Sometimes we use the word race in a very mingling with each other, while in some wide sense and speak of human race thus rural areas there is still discrimination including all the human beings. based on castes and sometimes also on untouchability. Race a Biological Concept This confusion arises as results of In modern India the term caste is used failure to realize that race is not a for Jat and also for Varna. The term, sociological term but is distinctly a caste was used by the British who ruled biological and anthropological concept. It India until 1947. The British who wanted signifies a biological category. “A race is to rule India efficiently made lists of a large biological human grouping with a Indian communities. They used two number of distinctive inherited terms to describe Indian communities. characteristics which vary within a Castes and Tribes. These lists, which the certain range.” Langue and religion are British made, were used later on by the cultural concepts and therefore, on their Indian governments to create lists of basis race a physiological concept cannot communities who were entitled for be accurately defined. Ethnic differences positive discrimination. This category between men are matters of blood. They includes in it communities who were are biologically inherited along with such untouchables. In modern India, physical characteristics as eye, skin and untouchability exists at a very low extent. hair color. By race anthropologists The untouchables call themselves Dalit, understand a group of individuals who meaning depressed. Until the late 1980s possess common hereditary traits which they were called Harijan, meaning separate them from other groups. It children of God. This title was given to refers to a “subdivision of the human them by Mahatma Gandhi who wanted species, the members of which www.ijar.org.in 98

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] distinguish them from those of other This racial type is found in Uttar subdivision”. Pradesh. Rajasthan and Bihar. They are the product of inter-marriages between Classification of Races the Indo-Aryans and the Dravidians. They have long head and the complexion India is a melting pot of races. It is an varies from lights brown to black. ethnological museum. The ancestors of the majority of present population have 5. The Mongol-Dravidians migrated to India from surrounding In the population of Bengal and Orissa territories across the Himalayas. Indian this racial type is most prominent. population is constituted of major races Bengali Brahmins and Kayasthas form of the world. We find people of different the largest percentage. This racial type races in India. has come into existence as a result of intermixture of Mongolians and There are seven racial types Dravidians while some element of Indo- in Indian population. Aryan race is also found. These people 1. The Turk-Iranian are generally black and round headed These types of people are found in the having medium nose and medium height. Frontier Province and Beluchistan. These parts now belong to Pakistan. Turks- 6. The Dravidian Iranian people are very tall and have a This racial type is found in Southern fair complexion. They possess dark eyes, India, particularly south of M.P, narrow nose. Chotnagpur, Madras and Hyderabad. The Santhals of Chotnagpur represent this 2. Indo-Aryan type. They have dark complexion, dark This racial type is found among the eyes, short stature, long head and broad Eastern Part of Punjab, Rajasthan and nose.The Dravidian race, as mentioned Kashmir. Most of the people have long by Risley, like the Aryan, is a linguistic heads and prominent noses. They are tall, group and pots a racial group, says their complexion is fair and eyes are of Majumdar. Most of the Indian dark color. anthropologists are not inclined to accept the racial classification of the Indian 3. Scytho-Dravidian population presented by Risley. Scytho-Dravidian is a mixed racial type of Scythians and Dravidians. People, having 7. The Negrito: this racial ancestry are said to be found According to him the presence of Negrito in Saurashtra, Coorg and hilly tracts of race in India is a controversial issue. Madhya Pradesh. It is also said that while However, it is claimed that there is an the upper strata people are element of Negrito race in Indian predominantly Scythian, the lower strata population and Negrito element is found people are fairly dominated by Dravidian in the blood of Andaman Islanders. elements. They are broad headed, have a Further, it is also pointed out that fine nose, are of medium height and their Negrito element is found in the blood of complexion is fair. some South Indian tribal people like the 4. Aryo-Dravidian Kadar and blood of Nagas.

www.ijar.org.in 99

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

CONCLUSION Caste is a collection of families or group 6. Acharya, of families bearing a common name; Akhilesh(2000)Advertisement in Print claiming a common descent from a Media, New Delhi. mythical ancestor, human or divine 7. Tha, R.(1992) Women and Print professing to follow the same hereditary Media, New Delhi; Chanakya Publishers. calling and regarded by those who are 8. http://www.investopedia.com/ter competent to give an opinion as forming a ms/u/unemployment.asp. single homogeneous community. The 9. http://study.com/academy/lesson/t development of 4 castes in India took hreetypes-of-unemployment. place from the Varnas. Hierarchy 10. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.co system was evolved in those times. There m/unemployment/unemployment-types-6- has been the degree of highness and mostimportant-types- lowness amongst people. . In general the ofunemployment/30985/. urban people in India are less strict about the caste system than the rural. In cities one can see different caste people mingling with each other, while in some rural areas there is still discrimination based on castes and sometimes also on untouchability. For many cultures, religion has always been an integral part of life.

REFERENCES 1. Sethi (1998), ICDS involvement of community essential, Journal of Social Welfare, pp.9-12.

2. Mohsin, S.M. (1990) Attitude concept for motion and change the attitude objects, Welley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, pp.1-28.

3. Sudharshan Iyenger “Planning for Rural Development“, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, 2005.

4. Kaptan, Sanjay and Subramanim,V.P (2000) Women in Advertising, New Delhi. 5. Mishra Sangeeta (1993) Status ofWomen in changing Urban HinduFamily, Radha publications, NewDelhi. www.ijar.org.in 100

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) ACT, 2013

Dr Nagalatha Bathina Associate professor, Vignan institute of Law

Introduction cases of sexual harassment stating that The Indian legal landscape changed the Vishakha Guidelines were not being dramatically in 2013. Corporate effectively implemented. the Supreme governance received a boost from the re- Court took cognizance and undertook vamped legislation in the form of the monitoring of implementation of the Companies Act 2013, which superseded Vishakha Guidelines across the country. the Companies Act 1956. Vishaka The Supreme Court asserted that in case triggered a national consciousness on an of a non-compliance or non-adherence of issue that was, until then, not given its the Vishakha Guidelines, it would be due importance. Following up on open to the aggrieved persons to Vishaka, the Supreme Court of India approach the respective High Court. enlarged the scope of sexual harassment by ruling that physical contact was not Sexual Harassment of Women at essential to be considered an act of sexual Workplace harassment. This case established that The Sexual Harassment of Women at actions resulting in a violation of one's Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and rights to ‘Gender Equality’ and ‘Life and Redressal) Act, 2013 is a legislative act in Liberty’ are in fact a violation of the India that seeks to protect women from victim's fundamental right under Article sexual harassment at their place of work. 19 (1) g. The case ruling established that It was passed by the Lok Sabha (the sexual harassment violates a woman's lower house of the Indian Parliament) on rights in the workplace and is thus not 3 September 2012. It was passed by the just a matter of personal injury. This case Rajya Sabha (the upper house of the ruling had issued Vishaka Indian Parliament) on 26 February 2013. guidelines under Article 32 of the The Bill got assent of the President on 23 Constitution of India. The Supreme April 2013. The Act came into force from Court had made it mandatory that these 9 December 2013. This statute had to be followed by all origination until superseded the judgement of Vishaka v. a legislative framework on the subject State of Rajasthan, the Supreme Court has been drawn-up and observed that Equality in employment enacted. However, the legislative void Article 19(1) can be seriously impaired continued and the Supreme Court in when women are subjected to gender- Apparel Export Promotion Council v. A.K specific violence, such as sexual Chopra ((1999) 1 SCC 759) reiterated the harassment in the workplace And law laid down in the Vishakha therefore issued guidelines to ensure Judgment.Untill the writ petition filed by women have equal working conditions Dr. Medha Kotwal of Aalochana (an and are protected from sexua NGO) highlighted a number of individual harassmentl has been ratified on the 25th www.ijar.org.in 101

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

June, 1993 by the Government of India It also provides safeguards against false To make provisions for giving effect to or malicious charges. the said Convention for protection of The definition of “aggrieved woman”, women against sexual harassment at who will get protection under the Act is workplace. extremely wide to cover all women, irrespective of her age or employment Background and provisions: According to status, whether in the organised or the Press Information Bureau of the unorganised sectors, public or private and Government of India: covers clients, customers and domestic The Act will ensure that women are workers as well. protected against sexual harassment at While the “workplace” in the Vishaka all the work places, be it in public or Guidelines is confined to the traditional private. This will contribute to office set-up where there is a clear realization of their right to gender employer-employee relationship, the Act equality, life and liberty and equality in goes much further to include working conditions everywhere. The organisations, department, office, branch sense of security at the workplace will unit etc. in the public and private sector, improve women’s participation in work, organized and unorganized, hospitals, resulting in their economic empowerment nursing homes, educational institutions, and inclusive growth. sports institutes, stadiums, sports 1. Sexual harassment results in violation complex and any place visited by the of the fundamental rights of a woman to employee during the course of equality under articles 14 and 15 of the employment including the Constitution of India and her right to life transportation. Even non-traditional and to live with dignity under article 21 workplaces which involve tele-commuting of the Constitution and right to practice will get covered under this law. any profession or to carry on any Purview of sexual herrassment according occupation, trade or business which to the act: includes a right to a safe environment one of the difficulties is to understand free from sexual harassment; this concept as it involves a range of 2. The protection against sexual behaviors, even the victims find it harassment and the right to work with difficult to explain what they dignity are universally recognized human experienced. There have been efforts rights by international conventions and from both national and international instruments such as Convention on the level still there is no single definition Elimination of all Forms of which can define prohibited behavior. Discrimination against Women, which has been ratified on the 25th June, 1993 The international instruments define by the Government of India; Sexual Harassment as “violence against 3. To make provisions for giving effect to women and discriminatory treatment the said Convention for protection of which is a broad definition compared to women against sexual harassment at the national laws. National laws focus on workplace. the illegal conduct more. Major Features: The Act defines sexual harassment at the work place and creates In general sense it is known as a mechanism for redressal of complaints. “unwelcome sexual favor and other www.ijar.org.in 102

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] verbal or physical conduct of a sexual Committee is required to complete the nature that tends to create a hostile or inquiry within a time period of 90 days. offensive work environment” On completion of the inquiry, the report will be sent to the employer or the The Supreme Court of India defined District Officer, as the case may be, they Sexual Harassment as any unwelcome are mandated to take action on the report sexually determined behavior (whether within 60 days. directly or by implication) such as; The Complaints Committees have the 1. Physical contact and advances, powers of civil courts for gathering 2. A demand or request for sexual favors, evidence. The Complaints Committees 3. Sexually colored remarks, are required to provide for conciliation 4. Showing pornography, before initiating an inquiry, if requested 5. Any other unwelcome physical, verbal by the complainant. Penalties have been or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature. prescribed for employers. Non- The Act also states that the following compliance with the provisions of the Act circumstances (whether implied or shall be punishable with a fine of up to explicit), inter alia, may constitute sexual INR 50,000. Repeated violations may lead harassment: to higher penalties and cancellation of Promise of preferential treatment in license or registration to conduct employment; business. Threat of detrimental treatment in employment; The biggest recent change to the POSH Threat about present or future Act came in 2019, when the Women employment; Development and Child Welfare Creating an intimidating or offensive or Department issued a general notice that hostile work environment; and, any business in Telangana that had ten Humiliating treatment potentially or more employees was now required to endangering health or safety. register their IC with the State Shebox portal by no later than July 15, 2019. This is in an effort to allow officials to A key part of the definition is the use of better track the compliance statuses of the word unwelcome. Such unwelcome or businesses around the area. The uninvited conduct/act is totally government of Maharashtra issued a prohibited. Sexual or romantic similar letter, requiring all businesses to interaction between consenting people at fill out a form outlining their compliance work may be offensive to observers or status and internal committee and may also lead to the violation of the submit it to the Sub-Divisional workplace’s policy, but it is not sexual Magistrate by no later than July 20, harassment 2019. Sexual Harassment In The Online Every employer is required to constitute Workplace In the recent case of Sanjeev an Internal Complaints Committee at Mishra vs. Bank of Baroda1, the each office or branch with 10 or more Rajasthan High Court ("Court") has employees. The District Officer is widened the scope of the term ‘workplace required to constitute a Local Complaints harassment' to include online Committee at each district, and if harassment. required at the block level. The www.ijar.org.in 103

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

References 1833-1. | 7. Amritadasgupta, Workplace The Sexual Harassment of Women at Harassment! Know The Laws!, Available Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and At: Redressal) ACT, 2013 ACT NO. 14 OF Http://Www.Respectwomen.Co.In/Workpl 2013 ace-Harassment-Know-The-Laws| 8. Ibn, 1 https://www.accdocket.com/indias-posh- Bill To Make Workplace Safer For Indian act-snapshot. Discrimination, available Women, Available At: at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we- Http://Www.Ibnlive.Com/News/India/Bill- do/discrimina 2. To-Make-Workplace-Safer-For-Indian- Dr.Rajendrakumarhittanagi, The Role Of Women-504736.Html | 9. Uas, Sexual Education Sector In Removing Gender Harassment Of Women At Working Inequality, Available At: Place, Available At: Http://Www.Legalservicesindia.Com/Artic Https://Sites.Google.Com/A/Uasd.In/Wom le/Print.Php?Art_Id=1448 3. Sonali en-Harassment1/Introd | 10. The Sexual Khatri, Understanding Jurisprudence Of Harassment Of Women At Workplace Judicial Legislation On Sexual (Prevention, Prohibition And Redressal) Harassment Of Women At Workplace In Act, 2013, Available At: India, Available At: Http://Togethervcan.In/?Article=The- Http://Www.Legalservicesindia.Com/ Sexual-Harassment-Of-Women-At- Article/Article/Understanding- Workplace-Prevention-Prohibition-And- Jurisprudence-Of-Judicial-Legislation- Redressal-Act,velocity global On-Sexual-Harassment-Of-Women-At- Workplace.Techniquesprohibition-Of- Sex-Selection-Act- 1994.Html#Sthash.3y1yf30l. | http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/p df/whatissh.pdfhttps://www.mondaq.com/

4/Employment-and-HR/Discrimination- Disability-Sexual-Harassment #http://infochangeindia.org/women/analy sis/a-brief-history-of-the-battle-against- sexual-harassment- at-the- workplace.html # https://www.rt.com/news/344995- knesset-sexual-harassment-survey/ #http://www.laborrights.org/sites/default/ files/publications-and- resources/Kenya.pdf 6. Drsahanwaz, Right To Be Born And Indian Legislative And Judicial Framework, Available At:

Http://Www.Legalservicesindia.Com/Artic le/Article/Right-To-Be-Born-And-Indian- Legislative-And-Judicial-Framework-

www.ijar.org.in 104

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Challenges on Girls’ Education in Telangana State

Mahankali Radhika, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, Telangana

Abstract

Girls’ education is a big opportunity for India to be developed socially and economically. Educated girls’ are the weapons who yield positive impact on the Indian society through their contribution at home and professional fields. They are the reason of improved economy in the country as well as society. At elementary and secondary level girls’ enrolment rate has been decreased from 2016 to 2019, but girls’ gross enrolment ratio has been increased at higher education level from 2016 to 2019. Parental attitude, lack of infrastructure, lack of security, superstations related to girls, socio-economic condition of parents are the major challenges for promoting girls’ education in India. There was a time when people thought that it was not necessary to educate girls. Now we have begun to realize that girls’ education is essential. The modern age is the age of awakening of girls. They are trying to compete with men in all spheres of life. There are many people who oppose girls’ education. They say that the proper sphere of girls is the home. So, they argue that the money spent on girl’s education is wasted. This view is wrong, because girl’s education can bring about a silent resolution in the society. Girls’ education plays a vital role through up gradation of depriving Marginalized sections, especially girls in society. Because girls are the back bone of society, they are the mother of the race and guardian of future generation, so that education is very much necessary. Girls must be educated, for it is the Girls who mould the next generation and hence the destiny of the country. Education-basic, functional or digital, always enlightens a person from the darkness of ignorance and innocence. Awareness about importance of cleanliness, good habits and knowledge about various disciplines helps a woman to support her family and groom her children as better citizens of the society in Telangana State.

Keywords: Girls’ Education, Status, Challenges, Telangana

Introduction Education is therefore considered to be one of the basic needs after food clothing Education leads to enlightenment as it and shelter. Access to basic education is facilitates knowledge, skills and abilities. therefore made compulsory by It helps a person with average Governments of many countries all over intelligence to identify the difference the world. Article 13 of the United between right and wrong and hence good Nations’ 1966 International Covenant on and bad practices in the society. In a way Economic, Social and Cultural Rights education helps a man to be more (UNESCO) recognizes the right of civilized, a responsible human being everyone to an education. For more than towards his family and society at large. 300 years ago, there was practically no www.ijar.org.in 105

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] education for girls in India. Only a few woman will have learned about girls of the upper castes and upper classes HIV/AIDS and know many different ways were given some education at home. to protect herself from getting the Literacy of girls at that time was looked disease. Every year of schooling helps a upon as a disgrace. The notion of woman make better decisions for her and providing education to girl children never her family. Women who attended school entered into the minds of parents. A often have healthier families. These superstitious feeling was alleged to exist women are more likely to seek medical in the majority of the Hindu families that help from clinics or doctors. Because they a girl taught to read and write will soon can read, literate girls can understand a become a widow after marriage. doctor’s detailed instructions and follow According to the report of National up for help if needed. Committee on Women’s Education (1959), “It cannot be denied that the Education and Women general picture of the education of girls was the most unsatisfactory and girls A popular saying goes ‘While educating a received practically no formal instruction man benefits him alone, educating a whatever, except for the little domestic woman benefits the whole family and instruction that was available to the society at large’. It is a proven fact that daughter of the upper class families. The children of educated women enjoy high government also took the responsibility education standards and fare better than to promote primary education in general children of illiterate mothers. Educated and that of the girls in particular. women, manage their homes better as However, government efforts could not they support their families economically, go a long way due to the Indian War of financially and emotionally. Women Independence of 1857. After the war comprise approximately half of the municipal committees and other local population in the world. But the bodies were encouraged to open primary hegemonic masculine ideology made schools. In the year 1870, training them bear a lot as they were denied colleges for women were established for equivalent opportunities in different the first time and women were trained to parts of the world. Despite best efforts by become teachers in girls’ schools. national and international organizations education is still not accessible to many Importance of Girls’ Education in India particularly women from developing countries like India. Key challenge in Education for girls can have the benefit achieving gender equality in education is of delaying marriage and pregnancy for reaching those girls who remain out of young girls. Instead of a girl getting school even in countries where school married before age 20 and often suffering campaigns have led to significant gains in abuse by her husband, girls who attend enrolment. primary and secondary school are more likely to have a say in who they marry. Review of Literature Girls who attend school also are able to use more effective methods of family Gupta (2012) did a socio-economic planning and therefore have fewer and analysis of child labour as domestic healthier babies. An educated girl and servants in Bhatinda district. It came to www.ijar.org.in 106

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] the notice that the labour pool was higher primary education in India, to locate the for females as compared to the males problems of school dropouts, to identify while the percentage for the school going the social background of the dropouts. male children was higher than the female The findings of the study recorded that children. It was found that the number of there was imbalance in the distribution of working children was much higher in female teachers and the absence of rural areas than urban areas especially in women teachers in schools might have the age group of 10-14 years. Lack of serious fallout on improving the girl’s education was found most prevalent education. Family’s internal problems among the child domestic workers. and unavailability of support and Children belonging to scheduled castes encouragement for girl child education were most deprived from education as 53 were amongst the chief reasons for per cent SC children were never admitted children’s dropping out. in school. The percentage of SC children going to informal schools was found Ahluwalia (2005) conducted a study on higher than children from other “Primary School Students’ Problems: A community. Poverty was found to be the status Survey of Gujarat’ to know the major factor forcing children to join problems of the students studying in labour market. Children were found lower primary section of four major cities working under poor conditions, beyond of Gujarat cities of Gujarat, namely, normal working hours, perform heavy Ahmedabad, Rajkot Surat and Vadodara tasks and getting very less remuneration. as identified by their teachers, to find out the common problems of students of Banghad (2012) Carried out a study lower primary section of four major cities titled, “prevalence of anemia in rural and of Gujarat, as identified by the teacher, to urban pre-adolescent girls (12 to 16 know the academic, physical, social and years) of Beeds district”. The study psychological problems of students of attempted to assess the nutritional and upper primary section of Rajkot as socio-economic status of rural and urban perceived by them, to know the common adolescent girls. The study found that the academic, physical, social and hygienic, sanitary and economic psychological problems of students of conditions of rural sample were not good. upper primary section of four major cities The nutritional level was found very low of Gujarat, to get the suggestions from amongst the adolescent girls. The principals to solve problems of the consumption of vegetables, milk and primary schools students, to get the meat was low. The girls from rural areas suggestions from doctors of Surat city to were more undernourished than their solve the problems primary school compare to their urban counterpart. Girls students. Some of the findings of the in the rural areas were found working in study were; the students had too much of the fields, fetching water and tendering workload of studies, they were over livestock. expected by their parents, they were taught only by chalk and talk method, Hosamani (2011) conducted a sociological they were afraid of examinations, they study on school dropouts to find out the had to carry heavy bags to the school, basic problems of primary education in number of students were found large in India, to emphasise the importance of www.ijar.org.in 107

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] the classroom, many students came from 30% of the total urban population in the weak financial background. state (Government of Telangana, 2016a). Of the total population of the state, Objectives of the Study scheduled castes (SC) constitute 15.44% and scheduled tribes (ST) 9.34%. The sex a) To understand the girl’s education in ratio is 988, which is better than the India and Telangana national sex ratio of 943. However, sex ratio for children declined from 957 in b) To assess the challenges on girls 2001 to 933 in 2011, which is a matter for education in Telangana concern. Research Methodology Telangana state has 2,537 higher The present study based on Secondary secondary institutions and 6.9 lakh data was collected from different research students are studying in these journals, books, reports and government institutions. Only 404 government websites. institutions and 41 are aided.

About Telangana Enrolment in 2016-17 Enrolment in schools by grade: Enrolment trends from Telangana became the 29th state of class 9 to class 12 during 2016-17, India, separated from undivided Andhra regardless of gender is decreasing with Pradesh, on 2 June 2014. It has a every consecutive higher class. In all geographical area of 1,14,840 sq.km. With classes, the overall number of boys a population of 3,51,93,978 (2011 census). enrolled is greater than the number of It is the 12th largest state in the country girls. However, only in class 11, the in terms of both area and size of number of girls is slightly greater than of population. The state is bordered by boys. The percentage of children with Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh to the special needs (CWSN) to total enrolment north, Karnataka to the west and Andhra at the secondary level is 0.69 whereas at Pradesh to the south and the east. The the higher secondary level, it is 0.09. This population growth rate has decreased is a worrying fact, and the state needs to from 18.77% in the previous decade to address the issue of accessibility of 13.58% during 2001–11. Only 38.88% of schools for CWSN. Telangana’s population resides in urban areas. However, the urban population has The number of girls studying in urban grown by 38.12% during 2001–11, as schools is greater than boys, but in rural compared with 25.13% in the previous schools, enrolment of boys is higher than decade. Hyderabad accounts for around of girls. Overall, enrolment in rural areas is greater than in urban areas. Table 1: Enrolment by Gender and School Location

School Education Boys Girls Total Rural 4,69,946 4,60,522 9,30,468 Urban 3,83,740 3,88,548 7,72,288 17,02,756 Source: Compiled from U-DISE Flash statistics www.ijar.org.in 108

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Challenges of Girls’ Education in healthy, they may not be well enough to Telangana attend school. 6. When girls are forced to marry It is generally accepted by many that young, they are often pulled out of school schooling has innumerable benefits for at a very critical age in their the child. But the irony of the fact is that development. The transition from even after 62 years of its independence, a primary to secondary education is key for vast majority of Indian children, girls to gain the life skills they need to especially girls are deprived of these escape the cycle of poverty. Yet, this is benefits. Girls are often taken out of often the same time that many girls leave school to share the family responsibilities school due to early marriages. such as caring for younger siblings. Conclusion 1. Negative parental attitude towards educating daughters is one of the Before drawing conclusion it may be important challenges to promote girl’s mentioned that the task of the school education in Telangana. authorities in India is to prepare the girls 2. Lack of female teachers is for the triple role she will have to play in another potential barrier to girls’ adult life. First, as the founder and education. Girls are more likely to attend fashioner of a happy home, secondly to be school and have higher academic able to earn her livelihood independently achievement, if they have female an honourably if circumstances demand teachers. Currently, women account for her to do so and thirdly to discharge her only 47.70 % of teachers at the duties as a responsible and enlightened Elementary level. citizen. The Indian Education 3. Lack of infrastructural facility in Commission 1964-66, rightly emphasized, schools is one of the major problems in “For full development of our human development of girls’ education in resources, the improvement of homes and Telangana. Annual Status of Education for moulding the character of children Report (2014) agreed that due to lack of during the most impressionable years of girls’ toilet facility, dropout rate at their infancy, the education of girls is of elementary and secondary levels have greater importance than that of boys”. been increased than the past decades. However, the change in the attitude of 4. Parents often complain about the public towards girls’ education would insecurity for girls attending schools. go a long way in improving the situation. Instances of abduction, rape and molestation of girls dampen the References: enthusiasm of parents and girl students in pursuing education beyond a certain 1. Agraval. S. & Usmani. M. (2000). age; thereafter they remain bound to Children Education in India; From Vedic their homes. Times to Twenty First Century Eve, New 5. In many parts of the country, Delhi: Shilpa Publication. children’s health is a big concern, 2. Saxena, S. K. (2010). Rural especially if they’re facing poverty. If Education in New Millennium: Still a Far there’s not enough food or sufficient Cry, Surendra Publications, New Delhi, clean water to keep girls nourished and India. www.ijar.org.in 109

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

3. Ramchandra, B. & Kothari, R. 14. Ahluwalia, R. (2005). Primary (2003). A Study of Causes of high School Students’ Problems: A status Repetition Rate at Primary Stage of Survey of Gujarat in Goel et. al. compiled Gujarat State: Vadodara. Educational Research in India, Abstracts, 4. Rani, M. (2009). Problems of VOL I, Vadodara: CASE Tribal Education in India: Issues and 15. Mishra and Kanika Bera (2016), Prospects; New Delhi, Kanishka ‘Identifying barriers to Adult Education : Publishers. Findings from two Urban slums of North 5. AISHE, (2013-14). All India Delhi’ , Social Action Vol 66, No.4, pp406- Survey Report in Higher Education. 424 Department of Higher Education. 16. Bhatty. K (1998), Educational MHRD. Government of India. New Delhi. Deprivation in India: a survey of Field 6. Census Data (2001). Govt. of investigators; EPW,33(27),pp 1731-1740. India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Office of 17. Channana (2001), The Dialectics Registrar General and Census of Tradition & Modernity and women’s Commissioner. India. Website: education in India, sociological Bulletin http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2001- 32(1/2), pp.75-91 common/census_2001.html 7. Kumar, J. & Sangeeta (2013). Status of Women Education in India. Education Confab. Vol. 2(4); P.P. 165-176 8. MHRD Annual Report, (2014-15). Higher and Technical Education. Ministry of Human Resource Development. Government of India. 9. National Committee on Women’s Education Report, (1959). National Committee on Women's Education. Ministry of Education, Government of India. 10. World Bank Report, (2008). Girls Education in the 21st Century. Human Development. PP. 23-305. 11. Gupta, S. (2012). “Socio- Economic Analysis of Child Labour as Domestic Servants: A Case Study of Bathinda District”.Patiala: Punjab University. 12. Banghad, M. (2012). Prevalence of anemia in rural and urban preadolescent girls (12 to 16 years) of Beed district”, Beed, KSK College. 13. Hosamani, I. (2011). “School Dropouts: A Sociological Study”, Dharwad: Karnataka University

www.ijar.org.in 110

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Use Pattern of Electronic Resources by the Faculty Members of Selected NAAC and NBA Accredited Engineering Colleges: A Study of KITSW and BITS Engineering Colleges of Warangal District of Telangana State

Dr. M. Anjaiah, Asst.Professor (Sr. Scale) Department of Library & Information Science Dravidian University- Kuppam, A.P. (India)

Mrs. R. Lalitha, Research Scholar (Part-Time) Department of Library and Information Science Dravidian University, Kuppam - 517 426

Abstract The present research article mainly focused on access, use and satisfaction with electronic resources by the faculty members of two selected NAAC and NBA accredited engineering college libraries of Warangal district of Telangana State. A Total of 223 faculty members from KITSW and BITS, a majority, 192 (86.09) were male and remaining 31 (13.90) were female respondents, out of 98, 85 (38.11) were male and remaining, 11 (4.93) were female respondents from BITS college of Warangal district., a large majority, 153 (68.60) of the respondents from urban, 46 (20.62) from semi- urban and 24 (10.76) from semi-urban region, a highest respondents are Assistant Professors (104; 46.63%), next to Associate Professors (85; 1524%) and; remaining are Professors (34; 15.24%), a large majority, 182 (81.61) respondents are publishing research articles in UGC Care/ Impact Factor Journals, followed by, 87 (39.01) respondents have the research visibility in `H-Index/i10 Index`,58 (26.00) are publishing articles in Scopus/Google Scholar, and the end of the study, some constructions were made by the investigator of the study. Key-words: NAAC and NBA accreditation, electronic resources, Use, KITSW, BITS

Introduction: Today, we are living in the enhancing and updating their knowledge information age. Information is a and skills in engineering education and dynamic and unending resource that research. The primary role of engineering affects all disciplines and walk of life. college library is to collect and organize Electronic resources are one of the vital the recorded information in engineering sources for scientific information which is and allied subjects to meet the needs of used by various levels of users like the users. teachers, scientists and students Electronic resources are becoming As we know well, the libraries are the substantial components of engineering store-house of knowledge since date college library collection. The main backs. But, in the digitized present global objective of an engineering college library world, these libraries are converting from is to assist engineering professionals in print to digital resources, to easy access; www.ijar.org.in 111

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] to its user community at 24x7x365 days, The Kakatiya Institute of Technology at their palm tops/desk tops. The library and Science (KITSW, 1980): The is a knowledge center where all the Kakatiya Institute of Technology and resources such as; print and e-resources Science (KITS), was established in are made available to the user. E- Warangal district 1980. This is the first resources are the backbone of any digital private and foremost reputed engineering library in this information superfluous college in Warangal district of un-divided era. Most of the modern library users are Andhra Pradesh, The institute, over the referring e-resources for their learning, years has substantially grown in teaching and research activities. It gives academic programmes, infrastructural an opportunity for the best use of the e- facilities and attracted academicians of resources and offers easy access to proven competence into its faculty. It various resources of the library through gained recognition amongst academic its interface from anywhere. Electronic circles as one of the premier technical Ist resources are one of the vital sources for institution in this region scientific information which is used by The Central Library-A Profile: The various levels of users like teachers, Central Library of KITS, supports to the scientists and students Electronic teaching learning program of the resources are becoming substantial Institute. It provides reading & lending components of engineering college library facility to the users. It has a collection of collection. 64,821 books with 13455 Titles, back The primary objective of an engineering volumes, pamphlets, standards, CD- college library; is to assist engineering ROMs, Video cassettes etc. It receives 100 professionals graduates in enhancing and National and International Journals. updating their knowledge and skills in The Digital Library has campus engineering education and research and LAN connectivity through computer the college library collects and organize center and is connected to web server. 30 the recorded information in engineering systems providing network facility are and allied subjects to meet the needs of installed for browsing. The institute has the users. the subscription of AICTE e- journals, e- Profiles of the Select NAAC and NBA shodhsindh consortia and DELNET Engineering Colleges of KITS and BITS: consortia e-resources.The NPTEL The two premier NAAC and NBA laboratory has procured a hard disk from Accredited engineering colleges, which IITs contains 125 web courses and 135 are located in Warangal district were Video courses furnished. selected for the present study. The The Balaji Institute of Technology & KITSW engineering college is established Science (BITS, 2001): The Balaji Institute at Urban, and the second one, BITS is of Technology & Science (BITS) is the located at rural of Warangal district of one of the best Engineering College in Telangana State. The profiles of colleges Warangal district, popularly known as and libraries were briefly discussed, to BITS, was established 200, Narsampet understand the nature of library besides, Warangal district (Rural). The resources, especially, electronic resources, BITS has been consistent to maintain which are available selected engineering excellence in the academic standards colleges of the present study. since its inception. Discipline is hallmark www.ijar.org.in 112

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] of BITS. It is also offering the same college authority have to establish digital courses like, KITSW. library with fully modern facilities. A profile of library: The library is the soul Kumar and Chandrashekhra (2019) of our educational institution. Keeping in carried out a survey on Use of N-List by view intensive and extensive use, the the faculty members of Govt. College, library being constantly enriched by the Kushal Nagar, Karnataka. The study acquisition of latest books and journals reveals that, 100 percent of faculty keeping in pace with changing times, to members are aware of N-List followed by further advancement of the college 66.67% of faculty members are use N-List academic activities. The library is a well occasionally, 83.33% of the faculty equipped with modern facilities, members are access N-List at the library specialized collection of books, journals and the study also found that 50% of the and non-book material are available in faculty members are using N-List with Engineering, Technology and low speed of internet. Management. Availability of Library Resources in Review of Related Literature: A review of KITSW and BITS college libraries: These literature on use pattern of e-resources colleges are providing the various type of reveals that there were many studies that print and electronic resources, as per the are more on a descriptive than analytical. needs of their respective engineering Therefore, more and more studies are college library users, to full-fill their needed to highlight various issues that needs. This article, focused on affect the system of e-resources for users availability, use pattern and satisfaction of engineering faculty, research scholars of faculty members on electronic and students more than other user resources such as subscribed consortia, E- community. ShodhSindh consortium, DELNET, Open Anjaiah, M. and Lalitha, R. Access and Open Educational Resources (2020), were conducted a study on Use of and others Electronic Resources by the Faculty Research Methodology: For the present Members of Engineering Colleges: A Case study is designed to seek faculty opinion Study of Kakatiya Institute of and views, with regard to aware, access Technology and Science (KITS) and use pattern of e-ShodhSindh (Autonomous), Warangal, Telangana consortium based e-journals of two State. They found in their study that a premier NAAC and NBA Accredited majority (63.53%) of the faculty members Engineering Colleges; Kakatiya Institute are visiting the library for the purpose of of Technology and Science, (Autonomous; accessing the e-resources, a majority KITSW) and Balaji Institute of (64.71%) of faculty members are using Technology & Science (BITS) were the e-journals, a majority (51.76%) of located at urban and rural areas of faculty members are using IEEE Warangal distract of Telanagana State. database frequently, followed by 48.24 Research Tool: In order to collect the per cent were Springer Links, The study comprehensive and relevant data for this also found that there is need to enhance study the questionnaire method was the various types of resources, and used. A list of questions was formulated conduct of awareness and information keeping in view the objective of the study. literacy programmes and at the end, it is The valid questionnaires were personally suggested that the KITS engineering distributed to 300 faculty members and www.ijar.org.in 113

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] received 223 filled in questionnaires. The Scope of the study: The present study is response rate is 74.33 per cent. limited to the faculty members of Objectives of the Study: Kakatiya Institute of Technology and 1. To know the current status of the Science (KITSW) and Balaji Institute of selected engineering college library e- Scientific and Technology Warangal resources; (BITS), Telangana State. 2. To know the frequency, visit and Data Analysis: For this research article, purpose college library by the faculty the researcher was collected the needed members; data randomly from the respondents of 3. To know the different types of the selected two premier engineering electronic resources used by the faculty colleges, namely, Kakatiya Institute of members; Technology and Science (KITS) 4. To identify the different (Autonomous) and Balaji Institute of electronic databases, OAR, OER and Science and Technology (BITS), other e-resources use pattern of the Warangal, Telangana State and the same selected college faculty members; is analyzed in a logical sequence inbelow: 5. To know the level of satisfaction College-wise Distribution of Respondents: on availability of e-resources; and The researcher distributed three hundred 6. To suggest suitable suggestions administered questionnaires to the two to improve facilities and services related selected engineering college faculty to the use of e-resources. members and received filled-in 223 and the response rate is 74.33. Table-1: College-wise Distribution of Respondents Sl. Nature of Questionnaire KITS BITS total No. Distribution of 1 150 150 300 Questionnaires

Received Filled-in 2 125 (41.66) 98 (32.66) 223 (74.33) Questionnaires Source: Primary data Gender-wise Distribution: The research scholar distributed questionnaires to the selected sample of the respondents and their given replies were recorded in the following table in detail. Table-2 Gender-wise Distribution of Respondents Sl. No. Status of Gender KITS BITS Percentage 1 Male 107 (47.98) 85 (38.11) 192 (86.09) 2 Female 20 (8.96) 11 (4.93) 31 (13.90)

3 Total 125 (41.66) 98 (32.660 223 (100.00) Source: Primary data It is evident from the above Table No.2 that the gender-wise distribution of respondents. A total number of respondents are 223, out of which, a majority www.ijar.org.in 114

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] respondents, 192 (86.09) were male and remaining 31 (13.90) were female respondents. Among, 192, a large majority, 107 (47.98) were male and remaining, 20 (8.96) were female respondents from KITSW college and out of 98, 85 (38.11) were male and remaining, 11 (4.93) were female respondents from BITS college of Warangal district This study shows that the male respondents are higher than the female respondents from both selected two engineering colleges of the study. Table-3: Residential-wise Status of the respondents Sl. No. Residential Status KITS BITS Percentage 1 Urban Area 99 (44.39) 54 (24.21) 153 (68.60)

2 Rural Area 21 (9.41) 25 (11.21) 46 (20.62)

3 Semi-Urban Area 05 (2.42) 19 (8.52) 24 (10.76) 4 Total 125 (41.66) 98 (32.66) 223 (100.00) Source: Primary data As per the data mentioned in the table3 with regard to residential-wise respondents of the selected two engineering colleges of the study. Out of 223, a large majority153 (68.60) of the respondents from urban, 46 (20.62) from semi-urban and remaining a small, i.e. 24 (10.76) were from semi-urban area. This study found that a large majority of the respondents from urban region. Table1-4: Designation wise Distribution of the respondents Sl. No. Respondent Male Female Total 1 Professors 30 (13.45) 4 (1.79) 34 (15.24) 2 Associate 76 (34.08) 9 4.03 85 (38.11) Professor 3 Assistant 86 (38.56) 18 8.07 104 (46.63) Professor 4 Total 192 (86.09) 31(13.9) 223 (100.00) Source: Primary data

It is evident from the above Table No.4 that the designation wise distribution of respondents. A total number of respondents were 223, out of which, a highest respondents are Assistant Professors (104; 46.63%), next to Associate Professors (85; 1524%) and; remaining are Professors (34; 15.24%). This study clearly shows that Assistant Professors are higher than than the Associate Professors and Professors.

Table -5: Academic Status of Respondents Sl. Academic Status Respondents Percentage No. 1 Highest Degree Ph.D. 35 15.69 2 PG/UG with NET/SLET Qualification 71 31.83 www.ijar.org.in 115

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

PG/UG without NET/SLET 3 117 52.46 Qualification 4 Total 223 100.00 Source: Primary data

Data presented in the above Table No. 5 NET/SLET Qualifications and remaining, explains with regard to academic status 35 ( 15.69) respondents have the highest of the respondents of the two selected Ph.D. qualification, which is mandatory engineering colleges. Out of 223, a large to each department have a PhD holder, as majority, 117 (52.46) of the respondents per the AICTE procedure. It could be have with PG/UG and without noticed that, there is need to qualified NET/SLET Qualifications, 71 (31.83) faculty in the engineering colleges. respondents have the PG/UG with

Table-6: Teaching Experience of the Respondents

Sl. No. Teaching Experience No. of the Respondents Percentage

1 Below 5 Years 101 45.29

2 6-10 Years 80 35.87 3 11-15 Years 25 11.21 4 More than 16 Years 14 6.27 5 Total 223 100.00 Source: Primary data The above table No. 6 describes with regard to the faulty members` teaching experience of the two selected engineering colleges of the study. A total of 223, a majority, 101 (42.29) of the respondents are have the teaching experience is below 5 years, followed by, 80 (35.87) are have 6-10 years, 25 (11.21) are have between 11-15 years and remain, 14 (6.27) respondents are have the more than the 16 years of teaching experience. It is found fro the study that , a majority of the teaching faculty have the below five of teaching experience.

Table No.7 presents data about the teaching faculties` research visibility, which is very essential for further promotions as well as academic career development of the faculty in engineering colleges. A majority, 182 (81.61) respondents are publishing the research articles in UGC Care/ Impact Factor Journals, followed by, 87 (39.01) respondents have the research visibility in H-Index/ i10 Index, 58 (26.00) are publishing articles in SCOPUS/ Google Scholar, Research Gate, Web of Science/IEEE indexed Journals, 55 (24.66) were preparing the NPTEL course content in video form, 22 (9.86) respondents were involving in Swayam-MOOC course content preparation, 108 (48.43) were giving guest lectures at various academic plot forms and 66 (29.59) respondents obtained the patents.

www.ijar.org.in 116

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

This study found that majority faculty members are involving in preparation of course content, publishing articles in reputed and impact factor and indexed, peer-revied journals and they are having good academic caliber. Frequency of Visiting the Library: The respondents are visiting library for use of e- resources of their academic career and development. A question has been asked to the respondents and their replies were given in the following Table No. 8 in detail.

Table-7: Research Visibility of the Respondents (N=223)

Sl. No. Research Visibility Respondents Percentage

Articles Published in UGC CARE/ 1 182 81.61 Impact Factor Journals

2 H-Index/ i10 Index 87 39.01 SCOPUS/ Google Scholar, RG 3 58 26.00 Web of Science/IEEE 4 NPTEL Videos Prepared 55 24.66 SWAYAM: 5 22 9.86 MOOCs Content Preparation 6 Guest Lectures 108 48.43 7 Awards @ International/National 16 7.17 8 Patents 66 29.59 Source: Multiple answers

Table-8: Frequency of Visit Library by the Respondents Sl. No. Frequency No. of the Respondents Percentage 1 Daily 122 54.70 2 Weekly 55 24.66 3 Fortnightly 22 9.86 4 Monthly 19 8.52 5 Occasionally 5 2.24 6 Total 223 100.00 Source: Primary data It is clear from the Table 8 that, out of the faculty are visiting the library daily to 223, a majority, 122 (54.70) respondents use library resources and services. are visiting library Daily, followed by Purpose of Visiting the Library: The 24.66 per cent were Weekly, 9.86 per faculty visits the library with specific cent were Fortnightly, 8.52 monthly and objectives. So, the scholar intends to seek remaining, 2.24 16.47 per cent were their views on purpose of visit and their occasionally. It shows that a a majority of www.ijar.org.in 117

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] given replies were presented in the following table no. 8 in detail. Table-9: Purpose of using e-resources Sl. No. Purpose Respondents percentage 1 Teaching 71 31.83 2 Research 37 16.59 3 Writing of Articles/Books 67 30.04 4 Update Knowledge 33 14.79 5 Sharing of Information 15 6.72 Total 223 100.00 Source: Primary data It is observed from Table 9 shows that, 71 (31.83) faculty members using e- resources for teaching, followed by, 37 (16.59) research purpose, 67 (30.04) writing of articles/books, 33 (14.79) update knowledge, remaining 15 (6.72) for sharing of information. This is found from the study that the majority faculties are using e- resources for writing of articles/books. Table-No.10: Frequency of use of e-resources

Sl. No. Frequency KITS (125) BITS (98) Total 1 Daily 53 (32.73) 50 (22.42) 103 (46.18) 2 Weekly 32 (14.34) 11 (4.93) 43 (19.23) 3 Fortnightly 23 (10.31) 25 (11.20) 48 (21.53) 4 Monthly 13 (5.82) 94.03 21 (9.41) 5 Occasionally 7 (3.13) 3 (3.13) 21 (9.41)

6 Total 125 (41.66) 98 (32.66) 223 (100.00) Source: Primary data It is clear from the Table 10 that, out of 223, a majority, 103 (46.18) respondents are using of e-resources, followed by, 48 (21.53) fortnightly, 43 (19.23) Weekly, 48 (21.53) fortnightly, 21 (9.41) monthly and remaining, 21 (9.41)occasionally. It shows that a majority of the faculty are visiting the library daily to use library resources. Table-No.11: Use of Search Preferences of E-Resources (N=223) Sl. No. Search Preference No. of Percentage Respondents (N=223) 1 Author 185 82.95 2 Title 153 68.60 3 Subject 85 38.11 4 Keyword 121 54.26 5 Publisher 63 28.25 6 If, any others…. 5 2.24 www.ijar.org.in 118

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Source: Multiple answers

The above Table 11 discuss about the use It is clearly shows from the study of search preferences of e-resources from that, all most library users are using two selected engineering college library of library resources and services. the study. Out of 223 faculty members, a Mostly Use Electronic Databases: The majority, 82.95 per cent for search faculty mostly use of online or e- preference is, Author for obtaining the databases for their study and research needed e-resources from the library, fields. Hence, the investigator seeks followed by, 68.60 per cent for Title , information from the respondents and 28.25 per cent were Keyword, Subject the replies given by them were presented (38.11), 63, (28.25) for e-books and the in the following table NO.12 in detail. remaining 63 (28.25) for Publisher using e-projects in the college library and so on. Table-12 Mostly Use Electronic Databases by the Respondents Sl. No. Name of the database No. of Respondents Percentage 1 IEEE 197 88.34 2 ASME 167 74.88 3 ASCE 102 45.73 4 Sprigerlinks 195 87.79 5 Elsevier Science Direct 166 74.43 6 J-GATE 89 30.94 Multiple answers Table 12 shows with regard to mostly use J-GATE and the remaining 45.73 per pattern of online databases by the faculty cent are using ASCE database frequently members in the selected two engineering in the college library. colleges (KITS & BITS) of the present It is clear from the above table that a study. A total of 223, a majority (88.34%) majority faculty are using IEEE database of faculty members are using IEEE than the other online databases. It is database frequently, followed by 87.79 observed that the faculty are access in per cent were Springer Links, 74.43 per and utitilising the electronic resources by cent were Elsevier Science Direct, 74.88 KITS and BITS engineering colleges in per cent were ASME, 30.94 per cent were Warangal district.

Table-13: Preferred format of use of e –resources Sl. No. Preferred format Users percentage 1 PDF 124 55.60 2 HTML 88 39.46 4 Ms WORD 11 4.93 Total: 223 100

It is evident from table 13 with regard to two selected NAAC and NBA preferred format of e –resources of the accreditation of the selected two www.ijar.org.in 119

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] engineering colleges. A large majority of faculty members are using format MS the respondents, 55.60 per cent are using Word. It is found from the study that a e-resources preferred format is PDF, large majority faculty members are 39.46 per cent are preferred format is preferred format PDF is using more to HTML and remaining 4.93 per cent download the articles.

Tables-14 Problem faced by the Respondents while accessing e- resources Sl. No. Nature of Problem Respondents percentage Access Difficulties ( Slow access& 1 45 speed ) 20.17 2 Lack of ICT Training on e-resources 22 9.86 4 Lack of time 17 7.62 6 Frequently Power off 42 18.83 Non-Availability of relevant 7 31 information 13.90 8 Lack of ICT skilled library staff 20 8.96 Lack of Information Literacy 9 41 programmes 18.38 10 Total 223 100.00 Primary data

It is evident from table 14 that, 20.17 per cent with Lack of ICT Training on e- cent of the faculty members are facing resources and 7.62 per cent with Lack of problem “access difficulties like slow timings of digital libraries. On the whole, access speed, followed by, 18.83 per cent it is found from the above table that the with Frequently Power- Off, 18.38 per selected college faculty members are cent with not conduct of Information different kinds of problems periodically, Literacy programmes, 13.90 per cent while accessing and downloading the Frequently Power off, non-availability of needful articles from internet resources, relevant information, 8.96 per cent with online databases and also consortia Lack of ICT skilled library staff, 9.86 per resources.

Table-15: Respondents Opinion towards Electronic Resources No. of Sl. No. Respondents` Opinion percentage Respondents 1 very much satisfied 64 15.74 2 Satisfied 143 43.51 3 Somewhat satisfied 50 27.77 4 Not satisfied 16 12.98 Total: 223 100 Primary data www.ijar.org.in 120

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

As per the data mentioned in the above table no.15 with regard to respondents` views on availability, access, knowledge and use of e-resources, which are available in college libraries of the selected engineering college libraries of the present research work. A total of 223, 64 (15.74) of faculty members` opinion `very much satisfied` with e- resources, followed by, 143 (43.51) were `Satisfied`, 50 (27.77) were `Somewhat satisfied` and remaining, 16 (12.98) of faculty member were `Not Satisfied` with e – resources. It is indicated from the study that, a large majority of faculty members,207 (92.83) were satisfied with e-resources. It is a good sign. Table-16 Overall Level of Satisfaction on Electronic Resources Sl. No. Satisfaction Faculty Members Percentage KITS BITS 1 Strongly Agreed 26 (11.65) 18 (8.07) 44 (19.73) 2 Agreed 85 (38.11) 65 2(9.14) 150 (67.26) 3 Not Agreed 14 (6.27) 15 ((6.72) 29 (13.00) 4 Total 125 (41.66) 98 (32.66) 223 (100.00) Primary data It is found from the above Table 16 that, (104; 46.63%), next to Associate out of 223faculty members, majority Professors (85; 1524%) and; remaining (55.29%) of the faculty members were are Professors (34; 15.24%). This study `very much satisfied` with the clearly shows that Assistant Professors availability of e-resources followed by are higher than the Associate Professors 25.88 per cent were `satisfied`, 15.29 per and Professors. cent were `somehow satisfied` and only 4. A Large Majority, 182 (81.61) 3.53 per cent were `Not satisfied` with respondents are publishing research the availability of e-resources. articles in UGC Care/ Impact Factor Journals, followed by, 87 (39.01) Major findings from the study: respondents have the research visibility 1. A Total of 223, a large majority of in `H-Index/i10 Index`, 58 (26.00) are the respondents, 192 (86.09) were male publishing articles in Scopus/Google and remaining 31 (13.90) were female Scholar. respondents. Among, 192, a large 5. A Majority, 122 (54.70) majority, 107 (47.98) were male and respondents are visiting library Daily, remaining, 20 (8.96) were female 24.66 per cent `Weekly`, 9.86 per cent respondents from KITSW college and out were `Fortnightly`, 8.52 `monthly` and of 98, 85 (38.11) were male and remaining, 2.24 16.47 per cent were remaining, 11 (4.93) were female occasionally. respondents from BITS college of 6. 71 (31.83) faculty members are Warangal district. using e- resources for teaching, 37 (16.59) 2. A Total of 223, a large majority, research purpose, 67 (30.04) for writing 153 (68.60) of the respondents from of articles/books, 33 (14.79) for update urban, 46 (20.62) from semi-urban and 24 knowledge, and; remaining 15 (6.72) (10.76) from semi-urban region. respondents for sharing of information. 3. A Total of 223, a highest 7. A Majority, 103 (46.18) respondents are Assistant Professors respondents are using of e-resources, www.ijar.org.in 121

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] followed by, 48 (21.53) fortnightly, 43 (19.23) Weekly, 48 (21.53) Fortnightly, 21 Suggestions: Based on the findings of the (9.41) Monthly. study, the following suggestions were 8. 88.34 per cent of faculty members made,to improve the use of e-resources are using `IEEE database` frequently, and services to faculty members. 87.79 per cent `SpringerLinks`, 74.43 per 1. There is urgent need to procure cent `Elsevier Science Direct`, 74.88 per more curriculum-based online cent `ASME`, 30.94 per cent `J-GATE` databases/e-resources for selected frequently from the college library. engineering college libraries, to offer 9. 20.17 per cent of the faculty online library resources, specially, e- members are facing problem “access resources and services to its users` home, difficulties like slow access speed, 18.83 by using ICT facilities. per cent with Frequently Power- Off, 2. There is also urgent to need to 18.38 per cent with not conduct of provide infrastructure facilities in college Information Literacy programmes, 13.90 libraries such as development of per cent Frequently Power off, non- infrastructure, digital libraries, availability of relevant information, 8.96 increasing computer nodes, ted talks, and per cent with Lack of ICT skilled library other facilities for accessing electronic staff. resources by the faculty of selected 10. A Total of 223, majority (55.29%) engineering college libraries. faculty members were `very much 3. The engineering college satisfied` with the availability of e- authorities have to allocate more resources, 25.88 per cent `Satisfied` and budgetary funds to library, to acquire 15.29 per cent were`somehow more relevant and useful online `Satisfied`. databases as required by the user fraternity. Conclusion: The electronic resources or e- 4. On priority based, Increase resources were introduced the new `Internet Bandwidth` to ensure faster environment for both users and libraries. access to e-resources; and; this will save The new environment brings about the time of the faculty and also solve the challenge and opportunities. Users will problem of slow accessing. become more and more relying on the use 5. There is urgent need to arrange of e-resources for information discovery. Inverter (UPS) facility in college The way that they seek, search, select digital/internet in the college libraries to and use information has changed overcome frequent power failures drastically. The library itself has to problem, understand the user’s demands and 6. There is urgent need to conduct needs, and try to respond to meet those Information Literacy Programmes for the demands and needs. faculty to access and use pattern of e- In this study, respondents, who were resources and to make use of maximum participated and involved in this survey e-resources for academic and research are almost aware about using e- work. Ex. Conduct on use of online resources. Most of the respondents are databases, e-journals, e-books, research used these e-journals for their teaching visibility, plagiarism check, new arrivals, and research and update their subject upcoming ICT developments periodically knowledge. www.ijar.org.in 122

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] by the publishers, vendors and subject students of Goa University. KELPRO experts to its library users. Bulletin, 21(1), 1-14. 7. Need to conduct of user surveys 7. Rajeev Kumar and Dr.Amritpal regularly, to determine the needs of e- Kaur. (2006), Internet use by teachers resources and to identify changes in the and students in engineering colleges of use of e-journals. Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh 8. Proper training should be states of India: an analysis, Electronic provided to the existing library staff Journal of Academic and Special about the maintenance and use of e- Librarianship, 7 (1), 42-55. resources which in turn will help to train 8. Rajeshwar Kumar, G. (2017. the users Awareness and use of digital library 9. Libraries must increase their resources by Faculty members of working hours of e-resources section so engineering college libraries in Warangal that user can use maximum facilities district of Telangana: A study. PEARL: A provided by universities. Journal of Library and Information References Science, 11 (4), 303-11. 1. Anjaiah, M. and Lalitha, 9. Ravikumar, S and Vunglianching. R.(2020), were conducted a study on Use (2014). A study on use of electronic of Electronic Resources by the Faculty resources by the research scholars of Members of Engineering Colleges: A Case North- Eastern Hill University, PEARL: Study of Kakatiya Institute of A Journal of Library and Information Technology and Science (KITS) Science, 8 (3), 145-150. (Autonomous), Warangal, Telangana State, AAEGAEUM Journal, 8(10), 1038- 1049 2. Ali, Naushad. (2005).The use of electronic resources at IIT Delhi Library: a study of search behaviors. The Electronic Library, 23 (6), 691-700. 3. Anjaiah, M. (2019), Use of electronic resources by the faculty members: a study of Kakatiya University, Warangal, IJDLS, 4(2), 29-33 4. Ansari, M. N. (2010). Use of electronic resources among academics at the university of Karachi, Library Philosophy and Practice, 67(2), 25-37 5. Joseph, I., Thomas and Humyoon Kabir, S. (2017). Use of e-resources by the PG English & Malayalam students of Universities in Kerala, KELPRO Bulletin, 21 (1), 40-9. 6. Raghu Varma, K and Purushothama Gouda, M. (2017). Usage and impact of e-resources among the PG

www.ijar.org.in 123

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Revit Alizing Folk Medicinal Practitioners: A Need of Research

Dr. Krupalini H.S Assistant Professor of Sociology Sahyadri Arts College Shivamogga Karnataka related to many marginalized or Introduction neglected groups. Human civilization has given new thoughts from stage to stage, the result of Traditional medicine also known that is the scientific advancement and as indigenous or folk medicine comprises welfare of society. The new findings and knowledge system that developed over efforts of the people has led to many generations within various societies innovation of the theories and practices before the era of modem medicine. In Continuation of scientific development recent years the traditional medicine and enquiries many of our problems have system is becoming a challenge especially been solved and solutions are found. in villages though people have faith in Hence research has been the part of our traditional or folk medicine. But in the life and leading to exist with civilization. present time education plays a vital rule Man is responsible for his problems and in every aspect. 35% of folk medicinal solutions. The research it a systematic practitioners are illiterates in the sample effort of gathering, analyzing and group of the study. interpretation of the problems Research The World Health Organization series as an essential process in human define traditional medicine as the health, society Research force and techniques are practices, approaches, knowledge and alto refined from time to time Research beliefs incorporating plant, animal and encourages interdisciplinary approaches mineral based medicines, spiritual in the human life. therapies, manual techniques und Social research concern with the exercises applied singularly or study of human society human combination to treat, diagnose and organisations and human behavior. The prevent illness or maintain well being. It need for the depth and clarity of the is known that the ancient Sumerians study of social phenomena enhances the were used this herbs from 5.000 years ago role of research as a method of seeking Egyptian medicine of 1000 BC known to explanations to the unexplained social have used various herbs for folk medicine phenomena. Research has a greater role In India many herbs are used and in providing solution to problems faced described by ancient seers like Charaka by the community. The standard of and Sushrutha. techniques used in the study is capable of This study is based on the reproduction. Research is much more preliminary survey in 8 villages from used as fact finding machinery in social Soraba and Shivamogga Taluks, Totally sciences than a problem solving device. 50 traditional medicine practitioners are Specially in the developing country like interviewed. India the need of fact findings are more www.ijar.org.in 124

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

The objectives are of the study as follows traditional medicine is now under assault in every village as a result 1. To understand the need of the this practice is declining. Traditional Health Practitioners as 10. The major drawback of these the marginal groups. practitioners is lack of sufficient 2. To analyses the number of traditional support, availability of resources and lacking and maintaining formal health practitioners including procedures. Only 3% of practitioners knowledgeable Women households. are maintaining patient record. 3. To focus on the list of conditions or ill 11. 98% of practitioners are not aware of health being treated by the other practitioners, recently very few traditional health practitioners. are identifying with their 4. To analyses the problems and associations. 12. 88% of practitioners are ready to take perspectives of folk medicinal advanced trainings and camps ID practitioners – heritage. enhance their knowledge 13. Sometimes if ill health was not cured Observation.: or if patient do not satisfied with the

1. The respondents are in the age treatment patients may comment and groups of 24 to 80 years. abuse the practitioners. 2. Both male and female practitioners 14. Due to the rigid conditions or lack of are found but male practitioners are interest or non availability of herbs more in number. and plants this knowledge and

3. Among total respondent 8% of them technique is not transferred to their are giving medicine to both humans juniors or family members. and animals. Some of the ill health conditions 4. 41% of respondents have no formal are treated by the folk medicinal education and 3 were attended university education , practitioners like cold, cough, fever, 5. Only 8% of them are financially headache, stomach pain, menstrual depending more on their practice for disorders, white discharge, joint pains, their livelihood with other few jaundice, diabetes, diarrhea, anemia, business apart from the agriculture. indigestion, wounds, bums, cuts, 6. 10% of respondents do not demand poisonous bites, skin problems. any fees from the patients. Childlessness, kidney stones, fractures, 7. Greater part of villages have good faith in traditional treatment bones wiling, denial und eye problem and regarding some particular ill health cancer. conditions – Jaundice, Bone setting, Cough, Ladies problems … etc. Suggestions: 8. 98% of respondents are mainly dependent on plants or flora for their 1. Folk medicinal practitioners preparation of medicine. should not looked down. 9. There is a contradictory situation as 2. Practitioners should not develop on the one side villagers accept folk inferiority before any other type of medicines, on the other side treatment.

www.ijar.org.in 125

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

3. As they accepted to take extra organizations and universities to take training to enhance their knowledge more research work in different angles to government should produced and support sustain the folk medicinal practitioners in this regard. considering us an asset of the human 4. Traditional practitioners instead society. of marginalizing themselves should come to the main stream of society. They

should develop the network of relations

and contacts.

5. Government should provide basic

tool kits to strengthen them.

6. Local governing bodies and

NGO's should come forward to facilitate

their needs and support them by

developing plantations and herbs which

are declining.

Before concluding the study, I

would like to quote a person called Vidya

Narayanmurthy from Narasipura village,

Sagar Taluk, Shivamogga district,

Karnataka state. People from all over the

country and outside the country use to

come and take herbal medicine by

standing in a big queue which was in

kilometers long was witnessed his

popularity of treatment Mr.

Narayanamurthy is specialist in treating

cancer and other ill health condition. The

treatment was very affordable only

Rs.300 he charges, with various

environmental objections and enquiries

he was succeeded in his treatment and

served the society. Very recently he was

passed away his family members are

continuing the healing practice.

It is needed to mention some of

the organizations like Institute of

Ayurveda, Quality Council of India.

AYUSH Institutions, integrative

medicine, Foundation for revitalization of

local health traditions, Bangalore etc, are

working to uplift the mat finalized and

neglected groups of folk medicinal

practitioners. Especially in COVID-19 situation,

I strongly recommend for the

www.ijar.org.in 126

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Tourism in Karnataka: Opportunities and Challenges

Chikkappa Chikkannavar Research scholar, Department of Economics, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi

Kiran Kumar P Assistant professor, Department of Economics, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi

Abstract Karnataka State is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in India and has a prominent place on the world tourist map. It has varied tourist attraction for both domestic & international tourists. The Karnataka is a premier tourist destination which attracts tourist for its historical forts, palaces, art, and culture. In the world scenario also, tourism has emerged as the biggest industry and posse’s great employment potential. The boost in the tourist arrivals have resulted in the swift growth of tourism sector in Karnataka. The growth of tourism sector has resulted in employment generation, foreign exchange earnings, development of infrastructure facilities, capital investment, socio-economic growth, increasing in the contribution to GDP and so on. This paper is an effort to understand the perspective of tourism in economic development of Karnataka and identify the factors influencing the growth of tourism. It also identifies the challenges and opportunities of tourism development in Karnataka. Keywords: Karnataka, Tourism, Economic development, Challenges, Opportunities.

Introduction: In many developing 2017. These have further been forecasted countries, tourism is widely accepted as a to rise at a growth rate of 12 per cent way to contribute to economic over the next decade. In 2014-15 the development, job opportunities and travel industry contributed Rs 7.6 trillion foreign revenues. Due to these factors and 3.6 million jobs to the Indian tourism worldwide has developed rapidly economy. By the end of the 2016, the in the last decades. Tourism consists of travel and tourism sector will support the activities undertaken during travel around 25 million direct and 40.3 million one place to another for the pleasure and total jobs, these have been forecasted to enjoyment of certain destinations, and increase at a growth rate of 2.1 per cent the facilities that cater to the needs of the by 2023. India is ranked 37th for tourist. The travel and tourism sector in providing the good air transport network India provides significant socio economic in the world. The Indian travel and benefits. While the direct contribution to tourism industry ranked 5th in the long- GDP is estimated at INR 14,809 billion term (10-year) growth and by end of 2020 (USD208billion) in 2016, 3.3% of total Indian tourism industry expected to GDP and is forecast to rise by 6.9% in emerge as a second largest employment www.ijar.org.in 127

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] generator in the world. Apart from government of Karnataka. It could be economic benefits, tourism plays a vital concludes that the Karnataka tourism role in cross-cultural exchange of the two policy had the main aim of attracting cultures. It helps to learn about different more number of both domestic and languages, life styles and tradition. It foreign tourists which increase the provides opportunities to adopt the revenue to government as well as qualities of different cultures vice versa, economic development of the state. Thus, as tourists are also bound to cause policies framed should take care of tension among the local population by fulfilling the responsibility in developing introducing new life styles and tourism sector in proper direction and progressively promoting social, cultural the forthcoming policy could even more and religious disruptions. Tourism supported to the tourism development. provides opportunities to local people to Dr. B. Sudha (2015) discussed that, the raise their living standards by increasing development of current tourism scenario employment opportunities. Tourism and its impact on hotel and food services. serves as a means of conserving the It could be concluded that, an effort has cultural heritage of the local area which been made to identify areas requiring otherwise might be lost due to improvement including those currently development. It provides scope for not so developed or popular but with conserving local dance, art, craft, music, sufficient potential for attracting tourists. drama, dress and old historic Sahel and Bashir (2018) analysed that, monuments. the relationship between the number of tourists, tourism investment, and government tourism spending and Objectives economic growth in south Sumatra. The  To examine the factors authors found that there is a one-way responsible for the growth of relationship between the number of tourism in Karnataka tourists and economic growth, while  To examine the contribution of investment tourism has a two-way tourism to the Karnataka relation to economic growth. economy Anitha KP et.al (2018) stated that, the  To identify the challenges and main purpose of their paper is to study to opportunities of tourism assess and analyze the opportunities, development in Karnataka challenges and other related issues of Methodology tourism industry in Karnataka. This The information in the study is study also identifies the need of a well collected from secondary sources that are balanced and effective policy of the state from various online sources, websites, government towards the sustainable articles, Reports, Books related to tourism development in Karnataka. The tourism in Karnataka. authors concludes that, the central and state government, private sector and the Review of literature community at large pertinent for Mrs. Lakshmi et.al (2014) studied that, sustainable development and the development of the state, supporting maintenance of the travel and tourism industries, income earned by the region sector in the state. Existing literature it and infrastructural facilities of the is argued, have explored aspect of www.ijar.org.in 128

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] tourism development like; its economic, Studies reveal that following are the social, cultural and environmental role broad categories of factors that affect and impact destination. tourism. Factor effecting tourism

Environmental factors

socio- Religious Main factors economic factors influencing the growth of tourism factors

Historical and cultural factors

Environmental factors tourists. There are number of lakes in Two main environmental factors that Karnataka which are popular for their have led to the growth of tourism: pilgrimage place and tourist place for its Good climate: Good climate is one of the natural surroundings and beauty which most important features of attraction for attracts tourists to visits these lakes. The any tourist place. Pleasant climate with famous lakes in Karnataka are Hiekolale warmth and ample of sunshine attracts Lake, Ayyanakere Lake, Cauvery tourists who come from the temperate Nisargadhama, Bhadra Dam, and colder regions. In Karnataka the Honnamana Kere Lake, Chiklihole Dam, evergreen forest in the Northeast parts of Hemavathi Dam, Bheemeshwari. the state is also a major attraction for Socio-economic factor visitors, particularly for foreign tourist. Accessibility: In Karnataka major Karnataka has emerged as one of the destinations are already on the rail map. leading state in India and Karnataka was At present, there are many famous trains the fourth preference of travel run by Indian Railway with joint effort of destination in India. KSTDC to provide easy and cheapest Beautiful scenery: Tourism booms at convenience by rail to domestic and picnic spots with beautiful sceneries. For foreign tourists. The major luxury train example, Mullayanagiri Hills, St. Mary’s which attract tourists are the Golden Island, Kavala Caves, Sangama and Chariot. For easy conveyance of tourist Mekedatu, Yana, Charady Ghat, the state will encourage air taxi service Devaramane, Glenlorna Tea Plantations, and helicopter service by air taxi Bisle Ghat and Viewpoint Long Sea operators within the state. Beaches, Fresh Water Lakes, Waterfalls, Accommodation: Hotels and motels etc., often attract large numbers of provide an experience of Karnataka with www.ijar.org.in 129

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] safety and security to the traveller. the same time, Karnataka is home to a Variety of rooms such as, AC and non- number of religious communities that AC, standard and tents provide rests to reside in peace and harmony here. People traveller. The hotels and motels are of various faiths including Hindus, standardized for categorization in three Muslims, Jains and Christians have lived to one star and heritage category. These in perfect communal harmony for many hotels provide facilities of travel counters, centuries. Some of the famous pilgrimage shopping arcades, indoor and outdoor sites in Karnataka are Durga Temple in games for children and city sightseeing Aihole, Keshava Temple in Somanathpur, tours which make the stay in KSTDC Murudeswar Shiva Temple in Bhatkal, hotel a complete experience. Udupi Sri Krishna Temple, Vitthal Amenities : Growth of tourism at a Temple in Hampi etc. particular place is also influenced crucial factors like; how well the site is Contribution of Tourism to the maintained for touring activities like Karnataka Economy skiing, roping, paragliding, rowing, Tourism makes a large contribution to fishing, surfing, safari adventure, etc. the economy of Karnataka in India. The Karnataka safari tours are fast Recent hike in the figures of tourists to becoming the preferred options for most Karnataka in India has proved that tourists, especially the adventurous. The tourism is a vital source of income for the most popular safaris are Bus Safari, state of Karnataka. One may not forget Jungle Safari and jeep safari. that many heritage hotels all over Historical and cultural factors: Many Karnataka are being run successfully for tourists are attracted to places of a handsome amount of money and the historical significance and that which considerable amount of tax being paid to have a legacy of rich cultural heritage. the state government support the local People love and enjoy exploring economy and people of Karnataka which destinations where there are famous would have not been possible without the ancient monuments, marvellous forts, tourists visiting Karnataka. Local castles and palaces of earlier kings and transporters, hotels, shopkeepers, queens, etc. The Royal state of Karnataka monuments, museums, guide and tour offers many grand forts and palaces, operators are just a few who survive which are part of the heritage of India through tourists. If proper efforts are and attract a large number of tourists taken, then 36% of the total population of from all over the world. The Mysore Karnataka can live from tourism. Rural Maharajas, Hampi Virupaksha Temple, tourism of Karnataka could bring Badami Cave Temples, Sringeri Sharada enormous wealth to the villages of Peetham, Pattadakal Mallikarjun Temple Karnataka. Tourism accounts for 14.8 and Hoysal Temples are the major percent of Karnataka economy and attractions for tourists to enjoy heritage provides economic benefit like foreign of Karnataka. exchange earnings, regional development, Religious factors: Karnataka is infrastructure development and undoubtedly the most charming and promotion of local handicraft. colourful state of the country  In Karnataka tourism accounts acknowledged for its lively and colourful for 2.1 percent of gross state domestic traditions, arts, heritage and culture. At www.ijar.org.in 130

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] product and 1.8 percent of the state 3600 centrally protected monuments in employment India, the largest number after Uttar  In a labour intensive industry Pradesh. The State Directorate of such as tourism the greater proportion of Archaeology and Museums protects an income is likely to be derived from wages additional 752 monuments and another and salaries paid to those working in jobs 25,000 monuments yet to receive either directly serving the needs of protection. Tourism centres on the tourists or benefitting indirectly from ancient sculptured temples, modern tourists’ spending cities, the hill ranges, forests and  Tourism has a significant beaches. Broadly, tourism in multiplier effect on the state economy. It Karnataka can be divided into four increases employment opportunities, geographical regions: North Karnataka, generating revenue, developing the Hill stations, Coastal infrastructure, increasing investment Karnataka and South Karnataka. The opportunities and revival of traditions Karnataka government has recently and heritage conservation and introduced The Golden Chariot a train management. It is estimated that every which connects popular tourist rupee spent by a tourist changes hands destinations in the state and Goa. 13 times and that every hotel room generates direct employment to three North Karnataka: North Karnataka has persons and indirect employment to eight monuments that date back to the 5th persons. century. Kannada empires that ruled the  The tourism industry aids and Deccan had their capitals here. Badami supports the foreign exchange reserves. It chalukyas monuments are lacated at benefits our state in generating foreign Pattadakal, Aihole and Badami. Aihole currency. Every year a large number of has been called the cradle of Indian tourists visit Karnataka. They visit architecture and has over 125 temples places; stay and shop in our state. All this and monuments built between 450 and contributes to a significant amount of 1100 BC. Rashtrakuta monuments at foreign currency generation. Lokapur, Bilagi and Kuknur and Kalyani  In Karnataka, tourism is the Chalukyas monuments built in Gadag third largest employer after agriculture style of architecture at Lakkundi, Gadag, and textiles sector. itagi in Koppal District and the  Tourism Industry is more gender Vijayanagar Empire temples at neutral as compared to other Industries Vijayanagara are some examples. Hampi and women account for 46% of the in Ballary District has ruins spread over 2 international tourism workforce. For an area of 125 km , with some fifty four Karnataka also tourism sector provides world heritage monuments and six enabling platform for increasing labour hundred and fifty national monuments. force participation rate. An additional three hundred monuments await protection. The Deccan sultanate Tourism in Karnataka monuments at Bijapur and Gulbarga Karnataka, the sixth largest state show unique and discrete Hindu in India, has been ranked as the third influences and rival the Muslim most popular state in the country for monuments of North India. tourism in 2014. It is home to 507 of the www.ijar.org.in 131

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Coastal Karnataka: Coastal Karnataka is available in the country. Belur, Halebidu the stronghold of Hindu and Jain in Hassan District, Somnathpura in pilgrimage spots with Udapi and its many Mysore District, Belavadi, Kalasa and temples being the centre of Dvaita Amrithapura in Chikmangalur District, philosophy, Gokarna is known for Vedic Balligavi in Shimoga District offer some studies, Sringeri has the first of the of the best of Hoysala architecture Shankaracharya mathas and important dating from the 11th to 13th centuries, for its Asvaita philosophy, Karkala and while Shravanabelagola in Hassan Mudabidri are well known places of Jain district and Kambadahalli in Mandya worship and Vaishnava rituals. Exquisite district have well known 10th century Vijayanagar temples built in Chalukya Jain monuments. Scenic forests and the Malabar region combinational style are high density of wild animals of this seen in Bhatkal, Kumta, Shirali etc. region are a popular attraction for those interested in the wilder side of life. South Karnataka: South Karnataka is a Bandipur National Park, Nagarahole, unique combination of spectacular vesara Biligirirangana Hills, Bhadra wildlife style Hoysala architecture, colossal Jain Sanctuary and Bannerghatta national monuments, colonial buildings and parks are a few popular places for jungle palaces of the Kingdom of Mysore, safaris. impregnable fort at Chitrasurga and densely forested wildlife sanctuaries that offer some of the best eco-tourism

Table 1 Arrival of Domestic and Foreign Tourists in Karnataka from 2015-2019

Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists Total 2015 119863942 636498 120500440 2016 129762600 461752 130224352 2017 179980191 498148 180478339 2018 187239994 544152 187784146 2019 186728001 615149 187343150 Total 803574728 2755699 806330427 Source: Economic Survey of Karnataka 2019-20 The above table shows that the arrival of Despite its many tourists’ attractions, domestic and foreign tourists in tourism has not been developed to its full Karnataka from 2015 to 2019. In the year potential in Karnataka because of the 2015 domestic tourists are 119863942 following challenges: and foreign tourists are 636498 arrived in Poor infrastructure: In Karnataka, most Karnataka and in 2019 domestic tourists infra-structure development has been are 186728001 and foreign tourists are concentrated around industrial districts 615149 arrivals to Karnataka. Finally it while tourist destinations have been will show that domestic and foreign neglected in this respect. The tourist’s arrive to increase year by year in maintenance of link roads other than Karnataka tourist destinations. national and state highways is extremely Challenges of Tourism Industry in poor. The absence of intra-city air Karnataka connectivity has been a major bundle. www.ijar.org.in 132

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Connectivity has been a road block in list of most severely polluted water bodies attract tourist visiting Bijapur-Bagalkot- in the country. Gadag. Accessibility to reach tribal Safety Concerns: The state governments remote areas is so poor that the tourism presently have no legal provisions to give is not able to reach these areas. protection to the visiting tourists. Several Lack of innovativeness in marketing: incidents of misbehave, molestation and Karnataka is one of the famous tourist sexual harassment with foreign tourist destinations in the India but the tourism have been reported in various parts of the marketing is not so developed. There is state in the recent past. These kinds of no such promotional marketing activity incidents create insecurity in the mind of about Karnataka tourist attractions so tourist. that tourists can be attract towards Lack of facilities provided by the Karnataka. There is also no holding of government: Tourism has been cultural programmes in other state and announced as the exports industry, but countries of the world to make people the facilities provided by the government aware about Karnataka tourism. to KSTDC is not similar to the one Tourism policies instability: The lack of provided to the other exports oriented any comprehensive policy for the units. development of tourism is one of the Opportunities of Tourism Industry in major factors responsible for the slow Karnataka growth of tourism sector in Karnataka. Tourism in Karnataka is one of the fast Language problem: language can be one growing industries. There are many of the hindrances in tourism. Although tourism products in the state which Kannada is an official language, but in attracts tourists such as forts and many parts of Karnataka people do not palaces, shopping, safari tours, wildlife understand it. sanctuary parks, heritage and pilgrimage Trained tourist guide: Availability of places, lakes in Karnataka and many trained guide will be a problem. The more. There are many popular tourist guide plays a very important role in destinations in the state which attract attracting tourists. The guide should tourists from India and abroad that have thorough knowledge about the place include historic cities Hampi, Mysore, and he or she should able to generate Bijapur, wildlife centuries Mookambika, interest in the mind of tourist to visit the Arabithittu, Bhimgad. Mysore and other site. The guide can show the album, video cities of Karnataka have developed some film, brochure to give knowledge about unique selling proposition to attract the places. domestic and foreign tourists. Some of Lack of cleanliness at various the hotels of Karnataka are providing monuments: Apart from roads tourist traditional food in a very traditional visiting Karnataka have stressed the style. The state runs the "Palace on need to provide basic amenities like clean Wheels', 'Heritage on Wheels’ and luxury toilet and other facilities. Bagalkot is a train 'Golden Chariot on Wheels', which very beautiful city an exotic local perfect is a famous attraction for foreign tourists. holiday spot but also deals with dirty The government can promote medical interiors of city. In a recent survey tourism by providing super specialty Karnataka’s most well know lakes the medical facilities at a cheaper rates the Murnal Lake and Agasthya Lake in the government can also develop www.ijar.org.in 133

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] infrastructural facilities for promoting  Dr. B. Sudha (2015): A Study on camp tourism and eco- friendly nature Touism Development in Tamilnadu with tourism. If efforts are made by KSTDC to Special Reference to Food and Hotel promote tourism, by means of adopting Services, PAIPEX-Indian Journal of better marketing strategy, providing Research, ISSN: 2250-1991, Issue: 4, Vol. services at a cheaper and reasonable rate 4, pp. 4-6. compared to that being provided by the  Suhel and Abdul Bashir (2018): other countries, then definitely the The Role of Tourism toward Economic inflows of foreign tourists will go up from Growth in the Local Economy, Economic the present level. If this is achieved than Journal of Emerging Market, ISSN: the tourism industry in Karnataka will be 2086-3128, Vol. 10(1), pp. 32-39. greatly benefitted. Thus it can be said  Naveen Kumar T. P. And that tourism industry in Karnataka is a Panduranga G. M. (2017): Opportunities very important economic activity, which of Karnataka Heritage in Tourism has direct and indirect impact on Development ( A study on major economic, social and cultural life of the monuments of Karnataka), Indian people. Streams Research Journal, ISSN: 2230- Conclusion 7850, Issue: 12, Vol. 6, pp. 1-8 Tourism is a triadic composition of social,  Anitha KP and Dr. B natural and the cultural phenomenon, Chandrashekara (2018): Assessment of which is emerging as the world’s largest Opportunities and Challenges of Tourism employment generating industry. Industry in Karnataka, International Tourism in Karnataka offer many unique Journal of Academic Research and products such as forts and palaces, Development, ISSN: 2455-4197, Issue 2, heritage hotels, colourful fairs and Vol. 3, pp. 1675-1678. festivals, local art and handicrafts. The  Seema Choudhary and Dr. S. B. total number of domestic and foreign Yadav (2018): Role of Tourism in tourist arrivals in the state has increased. Economic Development of Rajasthan, It showed an increasing trend except few International Journal of Research, ISSN: years during the study period. No doubt 2236-6124, Issue VIII, Vol. 7, pp. 543-550. tourism industry in Karnataka suffers some social and environmental problems. Though it is true that the state government is giving concentration both on the development of the tourism and activities related to tourism industry in Karnataka.

Reference  Mrs. Lakshmi and Dr. S. J. Manjunath (2014): An empirical study on tourism policy in Karnataka, IOSK Journal Business and Management, ISSN: 2319-7668, Issue: 5, Vol. 16, pp. 49- 51

www.ijar.org.in 134

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Examinations Anxiety on Performance of School Students

Hitesh Mohan Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, Lovely Professional University Jalandhar, Punjab Dr Zahoor Ahmed Lone Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Lovely Professional University Jalandhar, Punjab Abstract

The study is titled as “examinations anxiety on performance of school students”. Through this study we were able to identify the various forms of test-anxiety experienced by senior secondary school students during examination. This could help us to determine the relationship between test-anxiety and academic achievement of senior secondary school students. How test anxiety effect on academic achievement with regard to age and gender. Also, the academic achievement of male and female students of senior secondary schools. The study is a descriptive survey study. The study utilizes an already tested instrument to test the anxiety caused due to pressure of examination. The population of the study comprises of higher secondary school male and female students currently studying in the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th. The sample of the study chosen from 5 higher secondary schools, using simple random sampling method. Academic achievements measures used in the study is only applicable in Indian setting and caution is needed in discussing this variable as other measure of academic achievement is found in the literature.

Keywords: Examination, Anxiety, Performance, Students

INTRODUCTION their studies in the beginning of the academic year and don’t set their aims of Examination stress is a particular type of life, they may face difficulties before stress which is felt by almost every commencement of the examination, person in life but the causes for such a hence causing stress. feeling can be numerous under different situations and in different environments. Many students perceive The extent to feel such a stress can also examination as a threatening event. vary from individual to individual. When Their attitude towards examination is students’ aspirations are too high to negative instead of working hard and reach but his abilities, interests, developing confidence in them, they attitudes and capacities do not match develop fear and remain tensed due to with it, one may feel stress. An one or the other reason which may lead individual may excel in limited areas but to stress during examination. Students sometimes when one wants to excel in learn more and more to achieve every walk of life without considering excellence. But when they don’t meet one’s own capabilities or their targets, they chose wrong methods underestimating own self may suffer of study like rote memorization etc. from stress. When students do not plan which lead them towards stress. www.ijar.org.in 135

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

The psychologists and educationists have In other words, if you stay up studying been focusing their research proposals in half the night before an exam you are the area of stress. They remained mostly less, not more, liable to pass. in the fields of occupational stress, stressful life events and stress due to The test apprehension construct is some chronic diseases etc. But less considered as a situation. A categorical attention has been paid to the issue of trait, Urmia accounting for individual examination stress realising the present differences in the extent to which people day need in the area of education where find examinations threatening. What is focus is upon mobilizing and directing the relationship between test the inner potentialities of students to solicitousness and examination stress cope with difficulties and achieve better. and are they the same thing or not? Questions about the causal status of test Education is the building block for every apprehensiveness have been raised on country in the world, and India is not an the substructure that test exception as a vigorous and efficacious apprehensiveness may just be a proxy edification can boost the development of measure of ability and that both high the country. However, schooling can solicitousness and poor performance are additionally become an encumbrance to joint affects of poor study skills. the country as low academic achievement is one of the major quandaries facing the Academic achievement can be explicated families, society and regime at utilizing attribution theory (Weiner, immensely colossal. Exam periods are a 1986). Attribution theory is a cognitive key time that stress arises for most theory of motivation which states that a students. Attempting to cumulate years relationship between student's of strenuous exertion and study into a credence’s regarding cause of prosperity handful of two- and three-hour segments or failure and the ways this credence’s is a difficult task and is made no more are internalized will influence student’s facile by the pressure placed on students academic achievement, prospect to to prosper. Many students, especially prosperity and self-concept. those who work best with deadlines - find themselves staying up all night There are several factors affecting studying and going through the next day academic achievement, one of these is exhausted. Do the benefits of an all-night test apprehensiveness. According to study session outweigh the sleepiness Zeidner (1998), test-solicitousness is a and fuzzy cerebrating that generally multidimensional sign that can be appear the next day is a question of vital described as a group of importance to the student community phenomenological, physiological, and and the education as a whole. behavioral reactions to appear with possible negative consequences or failure Academic performance went downhill for on an examination or kindred evaluative those who stayed up all night and the situation. Test-solicitousness especially study additionally found that most worry has impact on academic students didn’t stay up all night studying performance and working recollection. because they had to. They did it because Thus, test- apprehensiveness contributes it was ‘kind of frolic,’ or a rite of passage. to academic achievement because of www.ijar.org.in 136

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] susceptibility to diversion and more potentially overwhelming. It is not interference experienced by the students. helpful or motivating. Anxiety is present in everyone, yet few will openly admit to Main Text: Most of students suffer from its presence. It is one of the most anxiety at some level during an distressing built on enigmas of man. It is examination. However, when anxiety presumed to be a sign of weakness, so all affects examination performance it has deny its existence and attempt to avoid become a problem. Examination anxiety it. It encompasses tension, nervousness, is a kind of performance anxiety, it’s a fear and worry. feeling that someone might have in a situation. Where performance really In this age of competition, the Secondary count or when pressure’s on to do well. School Students feel fear, tension, nervousness and stress. The Examination anxiety can bring a examination anxiety is a very serious stomachache or headache. Some people problem as many cases of suicide found might feel shaky, sweaty; feel their heart in the newspapers during the period of beating quickly as they wait for the test examination. The symptoms of to be given out. A student with strong examination anxiety mainly refer to test anxiety may even feel like he or she feeling of tension, nervousness and might pass out or throw up. Almost worry as well as trembling, heart everyone feels nervous before an palpitations and the throat being dry. examination. Butterflies in stomach and worrying thoughts - “Will I be able to There are four main areas which can answer the questions?” “Have I done contribute to examination anxiety. enough revisions?” – are indications of examination nerve. A certain amount of - Lifestyle issues nervous tension probably helps one to - Information needs perform to the best of his or her ability, - Studying styles helps to feel alert and focused but too - Psychological factors much anxiety can BLOCK thoughts, Lifestyle issues that can contribute to create a negative frame of mind, lead to examination anxiety are: panic and potentially poor exam - Inadequate rest performance. - Poor nutrition - Too many stimulants - Insufficient exercise How can one define examination - Not scheduling available time anxiety? Examination anxiety is an - Not prioritizing commitments excessive worry about upcoming exams Information needs that can contribute to and a fear of being evaluated. It is examination anxiety are: experienced by many normal students. It - Exam taking strategies is not mysterious or difficult to - Academic information such as course understand. It is manageable by requirements, teachers’ expectations, following a plan of helpful suggestions. It exam dates and testing location is also different from typical - Knowledge of how to apply anxiety nervousness, because it is more intense, reduction techniques while studying, more disruptive, more disturbing. It is www.ijar.org.in 137

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] before an examination and during an - Social changes: social withdrawal, examination avoidance of friends and family, etc.

Studying styles are: - Trying to memorize the textbook - All night studying before exams Students cannot focus on organize - Reading without understanding thoughts and they have poor recalling of - Can’t recall the material important concepts and keyword. They - Not making review notes cannot understand examination Psychological factors are: questions, go blank on familiar questions - Feeling no control over the and recall correctly after the examination situation examination. Thus, examination anxiety - Negative thinking and self-criticism is an effective coping with the inevitable - Irrational thinking about exams and stress of an examination before the outcomes examination and a strong emotional - Irrational beliefs, “If I don’t pass my reaction of fear that interferes with parents will kill me!” thinking clearly during the examination. - Irrational demands, “I have to get The expectations of the teachers and the 100% or I am worthless.” parents as well as the problems - Catastrophic predictions “I will fail no regarding career development and the matter what I do.” lack of job opportunities etc. are more or How can examination anxiety affect? less responsible for the examination Examination anxiety affects different anxiety of the students. students in different ways: All parents want that their children - Physical symptoms: headache, must get the first class or the first rank insomnia, upset stomach, sweaty palms, in the class. Each teacher expects 100% dry mouth, increased heart rate, result in his or her subject. The other shortness of breath, diarrhea, more members of the family also force the frequent urination, etc. child to get first class. Students - Behavioral changes: tense movements, sometimes get frustrated and commit losing focus of actions, less coordinated suicide. Sometimes the examination movements, nail biting, moving or anxiety affects the physical and mental walking faster than normal, escaping health of the students. No one wants behavior, etc. physically and mentally disturbed students. If the problem of examination - Emotional changes: worry, fear, anger, anxiety and its effects are understood, frustration, discouragement, panic, suggestions can be given to teachers and hopelessness, depression, etc. parents for the better future of the students. - Cognitive changes: scattered attention, irrational thoughts, difficulty REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE in concentration, negative and self- abusing thoughts, etc. Review of literature is a vital part of any research. It helps the researcher to know the areas where earlier studies had focused on and certain aspects untouched www.ijar.org.in 138

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] by them. Stress is the force behind much Rozek et al, (2019) followed 1,175 high learning. Students under the pressure of school biology students for a year to a final examination may be motivated to study how stress affected their ability to pick up the book, burn the midnight oil pass major exams. They noticed that low- and cram. As a result, they may find that income students were disproportionately not only has he to pass the exams, but harmed by difficulty regulating test also learn a bit of the subject while his anxiety. But 10- minute writing exercises more carefree classmate, not stressed (Expressive writing and Stress enough to study, may find his academic reappraisal) encouraged students to let go career prematurely terminated as a of negative thoughts, regulate their result of flunking the examinations emotions, and reinterpret stress as a positive force helped them perform Jereyard and Bhuvaneshwari. (2020), better. Both types of exercises proved to they concluded the study by specifying be effective at boosting student that there is Test anxiety among higher achievement, especially that of low- secondary students but only few are income students. The achievement gap above the severe level. In the case of between low- and high-income students gender difference girls and boys decreased by 29 percent, and the course significantly differ in test anxiety levels. failure rate for low-income students was Psychological intervention can reduce the cut in half, making this intervention a level of test anxiety. The significant potentially valuable tool for increasing difference between boys and girls can be equity. erased off by psychological interventions Yusefzadeh et al, (2019) did a quasi- Choudhury (2019) investigated experimental study and investigated the examination anxiety among a randomly outcomes of study preparation on selected 300 secondary school students reducing test anxiety. Improving the (Male = 140 and Female=160) from performance of public health students at fifteen secondary schools of Tinsukia Urmia University of Medical Sciences, District, Assam. The study revealed that Urmia, Iran, in the academic year 2016– nearly 39.67 % of the secondary school 2017. All the bachelor’s students of the students had high or extremely high level second and third year in public health of anxiety about their examination. major were assigned into the intervention Besides, a significant difference was also (n=20) and control groups (n=25). The observed between the male and female assignment based on study preparation students with respect to their items and defined benchmark. Data on examination anxiety. Female students general stress and test anxiety were displayed more anxiety in comparison to collected by subjective self-assessment via their male counterparts. Further, the paper-and-pencil surveys in the first study demonstrated that there was a week of the semester and before final significant difference in Examination exam, respectively. No significant anxiety of secondary school students in difference was found in the level of terms of their locality and management general stress between the two groups at type of institution. the beginning of the semester (p=0.55) based on study preparation items. The level of test anxiety in the intervention www.ijar.org.in 139

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] group (47.90) was lower than in the individual may excel in limited areas but control group (34.64) at the end of the sometimes when one wants to excel in semester (p=0.001). The mean value of every walk of life without considering exam scores was higher in the one’s own capabilities or intervention group (p=0.015). The underestimating own self may suffer intervention improved the performance from stress. When students do not plan of students and reduced the level of test their studies in the beginning of the anxiety. academic year and do not set their aims of life, they may face difficulties before Manchanda et al (2018) conducted a cross commencement of the examination, sectional experimental study comprising hence causing stress. of low-middle socioeconomic status of co- ed school in Delhi. Where in 165 school Kapil and Alpana (2011) examined the children of (9th STD) were chosen out of impact of stress management techniques which 65 were male and 65 were female of adolescent’s performance level. students. The sample was divided into Results showed that girls preferred social Group A 10 - 14 yrs. and Group B 15 - 18 support technique more as compared to yrs. Results indicated that both girls and positive attitude technique for improving boys showed examination anxiety (e.g. > the emotional intelligence, academic 7). Higher scores were seen in Group B performance, whereas boys preferred (15 - 19 yrs.) in both boys and girls but P positive attitude technique more than values were not significant. Total anxiety social support technique. score was higher in girls but not significant and also it was seen that there Austin et al. (2010) explored the was no significant difference in the sub- associations among emotional scores. The conclusion is that both girls intelligence, coping, personality and and boys showed examination anxiety but examination related stress in Canadian are not significant enough. undergraduate students. Stress was measured at the start of the semester Shih (2012) examined that how and again in the pre-examination period. Taiwanese Junior Senior Secondary Higher levels of stress were associated students’ perfectionistic tendencies and with lower scores on components of achievement goals were related to their emotional intelligence and higher scores academic burnout versus work on emotion-focused coping and engagement, and to determine neuroticism. A scale-level factor analysis differences in the indicators of burnout of the emotional intelligence and coping versus engagement among students with subscales produced three composite different subtypes of perfectionism. It factors, which each had high loadings was found that perfectionism along with from at least one emotional intelligence achievement goals emerged as and one coping subscale. The statistically significant predictors of associations of the emotion regulation Taiwanese students’ burnout and work factor and the task focus factor with engagement. When students’ aspirations personality, stress and subjective well- are too high to reach but his abilities, being emotional intelligence were interests, attitudes and capacities do not examined using structural equation match with it, one may feel stress. An modeling. The results showed that these www.ijar.org.in 140

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] factors mediated the effect of personality one’s work. The identification of the on stress, subjective well-being and reason or the situation, which is causing emotional intelligence. stress, helps to prepare oneself to face it in the best possible way. Vassend (2008) investigated the effects of examination stress on students. The Mrinal (2003) explored coping resources researcher found that examination stress as mediator of stress among students and was associated with an increase in state its outcomes has been investigated anxiety and self-reported physical among 200 students, 100 males and 100 symptoms with the exception of heart- females were administered. The complaints which showed a gradual researcher revealed that males have decline over the three experimental significantly greater physical resources phases. In phase three, all symptom than females. The females have measures showed a reduction below significantly lower emotional coping baseline levels and below the control resources in comparison to androgynous group's levels. Correlation analyses males as well as females. In terms of revealed that symptom scores were socio-economic status, high socio- associated with reflecting examination economic status males have greater stress and neuroticism. overall coping resources.

Asthana (2007) assessed alienation Stark (2001) studied student among college students of Varanasi and voices/perspectives on a changing school found the significant relationship environment assessments and tests. between their intelligence and Survey outcomes indicated that almost personality. The findings indicated that two-thirds of students agreed or strongly introvert students were more alienated. agreed that school has become more To handle and direct the potential difficult each year. When asked to resources of student community, we have identify the source of school stress, over to account for the issue of examination one-half of students identified stress among school children. When themselves as the primary source of students accept the challenge with stress. A number of students also see healthy spirit and work hard under their parents as another primary source examination pressure then stress of stress. Less than half of the students becomes positive and helps them to indicated they were worried about their achieve the emotional intelligencer goal. future. Additionally, almost 90% of students indicated they felt ownership of Ajwani and Sharma (2004) explored their learning. relationship between test anxiety and academic achievement among college RESEARCH METHODOLOGY students and confirmed that high academic achiever would show greater Every study is distinguished on the basis anxiety in testing situation as compared of its different purposes and approaches. to low academic achievers. When anyone Therefore, so many methods have been develops positive mental attitude adopted. For the present study, towards the demands of the situation Descriptive Method was used. Because it then stress may accelerate the power of is considered as one of the best methods www.ijar.org.in 141

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] in education, it describes the current higher secondary school male and female status of the research work. It involves students currently studying in the 9th, interpretation, comparison, 10th, 11th, 12th of Delhi. measurement, classification, evaluation and generalization all directed towards SAMPLE OF THE STUDY an understanding and solution of significant educational problems. The sample of the study was chosen from 5 higher secondary schools in Delhi using simple random sampling method. The RESEARCH METHOD sample of the study comprises of 200 students from the classes of 9th ,10th,11th The study is a descriptive survey study. ,12th in the higher secondary schools of The study utilizes an already tested Delhi. Out of these 100 students were instrument to test the anxiety caused due male and 100 students were females. As to pressure of examination. the proposed study comprises of two sub- groups a stratified random sampling POPULATION OF THE STUDY method was employed.

The population of the study comprises of Statistical analyses Table 1: The academic achievement by target variables among respondents (n=200)

Academic achievement level Test-anxiety level ≤9.99 10-14.99 15-16.99 ≥17 % % % % Mild (≤ 44.72) 1.5 25.8 21.2 51.5 Moderate (44.73 – 74.09) 2.7 43.5 27.6 23.1 Severe (≥ 74.1) 5.4 60.8 14.9 18.9 Age group 15-16 0 26.4 27.6 46 17-18 1.9 51.6 30.3 16.1 19 12.7 69 4.1 4.2 Gender Male 5 51 23.5 20.5 Female 1 36.5 29 3.5

Interpretation: Table 1 shows the respondents reported their academic number of respondents in the present achievement as less than or equal to study which comprised 100 (50%) males 9.99, 43.8% scored between 10- 14.99, and 100 (50%) females. As for age of while 26.2% and 27 % respondents respondents, a total of 43.5% reported their academic achievement to respondents aged between 15 to 16: be between 15-16.99 and more than17 38.5% aged 17 to 18 and 17% aged 19 respectively (refer Table 3). Mean score years old. The mean age was 16.93 for academic achievement was 15.10 (S.D (S.D=1.39) As for academic achievement, =2.42) A formula of M±1S.D was used to only a small number which is 3% of the categorize the score of test-anxiety. Total www.ijar.org.in 142

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

of (16.5%) respondents were considered (18.5 %) had severe test-anxiety. The M as having mild test-anxiety, while (65%) and S.D of the test-anxiety scores were of them had moderate test-anxiety and 59.41 and 1.46 respectively. Table 2: Pearson Correlation between test-anxiety and academic achievement (n=200)

Variables Academic Achievement R p Test-anxiety -.22** .000 **p≤0.01

Interpretation: Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between test-anxiety as the independent variable and academic achievement as the dependent variable. The result showed that test-anxiety and academic achievement were significantly correlated, (r=-.22, p≤.000). Evidently, there was a significant relationship between test-anxiety and academic achievement. The negative relationship predicts that as test-anxiety increases, academic achievement of the respondent decreases. Result confirmed with Chapell et al. (2005), Masson et al. (2004) and Stober (2004) who found that students with low-test anxiety had higher academic achievement than students with moderate and higher test-anxiety.

Table 3: Univariate Analysis of Variance on the Academic Performance subscale of the TAI and Gender

Source Type III Sum of df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squares Squared Corrected Model 477.543(a) 5 95.509 1331.219 .000 .937 Intercept Gender 1074.545 1 1074.545 14977.234 .000 .971 TAIsum 1.904 1 1.904 26.544 .000 .056 Gender * 441.296 2 220.648 3075.437 .000 .933 TAIsum .437 2 .218 3.044 .049 .014 Error 31.855 194 .072 Total 2683.000 200 Corrected Total 509.398 199

Table 4: T-test of academic achievement between Male and Female

Academic Achievement Mean SD t p Gender 5.47** .000 Male 14.45 2.46 Female 15.74 2.21 **p≤0.01

www.ijar.org.in 143

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Interpretation: In order to determine the age children and adolescents. This significant difference of academic difference is contributed by the different achievement between male and female, a tools for measurement of test-anxiety, t-test was employed. As presented in different respondent’s size, age of Table 5, result showed that female (M= respondents, and the presence of 15.74, S.D=2.46) reported significantly psychological stress such as worry toward higher level [t (1) = 5.47, p=0.000] of test-taking, irrelevant thought and academic achievement than male cognitive impairment. For example, (M=14.45, S.D=2.21). There is a Eysenck (2001) found a significant remarkable difference at the 0.01 level of relationship between anxiety and significance, indicating that there is a achievement whereby a high level of test statistically significant difference of anxiety resulted in lower cognitive academic achievement. So, students’ performance. academic achievements were different among male and female. Result from the present study was in agreement with Keogh, et.al. (2004) and DISCUSSION Chapell et al. (2005) who found a relationship between level of test-anxiety The aims of this present study to and academic achievement. For instance, determine the relationship between TAI students had higher academic and academic achievement among male achievement with low test-anxiety than and female Senior Secondary student in the students with moderate test-anxiety. Delhi. A total of 200 students were And, students with moderate test anxiety selected using a stratified random had higher academic achievement then sampling. Result indicates that 43.8% students with higher test-anxiety. and 3% of respondents in the present Furthermore, result of the present study study were weak and failed respectively. confirmed with Sarason (1984) as cited Data from the present study differed in, Keoghi, et al. (2004) who showed that from findings of Daskzan (2005), worry impaired the performance by Mozaffari (2001), and Nosrati Shoar, reducing attainable working memory (2003). The disagreement may be related capacity which in return was related to to different respondent’s size or poor academic achievement. Thus, it can motivation of study. be concluded that test-anxiety or worry about test and examination decreases Regarding test anxiety, the result from academic performance. In addition, the present study found that 18.5% finding from the present study was respondents had severe test-anxiety. supported by Eysenck (2001), who found However, the result differed from Rahimi that limitation in working memory (1999), who found that 36.9 % of Senior capacity caused cognitive impairment to Secondary students had severe anxiety. individual experiencing a high test- When compared to other studies in anxiety. Students with high test-anxiety different country such as USA, the have encountered task-irrelevant present result also differed from Methia thoughts, such as worries and anxious (2004) as cited in, Sena, Lowe and Lee about self-evaluative aspects of failure. (2007), who reported that the rate of test- This is due to limited working memory anxiety was more than 33% among school capacity that disturbs the recall of prior www.ijar.org.in 144

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected] learning and resulted in reduced examination on the performance of academic performance. students of higher secondary schools of Delhi. Following are the CONCLUSION recommendations of the present study:

Test-anxiety impacts adolescent’s academic achievement. It decreases adolescents’ learning capabilities and  As per the results of the present hinders excellent academic performance. study there is more examination Test-anxiety decreases motivation stress in case of female school towards the ability for attention, students. It may be useful for the concentration and worst, it leads to teachers to understand examination academic failure. These research findings stress among male and female school had found a significant relationship students. An orientation to female between test-anxiety and academic students for reducing their achievement among senior secondary examination stress should be adolescents. Therefore, school and family provided. institutions must assist students in  It is recommended that stress managing their test-anxiety through management techniques should be counseling, relaxation and behavioral provided to students with low techniques. Selected preventive activities intelligence through workshops and can be proposed at senior secondary’s on practical sessions. targeted students with academic  The present investigation will help problems. Specialized intervention administers, policy makers, planners tailored to male students is suggested in and researchers both at the national order to improve male student’s academic and local levels. achievement.  The students should be provided counseling sessions in order to Findings of these researches should not develop effective strategies to avoid be generalized to all senior secondary examination stress. students, not even to the overall Indian  The students should be given senior secondaries. Academic training for time management so that achievements measures used in these they are able to utilize the time in studies is only applicable in Indian proper manner leading to a better setting and caution is needed in self-regulatory practice. Such discussing this variable as other measure exercises are facilitative in promoting of academic achievement is found in the management of time and preparation literature. of examinations so that they can cope up with their examination stress. RECOMMENDATIONS  There should be more emphasis on Any educational research is worthwhile if such teaching learning strategies that results into fruitful educational would help students to achieve their implications. In so far as the present aims and good level of achievement investigation is concerned it can be by developing required personality claimed that valuable information be traits. obtained on impact of the pressure of www.ijar.org.in 145

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

 The findings of the study Jereyard, K. M., & Bhuvaneswari, U. L. recommended that symptoms of (2020). TEST ANXIETY IN HIGHER examination stress should be SECONDARY STUDENTS. Indian diagnosed at an early stage so that Journal of Applied Research, 10(1). students would not feel stress during their examinations. Denscombe, M. (2000). Social conditions for stress: young people's experience of doing GCSEs. British Educational EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION OF THE Research Journal, 26(3), 359-374. STUDY Deosthalee, P. G. (2000). Effect of gender, The proposed study will have age and educational maturity on job implications for the students as the stress. Psycho-lingua, 30(1), 57-60. results of the study will reveal the relation between the test anxiety and the Hingar, A., Parmar, M., & Kumar, P. academic achievement. The students can (2001). ‘Role Stress: A Study of Female be highly benefitted from the results of Professionals’. Indian Journal of the proposed study as they can devise Psychometry and Education, 32(1), 49-54. their own methods to reduce test anxiety. Jaiswal, K., 'A study of anxiety, The learning capabilities of the higher frustration and adjustment secondary school students of the state of patterns of girl students at Delhi students in particular will be graduation level and their enhanced to a great extent as the pupil educational implications', in Butch, can overcome pressure of examination to M.B. (III survey of research in a great extent due to the results of the education), Vol. 1, 1978-83, Pg.454. study. The study will also be helpful in improving the mental health and Khattari, S. 'A Comparison of academic achievement of the students. behavioural strategies of reducing examination a n x i e t y in Bibliography girls', in Butch, M.B. (III survey of research in education). Vol.1, 1978- Ajwani, J. C., & Sharma, R. A. (2004). 83, Pg.455. Test anxiety in relation to academic achievement. Indian Journal of Manchanda, S., Bhave, S., Ola, M. and Psychometry and Education, 35(2), 123- Puri, A. (2018). A Study on Measuring 125. Examination Anxiety in School Children. EC Psychology and Psychiatry 7.6 (2018): Barinder, M.A. 'A study of 338-343 g e n e r a l anxiety and test anxiety with reference to the Mohanty, C. 'Effect of state-trait environmental f a c t o r s a n d anxiety on classroom learning and Extraversion -introversion of personal adjustment of elementary Delhi students', in Butch, M.B. (IV school pupils', in Butch, M.B. (IV survey of research in education) survey of research in education) Vol.l, 1983-88, Pg. 179 Vol.I, 1983-88, Pg.402 www.ijar.org.in 146

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Patel, A. D. (1976). ‘To study Srivastava, S.N, ‘A comparative study achievement motive anxiety performance o f two techniques of behaviour at the university examination and socio modification in reducing economic status of student teachers in examination anxiety', in Butch, M.B. the colleges of education in the state of (IVth survey of research in education). Gujarat’. In Butch M.B (II survey of vol. 1, 1983-88, Pg. 179. research in Education), Vol.I, 1972- 78, Pg. 190. Sundarrajan, S and A. Selvaraj Gnanaguru. 'A s t u d y on t e s t Putwain, D. W. (2008). Test anxiety and t a k i n g anxiety of B. Ed students as GCSE performance: The effect of gender related to their self-confidence', and socio‐economic Experiments on education, Vol. background. Educational Psychology in XXI,No.5, May 1993 Practice, 24(4), 319-334. Trivedi, R.M. 'Anxiety level Rozek, C. S., Ramirez, G., Fine, R. D., & and academic achievement of Beilock, S. L. (2019). Reducing undergraduate students', vol. 23, 1995, socioeconomic disparities in the STEM pp. 46-51 pipeline through student emotion regulation. Proceedings of the National Vassend, O. (1988). ‘Examination stress, Academy of Sciences, 116(5), 1553- personality and self‐reported physical 1558.Sahu, K., & Misra, N. (1995). Life symptoms. Scandinavian journal of Stress and Coping Styles. Psychosocial psychology, 29(1), 21-32. Studies-University of Calicut, 40, 115- 119. Woody, R. H. (1969). Behavioral Problem Children in the Schools; Recognition, Sharma, S u n i t h a , ‘Impact of Diagnosis, and Behavioral Modification. anxiety on academic achievement New York, Division of Meredith in science at higher secondary Corporation stage', Educational Review. Vol. XCL, No.2, 1985, pg. 24. Yusefzadeh, H., Iranagh, J. A., & Nabilou, B. (2019). The effect of study Shuster, Lois, B. 'Personality correlates preparation on test anxiety and of test anxiety'. Ph.D. thesis, performance: a quasi-experimental University of Maryland, 1985 . study. Advances in medical education and practice, 10, 245. Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional Zeidner, M. (1998). ‘Test anxiety: The process model. Taylor & Francis. state of the art’. Springer Science & Business Media.

www.ijar.org.in 147

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

laLd`r dkO;'kkL= esa jlksa dh la[;k vkSj muds y{k.k

pUnz fd'kksj vfl0 izksQslj] laLd`r & foHkkx] czãkorZ ih0th0 dkyst] eU/kuk] dkuiqj uxj] m0iz0A Email: [email protected] Lkkjka'k ftl izdkj O;atu vkSj nzO;ksa ls lqlaLd`r vUu dk vkLoknu ,dkxzfpr vkLoknf;rk dks gh gksrk gS] mlh izdkj ,dkxzfpŸk rUe; lkekftd&ukuk Hkkoksa ls vfHkO;aftr rFkk vfHku;ksa ls lqle`) LFkk;hHkko :Ik jl dk vkLoknu djrk gqvk vykSfdd vkuUn dks izkIr djrk gSA vr% jl:IkQy dk ,dek= vkLoknf;rk lân;&lkekftd gh gksrk gS] D;kasfd ukV~;&iz;ksx rks lqeuk ¼lân;½ izs{kd ds fy, gh gksrk gS vkSj jl vkLok| gksrk gS] vkLok| gksus ds dkj.k gh mls ^jl* dgk tkrk gSA blfy, jl Lolk{kkRdkjkRed vkLokn:Ik Kku ds vkuUne; gksus ls vkuUn :Ik gksrs gSaA 1 vkpk;Z fo'oukFk dk dFku gS fd d#.k vkfn jl Hkh vkuUnkRed gSa] ;fn buesa 'kksd vkfn gksrs rks dkSu lân; ukV~; esa Ikz;qä 2 gksrk ^d#.kknkofi jls tk;rs ;Rija lq[ke~A* izLrkouk jl bfr d% inkFkZ%\ mP;rs& vkLok|Rokr~A vFkkZr~ vkLok| gksus ds dkj.k jl dgk tkrk gSA dFkekLok|rs jl%\ vFkkZr~ jl dk vkLoknu dSls gksrk gS] dgrs gSSa& ftl izdkj ukuk izdkj ds O;atuksa ls laLd`r ¼fufeZr½ vUu dks [kkus okys iq:"k izlUufpr jl dk vkLoknu djrs gq, izlUurk dks izkIr gksrs gSa] mlh izdkj ukuk izdkj ds Hkkokas vkSj vfHku;ksa ds }kjk O;ä fd;s x;s okfpd] vkf³~xd ,oa lkfŸod vfHku;ksa ls ;qä LFkk;h Hkkoksa dk lân;&izs{kd vkLoknu djrs gq, g"kkZfn dks izkIr djrs gSa&

^;Fkk fg ukukO;atulaLd`reUua Hkqatkuk jlkukLokn;fUr lqeul% iq:’kk g’kkZnha'pkf/kxPNfUr rFkk ukuk HkkokfHku;O;aftrku~ okx³~xlŸkksisrku~ LFkk;hHkkokukLokn& ;fUr lqeul% izs{kdk% g"kkZnha'pkf/kxPNfUrA* 3

eq[;'kCn vkLok|] lqlaLd`r] izlUufpŸk] ,dkxzfpŸk] vfHkO;aftr] lân;lkekftd] jlkLoknf;rk] Lolk{kkRdkjkRed] vkuUne;A

v/;;u dk mn~ns';

lân;&lkekftd dks jlksa dh okLrfod la[;k ,oa muds y{k.kksa dk ifjKku djkuk A

jlksa dh la[;k

ukV~;'kkL=&vfHkuoHkkjrh ds vuqlkj jlksa dh la[;k

J`³~xkj] gkL;] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl vkSj vn~Hkqr% ;s vkB ukV~; esa jl ekus x;s gSa&

J`³~xkjgkL;d#.kk jkSnzohjHk;kudk%A

ohHkRlkn~HkqrlaKkS psR;"VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk% AA 4

mä dkfjdk esa ^v"VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk%* dgk x;k gSA blesa ukV~; jl D;k gS\ vkpk;Z vfHkoxqIr ds vuqlkj&uV ds }kjk iz;qä vfHku; ds izHkko ls izR;{k ds leku izrh;eku ,dkxzeu dh fu'pyrk ls vuqHkouh; ukVd vkfn esa ls fdlh ,d dkO;&fo'ks’k ls izdk'; vFkZ&^ukV~;* gSA Loxr&ijxr Hksn ls 'kwU; fpŸko`fŸk lkekftdksa dks Lo&ij&Hkko ls jfgr cukdj lk/kkj.khdj.k dh lhek esa ykdj vius esa lekfo"V dj ysrh gS vkSj mlesa rknkRe; gks tkrk gSA lk/kkj.khdj.k dh ;g rknkRe;&fLFkfr jlkuqHkwfr dk dkj.k gSA 5 www.ijar.org.in 148

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

jl ukV~;&l³~xzg dk izeq[k rŸo gSA vkpk;Z vfHkuoxqIr ds vuqlkj&jl gh ukV~; gS vkSj ukV~; dh iw.kZr% vuqHkwfr jl esa gh gSA D;ksafd jl ds fcuk ukV~; esa dksbZ vFkZ izo`Ÿk gh ugha gksrk gS& ^ufg jlkn`rs df'pnFkZ% izorZrsA* 6 ^v"VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk%* dgdj vkpk;Z Hkjr us J`³~xkj] gkL;] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl vkSj vn~Hkqr] ;s vkB dh jl ekus gSaA vkpk;Z Hkjr ds vuqlkj &egkRek czãk us bu vkB jlksa dks dgk gS& ^,rs á"VkS jlk% izksäk nzqfg.ksu egkReukA* 7

fdUrq vkpk;Z vfHkuoxqIr ^'kkUr* uked uok¡ jl Hkh ekurs gSaA muds vuqlkj ukV~;'kkL= ds foK fo}kuksa us y{k.kksa ls ;qä ukS jlksa dk foospu fd;k gS&

^,oa uojlk n`"Vk ukV~;KSyZ{k.kkfUork%A* 8

vfXuegkiqjk.k ds vuqlkj jlksa dh la[;k

J`³~xkj] gkL;] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl] vn~Hkqr vkSj 'kkUr& ;s ukS jl ekus x;s gSaA oSls lgt jl rks pkj J`³~xkj] jkSnz] ohj ,oa ohHkRl gh gSa&

J`³~xkjgkL;d#.kk jkSnzohjHk;kudk%A ohHkRlkn~Hkqr'kkUrk[;k% LoHkkokPprqjks jlk% AA 9

dkO;izdk'k ds vuqlkj jlksa dh la[;k J`³~xkj] gkL;] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl vkSj vn~Hkqr ukV~; esa vkB jl ekus tkrs gSa&

J`³~xkjgkL;d#.k jkSnzohjHk;kudk%A

ohHkRlkn~HkqrlaKkS psR;"VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk% AA 10

;g dkfjdk ewy:Ik ls ukV~;'kkL= dh gS] ftls vkpk;Z eEeV us ukV~;'kkL=&6@16 ls T;ksa dk R;ksa mrkj fn;k gSA ftlesa vkB gh jl ekus x;s gaS] fdUrq vkpk;Z eEeV us bu vkB jlksa ds vfrfjDr ^'kkUr* uked uok¡ jl Hkh ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj ^fuosZn* ftldk LFkk;hHkko gS] bl izdkj ^'kkUrjl* Hkh uok¡ jl gksrk gS&

^fuosZnLFkkf;Hkkoks·fLr 'kkUrks·fi uoeks jl%A* 11

lkfgR; niZ.k ds vuqlkj jlksa dh la[;k ftl rjg J`³~xkj] gkL;] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl vkSj vn~Hkqr& ;s vkB jl gSa] mlh rjg ^'kkUr* Hkh jl ekuk x;k gS&

J`³~xkjgkL;d#.k jkSnzohjHk;kudk%A

ohHkRlks·n~Hkqr bR;"VkS jlk% 'kkUrLrFkk ;r% AA 12

jlx³~xk/kj ds vuqlkj jlksa dh la[;k jl ds J`³~xkj] gkL;] “kkUr] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl vkSj vn~Hkqr& ;s ukS Hkssn gSa&

J`³~xkj% d#.k% 'kkUr% jkSnzks ohjks·n~HkqrLrFkkA

gkL;ks Hk;kud'pSo] ohHkRl'psfr rs uo AA 13

jlksa ds y{k.k www.ijar.org.in 149

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

ukV~;'kkL=&vfHkuoHkkjrh ds vuqlkj jlksa ds y{k.k

1- J`³~xkj&jl J`³~xkj&jl jfr LFkk;hHkko ls mRiUu mTToy os"kkRed gSA lalkj esa tks dqN 'kq)] ifo=] mTToy vkSj n'kZuh; gS] mldh J`³~xkj ls miek nh tkrh gSA tks mTToy os’k gSa] og J`³~xkjoku~ dgk tkrk gS&

Rk=J`³~xkjksuke&jfrLFkf;HkkoizHko%A mTToyos’kkRed ;fRdfUpyksds 'kqfp es/;eqTToya n'kZuh;a ok rPN`³~xkjs.kksieh;rsA ;LrkonqTToyos’k% l J`³~xkjokfuR;qP;rsA* 14 ml J`³~xkj&jl dh nks voLFkk,a gSa& lEHkksx vkSj foizyEHk& ^rL; }s vf/k"Bkus lEHkksxks foizyEHk'pA* 15

2- gkL;&jl gkLk LFkk;hHkko okyk gkL; uked jl gS vkSj og nwljs ds fod`r os’k] vy³~dkj] /k`"Vrk] yksyqirk] dqgd vFkkZr~ dks[k ;k xys dk Li'kZ] vlR;izyki] O;³~x&n'kZu ¼fodyk³~x&n'kZu½ rFkk nks’kksa ds dFku vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS&

gkL;ks uke gkL;LFkk;hHkkokRed%A l p fod`rifjos’kky³~dkj/kk"V~;Z ykSY; dqgdklRizykiO;³~xn'kZunks’kksnkgj.kkfnfHkfoZHkkoS:Ri|rsA 16

3- d#.k&jl 'kksd LFkk;hHkko ls mRiUu jl] d#.k uke ls tkuk tkrk gS vkSj og 'kki ds Dys'k esa iMs+ gq, fiz;tu ds fo;ksx] foHko&uk'k] c/k] cU/ku] fonzo ¼HkxnM+½] mi?kkr ¼pksaV½ rFkk O;lu vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS&

^d#.kksuke'kksdLFkkf;HkkoizHko%A l p 'kki&Dys'k fofuifrrs"Vtufoiz;ksxfoHko& uk'ko/kfonzoksi?kkrO;lu la;ksxkfnfHkfoZHkkoS% leqRi|rsA* 17

4- jkSnz&jl jk{kl] nkuo vkSj m)r&euq";ksa dh izd`fr okyk ;q)gsrqd ^Øks/k* LFkk;hHkko :Ik jkSnz gksrk gS vkSj og Øks/k] vk?k’kZ.k] vf/k{ski] vu`r ¼feF;k Hkk’k.k½] mi?kkr] okXik:"; ¼xkyh xykSt½] vfHknzksg rFkk ekRl;Z vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS&

^jkSnzuke Øks/kLFkkf;HkkokRedks j{kksnkuoks)reuq"; izd`fr% laxzkegsrqd%A l p Øks/kk?k’kZ.kkf/k{ksiku`ropuksi?kkrokD;k:";kfHknzksgekRl;kZfnfHkfoZHkkoS:Ri|rsA* 18

5- ohj&jl mŸkeizd`fr ¼LoHkko½ okyk vkSj mRlkg LFkk;h Hkko okyk ohj jl gksrk gSA og vlEHkksg] v/;olk;] u;] fou;] cy] ijkØe] 'kfä] izrki rFkk izHkko vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS&

^ohjksukeksŸkeizd`fr:RlkgkRed%A l pklaeksgk/;olk;u;fou;oyijkØ& e'kfä izrki izHkkokfnfHkfoZHkkoS:Ri|rsA* 19

6- Hk;kud&jl

www.ijar.org.in 150

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Hk; LFkk;hHkko okyk Hk;kud jl gksrk gS vkSj og fod`r 'kCn ¼vV~gkl½] Hkwr&izsr vkfn dk n'kZu] 'kwxky ¼fl;kj½ vkSj mYyw ds Hk;] m}sx] 'kwU;&x`g ,oa lwus taxy esa tkuk] cU/kq&tuksa ds c/k&cU/ku vkfn ds n'kZu] J`o.k vFkok dFkk vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS& ^vFk Hk;kudksukeHk;LFkkf;HkkokRed%A l p fod`r jolŸon'kZuf'koksywd& =klks}sx'kwU;kxkjk.;xeuLotuo/kcU/kn'kZuJ`o.k dFkkfnfHkfoZHkkoS:Ri|rsA* 20 7- chHkRl&jl tqxqIlk LFkk;hHkkokRed chHkRl jl gksrk gS vkSj og vâ| ¼vxzká½] vfiz;] vpks"; ,oa vfu"V oLrq ds n'kZu] J`o.k ,oa ifjdhrZu] m}stu vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS& ^ohHkRlksuke tqxqIlkLFkk;hHkkokRed%A l pkâ|kfiz;kpks";kfu"VJo.kn'kZu& dhrZukfnfHkfoZHkkoS:Ri|rsA* 21 8- vn~Hkqr&jl foLe; LFkk;hHkko okyk vn~Hkqr jl gksrk gS vkSj og fnO;tuksa ds n'kZu ls] vHkh"V euksjFk dh izkfIr ls] miou rFkk nsoefUnj vkfn esa xeu ls ] lHkk] foHkku] ek;k] bUnztky lEHkkouk vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS&

^vn~Hkqrksuke foLe;LFkk;sHkkokRed% l p fnO;tun'kZusfIlreuksjFkkok& IR;qiounsodqykfnxeulHkkfoHkkuek;sUnztkylEHkkoukfn fHkfoZHkkoS:Ri|rsA* 22

9- 'kkUr&jl 'ke LFkk;hHkkokRed eks{k dk izorZd 'kkUr uked ^jl* gksrk gS vkSj og rŸoKku] oSjkX;] vk'k; vFkkZr~ fpŸk dh 'kqf) vkfn foHkkoksa ls mRiUu gksrk gSA 'kkUrjl dk vfHku; ;e] fu;e] vk/;kRe] /;ku] /kkj.kk] mikluk] lHkh izkf.k;ksa ij n;k] laU;kl] izoT;k dk xzg.k vkfn vuqHkkoksa ds }kjk djuk pkfg,& ^'kkUrks uke 'keLFkkf;HkkokRedks eks{kizorZd%A l rq rŸoKkuoSjkX;k'k;'kq) ;kfnfHkfoZHkkoS% leqRi|rsA rL; ;efu;e v/;kRe/;ku/kkj.kksikluloZHkwrn;k& fy³~xxzg.kkfnfHkjuqHkkoSjfHku;% iz;ksäO;%A* 23

vfXuegkiqjk.k ds vuqlkj jlksa ds y{k.k

vfHkeku ls jfr dh mRifŸk gksrh gS vkSj og O;fHkpkjh vkfn Hkko&lkekU; ds lgdkj ls iq’V gksdj J`³~xkj ds uke ls xk;h tkrh gSA J`³~xkj dh bPNkuqlkj gkL; vkfn vusd nwljs Hksn izdV gq, gSaA muds vius&vius fo'ks’k LFkk;hHkko gksrs gSa] ftudk ifjiks’k ¼vfHkO;fä½ gh mu&mu jlksa dk y{k.k gS& vfHkekuknzfr% lk p ifjiks"keqis;q’khA O;fHkpk;kZfnlkekU;kPN`³~xkj bfr xh;rsAA rn~Hksnk% dkeferjs gkL;k|k vI;sd'k%A LoLoLFkkf;fo'ks’kks·Fk ifj?kks’kLoy{k.kk% AA 24 Oks jl ijekRek ds lŸo vkfn xq.kksa ds foLrkj ls izdV gksrs gSaA vuqjkx ls J`³~xkj] rh{.krk ls jkSnz] mRlkg ls ohj vkSj ladksp ls ohHkRl jl dk mn; gksrk gSA J`³~xkj ls gkL;] jkSnz ls d#.k ] ohj ls vn~Hkqr rFkk ohHkRl ls Hk;kud jl dh fu"ifŸk gksrh gS&

lŸokfnxq.klarkukTt;Urs ijekReu%A jkxkfnHkofr J`³~xkjks jkSnzLrS{.;kRiztk;rsAA ohjks·o"VEHkt% ladkspHkwohZHkRl b";rsA J`³~xkjkTtk;rs gklks jkSnzkŸkq d#.kks jl%AA ohjkPpn~Hkqrfu"ifŸk% L;kn~ ohHkRlkn~Hk;kudk%A 25

dkO;izdk'k ds vuqlkj jlksa ds y{k.k

J`³~xkjgkL;d#.kjkSnzohjHk;kudk%A www.ijar.org.in 151

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

ohHkRlkn~HkqrlaKkS ps"VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk%AA

dkO;izdk'kdkj vkpk;Z eEeV us mä dkfjdk ewy:Ik ls Hkjreqfu ds ukV~;'kkL= &6@16 ls T;ksa dk R;ksa mrkj dj mä jlksa dk ladsrek= rks vo'; fd;k gS] ijUrq muds Li"V y{k.k ugha fd;s gSaA

lkfgR; niZ.k ds vuqlkj jlksa ds y{k.k

1- J`³~xkj&jl dkenso ds vkfoHkkZo dks ^J`³~x* dgrs gSa] mldk vkxeu dkj.kA bleas izk;% mŸkeLoHkko okyk uk;d gksrk gS] ,sls jl dks J`³~xkj dgrs gSa&

J`³~xa fg eUeFkksn~HksnLrnkxeugsrqd%A

mŸkeizdfrizk;ks jl% J`³~xkj bZ";rsAA 26

2- gkL;&jl prqjtu ls fodkl ;qä&ok.kh] os’k vkSj ps"Vk vkfn ls gkL; jl izdV gksrk gS] bldk LFkk;hHkko gkLk gSA o.kZ&'kqDy vkSj nsork&izFke ekus x;s gSa&

fod`rkdkjokXosips"Vkns% dqgdkn~Hkosr~A

gkL;ks gklLFkkf;Hkko% 'osr% izeFknSor%AA 27

3- d#.k&jl b"V ds uk'k vkSj vfu’V dh izkfIr ls d#.k&jl gksrk gS&

b"Vuk'kknfu’VkIrs% d#.kk[;ks jlks Hkosr~ A 28

4- jkSnz&jl jkSnz&jl dk LFkk;hHkko Øks/k gS] bldk o.kZ&yky vkSj nsork :nz gSA mlesa vkyEcu&foHkko&'k=q vkSj ps’Vk,¡&mn~nhiu gSa&

jkSnz% Øks/kLFkkf;Hkkoks jäks :nzkf/knSor%A

vkyEcuefjLr= rPps"Vksn~nhiua ere~AA 29

5- ohj&jl ohj&jl esa mŸke izd`fr okyk uk;d rFkk LFkk;hHkko&mRlkg gksrk gSA blds nsork&egsUnz vkSj o.kZ&lqo.kZ ds leku dgk x;k gS&

mŸkeizd`frohZj mRlkgLFkkf;Hkkod%A egsUnznsorks gseo.kkZs·;a leqnkâr%AA 30 6- Hk;kud&jl www.ijar.org.in 152

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

Hk; LFkk;hHkko okyk Hk;kud&jl gSA blds nsork&dky ¼;ejkt½ gSaA L=h vkSj uhp&tu blds vkJ; gksrs gSaA rŸo ds tkudkjksa us bldk o.kZ&d`".k ekuk gS&

Hk;kudks Hk;LFkkf;Hkko dkyk·f/knSor%A

L=huhpizd`fr% d`’.kks erLrŸofo'kkjnS%AA 31

7- chHkRl&jl chHkRl jl dk LFkk;hHkko&tqxqIlk gSA bldk o.kZ&uhy vkSj nsork&egkdky gS&

tqxqIlkLFkkf;HkkoLrq ohHkRl% dF;rs jl%A uhyo.kksZ egkdkynSorks·;eqnkâr%AA 32 8- vn~Hkqr&jl vn~Hkqr&jl dk LFkk;hHkko&foLe; vkSj nsork&xU/koZ gSa&

vn~Hkqrks foLe;LFkkf;Hkkoks xU/koZnSor%AA 33

9- 'kkUr&jl 'kkUr&jl dk LFkk;hHkko&'ke rFkk mŸke tu bldk vkJ; gksrk gSA dqUniq’i vkSj pUnzek ds leku bldh dkfUr lqUnj gksrh gS rFkk nsork&Jhukjk;.k gSaA vfuR;Ÿokfn ls leLr oLrqvksa dh fu%lkjrk&

'kkUr% 'keLFkkf;Hkko mŸkeizd`freZr%A

dqUnsUnqlqUnjPNk;% Jhukjk;.knSor%AA

vfuR;Ÿokfnuk·'ks’koLrqfu%lkjrk rq ;kAA 34

jlx³~xk/kj ds vuqlkj jlksa ds y{k.k

jlx³~xk/kjdkj if.Mrjkt txUukFk us jlksa ds uke vkSj muds mnkgj.k nsdj jlksa dks fu:fir fd;k gS] fdUrq vkpk;Z Hkjr ,oa vkpk;Z fo'oukFk dh rjg jlksa ds Li"V y{k.k ugha fd;sA

vr,o fu"d"kZr% dg ldrs gSa fd&jl :Ik Qy dk ,dek= vkLoknf;rk lân;&lkekftd gksrk gS] D;ksafd ukV~;iz;ksx rks lân; ds fy, gh gksrk gS vkSj jl dk vkLokn gksrk gSA vkLok| gksus ds dkj.k gh mls ^jl* dgk tkrk gSA vkpk;Z Hkjr us ^v"VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk%* dg dj ukV~; esa vkB gh jl ekus gSaA muds vuqlkj&egkRek czãk us J`³~xkj] gkL;] d#.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl vkSj vn~Hkqr bu vkB jlksa dks gh dgk gS] fdUrq vkpk;Z vfHkuoxqIr ^'kkUr* uked uok¡ jl Hkh ekurs gSaA muds vuqlkj&ukV~;'kkL= ds foK fo}kuksa us Yk{k.kksa ls ;qä ukS jlksa dk foospu fd;k gS&

^,oa uojLkk n`"Vk ukV~;KSyZ{k.kkfUork%A

lUnHkZ&lwph

1- Hkjr ¼2015½A ukV~;'kkL=&f}rh;HkkxA xqIr] vfHkuo ¼ukV~;'kkL= ^ ^vfHkuoHkkjrh* Vhdk½A f}osnh] ikjlukFk ¼lEiknd½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] lEiw.kkZuUn laLd`r fo'ofo|ky;A "k"Bks·/;k;%] i`&95 2- fo'oukFk ¼2016½A lkfgR;niZ.kA 'kekZ] 'ks’kjkt] jsXeh] ¼lkfgR;niZ.k% ^pUnzdyk* laLd`r&fgUnh O;k[;ksisre~½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] pkS[kEck] d`’.knkl vdkMehA 1&3@4

www.ijar.org.in 153

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

3- Hkjr ¼2015½A ukV~;'kkL=&f}rh;HkkxA xqIr] vfHkuo ¼ukV~;'kkL= ^ ^vfHkuoHkkjrh* Vhdk½A f}osnh] ikjlukFk ¼lEiknd½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] lEiw.kkZuUn laLd`r fo'ofo|ky;A "k"Bks·/;k;%] i`&90 4- ogh] 6@16 5- ogh] i`&21 6- ogh] i`&33 7- ogh] 6@17 8- ogh] 6@89 9- O;kl] d`".k}Sik;u ¼2019½A vfXuegkiqjk.ke~A >k] lqjdkUr ¼lEiknd½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] pkS[kEck laLd`r fljht vkfQlA 339@8&9 10- eEeV ¼1998½A dkO;izdk'kA fl)kUr f'kjksef.k] fo'os'oj ¼fgUnh O;k[;k½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] Kkue.My fyfeVsMA 1&4@29 11- ogh] prqFkZ mYykl] jl&izdj.k] lw=&47 12- fo'oukFk ¼2016½A lkfgR;niZ.kA 'kekZ] 'ks’kjkt] jsXeh] ¼lkfgR;niZ.k% ^pUnzdyk* laLd`r&fgUnh O;k[;ksisre~½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] pkS[kEck] d`’.knkl vdkMehA 3@182 13- txUukFk ¼2016½A jlx³~xk/kjA >k] enueksgu ¼jlx³~xk/kj% laLd`r&fgUnh O;k[;ksisr½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrhA izFke&vkuu] jl&izdj.k] i`&132 14- Hkjr ¼2015½A ukV~;'kkL=&f}rh; HkkxA xqIr] vfHkuo ¼ukV~;'kkL=% ^vfHkuoHkkjrh* Vhdk½A f}osnh] ikjlukFk ¼lEiknd½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] lEiw.kkZuUn laLd`r fo'ofo|ky;A "k"Bks·/;k;%] i`&125 15- ogh] i`&133 16- ogh] i`&159&61 17- ogh] i`&170 18- ogh] i`&175&77 19- ogh] i`&187 20- ogh] i`&191 21- ogh] i`&196 22- ogh] i`&198 23- ogh] i`&207 24- O;kl] d`".k}Sik;u ¼2019½A vfXuegkiqjk.ke~A >k] lqjdkUr ¼lEiknd½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] pkS[kEck laLd`r fljht vkfQlA 339@4&5 25- ogh] &339@6&8 26- fo'oukFk ¼2016½A lkfgR;niZ.kA 'kekZ] 'ks’kjkt] jsXeh] ¼lkfgR;niZ.k% ^pUnzdyk* laLd`r&fgUnh O;k[;ksisre~½A okjk.klh] Hkkjr] pkS[kEck] d`’.knkl vdkMehA 3@183 27- ogh] 3@214 28- ogh] 3@222 29- ogh] 3@227 30- ogh] 3@232 31- ogh] 3@235 32- ogh] 3@239 33- ogh] 3@242 34- ogh] 3@245&46

www.ijar.org.in 154

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀÄ«PÉ

qÁ. PÉ. ZÀAzÀæ¥Àà, ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ ¥ÁæzsÁå¥ÀPÀgÀÄ, ¸ÁßvÀPÉÆÃvÀÛgÀ gÁdå±Á¸ÀÛç «¨sÁUÀ, ¸ÀºÁå¢æ PÀ¯Á PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ, ²ªÀªÉÆUÀÎ

ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ ¸ÀAWÀfë, ¸ÀªÀiÁd fë ºÁUÀÆ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ fëAiÀÄÆ ºËzÀÄ JA§ÄzÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼É ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ E§âjUÀÆ C£Àé¬Ä¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. EªÀj§âgÀÆ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ JgÀqÀÄ PÀtÄÚUÀ½zÀÝAvÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ J¯Áè PÉëÃvÀæUÀ¼À®Æè ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ªÀÄzsÉå ¸ÀªÀiÁ£À CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ EgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. ¸ÀA«zsÁ£À gÀZÀ£Á ¸À«ÄwAiÀÄ®Æè F «ZÁgÀªÀÅ ZÀZÉðAiÀÄ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÁV £ÉÊd ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀé ¸ÁܦvÀªÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ C¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀvÉ EgÀ¨ÁgÀzÀÄ. ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄÆ ¸ÉÃjzÀAvÉ C±ÀPÀÛjUÉ «ÄøÀ¯Áw PÀ°à¹PÉÆqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ £ÁåAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄävÀªÉA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß qÁ. ©.Dgï. CA¨ÉÃqÀÌgï ¸ÀªÀÄyð¹PÉÆArzÀÝgÀÄ.

UÁA¢üÃf ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ¥ÀæUÀw¥ÀgÀ £ÁAiÀÄPÀgÀ zsÉÆÃgÀuÉUÀ½AzÀ qÁ. ²æêÀÄw C¤¨É¸ÉAmï, «dAiÀÄ®Qëöäà ¥ÀArvï, ¸ÀgÉÆÃf¤ £ÁAiÀÄÄØ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ºÀ¢£ÉÊzÀÄ ªÀÄA¢ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ¸ÀA«zsÁ£À gÀZÀ£Á ¸À«ÄwAiÀÄ°è C£ÀÄ¥ÀªÀÄ ¸ÉÃªÉ ¸À°è¹zÁÝgÉ. EA¢UÀÆ C£ÉÃPÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ CªÀÄÆ®åªÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁd¸ÉêÉAiÉÆA¢UÉ Erà «±ÀéªÉà ªÉÄZÀÄѪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁrzÁÝgÉ JA§ÄzÀPÉÌ ªÀÄzÀgï xÉÃgɸÁ, gÁdQÃAiÀÄ PÉëÃvÀæzÀ°è ©æl¤ß£À gÁt ªÀiÁUÀðgÉÃmï xÁåZÀgï, J°d¨Évï, ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ ¢. EA¢gÁUÁA¢ü, ²æîAPÁzÀ ¹jªÀiÁªÉÇà §AqÁgÀ £Á¬ÄPÉ, ZÀA¢æPÁ PÀĪÀiÁgÀ vÀÄAUÁ ªÀÄÄAvÁzÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¥ÀnÖAiÉÄà EzÉ. ¨ÁºÁåPÁ±À PÉëÃvÀæzÀ°è CªÉÄÃjPÁzÀ ¸ÀÄ°èªÀÄ£ï (1983) ±Á£À£ï ®Æ¹¸ï, ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ PÀ®à£Á ZÁªÀè ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀĤÃvÁ «Ä°AiÀĪÀiïì (2007) ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀªÀgÀÄ vÀªÀÄäzÉà DzÀ ¸ÁzsÀ£É ªÀiÁrzÁÝgÉ.

zÉñÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® L.¦.J¸ï. ªÀÄ»¼Á C¢üPÁjAiÀiÁV QgÀuï ¨ÉÃr (1995) ªÀiÁåUÉì¸ï ¥Àæ±À¹ÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß 2004gÀ°è «±Àé¸ÀA¸ÉܬÄAzÀ ¥ÀqÉ¢zÁÝgÉ. ºÁUÉAiÉÄà ¦æAiÀiÁA fAUÀ£ï (1992) gÀªÀgÀÄ ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÉêÉUÉ ¸ÉÃ¥ÀðqÉAiÀiÁzÀ ªÉÆzÀ® ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀiÁV ¸ÉÃªÉ ¸À°è¹zÁÝgÉ. ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀÄ«PÉ ¨sÀÆ ¸ÉãÉAiÀÄ°è 3.89%, £ËPÁ¸ÉãÉAiÀÄ°è 6.7% ºÁUÀÆ ªÁAiÀÄÄ ¸ÉãÉAiÀÄ°è 13.28% gÀµÀÄÖ EzÉ. CzÉà jÃw ¥ÉÆ°Ã¸ï ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄ°è 07%gÀµÀÄÖ PÀAqÀÄ §AzÀgÉ, ªÀÄ»¼Á ¹§âA¢ ¥ÉÊQ C¢üPÁj ±ÉæÃtÂAiÀÄ°ègÀĪÀªÀgÀÄ 06% gÀµÀÄÖ ºÁUÉAiÉÄà £ÁåAiÀiÁAUÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ»¼Á ¥Áæw¤zÀå 18%gÀµÀÄÖ «eÁÕ£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÀAvÀæeÁÕ£À PÉëÃvÀæzÀ®Æè 15%gÀµÀÄÖ EzÉ.

gÁd ªÀĺÁgÁdgÀ PÁ®¢AzÀ »rzÀÄ DzsÀĤPÀ dUÀwÛ£À ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀé ¸ÀPÁðgÀUÀ¼ÀªÀgÉUÀÆ gÁdPÁgÀt J£ÀÄߪÀÅzÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀ dUÀvÉÛà DVzÉ. £ÀªÀÄä zÉñÀzÀ°è gÁdgÀÄUÀ¼À C£ÀÄ¥À¹ÜwAiÀÄ°è UÀzÀÄÝUÉAiÉÄÃjzÀ ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ gÁtÂAiÀÄgÀÄ ¹PÁÌUÀ, CUÀvÀåªÉ¤¹zÁUÀ vÁªÉãÀÆ PÀrªÉĬĮè JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß vÀªÀÄä PÁAiÀÄð¢AzÀ gÀÄdĪÁvÀÄ ªÀiÁrzÁÝgÉ. ºÁVzÀÝgÀÆ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ºÉaÑ£À ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ°è ºÀ½îAiÀÄ°è gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ°è ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÉÆA¢UÉ vÉÆqÀV¹PÉÆArzÀÄÝ ¸ÁévÀAvÀæöå ºÉÆÃgÁlzÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°èAiÉÄÃ. ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ£ÀÄß MAzÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀĪÁV CUÀvÀå ©zÁÝUÀ¯É®è §¼À¹PÉƼÀÄîvÁÛ §AzÀ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁd CzÀgÀ GzÉÝòvÀ UÀÄj vÀ®Ä¦zÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ ºÁUÉAiÉÄà CªÀgÀ£ÀÄß »AzÀPÉÌ ¸Àj¹gÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß ZÀjvÉæAiÀÄ°è PÁtÄvÁÛ §A¢zÉÝêÉ. F ªÀiÁvÀÄ ¸ÁévÀAvÀæöå ºÉÆÃgÁlzÀ PÁ®PÉÌ C®èzÉ, EA¢£À ¸ÀªÀÄPÁ°Ã£À ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðPÀÆÌ C£Àé¬Ä¸ÀĪÀAvÀºÀzÁÝVzÉ. ºÁUÉAiÉÄà CªÀ¼À CUÀvÀå PÀAqÀÄ §AzÁUÀ¯É¯Áè CªÀ¼À£ÀÄß “±ÀQÛ ¸ÀégÀƦt” JAzÀÄ ªÉʨsÀ«ÃPÀj¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

¸ÁévÀAvÀæöå ZÀ¼ÀĪÀ½AiÀÄ°è §ÈºÀvï vÉÆgÉAiÀiÁV ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¹zÀ ªÀÄ»¼Á ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄ, ¸ÁévÀAvÀæöå ¥ÀqÉzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜUÀ¼À°è ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¹zÀÄÝ PÀrªÉÄAiÉÄÃ. ªÀÄ»¼Á ZÀ¼ÀĪÀ½AiÀÄÄ vÀ£Àß GZÁæAiÀÄ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ°èzÁÝUÀ ºÉaÑ£À ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ªÉÆzÀ® ¨ÁjUÉ ¸ÀA¸Àvï£À°è PÁt¹PÉÆArzÀÆÝ 1985gÀ°è. D£ÀAvÀgÀ ¸ÀA¸Àvï£À°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¸ÀASÉå PÀĹAiÀÄÄvÀÛ¯Éà §A¢zÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ F ¢QÌ£À°è gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉaѸÀĪÀ PÁAiÀÄðPÀæªÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß wêÀævÀgÀªÁV ºÀ«ÄäPÉƼÀî¨ÉÃPÉA§ ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀßUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÀqÉAiÀÄÄwÛªÉ. ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ £ÉÃvÀÈvÀéPÉÌ «ÄøÀ¯ÁwAiÀÄÄ CUÀvÀåªÁV ¨ÉÃPÁVzÉ. E£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄAzÀĪÀgÉzÀAvÉ, UÀÄuÁvÀäPÀ ªÀÄ»¼Á £ÉÃvÀÈvÀé ¨ÉÃPÉA§ CA±ÀPÉÌ ºÉZÀÄÑ MvÀÄÛ ¤ÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÁVzÉ. DzÀgÉ FVgÀĪÀ C¢üPÁgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DqÀ½vÀ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ªÁåSÉåAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §zÀ°¹ ¥Àæw¤¢üÃPÀgÀtzÀ ¥ÀjPÀ®à£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß CxÀð¥ÀÆtðªÁV¸À®Ä gÁdQÃAiÀÄ C¢üPÁgÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀĨÉÃPÁVzÉ. www.ijar.org.in 155

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà zÉñÀzÀ°è vÀPÀÌ ªÀÄnÖ£À DyðPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉ GAmÁUÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ, D zÉñÀzÀ d£ÀgÉ®è gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸À¨ÉÃPÁzÀzÀÆÝ CvÀåUÀvÀåªÁVzÉ. gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀĪÀ «µÀAiÀĪÉà CvÀåAvÀ ¸ÀAQÃtðªÁzÀÄzÀÄ. ªÀÄÄRåªÁV d£ÀgÀÄ QæAiÀiÁ²Ã® ªÀÄvÀzÁgÀgÁV, d£À ¥Àæw¤¢üUÀ¼ÁV ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀéPÉÌ CxÀð vÀÄA§ÄªÀ PÉ®¸À ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÁVzÉ. E°èAiÀĪÀgÉUÀÆ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀ ¨sÀzÀæPÉÆÃmÉAiÀiÁVzÀÝ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÉƼÀUÉ ªÀÄ»¼É ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸À¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ CªÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ JqÀgÀÄ-vÉÆqÀgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß JzÀÄj¸À¨ÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. F ¸ÀAPÀµÀÖUÀ¼ÀÄ °AUÀ ¸ÀA§A¢üAiÀiÁzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÁVªÉ. ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀjUÉ ºÉÆð¹zÀgÉ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ZÀ®£À ²Ã®vÉ ¸Àé®à PÀrªÉÄAiÉÄÃ. PÀÄlÄA§zÀ dªÁÀ¨ÁÝjUÀ½AzÁV gÁdQÃAiÀÄPÉÌ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄ PÉÆqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀµÀÖªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. eÉÆvÉUÉ ZÁjwæPÀªÁzÀ ¥ÀƪÁðUÀæºÀUÀ¼ÀÄ EgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄ ºÁUÀÆ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ «µÀAiÀÄUÀ¼ÉƼÀUÉ °AUÀ ¸ÀA§A¢ü aAvÀ£É £ÀĸÀļÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ, CzÀPÉÌ ¢ÃWÀð PÁ®zÀªÀgÉV£À ¤gÀAvÀgÀªÁzÀ ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀßUÀ¼ÀÄ CUÀvÀå.

ºÀ®ªÀÅ ¸ÁzsÀ£ÉUÀ¼À£ÉÆß¼ÀUÉÆAqÀ ¢ÃWÀðPÁ®zÀ, Gdé® ªÀÄ»¼Á ZÀ¼ÀĪÀ½UÀ¼ÀÄ EzÁÝUÀÆå ¦vÀÈ ¥ÁæzsÁ£ÀåvÉAiÀÄ §°µÀ× ¨ÉÃgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÀªÀÄä ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ°è D¼ÀªÁV ¨ÉÃgÀÆjªÉ. F ¦vÀÈ ¥ÁæzsÁ£ÀåvÉAiÉÄà zÉñÀzÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜUÀ¼À£ÀÄß D¼ÀªÁV ¥Àæ¨sÁ«¸ÀÄvÁÛ ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ°è ¹ÛçÃ-¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀ ¸ÁÜ£ÀªÀiÁ£ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¤zsÀðj¸ÀÄwÛzÉ.

ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁdªÀÅ D¢PÁ®zÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁd, UÀįÁªÀÄVj ¸ÀªÀiÁd ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÁªÀiAvÀ±Á» ¸ÀªÀiÁdUÀ¼ÀAvÀºÀ ««zsÀ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ WÀlÖUÀ¼À£ÀÄß zÁn ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀé ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ WÀlÖPÉÌ §A¢zÉ. ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀézÀ°è ¥ÀæeÉUÀ½UÉ JgÀqÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ºÀPÀÄÌUÀ¼ÀÄ EgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. MAzÀÄ M§â ¥ÀæeÉ vÀ£Àß ¸ÀªÀiÁdªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄ£ÀßqɸÀ¯ÉAzÉà EgÀĪÀ ¸ÀPÁðgÀzÀ PÉ®¸À, CAzÀgÉ PÁ£ÀÆ£ÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß gÀa¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, CªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß C£ÀĵÁ×£ÀUÉƽ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ, CªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÁåSÁå£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÁ£ÀÆ£ÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß G®èAWÀ£É ªÀiÁrzÀªÀjUÉ ²PÉëAiÀÄ£ÀÄß «¢ü¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. ZÀÄ£ÁªÀuÉ JA§ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è C¨sÀåyðAiÀiÁV ¤®ÄèªÀ ºÀPÀÄÌ. E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ ZÀÄ£ÁªÀuÉUÉ ¤AvÀ C¨sÀåyðUÀ¼À°è vÀ£ÀUÉ GavÀªÉAzÀÄ C¤¹zÀ C¨sÀåyðUÉ ªÀÄvÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀĪÀ ºÀPÀÄÌ.

¥Àæ¥ÀAZÀzÀ PÉ®ªÀÅ zÉñÀUÀ¼À PÉ®ªÀÅ PÁ®WÀlÖzÀ°è F ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀé ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀiÁ¬ÄvÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÉ®ªÀÅ zÉñÀUÀ¼À ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀé ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÉ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀ¢AzÀ¯Éà ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀjUÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀªÁV ZÀÄ£ÁªÀuÉUÉ C¨sÀåyðAiÀiÁUÀĪÀ ºÁUÀÆ ªÀÄvÀ ZÀ¯Á¬Ä¸ÀĪÀ ºÀPÀÌ£ÀÄß ¹éÃPÀj¹zÀªÀÅ. DzÀgÉ F JgÀqÀÄ ºÀPÀÄÌUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉ®ªÀÅ zÉñÀUÀ¼ÀÄ PÉêÀ® ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀjUÉ ªÀiÁvÀæ PÉÆlÄÖ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ DUÀÄ-ºÉÆÃUÀÄUÀ¼À°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¨sÁUÀªÀ»¸ÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤gÁPÀj¹zÀªÀÅ. EAvÀºÀ zÉñÀUÀ¼À°è 20 £Éà ±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ DgÀA¨sÀzÀ°è ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀ zÀ¨Áâ½PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß «gÉÆâü¹ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£À CªÀPÁ±À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ºÀQÌUÁV EAUÉèAr£À ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ºÉÆÃgÁl £ÀqɹzÀgÀÄ. F ZÀ¼ÀĪÀ½ ‘Women Enfranchisement Struggle’ JAzÉà ¥Àæ¹zÀÞªÁ¬ÄvÀÄ. 1903gÀ°è «Ä°¤ ¥sÁåAPïgÀ¸Àß J£ÀÄߪÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄ £ÉÃvÀÈvÀézÀ°è ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÁAiÀÄPÀvÀézÀ°è ‘Women Social and Political Union’ ¸Áܦ¸À®àlÄÖ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ºÉÆÃgÁl ªÀÄÄAzÀĪÀgɬÄvÀÄ. ‘ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÉ ªÀÄvÀ ZÀ¯Á¬Ä¸ÀĪÀ C¢üPÁgÀ ¤ÃqÀÄwÛÃgÁ?’ J£ÀÄߪÀ PÀgÀ¥ÀvÀæ »rzÀÄ CA¢£À DqÀ½vÀ ¥ÀPÀëªÁVzÀÝ ‘°§gÀ¯ï’ ¥ÀPÀëzÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁªÉñÀzÉƼÀPÉÌ £ÀÄVÎ zÁAzsÀ¯É J©â¹zÀgÀÄ. ZÀ¼ÀĪÀ½ »A¸Á gÀÆ¥À vÁ½zÁUÀ 1918gÀ°è ©ænÃµï ¸ÀPÁðgÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¨ÉÃrPÉUÉ vÀ¯É¨ÁV 30 ªÀµÀðzÀ ªÀAiÀĹì£À J¯Áè ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÀÆ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ºÀPÀÌ£ÀÄß ¤ÃrvÀÄ. ºÀvÀÄÛ ªÀµÀðUÀ¼À £ÀAvÀgÀ 1928gÀ°è ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀjUÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁV J¯Áè ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÉ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ºÀPÀÄÌ ¤ÃqÀ¯Á¬ÄvÀÄ. £ÀÆåf¯ÁåAqï 1893, £ÁªÉð 1913, qÉ£ÁäPïð 1915, gÀµÀå 1917, C¹ÖçÃAiÀÄ, eÉPï, ºÀAUÉÃj, ¥ÉÆïÁåAqï gÁµÀÖçUÀ¼ÀÄ 1918gÀ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÉ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ºÀPÀÄÌ ¤ÃrªÉ.

¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è ©ænõÀgÀÄ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ºÀPÀÌ£ÀÄß J®èjUÀÆ ¤ÃrgÀ°®è. §zÀ¯ÁV AiÀiÁgÀ ºÉ¸Àj£À°è d«ÄãÀÄ EvÉÆÛà AiÀiÁgÀ ºÉ¸Àj£À°è SÁvÁ EvÉÆÛà ªÀÄvÀÄÛ AiÀiÁgÀÄ ¨sÀÆ PÀAzÁAiÀÄ PÀlÄÖvÁÛgÉÆà CAvÀºÀªÀjUÉ ªÀiÁvÀæ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ºÀPÀÌ£ÀÄß ¤ÃrzÀgÀÄ. ¸ÁévÀAvÀæöå §AzÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ 1950gÀ°è ¸ÀA«zsÁ£À eÁjUÉÆAqÁUÀ 18 ªÀµÀð vÀÄA©zÀ J¯Áè ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ- ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÀÆ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ºÀPÀÌ£ÀÄß ¤Ãr ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀvɬÄAzÀ UËgÀ«¹zÉ. ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀµÉÖà ¸Àj-¸ÀªÀiÁ£À CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄ®Ä CºÀðgÁVzÀÝgÀÆ PÀÆqÀ CAvÀºÀ CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ½AzÀ ªÀAavÀ CxÀªÁ ¤®ðPÀëPÉÌ M¼ÀUÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß PɼÀV£ÀAvÉ UÀÄgÀÄw¸À§ºÀÄzÁVzÉ.

 ªÀÄvÀzÁ£À ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è  gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀPÀëUÀ¼À°è www.ijar.org.in 156

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

 ªÀÄAwæ ªÀÄAqÀ®zÀ°è  ¸ÀA¸ÀwÛ£À°è  gÁdåUÀ¼À ±Á¸ÀPÁAUÀUÀ¼À°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£À ¥ÀæªÀiÁt

ªÀµÀð ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ¥ÀæªÀiÁt ªÀÄvÀzÁ£ÀzÀ ¥ÀæªÀiÁt 1952 53.0 37.1 1957 56.0 38.8 1962 62.1 46.6 1971 66.7 55.5 1977 69.7 49.2 1980 65.6 54.9 1984 57.7 51.2 1989 63.6 68.2 1991 70.9 43.9 1993 52.6 47.4 2014 67.09 65.63 ««zsÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀPÀëUÀ¼À°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¥Áæw¤zsÀå

¥ÀPÀë ªÀÄ»¼É ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ ±ÉÃPÀqÀªÁgÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ PÁAUÉæ¸ï (L) 02 17 11.1 ©.eÉ.¦ 08 62 12.5 eÉ.r. 03 25 12.0 ¹.¦.L (JA) 03 58 05.1 ¹.¦.L 02 18 11.1 PÉÃAzÀæ ªÀÄAwæ ªÀÄAqÀ®zÀ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¥Áæw¤zsÀå

ªÀµÀð ªÀÄ»¼Á ¥Áæw¤zsÀå ªÀµÀð ªÀÄ»¼Á ¥Áæw¤zsÀå 1952 03 1980 05 1957 03 1984 05 1962 05 2000 08 1967 05 2014 07 1972 02 2019 03 1977 03

www.ijar.org.in 157

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

¯ÉÆÃPÀ¸À¨sÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ»¼Á ¥Áæw¤zÀå

ªÀµÀð MlÄÖ ¸ÀzÀ¸ÀågÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼Á ¸ÀzÀ¸ÀågÀÄ ±ÉÃPÀqÀªÁgÀÄ 1952 499 22 4.40 1957 500 27 5.40 1962 503 34 6.70 1967 523 31 5.90 1971 521 22 4.20 1977 544 19 3.40 1980 544 28 5.10 1984 544 44 8.10 1989 529 28 5.29 1991 514 39 7.07 1996 543 40 7.40 1998 543 49 9.20 1999 543 49 9.20 2004 543 49 9.20 2009 543 59 11.0 2014 542 61 11.3 2019 544 78 14.33 PÀ£ÁðlPÀ «zsÁ£À¸À¨sÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ»¼Á ¥Áæw¤zsÀå ªÀµÀð MlÄÖ ¸ÁÜ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼Á ¥Áæw¤zÀå ±ÉÃPÀqÀªÁgÀÄ 1952 93 05 5.0 1957 179 18 10.0 1962 208 18 9.0 1967 216 07 3.0 1972 216 11 5.0 1978 216 08 4.0 1983 224 02 0.8 1985 224 08 3.0 1989 224 09 4.0 1994 224 07 3.0 2008 224 03 1.3 2013 224 06 2.7 2019 224 06 2.7 AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà zÉñÀzÀ ¸ÀĹÜgÀ DyðPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ C©üªÀÈ¢ÞUÉ d£ÀgÀÄ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è ¥Á¯ÉÆμÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ CªÀ±ÀåPÀ. DzÀgÉ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀæeÁ¥Àæ¨sÀÄvÀé ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è d£À¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ J¯Áè ¨sÁUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥Á¯ÉÆμÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀ ¸ÁzsÀåªÀ®è. 70 ªÀµÀðUÀ¼À ¸ÁévÀAvÀæöå £ÀAvÀgÀªÀÇ, 17£Éà ¯ÉÆÃPÀ¸À¨sÉ ZÀÄ£ÁªÀuÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ¥Áæw¤zÀå EµÉÆÖAzÀÄ ±ÉÆÃZÀ¤ÃAiÀÄ ¹ÜwAiÀÄ°ègÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ PÁgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÀ®ªÁgÀÄ EªÉ. CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ

1. £ÀªÀÄä ¸ÀªÀiÁd ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ PÉÃA¢ævÀ ¸ÀégÀÆ¥À ºÉÆA¢ªÉ. ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ ºÀÄnÖgÀĪÀÅzÉà D¼ÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀÄ»¼É ºÀÄnÖgÀĪÀÅzÉà D½¹PÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀPÉÌ JA§ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÁUÀvÀ £ÀA©PÉ. www.ijar.org.in 158

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

2. ¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PËlÄA©PÀ dªÁ¨ÁÝjUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ£ÀÄß gÁdPÁgÀtzÀ §UÉÎ AiÉÆÃa¸ÀzÀAvÉ ªÀiÁrªÉ ºÁUÀÆ ªÀÄ»¼É gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀæeÉÕAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¨É¼É¹PÉƼÀî®Ä ¸ÁzsÀåªÁUÀzÀAvÉ £ÉÆÃrPÉÆArzÉ. 3. ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ ²PÀëtzÀ PÉÆgÀvÉ MAzÀÄ zÉÆqÀØ CrØAiÀiÁVzÉ. 4. ºÀt§® ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÉÆüÀâ®UÀ½AzÀ gÁdPÁgÀt vÀÄA© vÀļÀÄPÁqÀÄwÛzÉ. 5. ªÀiÁ¦üAiÀiÁ zÁzÁUÀ¼ÀÄ, £Á£Á §UÉAiÀÄ C¥ÀgÁ¢üUÀ¼ÀÄ, £ÀAiÀĪÀAZÀPÀgÀÄ, ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀĸÁzsÀPÀgÀÄ vÀÄA©PÉÆArgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ¸ÀºÀ §ºÀÄzÉÆqÀØ CrØAiÀiÁVzÉ. 6. ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ gÁdPÁgÀtPÉÌ §gÀ®Ä gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀPÀëUÀ½AzÀ®Æ GvÉÛÃd£ÀzÀ PÉÆgÀvɬÄzÉ. 7. gÁdQÃAiÀÄ vÀAvÀæUÁjPÉAiÀÄ°è eÁw ¥ÀæªÀÄÄR ¥ÁvÀæ ªÀ»¹zÉ. eÁw-zsÀªÀÄðzÀ UÀÄA¥ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ±ÀQÛAiÀiÁV-¯Á©üAiÀiÁV ¥ÀPÀëUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉzÀj¸ÀÄwÛªÉ. 8. ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ MAzÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄƺÀªÁV ZÀÄ£ÁªÀuÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀ ©ÃgÀĪÀ ±ÀQÛAiÀiÁV JAzÀÆ ¥ÀæzÀ²ðvÀªÁUÀ°®è. 9. zÉÆqÀØ zÉÆqÀØ £ÀUÀgÀUÀ½UÉ ¹Ã«ÄvÀªÁzÀ ªÀÄ»¼Á ¸ÀAWÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ 10. ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ°è£À QüÀjªÉÄAiÀÄ ªÀÄ£ÉÆèsÁªÀ£É ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¯ÉÊAVPÀ »A¸ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ, zËdð£ÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ. ¸ÁgÁA±À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ G¥À¸ÀAºÁgÀ:

1. ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ gÁdPÁgÀtzÀ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ “gÁdPÁgÀtzÀ°èAiÉÄà ¨sÁUÀ«¹®è” JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ®Ä ¸ÁzsÀå«®è.

2. zÉñÀzÀ PÉ®ªÉÇAzÀÄ ¸Áé¨sÁ«PÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ E£ÀÆß PÉ®ªÉÇAzÀÄ ºÀoÁvï ¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÉ gÁdQÃAiÀÄzÀ «dAiÀÄ ªÀiÁ¯ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÉÆr¹ªÉ.

3. ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀªÁV gÁdQÃAiÀĪÉà “¥Áæ§®å” ¥ÀæPÀluÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É ¤AwgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. EzÀgÀ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ AiÀıÀ¸ÀÄì PÁtÄwÛzÁÝgÉ.

4. £ÉʸÀVðPÀªÁV ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀgÀÄ gÀuÉÆÃvÁì»UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÁ®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß £ÉÃgÀªÁV JzÀÄj¸ÀĪÀªÀgÀÄ. CAvÀºÀ ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ ¸ÀªÀÄƺÀzÉƼÀUÉà ¥Á槮åPÁÌV wPÁÌl £ÀqÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÉ. ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀªÁV ¢éwÃAiÀÄ zÀeÉðAiÀÄ ¥ÀæeÉUÀ¼ÁVgÀĪÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀ£ÀÄß CªÀgÀÄ £ÉÃgÀªÁV »AzÉ ºÁPÀ§®ègÀÄ, DzÀgÀÆ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ »A¢ ©¢Ý®è.

5. K£Éà DzÀgÀÆ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ°è ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ ¥Áæw¤zsÀå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉzÀAvÉ dUÀwÛ£À AiÀiÁªÀ zÉñÀzÀ°èAiÀÄÆ ¥ÀqÉ¢®è JA§ÄzÀÄ ¸ÀvÀå.

6. ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøwAiÀÄ UÀÄtªÀÅ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀÄgÀĵÀ¤UÉ ¸Àj¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀªÁV PÁt§®èzÁzÀÝjAzÀ ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄjUÉ EAzÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀÄÄAzÉAiÀÄÆ ¸ÀªÀÄÈzÀÞªÁzÀ gÁdQÃAiÀÄ CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ EªÉ JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. EAvÀºÀ CªÀPÁ±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄĪÀ vÀAvÀæUÁjPÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀÄ»¼ÉAiÀÄgÀÄ ºÀÆqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ AiÀıÀ¸ÀÄì PÁt§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

DzsÁgÀ UÀæAxÀUÀ¼ÀÄ :

1. qÁ. J¸ï.r. AiÉÆÃUÀgÁdÄ: C£ÀߥÀÆtð ¥À©è¶AUï ºË¸ï, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ, 2013, (¥ÀÄ.¸ÀA.: 59-60) 2. qÁ.J£ï. UÁ¬Äwæ: ªÀÄ»¼Á «ÄøÀ¯Áw ªÀÄvÀÄÛ °AUÀgÁdPÁgÀt, ®qÁ¬Ä ¥ÀæPÁ±À£À, UÀzÀUÀ, 2012, (¥ÀÄ.¸ÀA. 19-21) 3. £Áå. ºÉZï.J¸ï. £ÁUÀªÉÆúÀ£ÀzÁ¸ï: ªÀÄ»¼Á C¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀvÉ, aAvÀ£À ¥ÀĸÀÛPÀ, ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ, 2014. 4. Nandita Dutta & Sumitra Jha: Women and Politics, Pacific Books International, New Delhi, 2014, (P.P: 90-96). 5. ¥ÀæeÁªÁtÂ: PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¢£À ¥ÀwæPÉ, 18 ¥sɧæªÀj 2020. 6. «dAiÀÄ PÀ£ÁðlPÀ: PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¢£À ¥ÀwæPÉ, 09 £ÀªÉA§gï 2019.

www.ijar.org.in 159

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

www.ijar.org.in 160

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

www.ijar.org.in 161

International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.8, Issue-1(1), January, 2021 Impact Factor: 6.232; Email: [email protected]

www.ijar.org.in 162